ADULT ED LIFE SCIENCE. Safety contract Scientific method Human body: anatomy & physiology Cell.

ADULT ED

LIFE SCIENCE

• Safety contract• Scientific method• Human body: anatomy & physiology• Cell

Scientific Method

• A logical orderly way to solve a problem• Steps

– Define problem– Research– Form Hypothesis– Test Hypothesis (Experiment)– Observe and collect data– Form Conclusion– Report findings

Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

Composite Animal Cell

http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

RED BLOOD CELLS

web.jjay.cuny.edu

PLANT CELL

web.jjay.cuny.edu

PLANT CELL

web.jjay.cuny.edu

BACTERIA CELL

web.jjay.cuny.edu

PROTISTA

web.jjay.cuny.edu

Microscope

http://www.microscope-microscope.org/basic/microscope-parts.htm

Cell Theory

• All living things are composed of at least one cell

• Cells are the basic unit of anatomy (structure) and physiology (function)

• Cells come only from pre-existing cells

• Exceptions:

• Cell types• Cell processes• Mitosis• Tissue types

Transportation

• Diffusion•

– MOLECULES MOVE FROM A HIGH TO A LOW CONCENTRATION; NO ENERGY USED

• Osmosis•

– DIFFUSION OF WATER• Active transport•

– USES ENERGY

Mitosis

• Cell division

http://www.uoguelph.ca/zoology/devobio/210labs/mitosis1.html

Respiration

Occurs in mitochondria:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

ENZYMES

• PROTEINS: RIBOSOMES• ALLOW REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE AT

BODY TEMPERATURE• CATALYSTS: ALLOW REACTION TO TAKE

PLACE BUT AREN’T CHANGED: CAN BE USED OVER

• LOCK-AND-KEY MODEL: ONE ENZYME PER SUBSTRATE

• AFFECTED BY: TEMPERATURE; AMOUNT OF SUBSTRATE; AMOUNT OF ENZYME; pH;

CHROMOSOMES

• DNA- MAKES UP CHROMOSOMES; CARRIES GENES

• GENES= CODE FOR THE DIFFERENT CHARACTERISTICS AND PROTEINS

• DNA BASES:– A-T– G-C

• mRNA CARRIES CODE TO MAKE THE PROTEIN AT THE RIBOSOMES

DNA VS RNA

• DNA: DOUBLE STRAND; HELIX; A-T;

G-C; VERY LONG; STAYS IN NUCLEUS;

RNA: SINGLE STRAND; U REPLACES T; LEAVES NUCLEUS; 3 TYPES: mRNA;

tRNA; rRNA;

DNA REPLICATION

•MAKES NEW DNA •OCCURS JUST BEFORE MITOSIS

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

• COPIES DNA CODE ONTO mRNA • mRNA TRAVELS TO RIBOSOME• tRNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS• rRNA HELPS tRNA AND mRNA • PROTEINS ASSEMBLED• RNA HAS U INSTEAD OF T (A-U)• mRNA CODON AND COMBIINES WITH

ANTICODON OF tRNA

CELL PROCESSES

• Nutrition= for energy and building blocks• Digestion= breakdown food to smaller nutrients for

diffusion• Absorption= pick up nutrients into body• Biosynthesis= organize own matter, organic substances• Respiration= energy release• Excretion= waste removal• Secretion= release of good molecules• Response= react to stimuli• Reproduction= produce new ‘like’ cells

Anatomy & Physiology

• Anatomy: – The study of the structures of the body

• Physiology:– The study of the functions of the parts of the

body

ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS

• CELL(S)• TISSUE• ORGAN• ORGAN SYSTEM• ORGANISM

CELL

• BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

TISSUE

• A GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS ALL DOING THE SAME JOB

