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Session 10: Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks Advanced Data Communication Networks Dr. Farhad Faghani Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University.
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Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Jul 16, 2018

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Page 1: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Session 10:Mobile Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor

Networks

Advanced Data CommunicationNetworks

Dr. Farhad Faghani Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University.

Page 2: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Outline

I. Classification of Communication NetworksII. Introduction to Ad Hoc and sensor NetworksIII. Wireless sensor Network Design issuesIV. Crosslayer designV. Wireless application and QOSVI. Ad Hoc Routing Protocol

Page 3: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Classification of CommunicationNetworks

�Wired Networks�LAN, MAN, WAN, and Internet

�Wireless Networks�Infrastructured networks (cellular networks)�Infrastructureless networks (Ad Hoc wireless

networks)�Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

Page 4: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Infrastructured networks (cellular networks)�Frequencies, time slots, or codes reused at spatially-

separated locations�Decreasing the cell size increases capacity�Resources:

�Channels�Bandwidth�Power�Rate�Base stations�Access

�Dynamic Resource AllocationAllocate resources as user and network conditions change

BASESTATION

Page 5: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Infrastructureless networks(Ad Hoc wireless networks)

�Peer-to-peercommunications.

�No backboneinfrastructure.

�Routing can bemultihop.

�Topology is dynamic.�Fully connected with

different link SINRs

Different channels, distances, mobility, energy, and rate requirements.

Page 6: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)Energy-Constrained Nodes

�Limited nodeprocessing/communication capabilities

�Nodes can cooperate in transmissionand reception.

�Intelligence must be “in the network”�Data flows to centralized location.�Low per-node rates but 10s to 1000s

of nodes�Data highly correlated in time and

space.

dotmag

acoustic

Page 7: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

WSN, Energy-Constrained Nodes, (Cont’d)�Sensor modes

�Active mode� Idle mode�Sleep mode

�Major sources of energy waste� Idle listening when no sensing events�Collisions�Control overhead�Overhearing

Solution: Node schedulingPeriodic listen and sleep

Page 8: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Design Principles�Sleep – majority of the time, >99%�Wakeup – quickly start processing�Active – minimize work & return to sleep

processingdata acquisitioncommunication

sleep

Pow

er

Time

Page 9: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

WSN, Energy-Constrained Nodes, Cont’d�Each node can only send a finite number of bits.�Short-range networks must consider both transmit

and processing energy.�Sleep modes save energy but complicate networking.

�Changes everything about the network design:�Bit allocation must be optimized across all protocols.�Delay vs. throughput vs. node/network lifetime tradeoffs.�Optimization of node cooperation.

Page 10: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Applications (Ad Hoc / WSN)�Battlefield communications�Wireless LANs�Emergency infrastructures�Communication infrastructure

for automated vehicles�Sensor networks�Medical applications (on-body)�Smart Buildings/Agriculture�Wide area (Environment

monitoring, counter-terrorism,etc.)

Page 11: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Network

PDA

3d ultrasonicanemometer

Temperature,humidity

HPWREN

AnimalMonitoring

Notebook CellularPhone PC

Ship Monitoring

DataDistribution

Network

Precipitation

Solar radiation

In-flight camera

Weather station

Mobile and Stationary Operations

Stationary camera

Seismic

Storage

DataAcquisition

Network

Page 12: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Wireless Applications and QoSWireless Internet accessNth generation CellularWireless Ad Hoc NetworksSensor NetworksWireless EntertainmentSmart Homes/SpacesAutomated HighwaysAll this and more…

Applications have hard delay constraints, rate requirements,and energy constraints that must be met

These requirements are collectively called QoS

Page 13: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Cross Layer DesignChallenges to meeting QoS

� Wireless channels are a difficultand capacity-limited broadcastcommunications medium

� Traffic patterns, user locations,and network conditions areconstantly changing

� No single layer in the protocolstack can guarantee QoS: cross-layer design needed

� It is impossible to guarantee thathard constraints are always met,and average constraints aren’tnecessarily good metrics.

