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Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
UNIT-VHISTORY OF UNIX/LINUX
Lu~ 1969 ds dsu Fkkelu (Ken Thompson) and Msuhl fjph ds AT+T Bell esa Unix dk fuekZ.k fd;k mUgksaus bldk fuekZ.k Lo;a rFkk vius lgikfB;ksa ds fy, fd;k FkkA blds ckn bleas dbZ yksxksa us vusd vkSj ;qfVyhV izksxke tksM+sA Bell Lab Computer ds O;kikj esa ugha Fkh blfy, mUgksaus bldks fo’ofo|ky; ds uke ek= dher esa csp fn;kAUnix ‘C’ Language esa cuh gqbZ gSaA Linux Unix dk gh Lo:i gSaA Linux ,d Standard Operating System gSa ftls lHkh yksx pkgs os oSKkfud gks] izksxzkej gks] dkQh le; ls mi;ksx dj jgs gSaA blds fuekZrkvksa us blds Source Code dks Internet ij eq¶r esa miyC/k djok fn;kA ftlls bldh yksdfiz;rk c<+hA tSls tSls yksxksa us bls ns[kk vkSj blesa dbZ u;s Function vkSj u;s izksxzke Add fd;s ftlls ;g vkSj vf/kd yksdfiz; o Powerful gks x;kAWhat is Linux:- Linux ,d Operating System gSaA Linux ,d GUI (Graphical User Interface) Based OS gSaA Linux Operating System esa Kernel lcls fuEu Lrj ij gksrk gSaA vkSj Supervisor, Sub routine gksrs gSaA Kernal ds mij Shell gksrk gSaA Shell og Interface gSa tks User vkSj kernel ds chp e/;orhZ dk dk;Z djrk gSaA User lnSo Shell ls Interred djrk gSaA vkSj Shell Kernal ls Intrect djrk gSaA User lh/ks Kernal ls Intrect ugha dj ldrk gSaA tc User dksbZ Command nsrk gSaA rks og Shell ds ikl tkrk gSaA Shell mls Kernal ds ikl mlds le>us okyh Hkk"kk esa ifjofrZr djds Hkst nsrk gSaA blfy, Shell dks Command Interpreter Hkh dgrs gSaA
PHOTOKernal:- Kernal Linux dk eq[; Hkkx gSaA Kernal Linux dk g`n; gSaA Linux dh tku gSaA ;g Hardware Parts ds lkFk Intrect djrk gSaA rFkk mUgsa Manage djrk gSaA ;g dEi;wVj dh Memory dks Hkh Manage djrk gSaA ;g Error dks gVkrk gSaA User ds }kjk fn;s x;s Request dks Execute djrk gSaA ;g Shell dks 'kq: djrk gSa rFkk mldks User ds lkFk tksM+rk gSaA ;g File System Provide djrk gSaA Linux esa Kernal cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSaA Computer ds Start gksrs gh lcls igys Kernal Load gksrk gSaA Kernal Linux ds lcls fupys Lrj ij dk;Z djrk gSaA rFkk iwjs System ij Control djrk gSaA Architecture of Linux System:- Linux ds eq[; :i ls nks Hkkx gksrs gSa%&
(1) Kernal (2) System Program
Kernal lnSo Hardware rFkk System dks vyx&vyx j[krk gSaA D;ksafd izksxzke LorU= gksrs gSaA blfy, fdlh Hkh Hardware ij System dks ju djuk vklku gksrk gSaA Kernal Cells ds }kjk vU; vkSj izksxzke tSls Shell A Fiters ds ikl Interact djrk gSaA Linux esa System Cell dks ge 3 Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr djrs gSaA
(1) File Manipulation (2) Process Control(3) Information
Linux File System:- ,d Linux dh QkbZy Byte dk leqg gksrh gSaA lHkh File Text Form esa gksrh gSaA MkbZjsDVjh (dir) Hkh vius vki esa ,d QkbZy
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +919424364291
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
gksrh gSaA Contents ;g gksrs gSa fd fdUgh nwljh QkbZy dks dSls <qa<k tk,A ,d File dk Path Name ,d Text gksrk gSa vkSj ;g crkrk gSa fd ;g File ml Directory Structure ij dgk¡ ij iM+h gSa uhps fn;s x;s Figure ;g crkrk gSa fd Linux File System Tree ds :i gksrk gSaA ftlesa ,d gh Root Nore gks ftls Record dgrs gSaA lHkh Non None dire gSa vkSj File No ds :i esa Tree Structure Advantages of Linux & fo’ks"krk,a %& Linux ,d High Level Language ‘C’ esa fy[kh xbZ gSaA bldh fo’ks"krk,a fuEu gSa%&
