Advanced Lighting Control Systemse3tnw.org/Documents/AdvLightingControls_E3Tshowcase_4-17...2013/04/17 · Advanced Lighting Control Systems Welcome. Today’s webinar is being recorded

E3TEnergy

Efficiency

Emerging Technologies

Advanced Lighting Control

Systems

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E3TEnergy

Efficiency


Advanced Lighting Control

Systems

E3TEnergy

Efficiency

Emerging TechnologiesE3TEnergy

Efficiency


Interior Lighting Controls

James R Benya, PE FIES FIALD

The Benya Burnett

Consultancy

Davis, CA

E3TEnergy

Efficiency


Lighting Control Basics

Energy = Power x Time

Kilowatt hours = kilowatts x hours

• Lights off no energy used

• Lights on but dimmed less energy used

• Cooling season add 33% for cooling the heat of lights

• Heating season less 33% for using the heat of lights

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Efficiency


• Manual Control ̶ preference, desire, carelessness

• Automatic Control

– Harvest daylight (daylighting)

– No one present (occupancy or vacancy)

– Need less at night (adaptation compensation)

– Use only the minimum amount (tuning)

– Allow people to use less (manual control)

Why Control Lights?

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Systems

• Single-room systems

• Divisible-room systems

• Partial- or whole-building systems

Devices

• Wallbox switches, timers, clocks, dimmers and occupancy sensors

• Ceiling occupancy and daylight sensors

• “Time clock” controls

• Astronomic controls

Primary Approaches to Control

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Devices

Residential

• Switches

• Dimmers

• Timers

• Programmable time clocks

• Motion sensors

Non-residential

• Switches

• Dimmers

• Timers

• Programmable time clocks

• Occupancy sensors

• Vacancy sensors

• Daylight sensors

• Two-level vacancy sensors

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Systems by Type

Analog/PowerDigital or analog communications with central intelligence

• Sensor and/or control station inputs

• Central dimmer or relay cabinets

• Hardwired power and

control circuits

DigitalDigital communications and distributed intelligence (central intelligence can be added for more capabilities)

• Intelligent sensor and/ or control station inputs

• Smart luminaires

• Totally flexible circuits without rewiring

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Single Room

• Pre-set systems

• Partitioned room systems

• Theatrical controls

Building Wide

• Lighting systems

• Lighting systems with master controls

• Lighting systems with shading controls

• Lighting systems with building automation interface

Systems by Size

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• Manual dimming

• Preset dimming

• Whole-house scenes

• A/V integration

• User preference or work accommodation

• Architainment

• Principally for specific functions, convenience, pleasure, aesthetics

• Energy is conserved as a by-product

Architectural “Dimming”

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Energy-Conserving Lighting Controls

• Daylight harvesting (with or without shade control)

• Occupancy or vacancy switching

• Time of day or solar time switching

• Tuning to minimum necessary level

• Allow users to manually use less

• Reduce load for demand response or to save energy costs

• Principally for energy management and energy cost management

• User preference and convenience are a by-product

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Theatrical Lighting

Old School

• Grid array for clamping on moveable lighting

• Stage pin outlets wired back to huge banks of dimmers

• Dimmer per circuit wiring –tremendous power handling ability

• DMX-512A digital lighting control/analog dimmers

New School

• Grid array for clamping on moveable lighting

• Power outlets, undimmed and unswitched

• Ethernet control environment – any light on any circuit can be any channel

• Multiple “universes” to control multiple address lights (e.g., LED or moving lights)

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Strategies of Energy Management

• Daylighting ̶ lights are dimmed or extinguished in response to daylight.

• Small zone motion and/or vacancy detection ̶ sensors can see all occupants and extinguish lights when the space is unoccupied.

• Large zone motion and/or vacancy detection ̶ one or more sensors are often combined with scheduling to provide night security and safety.

• User dimming ̶ individual occupants can control lights affecting their task.

