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Administrative Law

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Concept of Administrative Law

a. Belongs to the field of PUBLIC LAW; involves Constitutional law, Criminal

law, and International law.

b. Widest sense: entire sstem of laws under whi!h the ma!hiner of thestate wor"s and b whi!h the state #erforms all government a!ts.

!. Broad definition: law whi!h #rovides the stru!ture of government and

#res!ribes its #ro!esses and #ro!edures.

d. Less !om#rehensive sense: #art of #ubli! law whi!h fi$es the organi%ation

and determines the !om#eten!e of the administrative Authorities and

indi!ates to the individuals remedies for the violation of his rights.

e. Bran!h of modern law under whi!h the e$e!utive de#artment interferes

with the !ondu!t of the individual for #romoting the well&being of the

!ommunit; law !on!erning #owers and #ro!edures of administrative

agen!ies.

S c o p e of A d m in is t r a t ive la w

It is:

a. 'he law whi!h fies t!e administrative or"ani#ationand str$ct$re of the government.

b. 'he law, the eec$tion or enforcement of w!ic! is entr$sted toadministrative a$t!orities (all those #ubli! offi!ers and organs of the government !harged with am#lifi!ation, a##li!ation, and e$e!utionof the law)%

!. 'he law whi!h "overns p$&lic officersd. 'he law whi!h creates administrative a"encies' defines their

#owers and fun!tions, #res!ribes their #ro!edurese. 'he law whi!h provides t!e remedies to those aggrieved b

administrative a!tions or de!isionsf. 'he law whi!h "overns ($dicial review or relief against

administrative a!tionsg. 'he r$les' re"$lations' orders and decisions made

b administrative authorities.h. 'he &od) of ($dicial decisions*doctrines on an of the above.

Concerns of administrative law

+% PRI,ATE RI-HTS

#rote!tion of #rivate rights

in!ludes nature and the mode of administrative #ower and sstem of relief against administrative a!tions

*. Dele"ated Powers and Com&ined powers !on!erned with offi!ers and agen!ies e$er!ising delegated #owers and

not with the e$er!ise of the !onstitutional #owers of the President

results from the fusion of different t#es of governmental #owers in!ertain #ubli! offi!ers whi!h are #art of the e$e!utive bran!h of thegovernment

Distin"$is!ed from International law

ADMIN LAW INTERNATIONAL LAW

lays down rules which shall

guidethe ofcers of theadministrationin their action as AGENTSOF THE

cannot !e regarded as !inding

u"on theo#cers of AN$ go%ernment intheirrelation to their own go%ernmentE&'E(T) insofar as it has !een

Distin"$is!ed from Constit$tional law

administrative law is ne!essar su##lement of the !onstitutionsin!e it fi$es or regulates administrative organi%ation of thegovernment

also, administrative law !om#lements the Constitution

Di s t in " $i s ! e d fr om C r im in al La w Criminal law: !onsists of bod of #enal san!tions whi!h are a##lied to ALL

bran!hes of the law in!luding administrative law +ote that: the mere affixing of a penalty to the violation of a rule of

administrative law DOES NOT deprive such rule of its administrativecharacter

Distin"$is!ed from t!e Law of P$&lic Administration

P r in c i

p al s $ & d ivis io n s of a d m ini s t r a t ive la w

ADMIN LAW CONSTITUIONAL LAW

carries out the "lan

in the

"rescri!es the general "lan or

framewor.

stress u"on the right of

indi%idualand em"hasi/es the"ower of

go%ernment and duties

treats of the rights of indi%iduals

indicates to indi%idual

remediesfor the %iolation of their rights

"rescri!es limitations on the

"owers of t e go%ernment to "rotect t er g ts o

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

has to do with

"racticalmanagement anddirection of the %arious organs of theState

e0ecution of state

the su!1ect matter of

administrati%elaw is (23,+' A*+N+STRAT+ON

The true eld of

Administrati%e lawreers ony to t e



( note that the distin!tion is relative rather than absolute)

. 'he law of internal administration

treats of the legal relations betweeno the -/01+20+' and its A32I+I4'1A'I/0 55IC014o administrative offi!er or organ to another

institutional side (going !on!ern)o in!ludes the legal stru!ture or organi%ation of #ubli!

administration #ersonnel, material, fis!al and #lanninga!tivities, over&all management a!tivities

o legal 6ualifi!ation for offi!e, dis6ualifi!ations of offi!ers,a##ointment, tenure. Com#ensation, and #ensioning of offi!ers, et!.

*. 'he law of e$ternal administration

!on!erned with the legal relations between:o administrative authorities and #rivate interests(a) surve of #owers and duties of adm. Authorities that relate to

#rivate interest dire!tl

(b) analsis of 4CP0 and LI2I'4 of su!h #owers

(!) some a!!ount of the 4A+C'I+4 atta!hed as well as the20A+4 of 0+51C020+'

(d) e$amination of the 10203I04 against offi!ial a!tionnote: administrative law is principal concerned with administrativeregulation rather than administrative management

C las s ific a t ion of a d m in is t r a t iv e la w

O r i"in a nd de v e lo

p m en t of a d m in is t r a t ive l aw

+% 1e!ognition as a distin!t !ategor of law

1a#id e$#ansion of administrative agen!ies and their in!reasedfun!tions that a substantial bod of 7uris#ruden!e has develo#ed in thefield and general re!ognition has been given to A32I+I4'1A'I/0 LAW

as distin!t !ategor of law

*. 2ulti#li!ation of government fun!tions

as modern life be!ame more !om#le$, the sub7e!t of governmentregulations !orres#ondingl in!reased whi!h, in turn, !aused amulti#li!ation of government fun!tions, ne!essitating an enormous

e$#ansion of #ubli! administration

s#e!iali%ation

8. -rowth and utili%ation of administrative agen!ies

administrative law develo#ed as the natural a!!om#animent of thegrowth of administrative agen!ies and their utili%ation in the res#onseto the needs of a !hanging so!iet

develo#ed in res#onse to the need for broad so!ial or governmental !o nt rol o v e r C 2 PL0 9 C + 3 I' + 4 an d a ! ti v iti es whi !h in th e ir de tai l

AS TO ITSSOURCE

45 the law that controls administrativeaencies

constitution

statutes

1udicial decisions

e0ecuti%e order

administrati%e order65 the law made !y administrati%e authorities

AS TO ITS!UR!OSE

45 ad1ecti%e or "rocedural administrati%e law

esta!lishes the "rocure which an agency

must or mayallow in the "ursuit of its legal "ur"ose

deri%ed from consti7 statutes or agency

regulationsAS TOA!!LICA"ILIT#

ITS 45 eneral administrative law

general in nature and common to all

or mostgo%ernment agencies

chiefly "rocedural law

includes due "rocess clauses65 s"ecial or "articular administrati%e law

"ertains to "articular agencies

"roceeds from "articular statue creating the

indi%idualagency



CA++' B0 30AL' with dire!tl in an 0550C'I/0 manner b the

legislature or 7udi!iar.

. 5usion of different #owers of government in administrative agen!ies

administrative law, resulted from the in!reased fun!tions of thegovernment, the re!ent tremendous growth in administrative agen!iesand the fa!t that the agen!ies !reated in this #eriod where mu!h more

!onventional

8 #owers of the government fused in one bod

. A law in the ma"ing

In our 7urisdi!tion, administrative law is still in its formative ears

Adv a n t a "e s of t !e A d m in is t r a t iv e P r o ce ss

. Advantages of administration as !om#ared with e$e!utive a!tion

insures greater uniformit and im#ersonalit of a!tion

e$am#les:o #atentso #ubli! lands

o so!ial se!urito ta$ administration

o labor relations

*. Limitations u#on the Powers of the Courts

issuan!es of rules an regulations of general a##li!abilit

fi$ing of rates or #ri!eso involves future !ondu!t

8. 'rend towards #reventive legislation

desire for more effe!tive and more fle$ible #reventive remedies

e$am#le: li!ensing as form of regulation

. Limitations u#on 0ffe!tive Legislation

la!" of time and s#e!iali%ed "nowledge,

la!" of staff for se!uring e$#ert information, !om#le$it of #roblems whi!h arise even within the framewor" of a

general #oli!, and harmful rigidit whi!h would result from attem#ting to anti!i#ate

in a statue the variet and !hanging !hara!ter of the situations whi!hemerge in ever as#e!t of life

. Limitations u#on e$!lusivel 7udi!ial enfor!ement

man !ourts would var their a##li!ation of the law

sin!e the !ourts !ould not ta"e the initiative in enfor!ement, thatinitiative would fall to man #rose!utors or law enfor!ement agen!iesand not to #rivate individuals

+ U+I512I'< in the #oli!

=. Advantages of !ontinuit of attertion and !learl allo!ated res#onsibilit

administrative agen!ies have the time and fa!ilities to be!ome and toremain !ontinuousl informed and the !an be given unifiedres#onsibilit for effe!tuating the broad #oli!ies laid b !ongress

>. +eed for organi%ation to dis#ose of volume of business and to #rovide the

ne!essar re!ords

s#e!iali%ed staffs and ma!hiner to "ee# and ma"e available there!ords u#on the 7udgment on thousands of a##li!ations as in li!ensing

C r it ic is m s a " ai n st a d m ini st r a t ive a c t io n. 'enden! towards A1BI'1A1I+044

*. LAC? 5 ?+WL03-0 A+3 AP'I'U30 in sound 7udi!ial te!hni6ue

8. 4us!e#tibilit to PLI'ICAL BIA4 1 P1044U10 (un!ertaint of tenure)

. 3isregard for 4A50-UA134 in full and fair hearing

. Absen!e of 4'A+3A13 1UL04 5 P1C03U10

=. 3angerous !ombination of the 8 fun!tions@#owers of the government

R e la t io n & e t w ee n a d m ini st r a t iv e a "e n c ie s a n d c o$ r t s1. Collaorative

Courts ma entertain a!tion brought before them,

But the should !all to their aid a##ro#riate administrative agen! on6uestions within administrative !om#eten!e

!. "ole of Courtsa. A!!ommodate the administrative #ro!ess to the traditional 7udi!ial

sstemb. A!!ommodate #rivate rights and #ubli! interest

!. 1e!on!ile demo!rati! safeguards and standards of fair #la

#. Discharge of $udicial roleCourts must aim to:

2aintain the Constitution b seeing that #owers are +' unlawfullvested in Administrative agen!ies

-ive due deferen!e to the role of administrative agen!ies not tousur# unwarrantedl nor limit their fun!tions

Lend the #owers of the !ourt to #ro#er attainment of the validob7e!tives of the agen!

