Aerobic and anaerobic tests

Dr Hadi Rohani,- Blog: www.hadirohani.blogfa.com

Evaluating Aerobic and anaerobic Fitness


Definition of Aerobic Fitness

• Capacity to meet the energy demands of sustained, submaximal work

• Capacity to deliver oxygen to working muscles

• Capacity to extract oxygen at working muscles

• VO2 max – maximal volume of oxygen one can consume during exhaustion exercise– best index of aerobic capacity


What is Aerobic Respiration?

• The breaking down of sugar to produce energy where oxygen is present.

ATPOHCOOOHC Enzymes 36666 2226126

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon Dioxide + Water+ Energy


Anaerobic Respiration refers to the oxidation of molecules in the

absence of oxygen to produce energy

It is also known

As Fermentation


In Muscle Cells- During intensive activities, the oxygen in the muscle tissue is decreased to an extent that aerobic respiration does not occur at a sufficient rate. so, there is a buildup of lactic acid and your muscles get tired.

C6H12O6 (Glucose) -> 2C3H6O3 (Lactic Acid) + Small amount of energy

What happens when fermentation occurs?


Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Energy Systems

• Anaerobic– ATP-CP : 10 sec. Or less– Glycolysis : Few minutes

• Aerobic– Krebs cycle– Electron Transport Chain 2 minutes +


100%%

Cap

acity

of

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Sys

tem

10 sec 30 sec 2 min 5 min +

Energy Transfer Systems and Exercise

Aerobic Energy System

Anaerobic Glycolysis

ATP - CP


Glucose

Pyruvic Acid (2)

Energy H+

Lactic Acid (2)

Acetyl Co-A (2)

CO2 & H+

Krebs

CycleCO2

H+

Energy ATP

ATP

Mitochondria

Inter Cellular Fluid

To ETC

Anaerobic

AerobicFatty Acids Amino Acids



VO2 max

• Delivery factors:– Blood supply (cardiac output, redistribution of

blood flow) – Carrying capacity (Hb, RBC)

• Extraction factors:– Muscle mass– Capillary density


VO2 max

• Measured during maximal exercise

• Incremental test

• Components:– O2, CO2, VE

• Can be expressed in absolute or relative terms– Absolute – l·min-1 or ml·min-1

– Relative - ml·kg-1·min-1


VO2 max – Fit vs. Less fit

0

5

10

15

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30

35

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50

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Minutes

VO

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ax (m

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. min

-1)

Fit ManLess Fit Man

VO2 max

VO2 max

Stage I1.7 mph, 10%

Stage II2.5 mph, 12%

Stage III3.4 mph, 14%

Stage IV4.2 mph, 16%


VO2 max - criteria

• Plateau in O2

• RER 1.15

• RPE > 17

• No increase in heart rate


VO2 max Quintile Norms - Men (ACSM, Jackson et al.)

Age Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

20-29 ≤37.1 37.2-41.0 41.1-44.2 44.3-48.2 ≥48.3

30-39 ≤35.5 35.5-38.8 39.0-42.4 42.5-46.8 ≥46.9

40-49 ≤33.0 33.1-36.7 36.8-39.9 40.0-44.1 ≥44.2

50-59 ≤30.2 30.3-33.8 33.9-36.7 36.8-41.0 ≥41.1

60-69 ≤26.5 26.6-30.2 30.3-33.6 33.7-38.1 ≥38.2


VO2 max Quintile Norms - Women (ACSM, Jackson et al.)

Age Poor Fair Average Good Excellent

20-29 ≤30.6 30.7-33.8 33.9-36.7 36.8-41.0 ≥41.1

30-39 ≤28.7 28.8-32.3 32.4-34.6 34.7-38.6 ≥38.7

40-49 ≤26.5 26.6-29.5 29.6-32.3 32.4-36.3 ≥36.4

50-59 ≤24.3 24.4-26.9 27.0-29.4 29.5-32.3 ≥32.4

60-69 ≤22.8 22.9-24.5 24.6-27.3 27.3-31.2 ≥31.3


Pre-Screening - PAR-Q

• Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire

• Minimum for beginning moderate exercise program

• Series of Yes/No questions

• If all “No” answers, can begin exercise program or fitness testing (with caveats regarding temporary illness, pregnancy, or change in status)


Splitting of tests

According to applied load:

According to place

a) Maximal (incremental tests)

b) Sub-maximal (usually constant workload)

b) Supra-maximal (Wingate test)

a) Laboratory tests

b) Field tests


Laboratory × field testsLaboratory tests

Disadvantages:

- Different movement stereotype (rower, canoeist on bicycle?)

- Transformation of results into field conditions

- Accurate determination of load

Advantages:

- Standard laboratory conditions

- Nervousness from new (unknown) conditions


Laboratory × field testsField tests

Disadvantages:

- Relatively inaccurate determination of power

- The problem of accurate measurement

- Known conditions – athletic stadium, ice ring, sport hall, etc.

Advantages:

- Identical movement stereotype

- Direct use in training


Maximal × submaximal tests

Maximal tests

- Direct assessment of maximal capacity of organism

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

- Dependence on will and motivation

- Risk factor

- Restriction before competition


Maximal × submaximal tests

Sub-maximal tests

- Safer

Advantages:

Disadvantages:

- Lower dependence on tested person (more comfortable)

- Bigger changes of monitored parameters due to training

- Restriction before competition

- Often based on estimation (presumption) of HRmax, etc.