�Hardware�Link�Access�Network�Application

Delay ConstraintsRate RequirementsEnergy Constraints

Mobility

Page 14: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Crosslayer Techniques�Adaptive techniques

�Link, MAC, network, and application adaptation�Resource management and allocation (power control)

�Diversity techniques�Link diversity (antennas, channels, etc.)�Access diversity�Route diversity�Application diversity�Content location/server diversity

�Scheduling�Application scheduling/data prioritization�Resource reservation�Access scheduling

Page 15: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Networking Scenario1(Mesh Network)From Wireless to Wired network Via Multihop

Page 16: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Networking Scenario2 (SkyPilot NeighborNet)

Page 17: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Networking Scenario3(Urban Grid Applications)

Page 18: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Hot Spot

Hot Spot

Page 19: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Hot Spot

Hot Spot

PowerBlackout

STOP

PowerBlackout

STOP

Page 20: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

PowerBlackout

STOP

PowerBlackout

STOP

Page 21: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET)Routing

�Mechanism for finding paths from source host todestination host.

�Protocols use different metrics to find network paths.�Hop count, bandwidth, delay, power, load, link quality

(wireless).�Most routing protocols for wireless are based on wireline

protocols�Flooding, point-to-point, table-driven, on-demand, etc.

Wireless link

1- Hop 2- Hops 3- Hops

S

Page 22: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1: Multi-hop “ad hoc” networking

Carey

Kelly

Page 23: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 24: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 25: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 26: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 27: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 28: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 29: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 30: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 31: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example1 (Cont’d)

Carey

Kelly

Page 32: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example2: Sensor aggregate routingTTDD (Two Tier Data Dissemination)

�Data dissemination to mobile sinks�Two-tier query & data forwarding�Objectives

�Source proactively builds a grid structure to support dataavailability for mobile sinks� Mobility pattern is unknown a priori

�Localize impacts of sink mobility on data forwarding�Only a small set of sensor nodes maintain forwarding

state

Page 33: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example2 (Cont’d) TTDD Basics

Source

Dissemination Node

Sink

Data Announcement

Query

Data

ImmediateDisseminationNode

Page 34: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Example2 (Cont’d) TTDD Mobile Sinks

Source

Dissemination Node

Sink

Data

ImmediateDisseminationNode

ImmediateDisseminationNode

TrajectoryForwarding

TrajectoryForwarding

Page 35: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Ad Hoc Routing Protocols�Proactive Routing Protocol

�continuously evaluate the routes�attempt to maintain consistent, up-to-date routing

information� when a route is needed, one may be ready immediately

�when the network topology changes� the protocol responds by propagating updates throughout the

network to maintain a consistent view

�Reactive Routing Protocol�on-demand�Ex: DSR, AODV

Page 36: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Ad Hoc Routing Protocols

AD-HOC MOBILEROUTING PROTOCOLS

ON-DEMAND-DRIVENREACTIVE

HYBRIDDSDV

CGSR

TABLE DRIVEN/PROACTIVE

DSR

AODV

ZRP

Page 37: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

DSDV�Destination Sequenced Distance Vector�Table-driven�Each node maintains a routing table�Routing hops to each destination�Sequence number

�Problem�A lot of control traffic in the network

Page 38: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

Clustering Protocol�Cluster Gateway Switch Routing (CGSR)

�Table-driven for inter-cluster routing�Uses DSDV for intra-cluster routing

C3

M2

C2

C1

Page 39: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

AODV�Ad Hoc On-demand Distance Vector

�On-demand driven�Nodes that are not on the selected path do not maintain

routing information�Route discovery

� The source node broadcasts a route request packet (RREQ)� The destination or an intermediate node with “fresh enough” route

to the destination replies a route reply packet (RREP)

Page 40: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

AODV� Problem

�A node along the routemoves

� Solution�Upstream neighbor notices

the move�Propagates a link failure

notification message toeach of its active upstreamneighbors

�The source node receivesthe message and re-initiateroute discovery

N2

N4N1

N3

N5

N6

N7

N8

Source

Destination

N2

N4N1

N3

N5

N6

N7

N8

Source

Destination

Page 41: Advanced Data Communication Networks - IAUNresearch.iaun.ac.ir/pd/faghani/pdfs/UploadFile_7917.pdf · Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) ... Routing can be multihop. Topology is dynamic.

ZRP

�Zone Routing Protocol�Hybrid protocol

� On-demand� Proactive

Zone Radius =

r Hops

Zone of Node Y

Zone of Node Y

Node X

Zone of Node X

Node Z

Zone of Node Z

Border Node

Border Node

Bor