Aerodynamic Performance of the 17-M-Diameter Darrieus Wind ... · Iaeued by %rrdia National Laboratories, operated for the United Statee Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation.

SANDIA REPORTSAND79–1753 ● Unlimited Release ● UC–60

Reprinted August 1982

. Aerodynamic Performance of the17-M-Diameter Darrieus WindTurbine in the Three-BladedConfiguration: An Addendum

Mark H. Worstell

Prepared bySandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87185 and Livermore, California 94550for the United States Department of Energyunder Contract DE-AC04-76DPO0789

Iaeued by %rrdia National Laboratories, operated for the United StateeDepartment of Energy by Sandia Corporation.

NOTICE This report wee prepared ae an account of work sponsored by anagency of the United States Government. Neither the United Stnt.es Govern-ment nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of theircontractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makee any warranty, expreesor implied, or aasumes any legal liafility or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatua, product, or prO-cess disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately ownedrighte. Reference herein to any specific commercial pmduc~, proceae, orservice by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwrse, does notnecessarily constitute or imply ite endorsement, recommendation, or favoringby the United Statee Government, any agency thereof or any of theircontractor nr subcontractors. The views end opinione expreaaed herein donot necesmily state or reflect those of the United States Government, anyagency thereof or any of their contractors or subcontractors.

Printed in the United States of AmericaAvailable fromNational Technical Information ServiceU.S. Department of Commerce52S5 Port Royal RoadSprirrgtleld, VA 22161

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2

SAND79-1753UnlimitedRelease

AERODYNAMICPERFORMANCEOF THE 17-M-DIAMETERDARRIEUSWINE TURBINE IN THE THREE-BLADEDCONFIGURATION: AN ADDENDUM

Mark H. WorstellAdvanced Energy ProjectsDivision 4715

Sandia LaboratoriesAlbuquerque,NM 87185

ABSTRACT

The U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE)/Sandia17-m wind turbinehas been tested in thethree-bladedconfigurationat five rotationalspeeds. These data are presentedalong with some fundamentalcomparisonsto the earliertwo-bladedresults. Alsoincludedis the theoreticaloutput of the three-bladed17-m wind turbine at two selec-ted rotationalspeeds.

1.

CONTENTS

Introduction

Test Results

Data Trends and Comparisonswith Two-BladedData

Conclusions

References

APPENDIXA -- PerformanceData

EkwE

1

2

3

4

y

6

7

8

ILLUSTRATIONS

DOE/Sandia17-m Wind Turbine

Cp as a Function of TipspeedRatio

c as a Function of ReynoldsNumberPmaxKp as a Function of Advance Ratio

K as a Function of ReynoldsNumberPmaxPower Output as a Functionof Ambient Wind Velocity

Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 37 rpm

Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 52.5 rpm

TABLES

Table

4

6

10

12

13

3

7

7

8

9

9

11

11

.

●

1 Three-BladedTest Data Summary 5

Figure 1. DOE/Sandia17-m Wind Turbine

AerodynamicWINX ‘TURBINEIN

PERFORMANCEOF THE 1.7-M-DIAMETERTHE TRREE-BLADEDCONFIGURATION:

DARRIEUSAN ADDENDUM

[n~mduction.

1

This report is alladiendum LO a-rlearlierpublishedreport.A The first report

coveredthe performanceof thp POE/Sandia17-m turbine in the struttedtwo-bladeri

mode. This machine incorporatesthe flexibilityof testingwith either two or three

blades. The effect of adding a third blade was to increaserotor solidity-- in this

case, from u = 0.14 to u = 0.21. The thirdblade is identicalto the other two.

Testing in the three-bladedmode began in January 1978 and continued- 1 year,

of which 6 months were lost,for repair of the low-speedtorque sensor. Aerodynamic

performancedata were fic(:’vfl.l,:l:t‘“. ?jm: r~tationalspeeds. The nature of data

assimilationand reductionis identical.to that describedin Reference1. The de-

scriptions,notations,eqllati,:li;~ .l,~r~.fe~ieneesin Reference1 are directlyappli-

cable to this report.