Leave to the legislature or the #eo#les the remed for administrativea!tion

o Courts are not advisers of administrative agen!ies

Ad m ini s t r a t io n of " ov e r n me nt d is t in " $i s ! e d fr om a d m in is t r a t ion o f ($stice

A d m in is t ra t ion o $ o ve r n m ent A d m in is t ra t ion o $ % &s t ic e

determine what the law is in

order todetermine whether they arecom"etent toact and they must decide whetherin case

decision of contro%ersies

!etweenindi%iduals and go%ernmentofcersas to a""lica!ility in thecases in



Ad m ini s t r a t io n as a s e p a r a t e

p o w e r In the traditional !lassifi!ation of governmental #ower, no re!ognition is

given to administration as a se#arate fun!tion of government It was, and still is !onfused with and treated as a #art of the

e$e!utive fun!tion It !annot be so #lainl defined be!ause it ma slightl overla#

the legislative or the 7udi!ial field1. %s a function

―Administration‖ is the e$e!ution (in non&7udi!ial matters) of the lawo In this narrow but #ro#er sense, administration is thea!tivit

of the e$e!utive offi!ers of the government Legislation: laing down rules or laws for the future

!. %s an organi&ation

'he administration: the most im#ortant administrative authorit

'he grou# or aggregate of #ersons in whose hands the reins ofthegovernment are for the time being

'OT( T(E )*NCT+ON O) E,ECT+ON O) -% %ND TOT%-+T/O) E,EC*T+0E %ND %D+N+ST"%T+0E %*T(O"+T+ES

Administration as an or"ani#ation distin"$is!ed from "overnment

"overnment. institution or aggregate of institutions b whi!han inde#endent so!iet ma"es and !arries out rules of a!tion whi!harene!essar to enable men to live in a !ivili%ed state

administration. aggregate of those #ersons in whose hands thereins of government are entrusted b the #eo#le for the time being

CHAPTER II

NATURE AND OR-ANI/ATION O0 AD1INISTRATI,E A-ENCIES

A% Stat$s and C!aracteristics

C r e a t ion' r e o r " a ni# a t io n a nd a & o lit ion of a d m ini s t r a t iv e a " e n c ie s

Administrative Agen!ies ma be !reated b or re!eive their #owers from:

. Constitutional #rovisions (2a or ma not be self&e$e!uting)

*. Legislative ena!tments

a. Administrative agen!ies of statutor origin are sub7e!t

to e$#ansion and !ontra!tion of their #owers and fun!tionsb. 4ub7e!t to reorgani%ation or abolition at the will of Congress

!. Congress ma vest in the President the #ower to

reorgani%e the administrative agen!ies and redistribute

fun!tions

8. 'he 0$e!utive ma also !reate administrative agen!ies

a. Parti!ularl under statutes so #roviding

In the !reation@establishment of administrative agen!ies,Constitutional restri!tions that a##l to legislative a!ts also a##l

3ul e$e!uted a!ts of administrative agen!ies have valid effe!tsbeond the lifes#an of the agen!

When the #ur#ose of a statute is to abolish ade#artment@offi!e@organi%ation and re#la!e it with another, thelawma"ingauthorit sas so.

A !onversion of a state !ollege into a universit does not abolishthe original entit if the law does not s#e!if that the entit wasbeingabolished. 'he !hange in name and !urri!ulum should be !onsidered

a !hange in the a!ademi! status

Congress !an delegate to the #resident the #ower to !reate #ositions,!reate, abolish and merge offi!es in the e$e!utive de#artment to but the

reorgani%ation must be made in accordance wit! t!e law and it must

also be made in "ood fait!

1eanin" of administrative a"enc)

Administrative a"enc) – the term used generall to des!ribe an agen!e$er!ising some signifi!ant !ombination of e$e!utive, legislative, and 7udi!ial #owers. It is a government bod !harged with administering andim#lementing #arti!ular legislation

o In!ludes boards, !ommissions, divisions, bureaus, de#artments, and even

―office‖ and ―authority‖

o 'erm is usuall em#loed to denote the fun!tionaries with whi!hadministrative law is !on!erned

o Embraces ―administrator ‖ or ―administrators‖ or

―administrative tribunal‖

o 3oes not #re!lude the referring to onl a single offi!er

o Agency of the government – an of the various units of the

-overnment, in!luding a de#artment, bureau, offi!e, instrumentalit

of GOCC, or an LGU or a distinct unit therein. ―ational a!ency‖ refers to

unit of the national Government "hile ―local a!ency‖ refers to a unit of the

Lo!al -overnment. ( %dministrative Code of 12345

#ro!edure the #arties with a full and fair hearing

Stat$s or c!aracter of partic$lar administrative a"encies

Administrative A"enc) A Co$rt

A large organi%ation (generall)

staffed b men who are deemed

e$#erts in their #arti!ular field

A tribunal #resided b one or more

7urists learned in the law

Performs a variet of fun!tions:

uasi&legislative, 6uasi&7udi!ial,

e$e!utive.

nl fun!tion is udi!ial

Uses varing degree of dis!retion in

arriving at de!isions and often

#ro!eeds without being bound b

te!hni!al rules of eviden!e or

2ore or less governed b fi$ed rules

in arriving at its de!isions and bound

b the rules that no final ad7udi!ation

is to be made until after due noti!e to



4tatus and !hara!ter of the agen!ies de#end on the Constitutionaland statutor #rovisions !reating them and therights@duties@fun!tions!onferred on them

. %s 6ulic or governmental agencies

a. Agen!ies of the state or government

b. 1e#resent no #rivate interests, but fun!tioning within the s!o#e

of their #owers in behalf of the government

!. Possess real #ower to a!t for the government*. %s $udicial odies or courts

a. +ot a!tual !ourts nor #art of the 7udi!ial sstem

b. +ot !ourts in the stri!t sense

i. Cannot e$er!ise #urel 7udi!ial fun!tions

ii. +ot bound in their #ro!eedings b all the rules

a##li!able to 7udi!ial #ro!eedings

!. 'heir fun!tion is not to ad7udi!ate im#artiall but to re#resent

a #ubli! interest

i. be!ause of their investigator and in6uisitorial #owers

or be!ause

ii. or be!ause the e$er!ise !ommingled

legislative,e$e!utive and 7udi!ial fun!tions

d. Courts in the &road sense

i. 'he e$er!ise #owers ad7udi!ator and 7udi!ial in nature

ii. Pro!eedings ma #arta"e of the nature of

7udi!ial #ro!eedings

iii. Commonl referred to as the 6uasi&7udi!ial #ower

8. %s legislative or executive agencies

Certain administrative agen!ies are deemed agents of thelegislative bran!h and +' of the e$e!utive bran!h

In other !ases, the agen!ies are deemed agents of thee$e!utive de#artment

a. Administrative agen!ies are said to be the a rm s

a n d in s tru me n taliti es of the legislative

i. 2a #erform fun!tions of a legislative or 6uasi&legislative

!hara!ter

ii. But without legislative #ower in the strict sense

b. Also viewed as #art of the e$e!utive bran!h, es#e!iall

!om#etent to deal with matters within their authorit b

reason of e$#erien!e, information, !areful stud and e$#ertise

. %s independent or suordinate odies

a. Inde#endent bodies – an agen! inde#endent of the e$e!utive

bran!h. ne not sub7e!t to a su#erior head of de#artment

i. C4C, Comele!, CA

b. 4ubordinate bodies – a bod whose a!tion is sub7e!t to

administrative review or revision

. %s corporate odies or legal entities

a. 4ome administrative agen!ies are !or#orate bodies with legal

!a#a!it to sue and be suedb. ther agen!ies have also been held to !onstitute legal

entities with #er#etual e$isten!e a#art from their members, thus

em#owered to bring suit

1ain C!aracteristics of administrative a"encies

. Si&e

2an administrative agen!ies are ne!essaril large

'he si%e refle!ts the 7urisdi!tion of the agen! and the !hara!ter of theirwor"

'he staff in!ludes man #eo#le #erforming a variet of tas"s whi!hare coordinated, su#ervised, and directed to"ard the fulfillment of thea!ency$s

fun!tions

*. Speciali&ation

Administrative agen!ies s#e!iali%e and their #ersonnel in!ludes ersonswith te!hni!al or #rofessional training in their #arti!ular fieldo A !entral #roblem of organi%ation is how to utili%e these s"ills

of training and e$#erien!e best

o 'his does not mean that the members of a regulator board

or !ommission need to be s#e!ialist

1ather it means that the e$#ertise and available

te!hni!al resour!es are made available to them to !ome

u# with the #ro#er de!ision

4#e!iali%ation has a bearing u#on #ro!edureo An a!ency$s ba!"ground of "nowledge and e$#erien!e and its

e6ui#ment for investigation enable it to do mu!h of its wor"

b informal methods without the ne!essit of formal hearings

'his also has an im#a!t u#on its #ro!edures for formal

ad7udi!ation and for rule&ma"ing

8. "esponsiility for "esults

A #arti!ular administrative agen! is !harged b Congresswith a!!om#lishing a #arti!ular statutor end

a. 'he various agen!ies, ta"en together, are !harged with the

res#onsibilit for ma"ing good to #eo#le a ma7or #art of the

ends of the demo!rati! government

i. 'he agen!ies !annot ta"e a wholl #assive

attitude toward the issues that !ome before them

ii. 'he !annot ta"e a #urel neutral attitude toward

a!!om#lishment of the tas" whi!h the are !harged

iii. 'he must ta"e the initiative



b. Administrative agen!ies su##l the motive #ower of the

government, but at the same time, motive #ower !alls for bra"es

i. 'his gives rise to the #roblem of !ombining #rose!ution

and ad7udi!ation in the same agen!;

ii. 'he must !ombine the res#onsibilit of effe!tive

enfor!ement of #ubli! #oli! with fair #la to the #rivate

interests being regulated

. 0ariety of administrative duties

2a be seen within a single agen! as well as between different agen!ies

'his ma"es generali%ation in des!ri#tion diffi!ulto 0ven more diffi!ult is generali%ation in #res!ri#tion

'here is a variet in their fun!tions; as well as a variet in the!ir!umstan!es and !onditions under whi!h their a!tivities im#inge u#on

#rivate individuals

Conse2$ence of c!aracteristics

0a!h of the four !hara!teristi!s !ontributes and ne!essitates an im#ortant!hara!teristi! of administrative #ro!edure: de leg ati on o f fun c ti on an dauth or it y.