(1) ,d Linux – Computer dks nwljs Linux Computer ls tksM+ ldrs gSaA (Netwroking)
(2) Linux ,d Multi user gSa blesa ,d le; esa dbZ User ,d lkFk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA (Multi user)
(3) Linux lHkh Devices dks ,d File ds :i esa ekurk gSaA (4) Linux dk File Structure Hierarchical gksrk gSaA (5) Linux esa Text Processing dk dk;Z Hkh dj ldrs gSaA (6) Linux esa Multi Tasking Facility ¼lqfo/kk½ Hkh miyC/k gSaA (Multi
tasking)(7) bldk Use Network esa Hkh f;dk tkrk gSaA
Advantages:-(1) Linux cgqr Powerful gSaA (2) Linux is Free ;g Internet ij Free miyC/k gSaA (3) Blesa Networking dj ldrs gSaA (4) Linux vius Source Code ds lkFk Internet ij Free miyC/k gSaA (5) ;g gj rjg ds Hardware esa dke dj ldrk gSaA (6) Multi Processing (7) Password Security(8) Pipe lining (9) Multi Therocling (10) Swap Space (Memory) (11) Re direction
Shell ,d ¼;qfVyhVh½ Utility Program gSaA tks User vkSj Kernal ds e/; Interface dk dk;Z djrk gSaA ;k Shell ,d ,slk Utility Program gSa tks User ds lkFk tqM+rk gSaA Shell ,d Command Interpeter gSa tks User dh Hkk"kk esa Transfer dj nsrk gSaA Shell vyx&vyx lqfo/kk,a iznku djrk gSaA tSls csxjkm.M] Meta Character Facility, Customized Envirnment.
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +919424364292
User User II
Application
Program
System
Program
Operating
System
Computer Hardware
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
Linux File Systemgj Directory ,d fuf’pr Formal esa gksrh gSaA Linux File System dh fuEu fo’ks"krk,a gSa %&
INUX FILE SYSTEM:- blesa Directory [kqn ,d File gksrh gSaA tks nwljh Files dks [kkstus esa dke vkrh gSaA File dk Path Text dk String Form esa gksrk gSaA tks ,d File ds jkLrs dks crkrk gSa fd og dgk¡ ij iM+h gSa rFkk Linux dk File System Tree From esa gksrk gSaA Linux dk File System esa CykWd gksrs gSaA blesa pkj Block gksrs gSaA
(1) Boot Block(2) Super Block(3) I node Table(4) Data Block
(1) Boot Block:- lcls igyk Block Boot Block gksrk gSa bl Block dks File System ds }kjk mi;ksx esa ugh fy;k tkrk gSaA bldks Booting Process ds fy, vyx ls NksM+ fn;k tkrk gSaA blesa ,d Hardware Program Load gksrk gSaA tks ,d File ftldk uke Kernal gSaA mldks System ds Start gksrs gh Load dj nsrk gSaA Boot Program ftl txg ij yksM gksrk gSa og mls Boot Strap Loader dgrs gSaA ;gh vkxs tkdj File dks eseksjh esa yksM dj nsrk gSaA
(2) Super Block:- File System ds nwljs Block dk uke Super Block gSaA bldk eq[; dk;Z Disk Block dk Allocation djuk gSaA e’khu ds cUn gksus ij lkjh lwpuk fMLd ij fy[k nh tkrh gSaA D;ksafd tc Hkh dEi;wVj okil 'kq: gksrk gSa rks og File System dh lwpuk dks fQj ls pSd djrk gSa vxj ;g lwpuk ugha fy[kh xbZ gksrh gSaA ;kfu fd vxj geus File System esa cnyko ugha fd;s gksrs rks ifj.kke ?kkrd gks ldrs FksA blfy, Super Block Disk dk og Hkkx gSa ftls le; le; ij cnyk tkrk gSaA ftlesa File System ls lEcfU/kr fuEu Information gksrh gSaA
(1) File dh Size o Status (2) Free Data Block dh tkudkjh o mldk Address ,d File de ls de ,d Block Use
(3) I node Section ds ckjs esa tkudkjh tks fd Super Block ds ckn vkrk gSaA gj ,d I node ,d File dks Represent djrk gSa ftlesa mldk uEcj Hkh lkFk esa gksrk gSaA
(4) vk[kjh ckj Super Block dc fy[kk x;k Fkk dh lwpuk blesa gksrh gSaA (5) File System Type ;kuh dh Logical Block dh Size.