This report presents aerodynamicperformancetest data for the three-bladed17-m

turbine and makes some comparisonswith the earliertwo-bladedtest data~ in order to

identifythe trends and characteristicsof increasingthe rotor solidity. In aero-

dynamic terms, there is a differencein changing soliditythrough the additionof

more blades or by increasingthe ~hoi-d of the originalnumber of blades, although

the calculatedvalue of soliditymay be the same in either case. For example,Rec

will change. The test resultsand data comparisonsof this report are attributable

only to the former case. Reference2 presentswind tunnel test results of a 2-m

turbine in both two- and three-bladedmodes with varyingblade chords.

Test Results

AppendixA presents aerodynamicperformancedata of the 17-m turbine in the

struttedthree-bladedmode. Rotor speeds tested were 37, 42, 45.5, 48.4, and 52.5

rpm. As in Reference1, the printed data, wind frequency,Cp, power, and K curvesP

are presented for each rotationalspeed. Table 1 presents a summary of these test

data. The K max figwresand P stated in Table 1 are 95$ of the observedhighestmmax

test data n&bers.

In general.,the Cp, power, and K curves ofP

tours, which is quite en(:oura[+in~;for field test

0.368 @?x = 5 for 37 rpm to a low of 0.jz3 @X =

the test data exhibitedsmooth con-

data. C ranged from a high of’

4.45 at tY~m. The windspeedat

●

which the turbine rotorwould be[:;inproiucingpower increasessteadilyfrom 9.5 mph

at 37 rpm to 13.5 mph for 52.!;rpm. ‘I’iiehi~;hestaerodynamicpower output achieved

4“

5

by the 17-m turbinewas 81.4 kW at 34.5 mph and 52.5 rpm. This figuremight have

been higher if ambientwinds greater than 35 mph had been available.

The inherentcharacteristicof the constant-speedDarrieus turbineto level

off in power output for increasingwind velocity (X < 3) is particularlyevident in

the power curve for 37 rpm. This is also seen at the other rotationalspeeds.

Maximum turbine outputpower increasedfor higher rotationalspeeds,occurringat

progressivelyhigher ambientwind velocities.

One bothersomearea of the field-testdata was the Cp curve for 42 rpm. Unlike

the other Cp curves, this one appears quite rough with no clearlydefinedmaximum.

(Note that the power curve for 42 rpm is indeed smooth,witha clearlydefinedmaxi-

mum that does not depend upon a V3 calculationas does C .) The range in questionP

is 1+< X < 10 (20 mph to 8 mph). A review of the individualtest recordsof 42 rpm

showed that seven recordswere in this particularrange,with the majority of sam-

ple points confinedto three reco~ds. Each of the seven recordswas examined;no

clear-cuterrorswere apparent. One noteworthyfact was that all seven records

were taken in the last three days of testingbefore*

turbine.

Because there were no anomaliespresent in the

retrofitwork began on the 17-m

data taken before the last

three days of testing, it is suspectedthat some aberration,such as unusualwind

conditionsand/or instrumenterror, occurredduring these last three days. Due to

lack of further data, the combinedperformancerecord for 42 rpm is presentedin

its entirelywith the wind range in questionto be noted.

Data Trends

It is the intent here to

and ComparisonWith Two-BladedResults

provide both the trends of the three-bladeddata and

to make a fundamentalcomparisonwith the earlier two-bladeddata presented in Refer-

ence 1. The figurespresentedhere combineboth two- and three-bladeddata at two

selectedrotationalspeeds of the turbine rotor.

Figure 2 plots the results of field testing of the DOE/Sandia17-m turbine in

both the two- and three-bladedmodes at 37 and 72.5 rpm. The first impressionof

Fig. 2 is that the Cp curves for the three-bladedmode are shiftedtowards lower

tipspeed ratios (higherVm) relativeto those of the two-bladedconfiguration. This

indicatesthat the 17-m turbinewith three blades can produce more power in higher

*This was the changeoverto unstruttedaluminum-extrudedblades with other modifica-tions.