. Internal organi%ation whi!h involves allo!ation of fun!tions among the

members and staff of the agen!

a. +e!essitated b:

i. Large staff

ii. 2an duties of the agen!

iii. +e!essit of harmoni%ing the res#onsibilit for results

iv. 3ut of de!iding !orre!tl in ad7udi!ation

v. Pra!ti!al need for the fullest utili%ation of its s#e!ial s"ills

and e$#ertise

*. 'he 2a7or wor" of the heads of an agen! is normall su#ervision and

dire!tion

a. 'he !annot themselves be s#e!ialists in all #hases

b. But s#e!ialists must be readil available

!. ther #ersons must do bul" of the dail wor"

d. 'he heads fun!tion li"e C0s, the should not be !onsumed b

the small details

i. 3elegation is "e

Dele"ation of f$nction and a$t!orit)

. 'he t#es of delegation

a. 3elegation of internal management

b. 3elegation of authorit to dis#ose of routine matters

!. 3elegation of authorit to dis#ose of matters informall, or to

initiate formal #ro!eedings

d. 3elegation of authorit and fun!tion in formal #ro!eedings

i. In!ludes delegation of authorit and fun!tion in formal

#ro!eedings

*. 3egree

3elegation ma be a matter of degree

3elegation ma be !ombined with su#ervision and !ontrol

4u!h su#ervision and !ontrol ma !all for:a. 'he statement b agen! heads of #oli!ies whi!h have !rstalli%ed

for routine a##li!ation b subordinates

b. 'he !onsideration b agen! heads of !ases in whi!h the

a##li!ation of established #oli! is diffi!ult, or in whi!h #oli! has

not !rstalli%ed

!. 'he re6uirement of wee"l or even dall re#orts to agen! heads

Under li"e safeguards, delegation ma involve de!entrali%ation bdelegation to field offi!es

T)pes of administrative a"encies

. -overnment is offering some gratuit, grant, or s#e!ial #rivilege

a. %hili##ine &eterans Administration, G'(', %ublic Attorney$s

ffi!e, et!

*. -overnment is see"ing to !arr on !ertain fun!tions of government

a. BI1, L1A, Bureau of Customs

8. -overnment is #erforming some business servi!e for the #ubli!

a. Phili##ine Postal Cor#., P+1, 2W4A, +5A, +DA

. -overnment see"s to regulate businesses affe!ted with #ubli! interest

a. Insuran!e Commission, L'51B, DLU1B, 01B, Bureau of 2ines

and -eo&4!ien!es

. -overnment is see"ing under #oli!e #ower to regulate #rivate

businesses and individuals

a. 40C, 2'1CB, -AB, 3angerous 3rugs Board, Bureau of 'rade1egulation and Consumer Prote!tion

=. -overnment is see"ing to ad7ust individual !ontroversies be!ause of

some strong so!ial #oli! involved

a. +L1C, 0m#loees Com#ensation Commission, 4o!ial 4e!urit

Commission, 40C, 3A1, Commission on Audit

An agen! ma fall under more than one t#e



B. Administrative Or"ani#ation

Distri&$tion of Powers of

"overnment

Administrative or"ani#ation – the administrative stru!ture of the

government in!luding its #oliti!al subdivisions and the allo!ation of #owers,fun!tions, and duties to its various units or agen!ies.

. ' ra d iti o na l Br an ! h es (under the Constitut ion and the Administrative Code)

) Le"islative power – vested in Congress, e$!e#t to the e$tent

retained b the #eo#le under the #rovisions on initiative and

referendum

*) Eec$tive power – vested in the President

8) 3$dicial power – vested in the 4u#reme Court, and su!h lower

!ourts as ma be established b law

Powers e$#ressl vested in an bran!h of government shall not bee$er!ised b, nor delegated to a other bran!h of -overnment e$!e#t to

the e$tent authori%ed b the Constitution

*. 4#e! ia l B o d ies a n d Age n ! ie s

'hree inde#endent Constitutional Commissionso Civil 4ervi!e Commission

o Commission on 0le!tions

o Commission on Audit

0$er!ise the #owers and fun!tions !onferred u#on b the Constitution andthe law

ther inde#endent agen!ies in!lude the offi!e of the mbudsman, and theCommission on Duman 1ights

'he state is mandated to establish an inde#endent !entral monetarauthorit and a national #oli!e !ommission

O r" a ni# a t io n of t !e o ff ic e o f t !e P r e s ide n t

. ffi!e of the President Pro#er

a. Private office

Personal servi!es for him and his familb. Eec$tive Office

Deaded b the 0$e!utive 4e!retar

5ull res#onsive to the s#e!ifi! needs and re6uirements of the President to fulfill the ob7e!tives of his offi!e

!. Common Staff S$pport S)stem

ffi!es or units under the general !ategories of develo#mentand management, general government administration andinternal administration

d. Presidential Special Assistants*Advisers

4#e!ial assistants@advisers as needed b the President

Provide !onsultative servi!es in su!h fields@!onditions as

determined b the President*. Agen!ies under the ffi!e of the President

a% Under the !hairmanshi# of the #resident

&% Under the su#ervision and !ontrol of the #resident

c% Under the administrative su#ervision of the offi!e of the #resident



d% 'hose atta!hed to it for #oli! and #ro#er

!oordination

e% 'hose that are not #la!ed b the law@order !reating them

under an s#e!ial de#artment

8. 'he

President:

a% sub7e!t to the #oli! in the e$e!utive

offi!e,&% and in order to a!hieve sim#li!it, e!onom, and

effi!ien!

shall have !ontinuing authorit to organi%e the administrative stru!ture of

the ffi!e of the President.

5or this #ur#ose, he

ma:

a. 1estru!ture the internal organi%ation of the ffi!e of the

President Pro#er b abolishing, !onsolidating, or merging units

thereof or transferring fun!tions from one unit to another

b. 'ransfer an fun!tion under the ffi!e of the President to an

other3e#artment or

Agen!

a. As well as transfer fun!tions to the ffi!e of the

President from other 3e#artments and Agen!ies

!. 'ransfer agen! under the ffi!e of the President to an other

de#artment or agen! as well as transfer agen!ies to the ffi!e of

the President from other de#artments or agen!ies

Or"ani#ation of Departments

Department 4 refers to an e$e!utive de#artment !reated b law. It in!ludes

an instrumentalit having or assigned the ran" of a de#artment regardless of

its name or designation.

715 Numer8 purpose8 and

decentrali&ation97a5 'he 0$e!utive Bran!h shall have su!h 3e#artments as are ne!essar

for the fun!tional distribution of the wor" of the President and for the

#erforman!e of their fun!tions

75 'he 3e#artments shall be organi%ed and maintained to insure their

!a#a!it to #lan and im#lement #rograms in a!!ordan!e with

established national #oli!ies

7c5 Bureaus and offi!es under ea!h 3e#artment shall be grou#ed #rimaril

on the basis of ma7or fun!tions to a!hieve sim#li!it, e!onom and

effi!ien! in government o#erations and minimi%e du#li!ation and

overla# of a!tivities

7d5 'he fun!tions of the different 3e#artments shall be de!entrali%ed in

order to redu!e red ta#e, free !entral offi!ials from administrative

details !on!erning field o#erations and relieve them from unne!essar

involvement in routine and lo!al matters.

7!5 Department 6roper

7a5 Unless #rovided b the 1AC or law, the 3e#artment #ro#er shall

in!lude the ffi!e of the 4e!retar and the staff units dire!tl under it.

'he ffi!e of the 4e!retar shall !onsist of the 4e!retar and the

Underse!retar(ies), together with the #ersonnel in their

immediate offi!es

75 0ver 4e!retar shall be assisted b su!h number of

Underse!retaries as ma be #rovided b the 1AC@law

7c5 Whenever ne!essar, Assistant 4e!retar #osition(s) ma be !reatedto form #art of the 3e#artment #ro#er

7d5 In the absen!e of s#e!ial #rovisions, the ma7or staff units of

ea!h de#artment shall be the servi!es whi!h shall in!lude:

1. Planning 4ervi!e

!. 5inan!ial and 2anagement 4ervi!e

#. Administrative 4ervi!e

:. 'e!hni!al and Legal 4ervi!e (when ne!essar)

7#5 ;urisdiction Over 'ureaus

0a!h 3e#artment shall have 7urisdi!tion over bureaus,offi!es, regulator agen!ies, and government !or#orations assignedto it blaw

7:5 %ssignment of offices and agencies8 etc.

'he President shall, b 0, assign offi!es and agen!ies not otherwiseassigned b law to an de#artment, or indi!ate to whi!h de#artment agovernment !or#oration or board ma be atta!hed

Secretaries' Undersecretaries' and Assistant Secretaries

'he authorit and res#onsibilit for the e$er!ise of the mandate of the3e#artment and for the dis!harge of its #owers and fun!tions shall bevested in the 4e!retar

o De shall have 4u#ervision and Control of the 3e#artment

'he Underse!retar shall advise and assist the 4e!retar in the 5ormulationand im#lementation of de#artment ob7e!tives and #oli!ies

o De shall 'em#oraril dis!harge the duties of the 4e!retar in

!ase of the latter$s absence or inability to do so

'he Assistant 4e!retar shall #erform su!h duties and fun!tions as ma be#rovided b law or assigned to him b the 4e!retar

Department Services



+% Plannin" Service

Provides the de#artment with e!onomi!al, effi!ient, and

effe!tive servi!es relating to #lanning, #rogramming and #ro7e!t

develo#ment

Also dis!harges other fun!tions #rovided b law

*. 0inancial and 1ana"ement Service

Advise and assist the 4e!retar on budgetar, finan!ial,

and management matters8. Administrative Service

Provide the 3e#artment with e!onomi!al, effi!ient, and

effe!tive servi!es relating to #ersonnel legal assistan!e,

information, re!ords,

deliver, and re!ei#t of !orres#onden!e, su##lies, e6ui#ment,

!olle!tions, disbursement, se!urit and !ustodial wor"

. Tec!nicalService

'a"e !harge of te!hni!al staff a!tivities essential to a de#artment

whi!h !annot be allo!ated to the three other servi!es or to the bureaus

. Le"alService

Provided where the o#erations of the de#artment involve

substantial legal wor"

o In su!h a !ase, the Administrative 4ervi!e will not have

a Legal 3ivision

It shall #rovide legal advi!e to the de#artment

Where the wor"load of the de#artment does not warrant a

Legal 4ervi!e or a Legal 3ivision:

o 'here shall be one or more legal assistants in the ffi!e of

the 4e!retar

Or"ani#ation of 5$rea$s

5$rea$ 4 refers to an #rin!i#al subdivision or unit of an de#artment. Itshall in!lude an #rin!i#al subdivision or unit of an instrumentalit given orassigned the ran" of a bureau, regardless of a!tual name or designation (asin the !ase of de#artment&wide regional offi!es)

Performs a single ma7or fun!tion or !losel related fun!tions. 0a!hBureau shall be headed b a 3ire!tor who ma have one or moreAssistant3ire!tors as #rovided b law.