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Strategies of Energy Management

Continued…

• Tuning ̶ maximum light levels can be set to limit lighting power.

• Scheduling ̶ lights are switched on a fixed or programmed schedule.

• Adaptation compensation ̶ interior lights are dimmed at night to ease adaptation of the eye and harvest energy savings.

• Demand management and response ̶ overall building energy use is monitored and reduced in response to energy cost or grid emergencies

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How Lights are Switched

• Mechanical switch

• Relay from remote switch

• Internal to the ballast or driver

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How Lights are Dimmed

• Vary the voltage

– Incandescent lighting

• Rapidly switch line power on and off (60 Hz in U.S.)

– Incandescent lighting

– Fluorescent lighting

– HID lighting

– LED

• Modulate the power on and off at high frequency

– Fluorescent lighting (30kHz+)

– HID lighting (130 Hz or higher)

– LED (130 Hz or higher)

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Power Circuits

• “Line” voltage (i.e., the utilization voltage 120, 277, etc.)

• High amps

• Bulky devices

Control Circuits

• Low voltage, normally 24 volts DC

• Very low amps

• Delicate and electronic circuits

• Cause power circuits to operate

Power and Control Circuits

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Power Circuits

• Wire in conduit (Class 1)

• Large-gauge wire (#14 min.)

• Junction boxes large enough for wiring make-up and termination

• Safety precautions essential

Control Circuits

• Wire in conduit (Class 1) or protected (Class 2)

• Small-gauge wire (#18 or smaller)

• Small junction boxes and open connections

• Minimum safety issues

Power and Control Circuits

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Fluorescent & LED Lighting Controls

• All dimming is performed inside the ballast or driver using control circuits

• The challenge is how to switch the lights and how to communicate the level setting to the ballast

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Fluorescent Switching

• Option 1: Power on/off using a remote switch

• Option 2: Ballast has internal brains to turn on and off when signaled

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Fluorescent and LED Dimming

• Option 1: Use an incandescent dimmer to send a dimming signal by normal phase dimming

• Option 2: Use an “electronic power supply” dimmer to send a dimming signal by reverse phase dimming

• Option 3: Use a DC circuit from 0 volts (0 light) to 10 volts (full light)

• Option 4: Use a digital signal to instruct the light output

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Controls Systems Types

DALI-based (with and without overlay)

Zone-based

Wireless

Legacy-based

Power line carrier

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Controllable Fluorescent Ballasts

Step dimming ballasts• All rapid start

• 2 steps (0-50-100)

• 3 steps (0-30-70-100)

• 7 steps dissolve (3-100%)

Analog dimming ballasts• 0-10 volt external circuit for

photocells and complex systems

• 2 wire wallbox dimmer circuit

• 3 wire legacy fluorescent dimming circuit for dimming systems

Digital Dimming Ballasts• Generic two byte DALI

• Proprietary– Ecosystem (Lutron)

– Sector (Leviton)

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Controllable HID Ballasts

• Electronic ballasts for all HID lighting through 150 watts, indoor and some outdoor applications

• Electronic ballasts for indoor HID lighting 250-400 watt

• All have a minimum dim point of 50% light/70% power

E3TEnergy

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Controllable LED Drivers

• Designed to power “standardized” LEDs

• Forward phase cut (incandescent) dimming

• Reverse phase cut (incandescent electronic) dimming

• 0-10 volt dimming

• DMX-512 dimming

• DALI dimming

• Ecosystem dimming

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Digital Lighting Controls

Load any circuit up to 16 ampsOne master controller per building

Plug in low voltage wiring and stations –no conduit needed

Low-voltage controls 18-22 ga.wire plenum rated

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Other lamps

• Digital incandescent dimmer packs

• Digital dimming LED drivers

• Digital non-dimming interfaces for HID and other non dim sources

Fluorescent dimming• Standard DALI dimming

ballasts (T8, T5, CF)