(3) I node Table:- ;g File System dk rhljk Block gSaA blesa File ls lEcfU/kr lHkh Information gksrh gSaA tks Hkh File cukbZ gSa mldh Entry bl Area esa t:j gksrh gSaA mls mlds 64 byte ds }kjk Identify fd;k tkrk gSaA ftls I node dgrs gSaA I node dh Complete List dks I list dgrs gSaA gj I node ,d vyx uEcj ds }kjk Identifier fd;k tkrk gSaA tks Block esa I node dh fLFkfr crkrk gSaA blesa ,d uEcj gSaA vkSj is-ii ls bls Repress dgk djrs gSaA gj I node esa File ds fuEu Attribute gksrs gSaA
(1) File Type (2) Number of Link(3) Owner ¼ekyhd½(4) Group (5) File mode
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +919424364294
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
(6) Number of byte in a File(7) Data & time last Modification (8) Data & time last change to the I node(9) Array of 13 Element.
(4) Data Block:- bl Block esa lHkh File dk Data Store gksrk gSa vkSj File ds Free Block Hkh blh Block esa gksrk gSaA ;g oks txg gSa tgk¡ ij vkidk okLrfod Data a File Store gksrh gSaA gj ,d File dks de ls de 2 Block fn;s tkrs gSaA gj Block dk ,d uEcj gksrk gSaA og I node esa LVksj gksrk gSaA gj ,d File dh I node Entry gksrh gSaA blesa 13 Entries gksrh gSaA ftldk Use File Blocks ds 'kq:vkrh Address dks LVksj djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA ;g ekuk tkrk gSa fd Linux dh ,d File eas 10 Data Block gks ldrs gSaA
File System ds BlocksHome dir. And Working dir. Supervisor ds }kjk gj User dks ,d home dir. Nh tkrh gSaA tSls gh User First Time Login ;g File Tree dk Starting Path gSa tgk¡ ij ls og dgha ij Hkh vk tk ldrh gSaA home dir. ds vUnj User viuh File cuk ldrk gSaA home dir. Dk uke T;knkrj User dk gksrk gSaA D;ksafd User dh Sub dir. gksrh gSaA User dh home dir. System Variable home esa Stored jgrh gSaA Echo $ Home:- ;g Command Content ns[kus ds dke vkrk gSaA fdlh ,d le; ij User tc fdlh ,d dir. esa dke dj jgk gksrk gSa rks ml dir dks Working dir. dgrs gSaA F Seek:- ;g File System dks pSd djrk gSaA F Disk:- ;g Hard Disk ds Partision djus ds dke vkrk gSaA Starting up the Linux System:- Linux System dks Start djuk lcls vklku Administrative dk;Z gSaA tSls gh Power Switch on gksrk gSaA Booting Process Start gks tkrk gSaA tks Kernal dks yksM djrk vkSj Log in Prompt ij ykdj NksM+ nsrk gSaA
(1) Boot Program Kernal dks RAM esa Load djrk gSaA (2) Seek dh lgk;rk ls ;g Boot File System dks pSd djrk gSaA (3) ;fn File System lgh gSa rks Normal Start up Process 'kq: gks tkrk gSaA
ojuk gesa Seek Check Command Click up Section ls tqM+k jguk iM+rk gSaA
(4) Linux Multi user or Normal Mode nksuks esa Available gksrs gSaA (5) Signal User Mode:-
bash $ banner “String”Editor:- ;fn ge MkVkcsl ij dke dj jgsa gSa rks gedks SQL Quarry Script, Proccesor, Tigg fy[kus iM+rs gSaA bu lHkh dk;ksZ ds fy, ftl oLrq dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa og gSa Editor, Editor esa lcls eq[; gSa Vi editor bldk fuekZ.k William Bill Joy us fd;k gSaA Linux ds lHkh Editor esa ls Vi Editor egRoiw.kZ gSaA ;g User dks GUI Environment Facility Provide djrk gSaA ;g ,d full Screen Editor gSa tks lHkh Linux System ds lkFk miyC/k jgrk gSa rFkk ;g lcls Power Full Editor esa ls ,d gSa blds rhu More gksrs gSa%&