IPm37.052.5

● A 3 BLAOES, u. 0.210 A 2 BLADES, u- 0.14

0.4 r 1 I ! 1 1 1 I000

● 00# AA A 0

be0.3-

RAUAA

A“ ~●

2

% A

0= 0.2 - AOAo

A

● O ● 0

● OA

0.1

t01 1 , , A , ( Io 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6,0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0

R(JV

Figure 2. Cp as a Function of TipspeedRatio

&Lmbientwinds than with two blades at the same rpm, but less at lower V@. C ofpmax

both two and three blades was higher at 37 rpm than at 52.5 rpm. The simila~ityof

the relationshipbetween the CP

curves is also particularlystriking.

Figure 3 plots C for both the two- and three-bladedconfigurationsover thepmax

● 3 BLADES,a = 0.2102 BLADES,0. 0.14

:F

“’4,,,,,.-6........29.6 33.637.0 42.045.54&4 52.5 ROTOR rpm

Figure 3. C as a Function of ReynoldsNumberPmax

range of rotationalspeeds tested. Although two data points of this figure are in

question (45.5 rpm, u = 0.14 as describedin Reference1, and 42 rpm, u = 0.21 as

described earlier),this figure is still presentedas a matter of consistency. With

7

these points excluded,no definite conclusionscan be drawn other than that Cpmaxfor both solidifiesis roughly the same, and the highest C for both solidifies

pmaxoccurredat 37 rpm.

Figure 4 shows a plot of K as a functionof advance ratio for both solidifiesP

1.0

0.8

0.6TRx

X= 0.4

0.2

[Pm

37.052.S● A 3 BLADES,u- 0.210 z’.2 BLADES,a= 0.14

, 1 ,

A

A

● 9Ao

●

AA

%0

“R

A

:

9A

.4

ok0:0.1 0.20,30.40.5

VIRU-0.2

6

Figure 4. Kp as a Function of Advance Ratio

at 37 and 52.5 rpm. What is clearly evident in this figure is that for V/RU >0.26,

Kp is decidedlyhigher for o = 0.21 than for o = 0.14, with Kp favoringthe higher

rotationalspeeds for both solidifies. At lower advance ratios, K slightlyfavors

0 = 0.14 at 37 rpm. Not clearly evident in Fig. 4 is that Kp for ~he higher solidity

mode is slightlyshifted towards higher values of advance ratios relativeto the

lower solidity.

In conjunctionwith Fig.

number, correlatedto turbine

in Fig. 5. One is that Kpmax

4, Fig. 5 presents Kpmax as a functionof Reynolds

rotationalspeed. !I%odistincttrencisare apparent

increasesfor increasingrpm for both solidifies.

Second, K for the higher solidityconfigurationis greater than for the lowerpmaxsolidityover the entire test range of turbine rotationalspeeds. Note that at 52.5

rpm, higher ambient winds than those encounteredduring testing are necessaryto

establishactual K ; the points shown are the highest for the availablewinds.pmax

.

.

b

.

● 3BLADES, o= 0.21

0 2 BLADES,u - 0.14

0.008~ ●

-1

2 0.007x’

O.Ci16I

0.005

[

0

0

0.004

0

000 1c?

[A,I 1 1 1 1 1 t0.70.8

J0.91.01.11.21.31.4Recx10-6

1 1 1 1 1 I 129.6 33.637.0 42.0 45.548.452.5 ROTOR rpm

“’HIGHERWINOS NEEDED

Figure 5. K as a Function of ReynoldsNumberpmax

Figure 6 shows the power output of the DOE/Sandia17-m turbine

IPQ37.052.5. A 3BLADES, u= 0.210 A 2 BLAOES, U. 0.14

I , I

9.6 19.2 28.9 38.530FT.REFERENCE

V~(mphl

as a functionof

Figure 6. Fewer Output as a Function of Ambient Wind Velocity

winc[velocity. This is essentiallyanalogousto Fig. 4, which was expressedin

dimensionlessparameters. This clearly shows the effect of shiftingthe C curvesP

9

of Fig. 2 towards a lower tipspeedratio for the higher solidityconfiguration. At

higher Vm (lowerX) Cp for u = 0.21 is greater than for u = 0,14, which manifests

itself as increasedrotor power output. The converseis also true; at lower Vm>

Cp for U = 0.14 is greater. This can also be seen in Fig. 6, althoughnot as dis-

tinctly.