Powers and d$ties of !eads of &$rea$s oroffices

. 'he head of the bureau or offi!e shall be its !hief e$e!utive offi!er.

De shall e)ercise overall authority in matters "ithin the bureau or office$s

7urisdi!tion, in!luding those relating to its o#erations. De shall

enfor!e all laws and regulations #ertaining to it

*. De shall a##oint #ersonnel to all #ositions in his bureau or offi!ein

a!!ordan!e with law.

a. In !ase of line bureaus, the head shall also a##oint the

se!ond level #ersonnel of the regional offi!es unless the #ower

has been delegated.

b. De ma dis!i#line em#loees in a!!ordan!e with Civil 4ervi!e Law

8. De ma, in the interest of e!onom, designate the assistant head to a!t as

!hief of an division or unit within the organi%ation, in addition to his

duties but without additional !om#ensation



. De shall & !onsistent with law, rules and regulations – #res!ribe the

form and fi$ the amount of all bonds e$e!uted b #rivate #arties to the

government under the laws #ertaining to I bureau or offi!e.

a. De shall #ass on the suffi!ien! of the se!urit and retain

#ossession of the bond

. De shall #res!ribe forms and issue !ir!ulars or orders to se!ure the

harmonious and effi!ient administration of his bureau or offi!e and to !arr

into full effe!t the laws relating to matters within his 7urisdi!tion.

a. Penalties shall not be #res!ribed in an !ir!ular or order for its

violation unless e$#ressl allowed b law=. De is authori%ed to issue orders regarding the administration of its internal

affairs for the guidan!e of or !om#lian!e b its offi!ers and em#loees

Staff 5$rea$ 4 shall #rimaril #erform #oli!, #rogram develo#ment andadvisor fun!tions. It shall avail itself of the #lanning, finan!ial andadministrative servi!es in the de#artment #ro#er, if !ir!umstan!es so warrant

'he 3ire!tor of a staff bureau shall:

*. Advise and Assist he ffi!e of the 4e!retar on matters #ertaining to

the +ureau$s area of s#ecialiation

*. Provide !onsultative and advisor servi!es to the regional offi!es of the

de#artment

8. 3evelo# #lans, #rograms, o#erating standards, and administrative

te!hni6ues for the attainment of the ob7e!tives and fun!tions of the bureau

. Perform su!h other duties as #rovided b law

Line 5$rea$ 4 shall dire!tl im#lement #rograms ado#ted #ursuant tode#artment #oli!ies and #lans. It ma have staff units, as ma be ne!essar,!orres#onding to the servi!es of the de#artment #ro#er. If the Bureau is small,onl a single unit #erforming !ombined staff fun!tions ma be #rovided

'he 3ire!tor of a line bureau shall:

. 0$er!ise su#ervision and !ontrol over all division and other units, in!luding

regional offi!es, under the bureau

*. 0stablish #oli!ies and standards for the o#erations of the bureau #ursuantto the #lans and #rograms of the de#artment

8. Promulgate rules and regulations ne!essar to !arr out bureau ob7e!tives,

#oli!ies and fun!tions

. Perform su!h other duties as ma be #rovided b law

Or"ani#ation of 0ield Offices

+% Re"ional Offices

o 'he shall be established a!!ording to law defining field servi!e areas

o 'he administrative regions shall be !om#osed of the +C1 and 1egions I to

9II. Provin!ial and distri!t offi!es ma be established onl b law when

ne!essar

o 0$!e#t as otherwise #rovided b law and when the needs of the servi!e

re6uire, the de#artment or agen! shall organi%e on an integrated regional

offi!e on a de#artment or agen!&wide basis

*. Administration



o 'he regional offi!e shall be headed b a 1egional 3ire!tor who ma

be assisted b assistant 1egional unless #rovided for b law

o 'he 1egional 3ire!tor shall be res#onsible for de#artment or agen!

fun!tions #erformed in the region under his 7urisdi!tion

8. S$pervision

o Whenever the fun!tion or a!tivit of a de#artment or agen!

re6uires !entral or inter&regional a!tion, the fun!tion ma be

#erformed b the regional offi!es under the su#ervision and !ontrol of

the de#artment #ro#er or line bureau !on!erned

o 'he staff bureau or division shall #erform #rimaril advisor or

au$iliar fun!tions and e$er!ise in behalf of the de#artment or agen!

fun!tional su#ervision over the regional offi!es.

. Or"ani#ation

o 1egional offi!es organi%ed on a de#artment&wide basis shall have units

or #ersonnel in whi!h the fun!tional areas of the staff bureaus and

servi!es in the de#artment shall be re#resented.

o 1egional offi!es of a line bureau ma have units or #ersonnel in whi!h

the fun!tional areas of the #rimar units of the bureau are re#resented.

o 1elated fun!tions of regional units shall be !onsolidated

. 0$nctions of a Re"ional Office

a. Im#lement laws, #oli!ies, #lans, #rograms, rules and regulations ofthe de#artment@agen! in the regional area

b. Provide e!onomi!al, effi!ient and effe!tive servi!e to the #eo#le in the

area

!. Coordinate with the regional offi!es of other de#artments, bureaus,

and agen!ies in the area

d. Coordinate with the lo!al government units in the area

e. Perform su!h other fun!tions as #rovided b law

o 3istri!t offi!es ma be established onl in !ases of !lear ne!essit

Definition of an Administrative Relations!ip

S$pervision and Control

In!ludes the authorit to:

a. A!t dire!tl whenever a s#e!ifi! fun!tion is entrusted b law or regulation

to a subordinate

b. 3ire!t the #erforman!e of a dut; restrain the !ommission of a!ts

!. 1eview, a##rove, reverse, or modif a!ts and de!isions of subordinates

d. 3etermine #riorities in the e$e!ution of #lans and #rograms

e. Pres!ribe standards, guidelines, #lans and #rograms

Unless a different meaning is e$#li!itl #rovided b s#e!ifi! law

governing the relationshi# of #articular a!encies, ―control‖ shallencom#ass the above

definition



Administrative S$pervision

It shall govern the administrative relationshi# between a de#artment or itse6uivalent and regulator agen!ies or other agen!ies as ma be #rovidedfor b law

. 'o generall oversee the o#erations of su!h agen!ies and to insure that

the are managed effe!tivel, effi!ientl, and e!onomi!all without

interferen!e with da&to&da a!tivities

*. 'o re6uire the submission of re#orts and !ause the !ondu!t of

management audit, #erforman!e evaluation, and ins#e!tion to determine!om#lian!e with #oli!ies, standards and guidelines of the de#artment

8. 'o ta"e su!h a!tion as ma be ne!essar for the #ro#er #erforman!e of

offi!ial fun!tions, in!luding re!tifi!ation of violations, abuses and other

forms of maladministration

. 'o review and #ass u#on budget #ro#osals of su!h agen!ies but m not

in!rease or add to them

o Dowever, su!h authorit s!all not etend to:

. A##ointments and other #ersonnel a!tions in a!!ordan!e with the

de!entrali%ation of #ersonnel fun!tions under the !ode

a. 0$!e#t when a##eal is made from an a!tion of the a##ointing

authorit, in whi!h !ase the a##eal shall be initiall sent to thede#artment or its e6uivalent, sub7e!t to a##eal

*. Contra!ts entered into b the agen! in the #ursuit of its ob7e!tives, the

review of whi!h and other #ro!edures related thereto shall be governed b

a##ro#riate laws, rules and regulations

8. 'he #ower to review, reverse, revise, or modif the de!isions of regulator

agen!ies in the e$er!ise of their regulator or 6uasi&7udi!ial fun!tions

. Unless a different meaning is e$#li!itl #rovided b s#e!ifi! law governing

the relationshi# of #articular a!encies, ―su#ervision‖ shall encom#ass

the above definition

Attac!ment

6% Lateral relationshi# between the de#artment or its e6uivalent and the

atta!hed agen! or !or#oration for the #ur#ose of #oli! and #rogram

!oordination

7% D ow ! o o rd inati on m a b e a !! om# li s h e d E

. have the de#artment re#resented in the governing board of atta!hed

agen!

*. have atta!hed !or#oration or agen! !om#l with a sstem of #eriodi!

re#orting refle!ting the #rogress of the #rograms

8. have the de#artment #rovide general #oli!ies through its

re#resentatives in the board whi!h will be the framewor" for internal

#oli!ies

matters of da&to&da administration or internal o#erations:o shall be left to the dis!retion or 7udgment of the e$e!utive offi!er of

o if 4e!retar or head of Board strongl disagrees on the inter#retationand a##li!ation of #oli!ies, he shall bring matter to the P104I30+' forresolution

-OCCso if atta!hed to a de#artment shall submit to the 4e!retar !on!erned

their audited finan!ial statements within =F das after the !lose of thefis!al ear

should an -CCs in!ur an o#erating defi!it at !lose of fis!al earo it shall be sub7e!t to administrative su#ervision of the de#artment and

the cor#oration$s o#eratin! and ca#ital budget shall be sub7e!t to thede#artment$s e)amination

0$nctions and powers of t!e Department Secretar)

. Advise the President in issuing orders, regulations or #romulgations

relative to matters under the 7urisdi!tion of his 3e#artment

*. 0stablish the #oli!ies and standards for the o#eration of the

3e#artment #ursuant t the a##roved #rograms of governments

8. Promulgate rules and regulations ne!essar to !arr out the

de#artment ob7e!tives, #lans, #oli!ies or #ro7e!ts

. Promulgate administrative issuan!es ne!essar for administration of

the offi!es under the 4e!retar and #ro#er e$e!ution of related laws.

. 0$er!ise dis!i#linar #owers over offi!ers and em#loees under the

4e!retar in a!!ordan!e with law

a. In!ludes the investigation and designation of a !ommittee to

!ondu!t the investigation

=. A##oint all offi!ers and em#loees of the 3e#artment e$!e#t those

whose a##ointments are vested in the President of another authorit.

a. If the de#artment is regionali%ed on a de#artment&wide basis:

the 4e!retar shall a##oint em#loees to the #ositions in the

se!ond level in the regional offi!es

>. 0$er!ise 7urisdi!tion over all bureaus, offi!es, agen!ies and

!or#orations under the 3e#artment

G. -ele!ate authority to officers and em#loyees under the 'ecretary$s

dire!tion in a!!ordan!e with the 1ACH. ther fun!tions #rovided b law

A$t!orit) of Department Secretar)

De shall have su#ervision and !ontrol over the bureaus, offi!es, and agen!ies

under him sub7e!t to the following:

. initiative and freedom of a!tion on #art of subordinates shall be

en!ouraged and #romoted

*. with res#e!t to fun!tions involving 3I4C10'I+, e$#erien!ed

7udgment or e$#ertise vested b the law u#on a subordinate he shall

e$er!ise !ontrol over that subordinate in a!!ordan!e with the law

8. regulator fun!tions of an agen! sub7e!t to de#artmental !ontrol:

governed b this !ode th e a ge n ! a . (n ot a ## li !ab le to ! ha rte re d in s tituti o n s an d - C C s)



D e le" a t io n ofA $ t !o r it )

'he 4e!retar has authorit and res#onsibilit over the o#eration of his agen!.

