IFP Energies nouvelles International Conference Rencontres Scientifiques d'IFP Energies nouvelles RHEVE 2011: International Scientific Conference on Hybrid and Electric Vehicles RHEVE 2011 : Conférence scientifique internationale sur les véhicules hybrides et électriques Advanced and Integrated Petrophysical Characterization for CO 2 Storage: Application to the Ketzin Site M. Fleury 1 *, S. Gautier 1 , N. Gland 1 , P.F. Boulin 1 , B. Norden 2 and C. Schmidt-Hattenberger 2 1 IFP Energies nouvelles, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison - France 2 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - Germany e-mail: marc.fl[email protected]* Corresponding author Re´ sume´ — Caracte´risation pe´trophysique inte´gre´e pour le stockage de CO 2 : application au site de Ketzin — La simulation et le suivi d’un stockage de CO 2 requiert des donne´ es pe´ trophysiques spe´cifiques. Nous pre´sentons un ensemble d’expe´riences applicables a` tout stockage et a` toute couverture, fournissant des donne´es pour des simulations nume´riques re´alistes du potentiel de stockage et de l’injection. Ces expe´riences sont inte´gre´es avec les donne´es diagraphiques pour l’estimation de la porosite´, la saturation irre´ductible, la pression capillaire et la perme´abilite´ relative de l’eau en drainage, la saturation en gaz re´siduelle, les relations re´sistivite´-saturation et les proprie´te´s de transport de la couverture (perme´abilite´ et diffusivite´). Le cas conside´re´ est l’aquife`re salin du Trias dans le contexte du projet CO 2 SINK, le premier site expe´rimental de stockage en Allemagne situe´ pre`s de Ketzin. Nous avons utilise´ des me´thodes de mesure ne´cessitant des dure´es raisonnables tout en restant repre´ sentatives des processus in situ. Pour le transport diphasique, nous avons utilise´ la centrifugation. Pour la re´sistivite´, nous avons utilise´ une me´thode rapide « Fast Resistivity Index Measurement » (FRIM) en drainage et imbibition, en condition ambiante et en condition de stockage. Pour la caracte´risation de la couverture, nous avons utilise´ une technique rapide RMN (Re´sonance Magne´tique Nucle´aire) utilisant le deute´rium comme traceur pour la mesure de diffusion et une me´thode stationnaire innovante pour la mesure de perme´abilite´. La pression d’entre´e a e´galement e´te´ e´value´e. Les diagraphies RMN et de re´ sistivite´ ont e´ galement e´ te´ utilise´ es pour estimer de manie` re continue la saturation irre´ductible et juger de la repre´sentativite´ des e´chantillons analyse´s au laboratoire. Pour le site de Ketzin, la zone de stockage est un gre`s argileux d’origine fluviatile localement tre`s cimente´ d’une porosite´ d’environ 30 % et d’une perme´abilite´ variant de 100 a` 300 mD. Deux zones se distinguent par des saturations irre´ductibles variant de 15 a` 35 %. La courbe de perme´abilite´ relative a` l’eau pre´sente une forte pente et sugge`re qu’une saturation infe´rieure a` 50 % n’est pas atteignable en pratique. L’exposant de saturation de l’indice de re´sistivite´ est de 1,7, plus faible que la valeur standard de 2. La couverture a une perme´abilite´ de 27 nD, une porosite´ de 15 % etune diffusivite´ de 0,8 9 10 9 m 2 /s. Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles, Vol. 68 (2013), No. 3, pp. 557-576 Copyright Ó 2013, IFP Energies nouvelles DOI: 10.2516/ogst/2012084
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IFP Energies nouvelles International ConferenceRencontres Scientifiques d'IFP Energies nouvelles
RHEVE 2011: International Scientific Conference on Hybrid and Electric VehiclesRHEVE 2011 : Conférence scientifique internationale sur les véhicules hybrides et électriques
Advanced and Integrated Petrophysical
Characterization for CO2 Storage: Application
to the Ketzin Site
M. Fleury1*, S. Gautier
1, N. Gland
1, P.F. Boulin
1, B. Norden
2
and C. Schmidt-Hattenberger2
1 IFP Energies nouvelles, 1-4 avenue de Bois-Préau, 92852 Rueil-Malmaison - France2 GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - Germany
Water production during the step by step approach on the
caprock sample CR-KTZ 1b.
M. Fleury et al. / Advanced and Integrated Petrophysical Characterization for CO2 Storage:Application to the Ketzin Site
573
was also found in other situations (Berne et al., 2010),
confirming that formation factor measurements are also
good estimators of effective diffusivities.
