Division of Science Resources Statistics Division of Science Resources Statistics National Science Foundation Advancing Innovation-Related Metrics: Globalization and Capitalizing Intangibles Francisco Moris Georgia Tech International Workshop on New Directions for Innovation Measurement May 13, 2008 National Science Foundation Division of Science Resources Statistics www.nsf.gov/statistics [email protected] 703-292-4678 NOTE: The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect NSF views.
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Advancing Measures on Innovation PPT Francisco Moris
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Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Advancing Innovation-Related Metrics:Globalization and Capitalizing Intangibles
Francisco MorisGeorgia Tech International Workshop on
New Directions for Innovation MeasurementMay 13, 2008
National Science FoundationDivision of Science Resources Statistics
NOTE: The views expressed here are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect NSF views.
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Overview• Selected policy analysis needs• OECD Task Force, SNA & other international
statistical manuals• Special focus
Measuring int’l trade in R&DMultinational companies (MNCs) activities
• Data development strategies
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Policy analysis needs onglobalization and innovation
• Geographical dimensions of innovation: FDI and outsourcing; clusters; regions
• Organizational aspects of innovation: open innovation; management of innovation; international transactions
• Links between innovation and performanceRole of R&D and other intangibles in GDP and other socio-economic impact measuresReturns on publicly-funded R&D
• Impact of globalization in the national accounts
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Int’l Statistical Manuals andTask Force on R&D and other IP Products
• The SNA manual provides guidance on national product and income accounts (NIPA).
• R&D will be recognized as investment (fixed asset) in the revised (2008) SNA. This also represents a methodology to measure its impact in GDP, productivity growth.
• However, implementation requires addressing methodological and data difficulties, the subject of a new joint OECD Task Force.
• Concurrent revisions: BoP Manual and Manual on Statistics of Int’l Trade in Services (MSITS)
• S&T Statistical manuals: Frascati, OSLO
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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R&D in the National Accounts:Satellite Accounts
• A satellite account (SA) uses methodology consistent with national economic accounts, but applied to activities that are not separately identified in the core accounts. An R&D SA considers R&D as an economic investment or capital, that is capitalizes R&D.
• BEA/NSF R&D SAData releases so far: Sept 2006 and 2007Ongoing methodological research: industry-level data and international flowsLong-term plans: incorporation of R&D into the core NIPA accounts in 2013
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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OECD Task Force on R&D and other Intellectual Property Products
• The Task Force is developing a Handbook on capital measures for intangibles, intended as a a companion of the revised SNA, to include:
R&D (SNA93 1.51, 6.163/165, 6.142)Software and databases (10.92/93)Mineral exploration and evaluation (10.90/91)Entertainment, literary or artistic originals (10.94/95)
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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R&D issues being addressed by Task Force
• FM and SNA bridge; mutual improvement• Identifying R&D expenditures that should
be recorded as GFCF• Avoiding double counting• Deriving estimates of rates of return, service
lives, and price indices• International trade in R&D (to compute
domestic stocks)
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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International Trade in R&D
• Global and collaborative R&D; outsourcing and FDI
• Increased S&T capabilities in emerging countries
• Increased tradability of servicesImply increased int’l knowledge flows earlier in the innovation process
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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International trade in R&D within MNCs(3-way intersection): brings together separate
statistical areas, standards, and challenges
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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OECD Task forceR&D Trade Sub-group Work Plan
(1) Defining R&D exports and imports(2) Identifying data; indicators inventory
across OECD(3) Use of trade data in adjusting domestic
R&D stocks & impact in current account, capital account
(4) Improving data; input to MSITS revisionR&D, National accounts, Balance of Payments staff
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Definition and characterizationof R&D exports/imports
• Difficulties defining R&D trade – given intangible nature, do exports really mean a subtraction from domestic stocks? (also issue for other services/intangibles)
• Is FDI R&D an export/import?• R&D exports/imports: transactions of R&D
services between residents & non-residents, as captured by mode 1 of int’l delivery of services, “cross border supply’’ (MSITS 2.16).