De ma delegate su!h authorit to the bureau and regional dire!tors as ma be

ne!essar.

3elegation shall be to the e$tent ne!essar for e!onomi!al, effi!ientand effe!tive im#lementation of national@ lo!al #rograms

delegation shall be I+ W1I'I+- indi!ate to whi!h offi!er or offi!ers the delegation is made vest suffi!ient authorit to enable the delegate to 3I4CDA1-0

his assigned res#onsibilit

Line 5$rea$ A$t!orit)

Line Bureaus of a 3e#artment e$er!ise su#ervision and !ontrol over10-I+AL A+3 5I0L3 55IC04

o 'he shall be dire!tl res#onsible for the develo#ment andim#lementation of #lans and #rograms

'he 1egional and other field offi!es shall !onstitute the P01A'I+- A124of the bureau for 3I10C' I2PL020+'A'I+ 5 PLA+4

o Underta"es bureau o#erations within their res#e!tive 7urisdi!tion

o 3ire!tl res#onsible to their bureau dire!tor

R e l a t i o n s ! i p s o f - O CC 8s t o t ! e Dep a r t m e n t

-overnment9owned or 4controlled corporations 4 refer to an agen!

organi%ed as a sto!" or non&sto!" !or#oration, vested with fun!tions relating to

#ubli! needs whether governmental or #ro#rietar in nature, owned b the

government dire!tl or through its instrumentalities, either wholl or at least to

the e$tent of F of its !a#ital sto!"

. 2a be !ategori%ed further b the 3B2, C4C, and the CA for

#ur#oses of the e$er!ise and dis!harge of their res#e!tive #owers and

res#onsibilities

*. 4hall be atta!hed to the a##ro#riate de#artment with whi!h the haveallied fun!tions or as #rovided b e$e!utive order for #oli! and

#rogram !oordination

8. 'o full #rote!t the interests of the government, at least @8 of the

members of the +oards of GOCC$s should either be a 'ecretary, an

Underse!retar, or an Assistant 4e!retar

R e la t io n s !ip of R e " $ la t o r ) a "e n c ie s t o t !ed ep a r t m e n t

Re"$lator) A"enc) 4 refers to an agen! e$#ressl vested with 7urisdi!tion

to regulate, administer or ad7udi!ate matters affe!ting substantial rights and

interests of #rivate #ersons, the #rin!i#al #ower of whi!h are e$er!ised b a

!olle!tive bod, su!h as a !ommission, board, or !oun!il

* sub7e!t to the administrative su#ervision of the de#artment under"hich they are #laced /e)ce#t for GOCC$s



*) heads or regulator agen!ies shall submit A+UALL< (for a##roval

of the 4e!retar) their budgets, o#erating !osts and wor" #lans

8) 1egulator agen!ies ma avail of the !ommon au$iliar and

management servi!es of the de#artment as ma be !onvenient

and e!onomi!al for their o#erations

CHAPTER III

PO:ERS AND 0UNCTIONS O0 AD1INISTRATI,E A-ENCIES

A% In -eneral1e ani n " of p ow e r s a nd f$ n c t io n s

―#o"ers‖ and ―functions‖ are used con0unctivelo 'he are also inter!hangeableo ―1unctions‖ denotes a broader field of activities than ―#o"ers‖

0$nction 4 that whi!h one is bound to do; it is his business to do

Powers – the means b whi!h the fun!tions are fulfilled

So$rce of Powers

%o"ers don$t alwas !ome from a single sour!e 4our!es: 'he Constitution, enabling statutes

5ailure to e$er!ise the #owers granted does not forfeit nor e$tinguish them

S c op e of P ow e r s +ot all administrative agen!ies #erform the same fun!tions or e$er!ise the

same t#es of #owers Powers ma be investigative, rule&ma"ing, or determinative or a

!ombination of an of them

. 0$#ress and im#lied Powers

'he 7urisdi!tion and #owers of administrative bodies are measured andlimited b the Constitution or b the law granting them #owers

Powers ma be !onferred e$#ressl or b ne!essar im#li!ationo Without a statutor #rovision e$#ressl or im#liedl granting

7urisdi!tion to an administrative offi!er, he has no authorit tota"e !ogni%an!e of the sub7e!t matter

o 'he su!!essor of an administrative agen! !annot !laim to havemore #owers than its #rede!essor in the absen!e of law e$#andingits #owers

o 4tatutes !onferring #owers on administrative agen!ies must beliberall !onstrued to enable them to dis!harge their assignedduties in a!!ordan!e with the legislative #ur#ose

o Where a general #ower is !onferred b law, ever #arti!ular #owerne!essar for the e$er!ise@#erforman!e of the other is alsodeemed !onferred

*. Inherent Powers

. Administrative agen!ies have no inherent #owers

o Although im#lied #o"ers may be s#o2en of as ―inherent ‖

8. ua s i&7 u d i! ia l P o w e rs

. ffi!ial #owers cannot &e merel) ass$med b administrative offi!ers=. 'he !annot be !reated b the !ourts through their 7udi!ial #owers

>. Powers have to be granted b the Constitution or 4tatute

a. Unless e$#ressl em#owered, administrative agen!ies are bereft

of 6uasi&7udi!ial #owers

i. urisdi!tion over !ontroversies must be !onferred b statute

ii. Administrative agen!ies !annot !onfer 7urisdi!tion u#on

themselves even if the e$er!ise of su!h #ower will#revent@sto# violations of the law

b. Administrative agen!ies are tribunals of limited 7urisdi!tion

i. Can onl e$er!ise #owers s#e!ifi!all granted b enabling

statutes

ii. 'he have, however, the #resum#tion of regularit in the

#erforman!e of their offi!ial fun!tions

Nat$re of Powers ;u risd ic ti o n 9 lim itedG. -enerall, the 7urisdi!tion of administrative agen!ies is s#e!ial and limited

H. 'he #ossess onl #owers and 7urisdi!tion as !onferred b the Constitution

or b the enabling statutes

o Plus those #owers deemed !onferred b ne!essar im#li!ation

6 o w e rs wi thi n th e ir $u ris d ic ti o n 9 ro a dF. Powers !onferred must be !ommensurate with the duties the have been

tas"ed to #erform

. Within their fields and 7urisdi!tion, their #owers are broad and #lenar

*. Courts ma onl interfere if their #ower@authorit has been manifestl

abused

8. Persons dealing with administrative offi!ers@agen!ies are tas"ed with noti!e

of their authorit to a!t, in!luding "nowledge of the limits of their #owers

6 o w e rs< s u $ect to th e C o n s tituti o n 8 a pp li c a le la w 8 a d m ini s trati ve reg ulati on. -overnment agen!ies must res#e!t the #resum#tion of !onstitutionalit

and legalit whi!h statutes and regulations are entitled to (until re#eal,

amendment, stru!" down b the Courts)

. Administrative bodies !annot substitute its 7udgement for the a##li!able

law until the law has been set aside

:!at constit$tes administrative power or administrative f$nction=. 'he term administrative power or function is a !onvenient term and not a

te!hni!al term

6 o w e rs n ot e xp li c it l y leg is lati v e8 e x ec uti ve an d $u d ic ia l



>. Administrative #ower has been said to be an #ower not e$#li!itl allo!ated

in the Constitution

G. A##lied in des!ribing #owers whi!h ma be:

o vested in agen!ies other than the legislature without delegatinglegislative #owers,

o vested in tribunals other than the !ourts without infringing u#on 7udi!ial #ower,

o and fun!tions whi!h ma not be im#osed u#on a member of the 7udi!iar

6 o w e rs in vo lv e ex e rc ise of $ udge m e n t a n d d isc re ti onH. Perha#s the most im#ortant administrative fun!tion is the e$er!ise of

7udgement and dis!retion

34. 1egulator and Control #owers of an administrative agen! are

fre6uentl described as ―administrative‖

o 'he are a!tuall 7udi!ial in nature*. 5he #o"er to ma2e rules is also referred to as ―administrative‖ though

legislative in nature

**. A##li!ation of law and rules is e$e!utive or administrative in nature

*8. In the e$er!ise of their fun!tions and ma"ing de!isions, 6uasi&7udi!ial

bodies must not restri!t themselves to literal inter#retations of the words

o A !om#lete and holisti! view must be ta"en to render #ro#er and 7ust 7udgement

Classification of administrative powers %s to nature

1. Investigator #owers

!. uasi&legislative or rule&ma"ing #owers

#. uasi&7udi!ial or ad7udi!ator #owers!:. 'he regulator #ower of an administrative agen! ma be legislative or

7udi!ial, de#ending on the !ir!umstan!es!=. 'he #ower to !ondu!t investigations and to !arr out the #rovisions of law

is e$e!utive or administrative!>. When the #ower to !arr out the #rovisions of law is ad7udi!ator when it

involves the e$er!ise of 7udgement and dis!retion

%s to de g re e of s u $ec ti ve c h o ice. 3is!retionar

*. 2inisterial

Discretionar) and ministerial powers. 3is!retion ma be defined as the #ower or right !onferred u#on #ubli!

fun!tionaries b law to a!t a!!ording to the di!tates of their own 7udgement and !ons!ien!e and not be !ontrolled b the 7udgement of others

*. inisterial duty is one wherein nothing is left to dis!retion. It is asim#le, definite dut arising under !onditions admitted or #roved toe$ist and im#osed b law.

a. 2inisterial a!t – one #erformed in res#onse to a dut whi!hhas #ositivel been im#osed b law and its #erforman!ere6uired at a time and in a manner or u#on !onditionss#e!ifi!all designated

*>. +e!essit ma e$ist for the as!ertainment of the fa!ts or !onditions, thee$isten!e of whi!h !onverts an a!t into a !lear and s#e!ifi! dut

o 'his does not o#erate to !onvert a ministerial a!t into adis!retionar one, and vi!e versa