• Proprietary advanced dimming ballasts

• High performance dimming ballasts

• Combination analog legacy/digital ballasts

• Legacy fluorescent dimming ballast interface

Digital Lighting Ballasts

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Performance Capabilities of Commercial

Lighting Control Systems

Performs well at reasonable cost

Performs acceptably with cost or

performance limits

X Function not possible or unusually

expensive and/or difficult

? System might be capable

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State-of-the-art Systems

DALI-based (stand alone) X X (3) $$-$$$

DALI-based (with overlay) (3) $$-$$$$

Zone-based with overlay X $$-$$$$

Wireless Zone-based X X $$-$$$$

Legacy-based (4) $$-$$$$

Power Line Carrier X (4) $$-$$$$

E3TEnergy

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Performance Capabilities of Commercial

Lighting Control Systems

Performs well at reasonable cost

Performs acceptably with cost or

performance limits

X Function not possible or unusually

expensive and/or difficult

? System might be capable

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Conventional Lighting Controls

Stand alone analog system with analog

dimming ballasts without central relay

panels

X X X $-$$$

Old school relay panels X X X X X X $-$$

BAS overlay to legacy system with stand

alone small zones, D/A outputs and

analog dimming ballasts throughout

X$$$-

$$$$

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Assessing Candidates

The ideal system is “plug-program-play.”

Wiring should be easy and faultless with a minimum of wire stripping or the need to land individual wires.

The wiring methods should be simple, repetitive and logical.

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Regardless of how many manufacturers’ products are used, there should be a single point of responsibility for the compatibility of the products and for all necessary products being part of the system.

Assessing Candidates

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Supplier Start-up, Commissioning and Programming

A company representative or, preferably, a factory engineer should be a integral part of the installation and commissioning team.

This person should be well trained and capable of:

• Quickly reviewing and fixing installation errors,

• Checking system integrity,

• Placing the system into operating condition, and

• Performing initial programming.

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Supplier Start-up, Commissioning and Programming

This person should:

• Teach the owner’s personnel how to operate and reprogram the system and

• Be available on-call throughout a reasonable shake-down period.

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System Maturity

• The system should be well into a third generation of the product, if possible.

• Comparable systems in current operation should be able to be reviewed and should have testimonials from several customers

• First-generation products should only be used on a potential “guinea pig” basis.

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The system should have, as a minimum, a comprehensive labor and material warranty for the first year and a declining value warranty on all parts for at least five years.

Warranty

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Company Track Record

The company should have been in the architectural and/or energy lighting controls business for at least 10 years. Consider company size and ability to survive in our highly competitive market.

The company’s reputation for service and parts availability is an essential indicator of the long-term viability of the system and is critically important in the decision to use the system.

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The system price should be fair.

Hidden markups and other costs without added value should not be tolerated.

Pricing

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Don’t forget to evaluate the cost of cabling and installation of control hardware.

Installation Costs

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Performance

The system should provide all needed lighting control functions for both energy management and architectural applications.

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Obsolescence

• Is the system digital, hybrid or analog?

• Is it likely to be dropped when new generation systems are introduced?

• Will future products remain backwards compatible?

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Sole Source vs. Multiple Source

• Does the manufacturer rely upon the products of other companies (e.g., ballasts)?

• Is there a risk of finger pointing when things go wrong?

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Port and Interface to BAS

Does the system provide a BACNET port for high-level management?

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Data Reporting

Does the system provide feedback (e.g., failed lamps and ballasts)?

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Avoiding Hidden Costs and Pitfalls

• Are there unresolved problems with previously installed systems?

• Is commissioning predictably fast and accurate?

• Will the company stand behind the product and make it right?