(1) Input More:- blesa dksbZ Hkh Key dks Text ds :i Entered(2) Command More:- blesa fdlh Key dks Command :i esa Entered(3) Exmore:- tks Hkh Command Enter gksrs gSa os Last Line ij Display gksrs
gSaA Example of Pointer:-
int n = 10;int * Ptr;int ** V;Print (“%/”,n); > 10Ptr = & n;Print of (“%d”, * Ptr); - 10V = & Ptr;Print (“%d”, * * N); - 10
(1) & - Address of Operator (2) * - Value at Address Operators
Example % U – For Print Address Int * PTR;
bldks fuEu izdkj ls le> ldrs gSaA (1) Ptr is Pointer Variable(2) Ptr is a integer Pointer(3) Ptr is an Pointer to int(4) Ptr and Pointer Variable which can Store the Address of any integer Variable(5) Ptr is an Pointer Variable Which is Pointing to an int Value.
Operators:- fdlh Hkh Programming Language esa iz;ksx fd;s tkus okys Operator ds ladsr gksrs gSa tks fd dEi;wVj dks xf.krK vFkok rkfdZd lax.kuk,a djus ds fy, funsZ’khr djrs gSaA ‘C’ Programming Language esa Hkh izek.kd o Operator dk iz;ksx x.kuk djus] fu.kZ;k ysus ds fy, gh fd;k tkrk gSaA
Pointer and Function:- ge Pointer dk iz;ksx Function esa Hkh dj ldrs gSaA tc ge dksbZ Array Function esa ikl djrs gSa rks ges’kk Array dks izFke Element dk Address gh Function dks ikl gksrk gSaA tc fdlh Function esa dksbZ Variable ikl djrs gSa rks ml Function esa ml Variable Hkh ,d dkWih gh ikl gksrh gSaA tc gesa fdlh Variable dks gh ikl djuk gks rks ge ml Variable dk Address ikl djds ,slk dj ldrs gSaA bl izdkj Function dks Call djus dks Call by Reference dgk tkrk gSaA
# include <stdio h># include <conio.h>
Memory of Pointer:- tc ge fdlh Array dks ?ksf"kr djrs gSa rks og Array ,d Address ds ckn ml Address esa Variable ds izdkj ds vk/kkj ij ,d fuf’pr dM+h cukrk gSaA
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +9194243642910
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
tSls%& geus int izdkj dk Array O o ?kksf"kr fd;k Static int a [s] = {10,20,30,40};
tc ge Array ?ksf"kr djrs gSa rks Array ds lcls igys Element ds Address dks Base Address dgrs gSaA ekuk fd Array a base Address 3000 gSaElement a [0] a[1] a[2] a[3]Value 10 20 30 40Address 3000 3002 3004 3006vc ge Array dk base Address fuEu izdkj ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
Ptr = & a[0];orPtr = a;
mnkgj.k%& # include <stdio .h># include <conio .h>Void Main ( ){int num [s], total, I, * Ptr;Ptr = num;Print f (“in address of num [0] = %4”, Ptr);For (I = 0; I<s; I++){Ptr = & num [i];Print (“) n Enter Number :: num [% of] :: %4 =Scand f (“% f”, num [i]);Fflush (sttin);Total = total + * Ptr;}Print (“\n Total = % f”, total);Print (“\n Ptr = %4”, Ptr);Print (“\n*ptr=%d”, ptr);}getch ( );{
Pointer and Structure:- tc ge dksM Hkh Array ?ksf"kr djrs gSa rks mldk ,d Base Address vo’; gksrk gSa base Address dk iz;ksx ge Structure ds lkFk gh djrs gSaA blh izdkj tc ge Structure ds izdkj dks Pointer dks Structure izdkj ds Variable dk eku iznku djrs gSaA rc Pointer mlds lcls igys vFkkZr~ mlds Base Address dks xzg.k djrs gSaA Power ds }kjk Structure dks iz;ksx djus ds fy, Array Pointer – dks yxkuk vko’;d gksrk gSaA Structure ds iz;ksx djus gsrq fo’ks"k funsZ’k ‘C’ Programming Usage esa Structure dk fo’ks"k egRo gSaA Structure ds iz;ksx ls ge Variable }kjk iz;ksx Bytes dh fLFkfr;ka lqfpr dj ldrs gSaA ftlls izksxzke dh tfVyrk o yEckbZ de
