Advanced Veterinary Terminology VETE 4302 Michelle Hervey, LVT 03/01/2015.

PREVENTATIVE MEDICINE FOR HEARTWORMS AND INTESTINAL PARASITES

Advanced Veterinary TerminologyVETE 4302

Michelle Hervey, LVT03/01/2015

Dirofilaria immitis Life Cycle

Affects L3 & L4 stage of Dirofilaria immitis

Prevents L3’s from becoming L4’s Which prevents L5’s from becoming

adults If no adults there are no microfilariae

http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/taxadata/Dimmitis.htm

Hosts Dogs starting at 6

weeks of age Cats starting at 6

weeks of age

http://www.adogslifehatboro.com/

Clinical Signs

Asymptomatic, and will be discovered on routine annual Heartworm Test.

Coughing, dyspnea Exercise intolerance Hemoptysis (coughing

blood) Ascites

http://www.vetnext.com/images/z/73343941087%20292.jpg

Preventative Forms

Preventatives come in topical, oral tablets, and oral chews.

Chewable for Dogs and Cats

www.1800petmeds.com

Chewable Tablets for

Dogshttp://www.1800petmeds.com/Trifexis-prod11190.html?AFFID=GG&ID=274237160&gclid=CjwKEAiAjsunBRCy3LSlz_PJqCgSJACJY7yKDim6Cwdi65CshR-qZKouqXUFMvk6eGxLKLmR6ObmJBoCloHw_wcB

Topical for Dogs and Cats

http://www.1800petmeds.com/Revolution-prod10265.htm

Topical for Dogs and Cats http://www.1800petmeds.com/Advantage+Multi-prod10945.html

Preventatives

Advantage Multi for Dogs and Cats/Topical Revolution for Dogs and Cats/Topical Trifexis for dogs/Tablets Heartgard Plus and Heartgard/Chews

http://www.1800petmeds.com/Trifexis-prod11190.html?AFFID=GG&ID=274237160&gclid=CjwKEAiAjsunBRCy3LSlz_PJqCgSJACJY7yKDim6Cwdi65CshR-qZKouqXUFMvk6eGxLKLmR6ObmJBoCloHw_wcB

www.drsfostersmith.com

http://www.1800petmeds.com/Advantage+Multi-prod10945.html

http://www.1800petmeds.com/Revolution-prod10265.html

http://www.1800petmeds.com/search.jsp?Ns=product.salesvolume%7C1&Ntt=heartgard+plus&_requestid=339087

Diagnosis

DIAGNOSIS

Positive antigen test Positive concentration test Radiographs with right

ventricle enlargement, enlargement of pulmonary artery, enlarged loblar arteries, increased perivascular patters.

Ultrasound with turbulent blood flow and heartworms visible in the right ventricle of the hreat.

(Summers, 2007)

http://www.beckeranimalhospital.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/microfilaria2.jpg

http://www.heartworm.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/06/Heartworms_VD-KEY.jpg

Treatments

Immiticide (only Treatment of adults) Contains Arsenic Harmful to patient Expensive to client Hard to get Given in 2 to 3 Doses

http://www.marvistavet.com/html/body_heartworm_treatment.html

http://pointsaboutpets.com/tag/dog/

Treatments vs. Preventative

TREATMENTS PREVENTATIVES

Immiticide (only Treatment of adults)

Contains Arsenic Harmful to patient Expensive to client Hard to get Given in 2 to 3 Doses

Preventatives are given every 30 days.

Protect against heartworms, and intestinal parasites.

Some preventatives are 3 in ones which protect against ectoparasites, heartworms and intestinal parasites.

The monthly cost of preventative vs. the cost of treatment is inecpensive.

Intestinal Parasites

COMMON IN DOGS COMMON IN CATS

Ancylostoma caninum (Canine Hook Worm)

Toxacara canis (Canine Round Worm)

Toxascaris leonina (Canine and Feline Round Worm)

Trichuris vulpis (Canine Whipworm)

Ancylostoma tubaeforme(FelineHook worm)

Ancylostoma braziliese(Southern Hook Worm)

Toxocara cati (Feline Round Worm) Toxascaris leonina

(Canine and Feline Round Worm)

Ancylostoma spp (Canine & Feline Hook Worm)

Direct life cycle Hosts: Dogs and

Cats Eggs in feces Molt from L1-L3 in

environment Migration

dependant on host

Skin penetration by L3 larva

Transmammary-most common route for puppies and kittens.