- e n e r all)+% Scope

o If the !onditions are determined to e$ist, the administrativeoffi!er will have no dis!retion in the a##li!ation of the#ower@duties

B. Investi"ator) Powers

however, some administrative agen!ies ma be re6uired to made!ertain investigations as a 2A+3A'1< 3U'<

*. Cond$ct of Investi"ation

usuall and ma #ro#erl be held in PUBLIC

must be !ondu!ted that DA125UL PUBLICI'< will +' be used inlieu of san!tions #rovided b law

#ower to ins#e!t the re!ords and #remises, investigate the a!tivities of #ersons !oming under its 7urisdi!tion

#ower to se!ure or re6uire the dis!losure of information b means of a!!ounts, re!ords, re#orts, statements, testimon of witnesses re6uire the #rodu!tion of do!uments

this #ower is !onferred on #ra!ti!all ALL administrative agen!ies 'he investigator #owers of administrative agen!ies (#ower to

initiate a!tion) is one of the distin!tive fun!tions whi!h sets thema#art from the !ourts

*. As Sole Powers -ranted

4ome agen!ies onl have the #ower to a!t as investigator or advisorbodies

'he e$ist solel to se!ure and #rovide information

8. As Aid to Ot!er Powers

In6uisitorial #owers ma also be used as an aid to other #owers the#ossess

Investigator #ower !onsists in gathering, organi%ing, and anal%ingeviden!e agen!ies use this "ind of #ower to inform themselves of #arti!ular

situations to determine whether the should ta"e further a!tion, in thee$e!ution of #arti!ular #owers or duties

su!h as in !ases of ad7udi!ation of #arti!ular matters

Investigation is indis#ensable to #rose!ution

T est in de te rm ining wh e th er a n a d m ini s trati ve o dy is exe r c is ing $u d ic ia l fun c ti o n s or m e re l y in ves ti g a to r y p o w e rs9

Ad($dicationo 4ignifies the e$isten!e of #ower and authorit to ad7udi!ate u#on

rights and obligations of #arties before it

Investi"ationo If the onl #ur#ose is to evaluate eviden!e submitted to it based on

the fa!ts and !ir!umstan!eso Agen! is not authori%ed to ma"e an final #ronoun!ement affe!ting

the #arties

o 'here is an absen!e of 7udi!ial dis!retion and 7udgment

Scope and Etent of Powers+% Initiation of Investi"ation

ma initiate an investigation + A C2PLAI+' or + I'4 W+2'I+

8. Inspection and eamination

2a be authori%ed to enter #remises and ins#e!t or e$amine su!h#remises or things or o#erations therein (#arti!ularl boo"s andre!ords)

4ome statutes authori%e administrative agen!ies to enter andins#e!t su!h #la!es@re!ords as the ma deem necessar) orappropriate to determine id there has been a violation of the law

being administered

A fa!t&finding bod su!h as L'51B has the #ower to ta"e into!onsideration the result of its W+ B401/A'I+ andI+/04'I-A'I+ of the matter submitted to it for de!ision, in

!onne!tion with other eviden!e #resented at the hearing of the

!ase

. Re2$irements as to acco$nts' records' reports or statements agen!ies are given the #ower to #res!ribe forms and methods of

a!!ounts, re!ords, and memoranda for the business under their!ontrol

the are given the #ower to ins#e!t the boo"s, #a#ers and re!ords

the are given the #ower to re6uire the filing of re#orts also, some agen!ies are given the #ower, for #ur#ose of

investigation, the right to !o# an do!umentar eviden!e of an#erson being investigated

4ome agen!ies have the #ower to have, at all reasonable times,a!!ess to and the right to !o# do!umentar eviden!e on an#erson being investigated

. RE;UIRIN- ATTENDANCE O0 :ITNESSES AND -I,IN- O0TESTI1ON<

-R : Administrative agen!ies DA/0 + inherent #ower to re6uire theattendan!e of witnesses before them nor to #ut them under oath andre6uire to testif

exceptionsi. 09: if a statute !onfers #ower u#on themii. 09: through !ourt #ro!ess, where a statute #rovide for

a##li!ation to !ourt to enfor!e obedien!e to a sub#oena

of an agen! or the giving of testimon

+ote: power to compel witness to testify ca n n ot e in fe rre d from g ran t of auth or it y to s u m m o n . +t must e E,6"ESS-/ given y theenalingstatute

Administrative agen!ies ma !om#el@se!ure the attendan!e of witnesses bresorting to 7udi!ial #ro!ess

=. Hearin"

-R : hearing is not ne!essar #art of an investigation b an admin. Agen!

'he re6uirement that there be an investigation !arried with it no !ommand

to !ondu!t a 6uasi&7udi!ial hearing

>. Contempt Proceedin"s #ersons failing to attend, give testimon and #rodu!e re!ords at an

investigative #ro!eeding ma be #unished for !ontem#t NOTE 9 that an admin. 'ody C%NNOT exercise its power to punish a person

for contempt +N %'SENCE of any statutory grant



sin!e this #ower is inherentl vested with the !ourt

'he agen! must therefore, resort to 7udi!ial #ro!ess for !ontem#t#ro!eedings

G. Application of tec!nical r$les of proced$re and evidence It is not totall un!ommon that a government agen! is given a wide

latitude in the s!o#e and e$er!ise of its investigative #owers In an administrative #ro!eeding, te!hni!al rules of #ro!edure and eviden!e

are not stri!tl a##lied

R i" ! t t o C o $ ns e l in a d m in is t r a t ive i nv es t i" a t io n(earing not a part of criminal prosecution Under e$isting laws, a #art in an administrative in6uir ma or ma not

be assisted b !ounselo Irres#e!tive of the nature of the char!es and the res#ondent$s

!a#a!it to re#resent himself

+o dut rests on the administrative bod to furnish the #erson beinginvestigated with a lawer

o In administrative #ro!eedings, res#ondent has a right to engagethe servi!es of !ounsel or not

'hus, the right to !ounsel is not alwas im#erative in administrativeinvestigations

o 4u!h in6uiries are !ondu!ted merel to determine whether thereare fa!ts that merit dis!i#linar measures against erring #ubli!offi!ials or em#loeeso

'he hearing !ondu!ted is not #art of a !riminal #rose!ution

Exclusionary rule in custodial investigation not applicale Custodial investigation is the stage where #oli!e investigation is no longer a

general in6uir into an unsolved !rime but has begun to fo!us on a#arti!ular sus#e!t who is ta"en in !ustod

'he right of !ounsel atta!hes onl u#on the start of a !ustodialinvestigation

'hus, the e$!lusionar rule in 4e!. *(8) of the Bill of 1ights does nota##l to administrative investigations

Importance of Administrative Investi"ations. 'he lifeblood of the administrative #ro!ess us the 5LW 5 5AC', the

gathering, organi%ation and analsis of eviden!e

*. Investigations are useful for:

i. rule ma"ing

ii. ad7udi!ation

iii. li!ensing

iv. #rose!uting

v. su#ervising and dire!ting

vi. determining general #oli!ies

vii. re!ommending legislationviii. obtain information u#on whi!h future a!tion of legislative or

7udi!ial nature ma be ta"en

C. R$le 1a=in" Powers -enerall). Nature

1ule&ma"ing #owers are legislative in natureo But not e$er!ised b the legislature

1eferred to as uasi&legislative #owers

3elegated to administrative agen!ies b the legislature 0ssential legislative fun!tions ma not be delegated to them

o In the stri!t sense, administrative agen!ies have no legislative#ower

o Pre!luded from legislating in the 4tri!t 4ense

1ule 2a"ing #ower is delegated@!onferred to allow them to im#lement thelaw the are tas"ed to enfor!e

1ule&ma"ing #owers ne!essaril in!lude the #ower to amend, revise, alteror re#eal rules and regulations

*. Necessity

+e!essit be!ause of the im#ra!ti!abilit of the lawma"ers #rovidinggeneral regulations for various and varing details of management

Legislature has the #ower to vest the authorit to do so in administrativeagen!ies

'he Power is also !alled subordinate legislationo Power is given to ada#t to in!reasing !om#le$ities of modern life

and the variet of #ubli! fun!tionso 4#e!iali%ation, even in legislation, has be!ome ne!essar

Administrative bodies ma im#lement broad #oli!ies laid down in statuteo +y ―fillin! in‖ the details "hich the Legislature did not #rovide

#. Conditions

/alid e$!e#tion to the rule of non&delegation of Legislative #ower

5or the delegation to be valid, * !onditions must !on!ur:1. 'he statute must be complete in itself, setting forth the #oli! to

be e$e!uted b the agen!

2. 'he statute fi$es a s$fficient standard, ma##ing out

the boundaries of the a!ency$s authority

:. 'inding )orce and Effect

A valid rule or regulation dul im#lemented has the for!e and effe!t of lawo Binding on the agen! and all those dealing with it



o A 1egulation ado#ted not #ursuant to or !ontrar to law neither has thefor!e nor effe!t of law

. 6rospective?"etroactive application

Li"e statutes, rules o#erate #ros#e!tivel and not retroa!tivel

Unless the legislative intent to the !ontrar is made manifest

L e " is la t io n on t !e a d m ini st r a t ive le v e l

Legislative #ower is the #ower to ma"e, alter, or re#eal laws for th e futu re (n contrast to 0udicial #o"er or 0udicial ―le!islation "‖ hich o#erates on

#asttransa!tions or e$isting !ontroversies

o Although in this 7urisdi!tion, udi!ial Legislation will also serve too#erate #ros#e!tivel (Arti!le G of Civil Code)

() 1ule&ma"ing #ower is legislation on the administrative level; legislation

within the !onfines of the granting statute

(a) Also "nown as administrative legislation, delegated legislation,

ordinan!e ma"ing, and 6uasi&legislation

(*) 'he #ower !onferred u#on an administrative agen! to issue or #romulgate

rules and regulations ne!essar to !arr out its fun!tions is an ade6uate

sour!e of authorit to delegate a #arti!ular fun!tion

(a) Unless e$#ressl withheld b statute or b im#li!ation

Lim it a t io n s on t !e r $le 9 m a =in" p o w e r() Cannot ma"e rules in!onsistent with the Constitution or with e$isting

statutes

(*) Cannot, b rules or regulations, amend, alter, modif, su##lant,

enlarge or e$#and, or restri!t or limit the #rovisions or the !overage of

the statute

(8) If there is a dis!re#an! between basi! law and the regulation

im#lementing it, the law ta"es #re!eden!e

a. 1ules or regulations !annot go beond the terms and

#rovisions of the law

() 1ules and regulations must be uniform in o#eration, reasonable, and

not unfair or dis!riminator

R $l e s' r e " $ la t io ns' and o r de r s or r $l in " s d is t in " $ is! e d

>i n d s of r $l e9 m a= in" p o w e r s * r $l e s a n d r e " $ la t io ns() Supplementary or detailed legislation

B reason of #arti!ular delegation of authorit

(*) +nterpretative legislation B !onstru!tion and inter#retation of the statute being

administered(8) Contingent legislation or Determination

3elegated #ower to determine when the statute shall go intoeffe!t

() +nternal rules

Issued b an administrative su#erior to his subordinates

() 6enal rules

Pres!ribes !riminal san!tions

2a be dis!retionar or legislative, inter#retative and !ontingent

Contingent rules are legislativeo

4o are #ro!edural rules

L e " is la t iv e r $l e s a n d r e " $ la t ions1. % form of suordinate legislation

!an be issued onl in virtue of statutor delegation

when valid: has for!e and effe!t of law immediatel u#on goinginto effe!t

su##lementing the statute, filling in the details #ursuant to anenabling statute

Administrative rules ma des!ribe the general dis!retionar#oli!ies to be followed b the agen!