(4) Computer Memory Address “O” 'kq: gksrs gSa Memory esa la[;kvksa dh vf/kdre la[;k dEi;wVj dks izdkj o ij fuHkZj djrh gSa
mnkgj.k%&# include<stdio .h># include<conio .h>Stuct student{char name [20]int rno;int marks;};void main ( ){Struct Student record [2], * ptr;Clrscr ( );For (ptr record; Ptr record+2; ptr++){Prtn+f (\n Enter Name);Gets (ptr name);Print//(“\n Enter roll no.”);Scanf (“o/od”, + ptr >rno);)Ff/sh (stdio); - Memory Clean function Print f(“\n%s) to Ptr++;}}outputEnter Name mahendraEnter Roll No. 10Enter Marks 80Enter Name MukeshEnter Roll No. Mukesh Enter Marks 70
Name Roll No. Marks Mahendra 10 80Mukesh 11 10
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +9194243642912
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
Dynamic Memory Allocation:- dHkh dHkh ge viuk izksxzke ju djrs le; ge viuk MkVk cnyuk pkgrs gSaA mlesa dqN Qsj cny djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa Data Structure dk iz;ksx dj Dynamic Memory Management Languages ls tksM+ ldrs gSaA Dynamic Data dks ge Program Run le; cny ldrs gSaA bl fo/kh ds }kjk ge Memory Space bPNkuqlkj ?kVk o c<+k ldrs gSaA ;fn gesa izksxzke ju ds le; Memory Sapce cukuk gks rks ge Dynamic Memory All dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA Dynamic Memory Allocation ds fy, ge Memory Management Function Use djrs gSaA tks eseksjh esa Space cukus ds fy, dke vkrk gSaA
‘C’ Program Storagetc ge dksbZ Hkh ‘C’ Program Run djrs gSa rks bl izdkj eseksjh esa viuk Space cukrs gSaA
(1) lcls igys ‘C’ Program ,oa Static a Global Parmanent Storage Area esa viuk Space cukrs gSaA ml Space dks Permanent Store Area dgk tkrk gSaA
(2) mlds ckn Local Variable esa viuk Space cukuk gSaA ml le; dks Stock dgrs gSaA
(3) bu nksuks ds chp dqN Space Free gksrk gSaA ftls Heap dgk tkrk gSaA
printf(“%c”,c);fclose(fp);}output INPUT LINE AND PRESS EOF MARKCELEBRATE 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE^ZCELEBRATE 50 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE
fiNys i`"B ij fn, x, mnkgj.k esa geus Qkby izcU/ku esa iz;ksx fopen(), fclose(), getc(), putc() Function dk iz;ksx fd;kA loZizFke geus Screen ij Text buiqV djus dk funsZ’k fizUV dj ,d Try uke dks Qkby “w” eksM esa
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +9194243642917
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
[kksyksA mlds ckn iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk buiqV fd, izR;sd v{kj dks getchar() Function }kjk ifjorZukad c esa LVksj dj ifjorZukad c dks putc() Function }kjk Qkby esa jkbV dj fn;kA getchar() function iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk rc rd buiqV ekaxrk jgsxk tc rd iz;ksxdÙkkZ }kjk End of file mark iz;ksx ugha fd;k tkrkA Dos esa ;g Ctrl ^dh% ds lkFk v{kj ‘Z’ dks nckdj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSa tcfd Unix esa ;g v{kj Ctrl ^dh^ ds lkFk v{kj ‘d’ nckdj izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA blds ckn [kksyh xbZ Qkby dks fclose() Function }kjk can dj fn;kAf}rh; pj.k esa geus Qkby dks “r” eksM esa [kksykA ftlls ge ml Qkby esa LVksj MkVk i<+ ldsaA blds fy, geus getc() Function dk iz;ksx fd;kA loZizFke geus getc() Function }kjk Qkby esa LVksj v{kj ifjorZukad c dks iznku fd;k] mlds ckn ifjorZukad c dks Screen ij fizUV dj fn;kA ;g Øe rc rd pyrk jgsxk tc rd fd End of the mark u vk tk,AExample-2-