Life Cycle Transmission

Clinical Signs

Pale Mucus Membranes Anemia Dull hair coat Lethargy Diarrhea Melena Anorexia

Diagnosis

Seen on fecal flotation

Assume all puppies are infected.

http://plpnemweb.ucdavis.edu/nemaplex/images/aduodenale.jpg

http://www.catnmore.com/images/HookwormEgg1.jpg

Public Health Significance

Cutaneous Larval Migrans People can become infected with L3 through skin

penitration. L3 are in a local location causing the person severe

pruritus. Rarely migrate through viscera Humans are a dead end host for the hook worm.

http://o.quizlet.com/i/V89V8dPukMc02KcQwL5DBQ_m.jpg

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/zoonotichookworm/zoonotichookworm_lifecycle.gif

Toxacara spp and Toxascaris spp (Canine and Feline Round

Worm)LIFE CYCLE TRANSMISSION

Direct Life Cycle Hosts: Dogs and Cats Eggs in feces Infective Stage L2

(highly resistant to environment)

Migration dependant on transmission and age of infection.

Ingestion Transplacental

(Puppies) Ingestion of

paratenic host with L2 in tissues (uncommon)

Transmammary (uncommon)

Clinical Signs

Vomiting Diarrhea Pot-bellied Dull hair coat Can have intestinal obstruction Cough Pneumonia related lung migration

Diagnosis

Found on fecal flotation

Assume puppies are infected

http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/images/toxocariasis/home_page_image_toxocariasis.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Toxocara_canis.JPG

Public Health Significance Visceral Larval Migrans Ocular Larval Migrans Humans can be paratenic

host (fecal-oral transmission) Larvae migrate through

viscera to the liver, lungs, CNS.

Can cause blindness Children less then 4 yrs of age

are most affected because they put unclean hands infected with L2 feces in their mouth.

This is also why dogs and cats should not be allowed to lick people in the face. http://outbreaknewstoday.com/wp-content/

uploads/2014/12/Toxocara_canis_LifeCycle.gif

Public Health Significance Pictures

http://o.quizlet.com/YtxUQUS1dg.2.Xg5eePZTg_m.png

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Toxocara-canis-adults.jpg

Trichuris spp. (Canine and Feline Whipworm)

LIFE CYCLE TRANSMISSION

Direct Life Cycle Host: Dogs and Cats

(rare in cats) Location: Large

Intestine Eggs in feces Infective L3 stage NO tissue migrans Prepatent period: 3

months

Fecal -Oral

Clinical Signs

Mucoid diarrhea +/- Hematochezia Anemia Can be asymptomatic with low worm

burdens Inflammation of cecum.

Diagnosis

Found on fecal floatation.

If suspected infection fecal should sit for 15 minutes because Trichuris spp. are heavy eggs and take longer to float up to the surface.

http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/dxendopar/images/parasiteimages/strongyloides/trichuris_Eggs.gif

Public Health Significance

No public health significance

Preventatives vs. Treatment

Preventatives can be costly for animal owners and there are many available. It can be hard for owners to decide which one to go with. As veterinary professionals we can assist owners and explain the significance of preventatives. Preventatives are better for the patients and many protect against heartworms, intestinal parasite, and they often do ectoparasites as well. The owner needs to decide which preventative is easiest to give to their pet. The preventatives come in topical, oral tablets, and oral chews. These are to be given every 30 days to prevent heartworms, intestinal parasites, and ectoparasites (if labeled for them). Owners will be happier with their pets health, and do not have to worry about their pet passing intestinal parasites to themselves or their children. Heartworm prevention is so much easier then the treatments. Treatments involve giving the pet an adulticide called Immiticide. The treatments are harmful to the pets because they contain arsenic, and the cost to the owner could be thousands of dollars to treat. The pets have to be kept still and confined after treatments.

Once the owner is properly informed of the pros and cons of preventative vs. treatment the owners will be happy they made the decision to use preventative. Their pets health will be better as well.

References

Foreyt, W.J.,(2001).Veterinary Parasitology Reference Manual Fifth Edition. Blackwell Publishing. Ames, Iowa. Print

Hendrix, C.M., Robinson, E.,(2012) Diagnostic Parasitology for Veterinary Technicians Fourth Edition. Elsevier Mosby. St. Louis, MO. Print

Romich, J.A.,(2010).Fundamentals of Pharmacology for Veterinary Technicians Second Edition. Delmar. Cengage Learning. Clifton Park, NY. Print

Summers, A.,(2007)Common Diseases of Companion Animals Second Edition. Mosby Elsevier. St. Louis, MO. Print

Zajac, A.M., Conboy, G.A.,(2012). Veterinary Clinical Parasitology Eighth Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Ames, Iowa. Print