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Data sources on R&D exports/imports• Balance of Payments data
Funding from Abroad for BE (FABE); Extramural expenditures to abroad by BE (EEABE)RDT Research, development, and testing servicesNOK 1.00 = US$ 0.19; £ 0.09; C$ 0.19; A$ 0.21; R 1.28; € 0.13; NZ$ 0.24 as of February 2008.Data sources: R&D Survey (Statistics Norway) and OECD Trade in Services Database.
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Norway: RDT vs. R&D funding/EE balance, million NOK
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Findings so far on R&D trade indicators
• Data from multiple sources have different advantages/disadvantages. Little or no data on transfers and on transactions in ‘prior R&D’.
• Short term needs – devise recommendations for adjustments to existing data, reconciliation of multiple sources
• Long term strategy – surveys development, data linking, microdata research, micro vs. macro approaches
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Data Development Strategies• Most details needed on MNCs transactions
involving intangibles are unlikely to be feasible from national or large-scale surveys.
• Sector or topic-specific data from academic research in int’l R&D/IP transactions are needed.
• Benefits of complementary approaches may be maximized by considering structure and gaps of national level statistics.
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Data Development Strategies (2)• Official statistics: surveys redesign; interagency
statistical projects; international collaboration• Academic research on metrics using official
statistics and/or new research data: SciSIP• Bilateral national or sector-specific studies on
R&D transactions; MNCs innovation strategies• Innovation & microdata: trade in services data
could be added to ongoing OECD/EU work linking CIS, R&D, and economic survey data
• Other intangibles data needs: worker training, marketing and advertising, organizational change
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Scope: U.S. & foreign MNCsData: sales, employment, R&DOther operations data:
•Property, plant, equipment•Balance sheets and income statements•Gross product•Royalties and license fees
BEA Surveys: Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S. and
U.S. Direct Investment Abroad
COMBINED DATASET with NEW DETAIL
Scope: For-profit R&D performers located in U.S.Data: sales, employment, R&DR&D details:
• Basic, applied, development• Distribution by state• Type of cost, technology• Contracted out • Foreign ownership
Globalization of R&D: FDI Link What do we want to know
NSF/CensusIndustry R&D Survey
EINs
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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NSF Science of Science and Innovation Policy (SciSIP)
• GoalsUnderstanding: develop theories and modelsMeasurement: improve and expand science metricsCommunity of practice
• Grand challengesFull systems approach – models, tools, and data on science, technology, and innovationEvaluative measures; spilloversDecision-making toolsAccounting of int’l flows in intangible assets and workforce
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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NSF SciSIP – Solicitation II• The FY 2008 competition includes three areas:
Analytical Tools, Model Building, and Data Development and Augmentation.
• Proposals were due last March and are currently under review.
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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Recap: Data Development Strategies on Globalization and Intangibles
• National statistics: surveys redesign; interagency statistical projects (R&D SA; intangibles NAS conference)
• Int’l statistical collaboration: SNA, new Handbook• Academic research on metrics: SciSIP• Research opportunities:
Transactions in R&D/IP (FDI, outsourcing, alliances)Innovation, trade, and economic microdata linkingTraining and other human capital indicatorsIntangibles & business/financial accounting
Division of Science Resources Statistics
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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The Role of MNCs in U.S. Industry R&D(mill US$): 1997-2003
MNCs multinational companies.Data Sources: NSF Survey of Industry R&D (SIRD); BEA FDI surveys.
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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RDT Services Affiliated Trade: U.S. and foreign MNCs (bill US$): 2001-2004
* U.S. affiliate's transactions within foreign MNCs also include transactions with other foreign members of the MNC. Source: BEA, U.S. International Services: Cross-border Trade.
Division of Science Resources StatisticsNational Science Foundation
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RDT Services Exports vs. R&D performance (bill US$): 2001-03
* This is equal to imports of U.S. MNC-parents. ** Data include transactions with other foreign members of the MNC. MOUSA Majority-owned US affiliates of foreign MNCs; MOFA Majority owned foreign affiliates of US MNCs; RDT Research, development, and testing services.Data sources: NSF SIRD and BEA U.S. International Services.