Aerial Observation in Liasion With the Artillery

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ShmH&B^ CLASSIFICATION ?ANGI

ADDENDUMTO THE INSTRUCTION ON THE USE OF

Aerial Observation inLiaison

With the ArtilleryJANUARY 19, 1917

(Modifying "Field ArtilleryNotes No.1")

TRANSLATEDBYTHE

AMERICANEXPEDITIONARY FORCE

EDITED AT THE

ARMYWAR COLLEGE, WASHINGTON

1918

WASHINGTONZL^HX.hdX.±XJ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1918



2

THE GENERAL SERVICE SCHOOLS .

LIBRARY

Class NuMBER_-_M_9is3.-?IJL_

Accession Number ll?l_15 .I I%eral.



3

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WAR DEPARTMENT,Washington, January 7,1918.

The followingpamphlet, entitled "Addendum to the Instructionon the Use of Aerial Observation in Liaison with the Artillery,ofJanuary 19, 1917," is published for the information and guidance ofallconcerned:

[A.G. O. No. 580.7.]op the Secretaryorder of War.

TASKER H.BLISS,General, Chief of Staff.

Official:

h. p. McCain,

The Adjutant General.

36708°— 1S (3)

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TABLE OP CONTENTS.

Page.

Addendum to the instruction on the use of aerial observation inliaison with the artillery 7

Article1. 190-mm. caliber and over... 7

Ranging fire... 7

Corrective fire. 8

Corrective fire of greater density 9

Article2. Very long range fire(interval fire) 10

Article3. 100, 140, and 160-mm. naval guns 10-Ranging fire 10-

orrective fire 10

Corrective fire of greater density \u25a0-\u25a0---\u25a0-- 10

Code of signals withpanels : 11-Numerals 13

Code for projectors and window-shutter panels . 13

Example of use of the signal code : 15

1.Designation of target to aerial observer.

.15

2. Commands to aerial observer 16

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ADDENDUM

A I/INSTRUCTION SUE L'EMPLOIDE L'OBSERVATIONAERIENNE EN LIAISON AVEC L'ARTILLERIEDU JANVIER 19, 1917.

(c) HIGH-POWER HEAVY ARTILLERY.—Article I— l 9 o -mm .1 190-mm. caliber and over.

A. Materiel firingmore than one round perminute:200-mm. howitzer.

B. Materiel firingat least one round in twominutes,

190-mm. heavy railroad artilleryormounted on gunboats.All240-mm. guns excepting the 240 mm.withaxletree brackets

(Echantignolles) .

270-mm. coast artillery, 293-mm. guna.

C-D. Materiel firing less than one round in twominutes:C. 240-mm. guns withaxletree brackets.

370-mm. mortars.370-mm. and 400-mm. howitzers.285-mm. guns withcradles (Berceau).

320-mm. guns.

D. 285-mm. guns withsliding recoil (Glissement.)305-mm. guns withcradles or sliding recoil.340-mm. guns (materiel of very great range).

This materiel is in batteries of two, three, or four pieces.—Ranging fire. For allunits that comprise several pieces, firingon

the same objective, fire is begun by ranging with a salvo of all thepieces (procedure of the instruction of January 19, 1917, SupplementI,Part 11, article 3).

Each salvo is fired at the command of the observer. If for anyreason whatever the battery can not begin firing within 30 seconds

(7)



8

after the signal "Fire" has been given, itwillwait for a new signal

trom the avion before firing.1

For materiel of 240 mm. and less the pieces generally fireat 10-sec

ond intervals;2 for the other materiel at 15-secdnd intervals. 2 Theobserver may order during the firing that the interval be changed

(or be left the same) by means of the signals 15 and 16.15. Decrease the interval between the rounds of thel-^, Decrease °r

salvo. _6. Increase the interval between the rounds of the

C,•,•, 5 seconds.salvo. J

The intervals between rounds should be kept as nearly constant aspossible.

The observer signals the variations of the points of burst from thetarget in the order of occurrence, as described in Supplement I,

Part 11, article 3, of the instruction of January 19, 1917.

