Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 3

Satoshi Konishi

Institute for Sustainability Science,

Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University

Aug.12-13, 2011

Advanced energy technology for

sustainable development - Analysis of energy for sustainability-

Summer School AACIMP-2011

Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, Ukraine

International Symposium on Global Sustainability Institute of Sustainable Science

Fusion Electricity

Energy generated by fusion reaction

Energy converted to heat and fuel

Fusion reactor

Fusion fuel

Fuel cycle

Power train

breeding

deuterium

tritium

neutron

lithium

neutron tritium

Electricity

Coolant


6．Fuel production

・Carbon-free fuels required － Exhausting fossil resources － Global warming and CO2 emission ・Future fuel use － Fuel cells , automobile － aircrafts, ships ・Dispersed electricity system － Cogeneration － Fuel cell, － micro gas turbine (could be other synthetic fuels)

Why fuels?

Aircraft

Automobile

2100 0

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 Year

Electricity Solid Fuel Liquid Fuel Gaseous Fuel

Ene

rgy

dem

and(

GT

OE

)

Example of Outlook of Global Energy Consumption by IPCC92a

Market 3 times larger than electricity

Substitute fewer than electricity source


Future Energy System

・Electricity and Synthetic fuels mutually converted

－ Resources required for raw material and energy

－ Substitution and competition

Heat

H 2

CH 4

MeOH

Syn.

fuels

Water

Fossil

resources

grid

transport

Utility gas

Cogene-

ration

chemical

CO2

sequestration

Electrolysis

Reforming

Shift

Reaction

Renewables

Biomass

Indepenent

power

Electricity

Fuel cell

Raw material

Nuclear

Energy Conversion


Fuel Production from biomass

cellulose：（C6H10O5）n/6+ n/6H2O → nH2 + nCO – 136n [kJ]

lignin: (CH1.4O0.3)n + 0.7nH2O → 1.4nH2 + nCO –136n[kJ]

Biomass

(1kg) + H2O

External Heat，900℃

H2,CO

2H2 + CO → -CH2- + H2O + 160 [kJ]

Fischer-Tropsch reaction

CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2 + 32 [kJ] Shift Reaction

hydrogen

alcane Carbon free OIL

(0.5 litter)

endothermic

Waste heat

Carbon Neutral

8.2MJ

15.6MJ

24.2MJ

Waste /usable


16MJ

8.1MJ

Heat for

generation

(CH1-2O0-1)n

external heat

8.2MJ

１ｋｇ

53mol

H2O H2：0.138kg,69mol

CO:0.38ｋｇ,14mol

CO2：0.74kg,17mol

CH4：0.009kg,0.56mol

H2O：0.76kg,42mol

CO２:0.13ｋｇ、3mol

CH4:0.009kg,0.56mol

-CH2-：0.39kg,28mol 15.6MJ

21MJ

8.1MJ

Waste 0.40kg

0.4MJ

1.0MJ

24.2MJ 4MJ loss

Gas product

Heat loss or

generation

Carbon free oil 0.5 liter

Cellulose, lignin

FT synthesis

Chemical reactor

Biomass 1kg

Biomass conversion to fuel

Fusion energy used for

conversion

Energy comes from

waste biomass

diesel(hydrocarbon)


Conver

sion[%

]

0

20

40

60

80

100

600 700 800 900 1000

Temperature[℃]

No Cat.

Ni

Co

CH4

CO2

CO

Gasification of Cellulose

>95% carbon was converted to fuel gases

(H2, CO and CH4) with Ni catalyst.

experiments

CH4

CO2

CO

Thermochemical equilibrium

This conversion efficiency is practical level.


Gasification of Cellulose

Cellulose as a representative of waste biomass

(garbage, paper, wood, straw…)

Simple experiment can prove this reaction.


biomass steam

Liquid metal

Concept of the reactor

Diameter:~3.5m

Reactor tube：29500

Liquid metal path 900℃

Gas product

Fusion

reactor

cellulose rignin

Reaction heat(kJ)

0.29 0.41

Reaction time(s)

60 60

Assumed biamass:6Mton/year

(cellulose 70%,lignin 30%)

10m

Biomass/product path path

Concept of the biomass reactor International Symposium on Global Sustainability

Institute of Sustainable Science

High temperature reactor>900゜C

SiC module

Installed in 900 ゜ C vessel

IHX heat transfer from LiPb to He

Loop operated >900 ゜ C

Only in the test vessel

ヒーティングコイル

アルミナ管


Use of Fusion Energy

generation Heat

Efficient

generation

Industries

HEAT

Fusion Plant

SynFUEL

heat

desalination

Domestic use

Neutron


Biomass and Fusion

Fusion Plant

heat

1GW electricity equivalent Reactor

2120 t/h

Biomass (waste, urban and agricultural)

steam(640 t/h)

（18Mton/year⇔ Current Japanese burnable Garbage 60Mton/year）

Hydrogen 280 t/h

Fuel Cell Vehicle 1.1M/day* feeds 17M/year1700**

* 6kg/day.vehicle ** 460g/year.vehicle

Fusion energy can be converted to hydrogen, and fuels.