CONCLUSION
The series of experiments shown in this work are
examples of how a storage site can be characterized from
a petrophysical point of view without excessive experi-
mental complexity, to provide data beyond porosity
and permeability. First, log data should be examined
not only qualitatively for lithological description but
also quantitatively. Beside porosity, we suggest here that
NMR logs, preferably measured with a water based
mud, should be performed systematically because
they provide a unique information about pore size
distribution that can be compared directly to laboratory
experiments. In an aquifer, NMR can provide after lab-
oratory calibration a continuous irreducible water satu-
ration information in the storage zone that can be used
later to build flow units in conjunction with lithology.
In the present case, we did not use NMR logs to estimate
fluctuations of permeability but this is also a possible
use. For the formation studied, irreducible saturation
is determined by the clay content and the measured
NMR cut-off of 8 ms is a clear indication of this obser-
vation. Resistivity properties are also affected by the
presence of clays, with m and n exponents close to 1.7.
For the determination of transport properties, we sug-
gest to use the centrifuge technique tomeasure at the same
time air-brine first drainage capillary pressure and water
relative permeability curves in the largest saturation
range possible (from 1 down to Swirr). This is a simple
first approach giving without ambiguity water relative
permeability curves on several samples, a key parameter
for numerical simulation. After that, other experiments
such as steady state or unsteady state flooding can be per-
formed to provide data at storage conditions to complete
the information. For the formation considered, capillary
pressure measurements indicate that the smallest in situ
water saturation that can be reached is about 20% for
the lower zone and 28% for the upper reservoir zone.
For the upper zone, both relative permeability and resis-
tivity curves present a peculiar behavior in the saturation
range above 0.8, i.e. a sharp increase of resistivity and a
sharp decrease of relative water permeability compared
to usual behavior. This is not observed on the lower zone
in which a smoother curve is observed. The two different
behaviors are most likely linked to the different clay
amount and distribution as observed on CT scans. A
recent and very versatile Kr model (LET functions) had
to be used to describe the relative permeability curves in
the full saturation range.
The measured resistivity properties are useful for the
interpretation of resistivity monitoring and the predic-
tion of CO2 invasion and saturation during injection.
The presented results establish a relationship to convert
resistivity distributions into saturation profiles in the res-
ervoir target zone as well as in the caprock region. At
storage conditions with CO2, the saturation exponent n
decreases slightly from 1.8 down to 1.65 when replacing
N2 by CO2. This effect has been observed in another
experimental program with clayey sandstones and need
further work to be fully understood.
For the caprock zone, we evaluated water permeabil-
ity using a steady state technique that required typically
an experimental time of 1 day. Water diffusivity was esti-
mated using a simple NMR tracer technique requiring
typically less than 1 day. Entry pressure, useful for the
prediction of CO2 migration into the caprock is a more
difficult experiment and can require weeks to months,
depending on the requested accuracy. For the mudstone
studied, we found a water permeability of 27 nD
(279 10�21 m2) instead of much larger values previously
published in the mD range. The water diffusivity
measured by NMR techniques on one sample is
0.8 9 10�9 m2/s, 3.2 times less than free water, in agree-
ment with a simple Archie model using m = 1.8. It can
be used as an upper limit for the diffusivity of dissolved
CO2 in water. The CO2 entry pressure at representative
confining stress is about 3.5 MPa.
Finally, we can establish that the deployed integrated
petrophysical characterization has been successfully
demonstrated for Ketzin site samples from the cored
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (h)
-0.10.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.9
(C-C
i)/(C
f-Ci)
Figure 22
Analysis of D2O NMR diffusion experiments on sample
CR KTZ 2A. The line is the best using Equation (9), yield-
ing a diffusion coefficient of 8.1 9 10�6 cm2/s at 30�C.
574 Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Rev. IFP Energies nouvelles, Vol. 68 (2013), No. 3
reservoir and caprock section. The suggested best-prac-
tice workflow presents an instrument to improve the
coherency of the experimental data and it contributes
to the necessary conversion of measured resistivity field
data into CO2 saturation distribution as well.
In general, the integrated petrophysical characteriza-
tion supports the link between geophysical monitoring
and fluid-flow modeling, and represents itself as
indispensible tool in the phase of data integration of a
CO2 storage site.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors thank theFrenchNationalResearchAgency
(ANR) for supporting this research in the framework of
the COSMOS-2 project, which was connected with the
German COSMOS project (CO2 Storage, Monitoring
and Safety Technologies) via the Eurogia programme.
P. Poulain, F. Norrant and Y. Larabi from IFPEN con-
tributed also to the data acquisition in the experimental
program. E. Brosse from IFPEN contributed also to the
improvement of the final manuscript.
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Final manuscript received in November 2012
Published online in June 2013
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