The conditions in exercise laboratory

1. Enviroment

2. Equipment

3. Safeness

- Calm (few persons)

- Air circulation (ACE)

- Temperature (18-22˚C), humidity 40-60%

- calibration, functionality

- Emergency (phone number)

- Presence of physician, defibrillator, drogs


The conditions in exercise laboratory

4. Tested person- Healthy

- Avoid drinking coffee, alcohol and smoking (at least 12 hours before)

- At least 2 hours after food intake


Bicycle ergometer × treadmill

Bicycle ergometer

- mechanical efficiency 20 – 25%

-W (load) = resistance (mechanical, electromagnetical) + revolutions/min (50 – 70) Advantages:

- space, noise, accuracy of set load

- easer and safer making

Disadvantages:

- engagement of smaller muscle mass, lack of familiarity

- lower oxygen consumption, lower HR , etc.

- taking of blood sample, measurement of blood pressure.


Bicycle ergometer × treadmillTreadmill

- mechanical efficiency no more than 15 %

-W (load) = speed (km/hour) + elevation (%, °)

Advantages:

- natural movement, only one possibility for children

- engagement of most muscle mass

Disadvantages:

- space demands, noise

- risk of fall, problems of measurement of BP and blood sample

- achievement of “real” maximum (higher O2 consumption, HR)


Submaximal Tests Principles

• Heart rate increases in proportion to VO2 during aerobic exercise.

• VO2 max is reached at maximal heart rate.


HR/VO2 Relationship

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100

150

200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent VO2max

Hea

rt R

ate

(b/m

in)


HR/VO2 Relationship

50

100

150

200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent VO2max

Hea

rt R

ate

(b/m

in)


HR/VO2 Relationship

50

100

150

200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent VO2max

Hea

rt R

ate

(b/m

in)


HR/VO2 Relationship

50

100

150

200

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Percent VO2max

Hea

rt R

ate

(b/m

in)


Types of Submaximal Tests

• Cycle Tests– YMCA– Astrand

• Step Tests– Over 30 exist

• Walking/Running– 1.5 mile run– Rockport 1 mile walk– Many others exist


Laboratory-based Maximal Tests of Aerobic Fitness

• Goal is to systematically increase exercise intensity until participant reaches exhaustion.

• VO2 max can be measured by open-circuit spirometry.– expired gases are measured with metabolic

measurement system.

• VO2 max can be estimated from maximal treadmill time.– Bruce protocol– Balke protocol


The Bruce Protocol

Stage Time Speed (mph) Grade (%) 1 1-3 1.7 10 2 4-6 2.5 12 3 7-9 3.4 13 4 10-12 4.2 16 5 13-15 5.0 18 6 16-18 5.5 20 7 19-21 6.0 22


Equation to Estimate VO2 max from Bruce Protocol Maximal Treadmill Time

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) =

17.50 - (0.30*TT) + (0.297*TT2) - (0.0077*TT3)

where TT is maximal treadmill time in minutes, TT2 is maximal treadmill time squared, TT3 is maximal treadmill time cubed.


The Balke Protocol

Time (min) Speed (mph) % Grade

1 3.3 0

2 3.3 2

3 3.3 3

• Speed is constant at 3.3 mph

• Elevation increases

• 1% each minute

22 3.3 22


Equation to Estimate VO2 max from Balke Protocol Maximal Treadmill Time

VO2 (ml.kg-1.min-1) = 14.99 + (1.44*TT)

where TT is maximal treadmill time in minutes.


Conversion Table to Estimate VO2 max

Time (min) Balke Bruce

2 18.0

3 19.3 19.1

4 20.8 20.6

5 22.2 22.5

6 23.7 24.7

7 25.1 27.3

8 26.5 30.3

9 28.0 33.3

10 29.4 36.5

11 30.9 39.9

12 32.3 43.4

13 33.8 46.9

14 35.2 50.4

15 36.7 53.8

16 38.1 57.2

17 39.5 60.4


Anaerobic Wingate Testing

• Peak power = highest power in any 5 sec.

• Mean power = average power over entire 30 sec. (Watts)

• Fatigue Index = rate of power decrease from point of peak power to end of test (%)– 0% = no decrease in power– 100% means complete decrease in power


Anaerobic Wingate Testing

• Supramaximal – power output that would require 2-4 times the VO2max

– 60 – 85% of ATP from CP/ATP or glycolytic

• Peak Power – first 2 – 10 seconds – Major contribution from ATP/CP

• Mean power – over 30 sec.– Major contribution from glycolytic– Lactate values from 6 – 15 X resting– Significant correlation with FT fiber %


Factors Affecting Wingate

• Warm-up seems to improve MP

• Drop in body temp. seems to decrease anaerobic performance

• Motivation (reward/punishment) seems to improve performance


Aerobic and anaerobic tests

Sports

dr hadi rohani

laboratory tests b field

vo2 max fit

energy h

splitting of tests

fit man vo2 max vo2

energy atp atp mitochondria

vo2 max delivery factors