This firingprocedure is usually adopted fromthe very beginningat the first signal "Battery ready." Itmay be resumed at anymoment at the signal "15, fire by salvo," made by the battery.

If fire by each piece is deemed necessary 3 by the observer, (sig

nal05) orby the firingcommander (signal 14), it would be executedaccording to Supplement I,Part 11, article 3.

Each piece fires according to the commands of the observer(without exchanging signals from the ground to the avion betweenthe rounds of the successive pieces).

The observer sends, in the same message, the results of the observation relative to each piece (procedure of Supplement I,Part 11,

article 3).

Salvo fire or fire by individual pieces is continued until the

desired precision—in ranging has been obtained for each piece.Corrective fire. It is begun at the demand of the battery (signal

"16, corrective fire") and comprises a series of salvos correspondingto about two minutes of observation:

A.Materiel firingat least one round per minute, Beries of three

salvos. ..

iThis rule is general (Supplement I,Part 11, article 4) and applies to all firing

procedures.2

Various factors (permanence of the smoke onbursting, according to the projectileused, degree of training of the unit or the observer, atmospheric conditions) maychange these figures; when necessary, the interval willbe decided upon by previousagreement.

8 Great variation between the various pieces, a very large proportion of unseen

bursts.



9

B.Materiel firingat least one round in twominutes, series of twosalvos.

C-D. Matdriel firingless than one round in twominutes, one salvo. 1The observer orders only the first salvo of each series.The others are fired as soon as possible.

In each salvo, the interval between the various rounds is determined as in ranging fire.

The observer signals the variation in direction of the mean pointof burst, then the number of shorts, overs, hits, or those withcorrect

range. 2

The observer must operate in liaison withthe battery by consider-

ing the.practical rate of fire so as to reduce the interval between theseries of salvos to a minimum.

Corrective fire of greater density.— This is ordered .by the firingcommander, who'decides when the density of fireshould be increasedso as to profitfroma dense bracket, properly verified.

The signal 17 (from the ground to the avion) signifies for highpower heavy artillery:"Fire by series of n rounds," n being determined as below:

The firing comprises avolley

of n rounds per piece, begun

3

whenthe avion signals "Fire."

A.Materiel firing at least one round per minute.B.Materielfiring at least one round in twominutes.C-D. Materiel firingless than one round in two minutes does not

tise this method of firingwith avion observation.

The observer signals either the variation in direction of the meanpoint of burst, then the number of shorts, overs, hits, or those with

correct range, or the variation- of the mean point of burst in both<

direction and range.Note I.—For high-power heavy artillery, fire for effect consists

of a succession of corrective firings.—Note II. If,during corrective fire, the observer signals recurring

groups that are very irregular in range or direction, the firing com

mander begins ranging fire again.

1The firingcommander, when necessary, willwait for the results of several salvos

fcefore ordering \u25a0variations in the aiming factors.2Ifnecessary, he adds the peculiarities of those pieces which would tend to ge t out

ofadjustment (Supplement I,Part 11, article 6).sitmay be advantageous from the point of view of observation to have a certain

interval between the first round of the successive The other rounds firedieces. are

without adjustment except that of the pieces with one another. :



10

Article 2-— -Very long range fire (interval fire).

Invery long range fire (matMel of class

D,more especially 340min. gun), ifthere isnopositive liaison from the ground to^the avion,

*he observer orders interval fire by signaling "Fire' ? at regularintervals.

This interval varies with the kind of materiel and the number ofpieces participating 1 (tobe fixedby previous agreement).

Fire is executed according to the procedure in Article1.—Article 3—loo ,3 100, 140, and 160-mm. naval guns.

(Usually fire by isolated pieces— Rate of fire:four or three roundsper minute.)

Ranging fire.—

Begun at the first signal, "Battery ready" or after-the signal 15 sent by the unit.The piece firesby volleys of three rounds, as rapidly as possible,

at the signal "Fire" by the observer. The observer signals themean point of burst of the rounds fired at the end of each volley.—

Corrective fire. (Signal 16 by the unit.) The piece fires by volleys of six rounds.

