AERODROME TRAINING COURSE Module 5 Part 1 Visual Navigation Aids
Feb 24, 2016
AERODROME TRAINING COURSEModule 5 Part 1 Visual Navigation Aids
LEARNING OUTCOME
On completion of this module participants will be able to explain the requirements of visual aids to facilitate aerodrome operations.They will have an understanding of :IndicatorsMarkingsLightsSignsMarkers
With access to reference material participants will be able to determine the detail requirements of Visual aids for Navigation
INDICATORS
• Wind Direction Indicators
• Landing Direction Indicator
• Signalling Lamp
WIND DIRECTION INDICATORAn aerodrome shall be equipped with at least one wind direction indicator
• Visible from aircraft in flight• Visible from aircraft on the
movement area• Visible from control tower• Free from effects of air
disturbances• If the aerodrome is intended
to be used at night WDI should be illuminated
LANDING DIRECTION INDICATORLanding direction indicator, needs to be visible to those using it
or ORANGE
If aerodrome operations at night Landing indicator needs to be illuminated
SIGNALLING LAMP
Shall be provided at a controlled aerodrome and will be located in the Control Tower
RED, GREEN and
SIGNS MOVEMENT AREA
Mandatory Signs Information Signs Signs shall be illuminated in accordance with
the provisions of Appendix 4 when intended for use:
a) in runway visual range conditions less than a value of 800 m; or
b) at night in association with instrument runways; or
c) at night in association with non-instrument runways where the code number is 3 or 4.
MANDATORY SIGNS
GUIDANCE SIGNS
SIGNS - LOCATION
MARKINGS RUNWAYSRUNWAY MARKINGS SHALL BE
MARKINGS TAXIWAYS
TAXIWAY MARKINGS SHALL BE
THRESHOLD MARKINGS
DISPLACED THRESHOLD
RUNWAY SIDE STRIP
Runway side stripeWhite line with the outer edge on the approximate edge of the runway• width 0.45m on runways up to 30m wide• width 0.9m on runways 30m or more • Runway greater than 60m wide Line located 30m from runway centreline
RUNWAY HOLDING POSITION
0.9m0.9m
1.05m
0.9m
0.15m
PATTERN A 4 Lines and 3 spaces at 0.15m each
RUNWAY HOLDING POSITIONS
RUNWAY EDGE LIGHTING Required for:•Runway night•Precision Approach day or Night•Recommended for Take-off RVR below 800m
Location•On Edge (or not more 3m outside edge) equidistant centreline•Uniformly spaced not more tan 60m for instrument runway and 100m non instrument
Characteristic •White unless displaced threshold or optional yellow last third or 600m•Variable intensity
RUNWAY CENTRELINE LIGHTS
Required for:•Precision Category 2 & 3•Take-off RVR 400 or less
Location•Centreline 60cm offset if required•15m spacing
Characteristics•White to 900m RWY End•Variable White Red 900m – 300m•Red last 300m
RUNWAY THRESHOLD/ END LIGHTS
TAXIWAY LIGHTING
Edge – Blue
Centreline – Green
Spacing – dependent on RVR requirements
TAXIWAY EDGE LIGHTING
•Omni-directional BLUE• Located as close to outside edge, or not more than 3m outside edge • Visible up 30° from horizontal, elevated but frangible• Shielded at intersections, exits or curves to minimize confusion• Spaced uniformly not more than 30m• On curve at radius divided by 4
TAXIWAY CENTRELINE
• Uni-/Bi-/Omni-directional GREEN• Show green and yellow from centreline to perimeter of ILS critical area • Visible to aircraft only in the vicinity of taxiway• Along centreline markings or offset max. 300mm• Spaced at max 30m along straight sections – except precision CAT III max 15m • Spaced on taxiway curve not to exceed 7.5m
SIMPLE APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMWhere practicable installed for non-instrument and instrument non-precision runways used for night operations.
Location/ConfigurationExtends out to 420m from threshold. Centreline lights spaced every 60m (30m optional)Single crossbar at 300mLighting either single source or barrette
PRECISION APPROACH CAT 1 ALS
Extends out to 900m from threshold.High intensity uni-directional whiteLighting single source or barretteCentreline spacing 30mCrossbars spacing 150m
PRECISION APPROACH CAT 2,3 ALS
Configuration as for CAT 1 ALS with the addition of side row barrettes from 300m to threshold spaced at 30m in line with centreline lights
VASIS
Visual Approach Slope Indicator System•T-VASIS dual sides runway•AT-VASIS single side of runway•PAPI Dual or single side of runway•APAPI•Red/White VASIS – no longer Annex 14 system
T-VASIS
On path centre – wing-bar shows white
Slightly high - fly down units progressively show white
Grossly high - all fly down show white
Slightly low – fly up units progressively show whit
Grossly low – wing-bar and all fly up show red
PAPI – PRECISION APPROACH PATH INDICATOR
PAPI
PAPI - MEHT
Minimum Eye Height over Threshold on slope (MEHT)
•Annex 14 – 2.12 AIP to contain nominal approach angle and MEHT
•Annex 14 requires PAPI to be set to achieve minimum wheel clearance/ threshold for most demanding aircraft regularly using runway as per table 5-2
PAPI - MEHT
AIRCRAFT MEHT
AIRCRAFT MEHT
AIRCRAFT MEHT
APRON LIGHTS Flood lights
Edge lights
Lead in Guidance Systems
OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS Required for obstructions that penetrate any
obstacle limitation surface as defined in Annex 14 Chapter 4 – Appropriate Aeronautical Study first must be undertaken to ensure appropriate level of safety.
Also required marking of obstacles.
OBSTRUCTION MARKING
OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING
OBSTRUCTION LIGHTING
Obstacles with height (Y) greater than 45m intermediate lights must be shown
Light spacing (x) in accordance with Appendix 6
Number of levels of lights = N = Y (metres)X (metres)
OBSTRUCTION LIGHTS
LIGHTING SERVICEABILITY 10.4.1 A light shall be deemed to be
unserviceable when the main beam average intensity is less than 50 per cent of the value specified in the appropriate figure in Appendix 2. For light units where the designed main beam average intensity is above the value shown in Appendix 2, the 50 per cent value shall be related to that design value.
Category 1 85% serviceable
Category 2 & 3 95% serviceable
AERODROME ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
SECONDARY POWER REQUIREMENTS