IAEA Technical Meet on Strategies and Opportunities for the Management of Spent Fuel from Power Reactors in the Longer Timeframe November 26, 2019 Advances in Vitrification Technology in India Dr. G. SUGILAL Nuclear Recycle Group BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
41
Embed
Advances in Vitrification Technology in India · First generation melter technology ... - Voltage feed inverter-Variable f 2 to 3 kHz - Power control by varying frequency INDUCTION
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
IAEA Technical Meet onStrategies and Opportunities for the Management of
Spent Fuel from Power Reactors in the Longer TimeframeNovember 26, 2019
Advances in Vitrification Technology in India
Dr. G. SUGILAL
Nuclear Recycle Group
BHABHA ATOMIC RESEARCH CENTRE
Overview
Closed Fuel Cycle and Vitrification Process
Evolution of Vitrification Technology in India
Induction Heated Metallic Melter
Joule Heated Ceramic Melter
Cold Crucible Induction Melter
Summary and Road Ahead
Metallic Melter
Ceramic Melter
Cold Crucible
INDIAN NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE
• Spent Fuel: A Resource Material• Recovery and Reuse• Thorium utilization• Waste partitioning• Reduced repository size
• Spent Fuel Reprocessing• High Level Liquid Waste• Management of HLW
Closed Fuel Cycle
Immobilization of high level liquid waste in glass matrix
Internationally accepted for conditioning HLW
Borosilicate glasses are being widely used
Stability
Durability
Flexibility
Feasibility
VITRIFICATION OF HIGH LEVEL LIQUID WASTE
Vitrified Product SS Canister
Developmentof waste glassCollaborationwith CGCRI
Development of first HLLW glass matrix for Tarapur
(WO-24%)
Development of glass matrix at Trombay
(WO-21%)
19741990
2002
2013
2015
2017
Development of glass matrix for short cooled waste of RR
(WO-26%)
Sodium Borosilicate
Barium Borosilicate
Barium Borosilicate
Development of Cs specific glass matrix
(Cs- 2 Ci/gm)
Development of Cs specific glass matrix(Cs- 5 Ci/gm)
Sodium Borosilicate
Sodium Borosilicate
EVOLUTION OF GLASS MATRIX
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
1E-6
1E-5
1E-4
1E-3
0.01
Time (days)
Lea
ch R
ate
(g .c
m-2.d
ay-1)
Glass matrix
Leach rateXRD - Amorphous
EPMA - Homogeneity
Dr. C. P. Kaushik et. al.
Journal of Nuclear Materials
VITRIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES in INDIA• Induction Heated Metallic Melter
First generation melter technology
Tarapur & Trombay
Indirect heating using a metallic succeptor
• Joule Heated Ceramic Melter
Second generation melter technology
Tarapur & Kalpakkam
Direct heating using metallic electrodes
• Cold Crucible Induction Melter
Third generation melter technology
Trombay – inactive facility
Direct induction heating
WASTE IMMOBILIZATION PLANT, TARAPUR
1st Indian WIP (1995) Based on single hot cell concept View of hot cell & equipment
WASTE IMMOBILIZATION PLANT, TROMBAY
2nd Indian WIP (2002) Based on multi cell concept Remote welding of VWP
PROCESS SCHEMATIC FOR HLW VITRIFICATION
Induction heated metallic melter
INDUCTION HEATED METALLIC MELTER
Salient Features
• Multi zone heating concept
• Induction heated susceptor
• Secondary containment concept
• Radiation heating for process pot
• Freeze valve concept for pouring
• Remotely replaceable fill-head
• High Ni-Cr alloy as MOC (Inconel 690)
Incoming stream undergoes
Evaporation : 105 - 120 oC
Calcination : 300 - 700 oC
Fusion : 700 - 850 oC
Soaking : 900 - 950 oC
Pouring : 950 - 1000 oC
PROCESS DYNAMICS OF IHMM
WIP - Tarapur WIP - Trombay
Three main operating zones Four main operating zones
Rigid line cooler Remotely replaceable line cooler
Complete draining of the process pot Retention of glass plug in the freeze valve
Thermowell through process pot flange Thermowell outside the process pot flange
Power supply :
- Current fed inverter
- Constant frequency (1 kHz)
- Power control by varying voltage
Power supply :
- Voltage feed inverter
- Variable f 2 to 3 kHz
- Power control by varying frequency
INDUCTION HEATED METALLIC MELTER
• Partitioning of HLLW
• Recovery of Cs , Sr & Ru for societal applications
Borosilicate glass with Al2O3 Borosilicate glass with ZnO
Industrial Scale DemonstrationComparison of Melter Operations
• Start up operation: 2 hours
• 90 kW, 205 V, 900 A
• Start up operation: 5 hours
• 125 kW, 230 V, 1100 A
Summary and Road Ahead
Summary• India developed processes and methodologies for waste volume minimisation,
recovery of radionuclides and their deployment for societal benefits
• India successfully developed three generations of melters for vitrification of HLW
• Our experience in vitrification of HLW is comparable with best international practices
Road Ahead• Industrial adoption of Cold Crucible Induction Melter for vitrification of HLW
• Industrial scale demonstration of glass-ceramics to reduce waste package volume
IAEA Technical Meet onStrategies and Opportunities for the Management of
Spent Fuel from Power Reactors in the Longer TimeframeNovember 26, 2019
Thank You for the Kind Attention
Cesium-137
• Blood Irradiation
• Food Irradiator
• Sewage HygenizationHigh Level
Radioactive Liquid waste (HLLW)
Strontium-90
• Radio – pharmaceutical
Ruthenium-106
• Irradiation source and
for cancer treatment
Americium-241
• Neutron source
• Space application
Recovery of valuable radionuclides from HLLW for societal benefits
24/34
WEALTH FROM NUCLEAR WASTE
Cs-137 Glass Pencil Manufacturing Process
Production of 106Ru Plaque from HLW
HLWSeparation of residual
U & Pu
Separation of An, Ln &
Sr
Separation of 137Cs
106Ru waste
Silver substrate before and afterelectrodeposition
5-stage Mixer-Settler
Extractant : 0.1 M DCH18C6 in 50% octanol : 50% xylene Batch Size : 2.5 L Nature of Feed : 2 M Acidic Sr-90 in Feed: 4 mCi/lit % Extraction of Sr-90: 99.6%
90Strontium is used for milking of 90Y for radiopharmaceutical applications
SLM Generator
Recovery of Sr-90 from waste
Nuclear Fuel Power Reactor ReprocessingActinide
Separation
Fissile Material
Actinides
Immobilisation in Polycrystalline
Matrices
Fission ProductSeparation
Others Sr90 Cs137
Sealed Radiation SourcesFor Applications in Industry,