The observer signals the variation in direction of the mean pointof burst, then the number of "overs, shorts, hits, or those withcorrect range."

Corrective fire of greater density.— {Signal 17 by the unit.) Thepiece fires by volleys of 12 rounds.—

Notk. When a battery of two pieces fires on the same objective,ranging fire is executed successively for each piece, as indicatedabove, by alternating the volleys of the two pieces.

Corrective fire is executed by the two pieces firing simultaneously

by volleys of 6 or 12 rounds.iFor anisolated 340-mm. gun, an interval of eightminutes may be adopted. Gen

erally wait from t .vo to four minutes after sending the results of the preceding obser"vation before again signaling Fire."

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11

CODE OF SIGNALS WITHPANELS.

iObserve fire of such and such group.bserve fire of such and such group.Show appropriate identification Panel.how appropriate identification Panel.(The axis of rectangular panels marksThe axis of rectangular panels marksapproximate direction of group.)pproximate direction of group.)

Request forequest adjustmentor adjustment

—djust ontargst you just indicated ....djust ontargst you just indicated ....

Observebserve fireire onn targetarget N**targetarget (followedfollowedbyyN°°target)arget)

orr Shifthiftorr nawaw

'I \u25a0u25a0 !

[\u25a0Ist\u25a0Ist Batteryattery readyeady

2dd Batteryattery ready....eady....

3d Batteryd readyattery ready

"Wait a fewminutesWait a fewminutes

i

Battery not ready. Delay of at least 10attery not ready. Delay of at least 10

minutes.inutes.

Battery hasattery firedas fired

9 Your wireless works but signals confused,repeat.....

10 Can't hear you, Gr©not adjusted

11 Yes, Or understood.— Or Message re-u0084

ceived,....... >..;....

D,A*,A*

a

D --

I-II UsScIUsSc

011=QDQDspapa

Q<=> cQ<=> c

<=3=3

\u25a1au25a1aC=3=3

att

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FTL^-

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ionioni mcici

0. A.. A. U.K..K.

122 N0....0.... DHH PHIHI

133 Continue toontinue adjusto adjust o»» 0°°C=3=3 C=3=3

144 Fire byire piece..y piece.. . ann 011

155 ............. opepeire byire salvoy salvo innnn

166 Ameliorationmelioration0

iii177 Series of 24 rounds Ieries of 24 rounds I \u25a1nu25a1n onn18i8i Continuous fire foreffectontinuous fire foreffect D** O'sfc*'sfc*

t=3=3

199 Fire forire controlor control

ODD OPBPBDD

200 Enemy attacks. Be guided by previousnemy attacks. Be guided by previousagreementgreement DOO o®.®.

211 No further need of you.o further need of you. D-(-( o((

222 Hostile aeroplane near youostile aeroplane near you dVV oYY\u25a1

«=3

\u25a1C=3=3 C=3

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13

NUMERALS,

\u25a0|j«i«^ U *V

d 4 5a

DJ)VQ M . X5 7 8 9 o («&4

Hote. -r The signidTT js reserved to indicate loading gr<JVttd§»

jgistonce between a parallel panels :"a metejs*

CODE FOR PROJECTORS AND WINDOW-SHUTTER PANELS.

0 Iant to talk.... Dash held for ten secondsIant to talk.... Dash held for ten seconds

ojAdjust on target IjAdjust on target I Series oferies of1 you designate.. |you designate.. | "D".D".

.J Observe on such I 'J Observe on such I ' Series oferies of1 or such, target..Jor such, target..J {

Series oferies of5 Battery ready .Battery ready . "A".A".

U11\ u25a0u25a0r jWait several IjWait several I Service signal.ervice signal.

minutes jinutes j

-'J

'"Wait at least ten 1'"Wait at least ten 1 Series oferies ofi inutes.. jinutes.. j I "Z".Z".

8 Fired.Fired.

Your wirelessour wireless91 "works but is"1 "works but is" Service signal.ervice signal.

confused ...onfused ...