!. Characteristics

* identifing !hara!teristi!s of legislative rules:() the statute has delegated #ower to the agen! to ado#t the rule(*) and it #rovides that the rule shall, if within the delegated #ower,

have a$t!oritative force

I n t e rpr e t a t ive r $l e s a nd r e " $ la t io n s1. "esemle ;udicial ad$udication

constitute the administrator$s constr$ction of a statute

b anti!i#ating what ultimatel must be done b the !ourts(Constru!tion of statute), the administrative agen! is #erforminga ($dicial f$nction

inter#retative regulations, have validit in 7udi!ial #ro!eedings+L< ' 'D0 09'0+' that the are C110C'L< C+4'1U03

!. Entitled to great weight and respect inter#retative rules, have for!e and effe!t of law and are entitled

to great weight and res#e!t nevertheless, inter#retations b an Administrative Agen! are not

!on!lusive It will be ignored if 7udi!iall found erroneous

Inter#retative rulings must alwas be in harmon with the

statutes and should be for the sole #ur#ose of !arring theirgeneral #rovisions into effe!t

L e " is la t iv e a n d in t e rpr eta t iv e r $l e s d is t in " $i s ! e d

O rder s R $l e s a nd R e " $ la t io n s

there is more of the

1udicial

more legislati%e in nature

R $l e s R e " $l a t io ns

those actions of such

agenciesor o#cer in whichthelegislati%e

element "redominates it esta!lishes a (ATTERN

OF

administrati%e o"inion as to

what astatute under construction means

inter"ret what legislature

meant !yits statutory language

inter"retati%e

L E' IS L AT IVE RU L E S IN T E R ! R ETA T IV E RU L ES

! O W E R TOC R E ATE

NEW LAW

"roduct of the "ower

tocreate new 8law9

!ecause the rules

"roduct of

inter"retationof "re%iously e0istinglaws

merely clarif ies an

NE E D ( O RE ) ! R E SS

D E L E ' A T IO N

may !e issued only

under

may !e issued as

a

!R E S E N C E O (

STA T U T

O R#

SANCTIO

N

2sually ha%e

sanction as"ro%ided !y anena!lingstatute

are !ut

statutoryinter"retations7 whichha%e !ehind themNO sanctions

merely

em!ody7WR O N '(UL

C O NSTRU C T IO N NO VESTE* R+GHT

can !eac:uired

*OES NOT (,A'E

THEGOVERNENT +NESTO((E,

erely an ad%isory

orconstruction !y theadministrati%e official

2ltimately7 it is the"IN D IN ' ( O R C EAND

E( ( E C T

if %alid7 has same

forceand e;ect as a

%alidstatute

su!1ect to 1udicialdetermination thattheyare not

erroneousinter"retations

only



Con!ress may #rovide that a la" ―shall ta@e effect upon the happening

of future specified contingenciesA

leaving to some other #erson or bod the #ower to determine whenthe s#e!ified !ontingen! has ha##ened

o an as!ertainment of fa!ts and the e$isten!e of !onditions

o Usuall involves 7udgment, if not dis!retion

Agen! be!omes mere agent of the legislature in as!ertaining andde!laring the event u#on whi!h its e$#ressed will is to ta"e effe!t

Conferring an authorit of our dis!retion as to THE E?ECUTION of the lawo not a dis!retion to ma"e the law

When the s#e!ified !onditions are deemed to e$ist, the President@delegatehas no !hoi!e or dis!retion but to e$e!ute the law

Proced$ral r$leso des!ribes the methods b whi!h the agen! will !arr out its a##ointed

fun!tions:

filing of a##li!ations

resolution of !om#laints

serving of #a#ers !ondu!t of hearings

Ordinance power of t!e President

C on t in "e n t r $l e s a n d R e " $ la t ions

Administrative iss$ances of Secretaries' and Heads of 5$rea$s' Officesor a"encies

'e n eral Cl ass i$ic a t iono$

iss&ances

circ&lars* refer to issuances

"rescri!ing"olicies7 rules etc5 "ursuant to lawa""lica!leO2TS+*E the go%ernment

orders* issuances directed to(ART+'2,AR o#cials7 o;icers7

N&m + er in S , s t e m o$iss&a n c es

shall !e "ro"erly !e identied as

such andchronologically num!ered

each class shall !egin with num!er 4

E-e c & t ive O r d e r s .EO/ o for rules of a general or"ermanent character inim"lementation or e0ecutionof 'ONST+T2T+ONA, or

A d m in is t ra t ive O r d e r s.AO/

relates to "articular as"ects of GOVERNENTA, O(ERAT+ONS

in "ursuance of duties as adm5 Head

!r e s iden t ial !ro c la m a t ions .!!/

0ing a date

declaring a status or condition of

"u!licmoment or interest

declaring u"on the e0istence ofwhich the o"eration of s"ecificlaw is made to

Memo Orders on matters of administrati%e detail

or of su!ordinate or tem"orary interest

concerns only a "articular

M e m o r a nd & m Ci r c & la r s o on matters to internaladministration which the(resident desires to !ring tothe attention to all or some of

'e n eral or S 0e c ial O rd e rs Acts and commands in his



O1 ic ial lo+oo2 the date and the time record in the

log!oo.shall !e controlling in instanceswhen the"erformance of an Administrati%eAct is in issue

log!oo. is in custody ofAdministrati%e o#cer concerned

'o v er n m e nt 3 w id e

a00 li c a t iono$ t he c las s i$ic a t ion

o$ iss&ances

The Records anagement and

Archi%es O;icein General Ser%icesAdministration shall"ro%ide assistance as necessaryto effect

eneral adherence to the classication

P r a c t ic a l N ece s s it ) of t !e r $le 9m a =i n " p ow e rhyB 'he regulation of highl !om#le$ and ra#idl !hanging !onditions re6uires a

method that !an ada#t 6ui!"l to the needs of the !onditions 'he role of Congress in regulation has graduall !hanged to that of

#roviding "eneral principles of regulationo Administrative bodies are tas"ed with a##ling those general

#rin!i#les

'he Inabilit of legislative bodies to anti!i#ate future situationso Legislature !annot #ossibl be e$#e!ted to anti!i#ate all or the

numerous #ossible situationso 4ubordinate legislation is so im#ortant and unavoidable

Special advanta"es of t!e r$le9ma=in" power. 5reed from !on!ern with details

legislature !an !on!entrate u#on ena!tment of fundamental#oli!ies

*. Legislature has additional time to I+/04'I-A'0 the manner in whi!h

administrative agen!ies have !on!reti%ed and enfor!ed its #oli!ies

8. 1ules are more easil amended that statutes

it be!omes easier to !orre!t mista"es

be!omes easier to meet !hanging !onditions

. Administrator is saved from red ta#e of legislative details

does not have to !hoose between defeating the !entral #ur#ose of statute b tring to wor" the unwor"able

. Administrator (who is !onstantl rubbing elbows with #roblems), !an wor"

out, b trial and error, s#e!ifi! regulations

=. In wor"ing out s#e!ifi! #oli!ies, te!hni!al matters left to adm. Agen!ies

>. Laws are made for s#e!ifi! and !on!rete before the are a##lied to s#e!ifi!

situations

G. Inter#retative regulations are a means of I+C10A4I+- 'D0 C01'AI+'< of

the law

H. Contingent legislation furnishes a means b whi!h a #oli! !an be

BLC?03 U'

and o#eration of the statute is made to de#end u#onun#redi!table future !ontingen!ies

R e 2 $is it e s fo r t !e v ali d it ) of a d mi n is t r a t iv e r $l e s a n d r e " $l a t io ns. must have been issued on the authorit of law

*. the must not be !ontrar to law and the Constitution

8. the must be #romulgated in a!!ordan!e with the #res!ribed

#ro!edure

in certain cases8 notice and hearing may e reuired

they must e pulished in full if their purpose is to enforceexisting law pursuant to a valid delegation

T!e -rant of R$le9ma=in" Powers. B some legislative a!t

'here must be a law authori%ing it to #romulgate rules andregulations

Without su!h authorit, an administrative rule or regulation isnull and void

*. B n e !e s sa r im# li !a tion from the #owers e$#ressl granted

#ower to fi$ minimum wage !arries with it im#lied#owers to ado#t rules to ma"e it effe!tive

Consistenc) wit! law and t!e Constit$tion

Administrative rules and regulations must not be in !onfli!t with the lawand the Constitution

'he must be within the s!o#e and #urview of the statutor authoritgranted b the legislature

'he must be germane to the ob7e!t and #ur#ose of the law and !onformto the standards of the law 'he must be !onfined to details for regulating the mode of #ro!eeding to

!arr into effe!t the law as it has been ena!ted 'he !annot e$tend, abridge, modif, alter or re#eal the enable statute

In !ase of dis!re#an!, the law and the Constitution #revails

Determination of validit) of r$les1. -egislative rules

a. Whether the rule relates to the sub7e!t matter on whi!h the #ower

to legislate has been delegated

b. Whether the rule !onforms to the standards #res!ribed in the

delegating statute

!. Whether the rule is I+/ALI3 on !onstitutional grounds su!h as

3U0 P1C044

!. +nterpretative rules



Whether the rule !orre!tl inter#rets the statute: 'here should never be an attem#t to e$er!ise

legislative #owers

'he rule should merel inter#ret what the law meansand not determine what the law isJ

T e s t s a pp lie d in d e t e rm in in " t !e v al id it ) of r $l e s. A rule is invalid if it e$!eeds the authorit given to it