Free from Carnot’s

Efficiency limit.

Biomass converted to fuels by endothermic reaction.

（C6H10O5）n+ nH2O → 6nH2 + 6nCO – 816n [kJ]


Nuclear heat

Energy Conversion efficiency

Thermal cycle

Loss (40~70%~30C)

Electricity

generation hydrogen

Electrolysis

Loss

Nuclear heat IS process hydrogen

Chemical cycle

Loss(50%~120C)

water

Nuclear heat Biomass

gasification Hydrogen+CO

water

Biomass

(with enthalpy)

Chemical cycle

Loss(30%~300C) FT oil Electricity

generation

water

~30%

~50%

~270%

~200% ~20%


CO + H2O ⇔ H2 + CO2

CO2：90kg/s

CH4：1.5kg/s

biomass

63kg/s

Preheat

water

28kg/s

residue

10kg/s

Gas separator

H2

9.0kg/s

water

25kg/s

Shift reactor

Fusion reactor：500MW

Hydrogen

Liquid fuel

gas

H2

CO

CO2

CH4

5.3kg/s

39kg/s

29kg/s

1.5kg/s

300℃

Heat exchange

reactor

Carbon free heat source

No thermal cycle

used.

No waste heat

Discarded.

Biomass conversion power plant International Symposium on Global Sustainability


Biomass-Fusion Hybrid plant

HER: Heat exchanger reactor

SEG: Steam-electric generator

FTR: Fischer-Tropsche reactor

FST: Fuel Storage Tank

material flow

money flow

Electrical energy flow

Thermal energy flow

Landfill cost

Biomass

supply

Product fuel

price

Reactor cost

Thermal energy to reactor

300[MW/sec]

Electricity

5700ton/day

Kyoto×4

First generation

FUSION plant can

Supply fuel to the

market with

competitive price.

Fuel is used for

generators in microgrids.

Fusion

Diesel fuel

1620kl/day


Why waste biomass?

Large amount of biomass is discarded - burnable garbage - agricultural byproduct - woods - (plastics)

Combustion Landfill

CO2 emission

replacing fossil reduces CO2 emission

Conversion to Fuel

External Energy Source

use

Reduction of fossil

consumption

(regarded

as neutral)


Garbage Woody

Biomass

Agriculture Forestry

Cost(JPY/L) -51.6 -42.66 44.16 50.1

Biomass production(t/year) 7,746,000 267,000 1,195,000 446,000

Diesel Product(kL/year) 2,045,000 114,000 487,000 191,000S

Required energy（MW) 941 61 263 101

Fusion energy efficiency 2.90 2.51 2.47 2.51

Total energy efficiency 0.70 0.64 0.65 0.63

・fusion energy efficiency＝product diesel chemical energy/fusion heat

・total energy efficiency＝ product diesel chemical energy/consumed energy

Case Study Summary International Symposium on Global Sustainability


garbage agriculture forestry Woody

waste

Waste total(t/year) 38,067,000 14,650, 000 2,068, 000 1,497, 000

Diesel production

(kL/year)

8,992, 000 4,819, 000 714, 000 517, 000

aircrafts kerosene diesel

Oil demand

(kL/year)

5,324,600 （24,382,000） 36,323,000

Diesel total：15,000,000kL/year

Transport demand：42,000,000kL/year

・36％ demand can be supplied

Replace fossil with carbon free fuel to recuce

CO2 emission

National Total International Symposium on Global Sustainability


・battery cost 32¥/kWh

・to run vehicles, using electricity to convert biomass to

diesel could be cheaper than Evs.

Electric vehicle

Running distance[km] 200 Battery capacity[kWh] 24 Battery cost[104¥/kWh] 10 Battery livce[104km] 10

Biomass diesel cost starting

from-1.8[¥/km]

Dielsel milage

15km/L

-5

5

15

25

35

0 10 20 30 40Ru

nn

ing

co

st[

¥/k

m]

Cost of electricity[¥/kWh]

Based on

Kyoto area

diesel

EV

Biomass diesel

Electricity price(8.2¥/kWh)

Cost of running vehicles International Symposium on Global Sustainability


• Fuel production from biomass has larger market than

electricity.

• Substituting Oil contributes CO2 reduction

• As renewable, fuel production is more important than

electricity.

• Biomass-Fusion Hybrid will give a good chance for

Hybrid Device smaller than ITER and easier.

• Advanced fission or renewable electricity can be

used for biofuel production.

• Utilizing waste biomass promote material recycle and

improve green industry.

Summary of biomass fuel

Biomass can respond to global environment

and resource problem in the near future!


Fusion Plant

Desalination Of seawater

Grid electricity HEAT

HYDROGEN

RECYCLE WASTE

Future world with fusion hydrogen

TRANSPORT FUEL

AIRCRAFT

VEHICLE

FUEL Independent Electricity

Fusion Plant

Desalination Plant

Farming factory

electricity

HYDROGEN

houses Transport

Heat

Future world with fusion hydrogen

Edo era.

Poor but sustainable with controlled energy supply.

Advanced energy technology for sustainable development. Part 3

Education

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