Conclusions

Field-testresults of the DOE/Sandia17-m wind turbine appearedto be quite

acceptableand exhibitedbasic trends and characteristicsseen in the earliertwo-

bladed data of Reference1. Comparingthe two- and three-bladeddata revealed

several interesting(thoughpredictable)trends. For the same rpm:

1. The peak turbinepower outputwas higher for three blades than two.

2. c was roughly the same for both two and three blades.pmax

3. The Cp curves for three blades were shiftedtowards lower X relativeto

two blades. This manifests itself as increasedturbinepower output at

high winds and less output in low winds when comparedto two blades.

Again, the resultspresented in this report are based upon a rotor solidityin-

crease throughthe addition of a third blade, not by increasingthe chord of the

two-bladedrotor.

The predictedand experimentalpower output of the three-bladedDOE/Sandiawind

turbine is presented in Figs. 7 and 8 for 37 and 52.5 rpm, respectively. The

theoreticalpredictionis based upon the aerodynamiccomputermodel PAREP, described

in References3 and 4. Very good agreementwas obtainedfor 37 rpm, with the

theoreticalmodel tending to overpredictat 52.5 rpm.

As stated earlier,the DOE/Sandia17-m turbinewas refittedwith unstrutted

extrudedaluminumblades. These blades are of a NACA 0015 airfoil sectionwith a

24-in. chord. The geometry of the rotor is the same as that describedin Reference

1 except for the struts. Current testing is in the two-bladedmode. Test results

obtainedto date indicatea significantimprovementin performanceover the original

struttedNACA 0012 21-in. chord blades.

10

— THEORETICAL@ FIELDTESTDATA

1 1 1

31.0rpm

a’10I20 30

@ 44FT.REFERENCED

1 ! I

)

V- (mph)

9.6 19.2 28.9 38.530FT.REFERENCE

Figure 7. Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 37 rpm

—THEORETICAL PREDICTION

A FIELDTESTOATA

I 1 1 I IA

84-17 m u. 0.21

52.5rpm

?=?$60mgn.g 40-~

2~ 20-2,

0 I.AAIOA

44FT. i#FERE,NCE,xl 40 V~(mph)1

0 9.6 19.2 28.9 38.5?CIFT.REFERENCE

Figure 8. Comparisonof Predictedand ExperimentalPower Output at 52.5 rpm

11

References

3. M. H. Worstell,AerodynamicPerformanceof the 17-Metre-DiameterDarrieusWindTurbine, SAND78-1737,Sandia Laboratories,Albuquerque,NM, tTanuary1979.

2. B. F. BlackWell,R. E. Sheldahl,and L. V, Feltz, Wind Tunnel PerformanceDatafor the DarrieusWind Turbinewith NACA 0012 Blades, SAND76-0130,Sandia Labora-tories,Albuquerque,NM, March 1977.

_. P. C. Klimas and R. E. Sheldahl,Four AerodynamicPredictionSchemes for Vertical-?Axis Wind Turbines: A Compendium,SAlII)78-0014,Sandia Laboratories,Albuquerque,NM, June 1978.

4. T. M. Leonard,A User’s Manual for the ComputerCode PAREP, SAND79-0431,SandiaLaboratories,Albuquerque,NM, April 1979.

12

APPENDIX A

PerformanceData

13

37 rpm

3 Blades, u = 0.21

Wind Range 2.5 to 31.5 mph

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SECOND pRIfjTING-Re Ho Braasch,50

57

Aerodynamic Performance of the 17-M-Diameter Darrieus Wind ... · Iaeued by %rrdia National Laboratories, operated for the United Statee Department of Energy by Sandia Corporation.

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