._-__- -_-._-._-__- -_-._-.lo|can'thearyou...| |Se™^ftSlo|can'thearyou...| |Se™^ftS



14

PANELS—Continued,CODE FOE PROJECTORS AND WINDOW-SHUTTER

11 Yes...1 Yes... Service signal.ervice signal.

Series oferies of2 No.2 No. I Chn.hn.

\u0084 Continue to ad-u0084 Continue to ad- Series oferies of133 just.....ust..... I Chi.hi.

14

14

1 Cbntinue to ad- 1Cbntinue to ad- 1 Series oferies ofu0084u0084

just piece.ust piece.J

.{{ OS.S.

Series oferies of15 Salvo...5 Salvo... O..—. ' Series oferies of

16 Amelioration6 Amelioration B..

• Series oferies of17 Series of 24rounds _,_-_ ____;._7 Series of 24rounds _,_-_ ____;._rah.ah.

Signalignal18 Eire for effect8 Eire for effect 111.11.

Signalignal19 Fire for control.

..9 Fire for control.

.. I444.44.

Attack comttack com-mences. Boences. Bo Series oferies of— \u25a0u25a 020 < guided bypre0 < guided bypre-vious arrange-ious arrange- P-ment..ent..

O1( No further need \1( No further need \ j Signal goingignal going

21| of y0u........ -J

1| of y0u........ -J j toj land.o land.

„„Inemy aeroplane I„Inemy aeroplane I Signalignal\u25a0u25a0 Inearyounearyou 22.2.j

I..- Signalignal233 333.33.I



15

EXAMPLE OF USE OF THE SIGNAL CODE.

1. DESIGNATION OP TARGET TO AERIAL OBSERVER.

'tiereceiving station sie^als:tie receiving station sie^als:?he observer answers: "Understood"he observer answers: "Understood" \u25a1Cu25a1C

2he receiving station signals:2he receiving station signals:-

["he observer repeats: "One""he observer repeats: "One"\u25a1 :.u25a1 :.

'he receiving post signals:he receiving post signals:'he observer repeats: "Three"he observer repeats: "Three" \u25a1 O,Vu25a1 O,V

The receiving station answers "No": —he receiving station answers "No": —he observer answers: "Understood"he observer answers: "Understood" \u25a1Hu25a1H

Thereceiving station repeats signal: I I

N^v/^hereceiving station repeats signal: I I

N^v/^The observer repeats: "Four" L~J U Whe observer repeats: "Four" L~J U W

The receiving station takes off the signal at once, then repeats it: j.fl^/^The observer repeats: "Four". L_J U W

The receiving station signals:The observer repeats: "Seven".

Then the observer sends:"Adjust1447".. q>he receiving stations answer:

"Ye5"......

Or:r: " r~i n—"Battery ready .'...' J U



16

2. COMMANDS TO AERIALOBSERVER.

(Case of war of movement. )

Receiving station ofDivision Artillery. Station call:eceiving station ofDivision Artillery. Station call:•"XA:Here division Art.C.O. Post"XA:Here division Art.C.O. Post"

Anaeroplane arrives above the adjustment post and announces:naeroplane arrives above the adjustment post and announces: D"XA:Here observer ready to work"XA:Here observer ready to work"

The receiving station answers:he receiving station answers:

Observe fire ofgroup of such or such identification panel

.bserve fire ofgroup of such or such identification panel

.To that panel corresponds Jor instance station ell: "o that panel corresponds Jor instance station ell: ""XC, prearranged by the Chief of the A. C. radio serviceXC, prearranged by the Chief of the A. C. radio service f//"he observerhe announces:bserver announces:

X A,understood X C"...A,understood X C"...

The receiving station answers: ;The receiving station answers: ;

"Yes" :Yes" :

The aeroplane flies away in the indicated direction and signals: 'he aeroplane flies away in the indicated direction and signals: '"XC,XTC,Ion't see panels"..XC,XTC,Ion't see panels"..

D==he group whose station call is X C then show—he group whose station call is X C then show—he signal:he signal:"Here group X C ready to work". -.Here group X C ready to work". -.

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Aerial Observation in Liasion With the Artillery

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