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Advanced Lighting Controls for Exterior Applications

Doug Oppedal, LC

Evergreen Consulting Group

E3TEnergy

Efficiency


Lighting Control System Goals

• Control individual fixtures or zones of fixtures• Time of day programming• Time of day plus occupancy over ride• Flexibility for future changes in area • Ease of programming• Monitor and gather energy use • Access to software or load reporting protocol • Feedback for maintenance (lamp and ballast failure)• Reduce lighting loads but still maintain IES light level

recommendations• Safety

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Applications

1. Auto dealerships

2. Retail parking lots

3. Business property parking lots

4. Parking garage

5. Street lighting

Timed on/off throughout evening hours plus photo control, dimming, bi-level and occupancy

Hubbell

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Efficiency


What we are seeing

• Higher wattage projects like auto dealerships and retail parking lots

• Wireless systems with advanced controls and reporting

• Simplistic systems without reporting and minimal programing

• Most of the savings are from high-wattage projects/measures (HID to LED example: 1000 watt MH to 254 watt LED in retail)

• Typically, advanced controls are a cost-effective challenge on their own (controls-only project) when controlling LED or low-wattage loads

• Some controls-only wireless projects have been installed controlling existing high -wattage loads (HID)

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Ripley Controls

Wireless Example Mesh Network

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More Wireless Examples

Sample features for wireless systems:• Operates with any outdoor LED, HID or other loads• Can be spaced up to 1,000 feet apart• Receives data and transmits commands from nodes• Many devices on a system (2,000 + or -)• Collects and stores lighting system performance data• Displays operating conditions, performance data and energy use• Accessible from a web browser• Allows user to establish schedulesRoam and Hubbell

In fixture module with C.T.

On fixture module with C.T.

Gateway

Access Point

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Wiring Diagram Example Varies by manufacturer

Lumewave, Inc.

This diagram represents several layers of controls

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Reporting Example

LSI/Verticus

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What does it look like?

Controller could be mounted in hand hole

LSI/Verticus

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1080 W eachSunset to sunrise (~ 12 hours/day)

Sunset - 10pm: 180W each

(tuned from 254 watts)

10pm – sunrise: 27W each

Max: 15 F.C.Min: 2 F.C. Max: 7 F.C.Min: 5 F.C.

12,960 Wh/day/fixture783 Wh/day/fixture

Max: 2 F.C. Min: 1 F.C.

100%

10%

Case StudyProvide more light, where you want, when you want

LSI/Verticus

Before: After:

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Cart Before the Horse Sometimes Works

Wireless system controlling individual and groups of existing HID fixtures

Scheduled to turn off based on store operating hours and street lighting contribution

NetLink

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Confirm Monthly Fees

• Some advanced systems will have a monthly fee for access (cell phone, internet connection, etc.)

• You can have access at all times remotely or program it and forget it until you need to change something on site

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Relay Panels with Astronomical Time Clock

• Better than a mechanical time clock and ltg. contactor

• Adjusts for dusk/dawn per geographical location

• Adjusts for daylight savings

• Control circuits separately, but not individual fixtures

• Zone per circuit to save energy….if wired appropriately

• Many to choose from and a low-cost solution beyond photo control savings

Leviton

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Cheap and Simple

• Photo cell replacement

• Turns lights on at dusk, back on again at selected time if desired, and off at dawn

• Seasonal photo clocks available

• More savings than a simple photo cell

• For poles with more than one fixture, use a timed photo cell on one and a standard on the other to create a simplified bi-level system

• Same as above but use and occupancy sensor on the other fixture

Recording loads on simple systems requires additional meters

Leviton

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James Benya

The Benya Burnett [email protected]

Doug Oppedal

Evergreen Consulting [email protected]

For More Information

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Technology Roadmaps and the Collaborative Approach to Save Energy

TUESDAY April 30, 2013 at noon Pacific time

More information about emerging technologies:

E3T database: www.E3Tnw.org

E3T Program: www.bpa.gov/energy/n/emerging_technology/

Conduit: www.ConduitNW.org

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