TISSUES

• EPITHELIAL• CONNECTIVE• MUSCLE• NERVOUS

EPITHELIAL

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithelium

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connective_tissue

MUSCLE TISSUE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_tissue

NERVOUS TISSUE

http://biology.about.com/library/weekly/aa020101a.htm

ORGAN

• A GROUP OF DIFFERENT TISSUES ALL DOING THE SAME JOB

ORGAN SYSTEMS

• A GROUP OF TISSUES AND ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER

ORGANISM

• WHOLE LIVING THING

SYSTEMS

• INTEGUMENTARY• MUSCULAR• SKELETAL• RESPIRATORY• DIGESTIVE• ENDOCRINE• CARDIOVASCULAR• NERVOUS• IMMUNE• EXCRETORY• REPRODUCTIVE

Body Planes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Planes

Body Cavities

Dorsal cavity

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_cavities

Skeletal System

• Functions: – Support/Shape– Muscle attachment: movement– Protection– Store minerals

• Calcium

http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel04.html

Joints

• Synarthrosis- immoveable• Amphiarthrosis- slightly moveable• Diarthrosis- freely moveable

Synovial Joints: Freely moveable

• Hinge:

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

Saddle

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

Pivot

http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/tcolvill/135/joints.htm

Ball and Socket

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

Gliding

http://www.shockfamily.net/skeleton/JOINTS.HTML

Joints

http://library.thinkquest.org/J0111100/graphics/joints.html

• http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/joints/ball_and_socket_joint.shtml

Muscular System

• Types:– Cardiac– Smooth– Skeletal

Cardiac

• Found in heart• Striated• 3D• Can contract on own• Involuntary

Smooth

• Nonstriated• Involuntary• Found in hollow organs

Skeletal Muscle

• Attached to bone• Involuntary• Striated

Function: Muscular System

• Movement• Posture• Stabilize body• Generate heat

Integumentary System

• Skin

Functions

• Protection• Water proofing• Heat regulation• Excretion of sweat

Heat Regulation

• More internal heat Increase blood flow to skin Increases loss of heat through skin

• Les internal heat Decrease blood flow to skin Decreases loss of heat through skin

http://www.healthy-skin-guide.com/skin-diagram.html

Circulatory System

• Heart• Vessels• Blood

Heart Function

• Pump blood through body

http://www.childrensheartinstitute.org/educate/heartwrk/bloodflw.htm

Blood Vessels

• Arteries from heart (thickest)• Veins to heart• Capillaries to cells; between arteries and

veins; allow diffusion (thinnest)

http://www.unm.edu/~jimmy/vessels.jpg

Blood

• For transportation: nutrients to cells; wastes from cells; heat

Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

Monocyte

Macrophage

Red blood cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_blood_cell

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

• LUNGS– GAS EXCHANGE– OXYGEN IN/ CARBON DIOXIDE OUT

http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Lung-and-bronchi.htm

ALVEOLI

http://www.patient.co.uk/diagram/Lungs-and-alveoli.htm

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

• GASTRO INTESTINAL TRACT• TO MAKE FOOD SMALL ENOUGH TO

ABSORB (DIFFUSION/ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

MECHANICAL DIGESTION

• MOUTH: TEETH• STOMACH: MUSCLE

CHEMICAL DIGESTION

• MOUTH: STARCH• STOMACH: PROTEIN• SMALL INTESTINE: FINISHES

DIGESTION OF STARCH; DISACHARIDES; PROTEIN; FATS;

• LIVER AND PANCREAS SECRETE ENZYMES INTO SMALL INTESTINES

ABSORPTION

• VILLI OF SMALL INTESTINES

http://www.genesishealth.com/services/bariatric-surgery/digestive_diagram.aspx

EXCRETORY SYSTEM

• To remove metabolic waste (waste produced by the reactions of the body/cells)

• Organs:– Lungs (CO2; H2O)– Skin/sweat glands (H2O;Urea;Salt)– Urinary system: kidneys, urinary bladder;

(H2O;Urea;Salt;Excess material)

http://www.stockmedicalart.com/medicalartlibrary/urinary-system-diagram.html

NEPHRON

http://www.ivy-rose.co.uk/HumanBody/Urinary/Urinary_System_Nephron_Diagram.php

NERVOUS SYSTEM

• To monitor homeostasis; pick up cganges in internal and external environment; control other systems

• Organs: Brain: Cerebrum; Cerebellum; Brain Stem

http://www.brainhealthandpuzzles.com/diagram_of_brain.html