tc ge dksbZ ^lh^ izksxzke ju djrs gSa rks mijksDr izdkj ls eSeksjh esa Lisl curk gSaA lcls igys ^lh^ izksxzke ,oa Static o Global ifjorZukad Parmanent Storage Area esa viuk Lisl cukrs gSa vFkok ml Lisl dks Parmanent Storage Area dgk tkrk gSaA blds ckn ^lh^ izksxzke esa iz;ksx yksdy ifjorZukad tgka viuk Lisl cukrs gSa ml Lfkku dks Stack dgk tkrk gSaA Parmanent Storage Area ,oa Stack ds chp eSeksjh esa dqN Lisl fjDr gksrk gSaA ftls Heap dgk tkrk gSaA bl Lisl dk vkdkj izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; cnyrk jgrk gSaA D;ksafd bldk vkdkj izksxzke esa iz;ksx yksdy ifjorZukadks ij fuHkZj djrk gSaA yksdy ifjorZukadks dh e`R;q ij bldk vkdkj vf/kd o ?kksf"kr gksus ij bldk vkdkj de gks tkrk gSaA blfy, dHkh&dHkh bl izdkj dh fLFkfr vk tkrh gSa fd ge izksxzke ds dk;kZUo;u ds le; eSeksjh esa Lisl ugha cuk ikrsAmalloc():- tc gesa eSeksjh Lisl dh vko’;drk gksrh gSa rks ge malloc() Function dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl Function ds }kjk ,d Block eSeksjh esa Lisl cukrk gSa rFkk ,d lwpdkad uEcj ykSVkrk gSa tks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk ?kksf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSaA lw=& ptr = (type*)malloc(size byte);;gka geus ptr ,d lwpdkad ifjorZukad fy;k ftldk izdkj izksxzke esa ?kksf"kr fd;k tkrk gSaA
ptr = (int*)malloc(sizeof(int));
Created By:- Rahul Singh Mb no:- +9194243642926
Local Variable
Free Memory
Grobal Variable
C ProgramInstruction
Stack
Heap
Parmanent Stock Area
Singh Projects ( Rahul Singh Bca) Advance C
mijksDr LvsVesUV ds dk;kZfUor gksus ij malloc() Function nks CkbV dk eSeksjh Lisl ^lh^ izksxzke }kjk cuk, x, ghi eSeksjh Lfkku ij cuk,xkA mijksDr LvsVesUV esa malloc() Function esa Integer (int) izdkj dk Lisl cukus ds fy, (int*) dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSaA bl izdkj ;g Function Memory esa Integer (int) izdkj ds eku ds fy, Lisl cuk;sxk rFkk ifjorZukad ptr dks igyh ckbV dk Address iznku djsxkA ;gka ij gesa ptr dks integer (int) izdkj dk ?kksf"kr djuk gksxkAchar *ch;ch = (char*)malloc(5);1 2 3 4 5ch addresstSls & Struct link list *new;
new = (Struct link list*)malloc(sizeof(struct lin_list));;gka ij geus ,d lwpdkad ifjorZukad new structure link_list izdkj dk ?kksf"kr fd;kA blds ckn geus malloc Function dks lgk;rk ls ,d structure link_list ds fy, Lisl eSeksjh esa cuk;kA malloc Function ifjorZukad new dks structure link_list ds fy, cuk;s x;s Lisl dh igyh ckbV dk Address iznku djsxkA ;fn eSeksjh esa Lisl ugha curk gSa rks ifjorZukad new esa NULL fLFkj gks tk;sxkA bl izdkj ge pSd dj ldrs gSa fd eSeksjh esa Lisl cuk vFkok ughaAmnkgj.k&
#include <stdio.h>main(){
int “ptr,”new, ctr=0new = (int*)malloc(3*sizeof(int));new = = NULL){
printf(“\nNO SPACE”);exit();
}printf(“\nInput Three Integers:”0;for(ptr = new; ptr <new+3;ptr++)