*. A rule is invalid if it !onfli!ts with the governing statute

8. A rule is void if its e$tends or modifies a statute

. A rule is void if it has no reasonable relationshi# to the statutor

#ur#ose

if it #rodu!es burdensome and ine6uitable results whi!h areunreasonable, it ma be set aside as bearing no reasonablerelationshi# to the #ur#ose of the statute

. Courts will set aside rules deemed to be un!onstitutional or arbitrarand unreasonable

e$am#les are due #ro!ess and e6ual #rote!tion violations

R e 2 $i r e me n t of R ea so n a & le n e ss

Administrative authorities must not a!t arbitraril or !a#ri!iousl in theena!tment of rules and regulations

'o be valid, the rules and regulations must be reasonable

. 1$st &ear reasona&le relation to t!e p$rpose so$"!t to &eaccomplis!ed

6% 1$st &e s$pported &) "ood reasons no more and no less that that regulation must be

based u#on reasonable ground8. 0ree from Constit$tional infirmities or c!ar"e of ar&itrariness

due #ro!ess

arbitrariness

e6ual #rote!tion

#ro!edural defe!ts fi$ing rates: must not be unreasonable or un7ust

A rule, although valid, ma be!ome invalid u#on #assage of time and!hange of !onditions

A liberal inter#retation of the rules and regulations of an administrativeagen! is 7ustified in !ases where their rigid enfor!ement will result in

de#rivation of legal rights

I n t e r nal R $l e s a nd R e" $l at ions 1efer to administrative rules and regulations issued b a su#erior

administrative offi!er to his subordinates. O$ect

'he !reate no relation e$!e#t between the offi!ial who issuesthem and the offi!ial who re!eives them

'heir ob7e!t is sim#l for effi!ient and e!onomi!al administrationof affairs of de#artment or agen!

*. Nature Administrative in nature and do not #ass beond the limits of the

de#artment or agen! to whi!h the are dire!ted Creates no rights in 8

rd#ersons

Based onl on #rodu!t of a relationshi# between the de#t. and itsoffi!ers

obedien!e is the ob7e!tJ

Penal R$les and Re"$lations

1efer to rules !arring #enal or !riminal san!tions for violation of the same

Penal regulations ma be issued if the delegating statute itself ma"es theviolation of the administrative regulations #unishable

Re2$isites for its validit)

. Law whi!h authori%es the #romulgation of rules@regulations must

itself #rovide for im#osition of a #enalt for their violation

*. It must fi$ or define su!h #enalt

8. 'he violation for whi!h the rules and regulations im#ose a #enalt

must be #unishable under the law itself

. 'he rules and regulations must be #ublished in the ffi!ial -a%ette#ublished in full te$t

N atu re of p o w e r to p res c rie pe nalti es

What the Congress delegates here is not the #ower to de!lare whi!h!onstitute !riminal offense sin!e this #ower is !onferred onl to thelegislature

'he delegated #ower is the im#osition of the #enalt for violation of rulesand regulations whi!h it has em#owered Administrative Authorities to ena!t

L e " al for c e an eff ec t of a d min is t r a t iv e r $l e s a n d r e " $ la t io n s. Legislative rules have for!e and effe!t of law and are binding u#on all the

#arties

/alid if dul #romulgated

/alid if in #ursuan!e of #ro#erl delegated authorit

1e!eive statutor for!e u#on going into effe!t*. Inter#retative rules and regulations d o n ot ha ve fo r!e an d e f fe!t of la w

/alidit is sub7e!t to !hallenges in !ourt

not !on!lusive and will be ignored if 7udi!iall found to be !learlerroneous or in !onfli!t with the enabling statute or theConstitution

8. 1ules #res!ribing the methods or #ro!edure within an agen! have for!e

and effe!t of law and are binding u#on the agen! and on res#ondent

#arties

But, agen! rules do not #revent the !ourts from doing what 7usti!e re6uire and rules !an be disregarded in su!h !ases

Courts can deter an a!ency$s o"n inter#retation of its #roceduralrules if the ends of 7usti!e so re6uire

Will held void if in !onfli!t with the statutor re6uirementsP r in c ipl e s of a d m in is t r a t iv e c on s t r $ c t ion



() 'he intention with whi!h the rule or regulation was ado#ted is

!ontrolling

a. In as!ertaining the intention, the #ur#ose ma be !onsidered

(*) An administrative rule or regulation should ordinaril be given that

!onstru!tion whi!h will, if #ossible, sustain its validit

a. Among man #ossible alternative inter#retations, the most

reasonable one shall be ado#ted

(8) An administrative rule or regulation #roviding for #enalties for the

violation thereof must be stri!tl !onstrued

a. But not so stri!tl as to defeat the obvious intent for its

ado#tion

() In a suit involving a #ubli! administrative agen!, rules and

regulations of su!h agen! should be stri!tl !onstrued against it in

!ase of ambiguities in its #rovisions

() In !onstruing an administrative rule or regulation, the !ourts must loo"

to the administrative !onstru!tion thereof where the meaning of the

words used is in doubt or where the language used is te!hni!al

(=) Administrative 1ules of Pro!edure are !onstrued liberall in order to

#romote their ob7e!t and assist #arties in !laiming 7ust, s#eed and

ine$#ensive determination of their !laims and defenses

a. 'he ma be rela$ed to give wa to substantive 7usti!e

b. But the #art must first show prima facie hat he has a

meritorious !laim or defense

E ff ec t of r e li a n c e on r $l e s+nvalid or unconstitutional rule

. ne who has relied on an invalid rule is substantiall in the same

#osition as one who relied on an un!onstitutional statute

*. A rule whi!h erroneousl inter#rets a statue is a nullit and no rights

are vested as a result of su!h

%mended "ule

. Prote!tion is a!!orded to #arties who had relied on an administrativerule that was subse6uentl amended or re#ealed

*. 'he new rule ma be enfor!ed #ros#e!tivel but not a##liedretroa!tivel if su!h a##li!ation will be detrimental to the interests of #ersons who relied on the su#erseded rule

R e t r oa c t ive o per a t io n s or r $l e s' r e " $ la t io ns' a n d r $ lin " s-R : rules are to be a##lied #ros#e!tivel

Unless. otherwise authori%ed b enabling statute

Note. retroa!tive a##li!ation will not a##l:

. If not #rovided in su!h rule@regulation (des#ite #ower !onferred b the

enabling statute)

*. Where intention to that effe!t does not une6uivo!all a##ear

8. If it would result to unreasonable and ine6uitable effe!t



Ame n d me n t or r e pe al of a d m ini s t r a t ive r $l e s a nd r e" $l a t io ns Administrative Agen!ies have the authorit to amend, re#eal, modif

the 1UL04 it has #romulgated

Re2$irements for its validit).. A !hange in a regulation must be made in a!!ordan!e with

statutory procedural reuirements (noti!e and hearing ina##li!able !ases)

*. +o retroa!tive a##li!ation, unless authori%ed b enabling statute

An amendment of an inter#retation to !orre!tan erroneous a##li!ation !annot be ob7e!ted to asretroa!tivea##li!ation

'his is be!ause the later amendment is in fa!t the!orre!t a##li!ation of the law

8. 0ven though administrative agen!ies are not bound b the rule

of res $udicata, it is bound to re!ogni%e the validit of a

rule of !ondu!t #res!ribed b it, and not to re#eal its own

ena!tment with retroa!tive effe!t

. Pro!edural rules !an be liberall !onstrued, in the interest of

7usti!e

It is often e$#editious to ignore a !ertain rule ina #arti!ular !ase and ado#t therein a different procedurethanthat contem#lated by the a!ency$s rule

o But an agen! !annot ado#t a s#e!ial rule of

#ro!edure fo r th e # u r# o s e o f a ffe! tin g th eo ut ! ome of a # a rti ! ula r ! a se or willfull ignorea rule in a #arti!ular !ase

o If the disregard of an a!ency$s #rocedural rules could

not have #re7udi!ed an #art to the #ro!eeding,

the de#arture from the #res!ribed rules is not fatal

0o r m al r e2 $i r e m e n t s on t ! e p r om $ l" a t io n' e t c % of r $l e s a nd r e" $l a t io ns. 'a"en from 4e!tion 8&H of the Administrative Code of HG>

a. Section 7. 0ilin" ever agen! shall file with the UP Law Center 8 !ertified !o#ies of

ever rule ado#ted b it; rule sin for!e on the date of effe!tivit of thisCode whi!h are +' filed within 8 months from that date shall +'thereafter be sub7e!t to an san!tion against an #art or #ersons.

1e!ords offi!er: one to !arr out re6uirements

Permanent register of all rules are to be "e#t and available for the#ubli!.

b. Section @. Effectivit)

0a!h rule shall be!ome effe!tive das from the date of filing unlessa different date is fi$ed b law

r a different date s#e!ified in the rule in !ase of imminent danger to#ubli! health, safet and welfare

!. Section . P$&lication and Readin"

'he UP LAW Center shall:

#ublish a monthl bulletin !ontaining the te$t of the rules filed with itduring the #re!eding 6uarter

"ee# an u#&to&date !odifi!ation of rules thus #ublished and remainingin effe!t

d. Section B. Omission of Some R$les

'he UP Law Center ma omit from the bulletin or the !odifi!ation of an rule

o if its #ubli!ations would be undul !umbersome, e$#ensive, orine$#edient.

e. Section . Distri&$tion of 5$lletin and Codified R$les

'he UP Law Center shall:

furnish +0 5100 CP< 0ACD of ever issue of the bulletin and of the!odified rules or su##lements to the ffi!e of the President, Congress,

all a##ellate !ourts, and the +ational Librar.f. Section. 3$dicial Notice

'he Courts shall:

'a"e 7udi!ial noti!e of the rules dul filed and #ublished in the bulletinor the !odified rules

g. Section . P$&lic Participation

An agen! shall, as far as #ra!ti!able, #ublish or !ir!ulate noti!es of #ro#osed rules and afford interested #arties the o##ortunit to submittheir views #rior to the ado#tion of an rue.

In the fi$ing of rates, no rule or final order shall be valid unless#ro#osed rates have been #ublished A' L0A4' * W00?4 before thefirst hearing.

In !ases of o##osition, the rules on !ontested !ases shall be observed

R e 2 $i r e me n t s of N o t ic e an d ! e a r in" or p $ & li c a t ion-R. #rior noti!e and hearing are not essential to the validit of rules and

regulations #romulgated to govern future !ondu!t

() Where rules do +' a##l to name or s#e!ified #arties

Legislature need not re6uire a noti!e or hearing as a #rere6uisite tothe a!t of the administrative agen!,

4in!e the legislature !ould itself have #erformed that a!t without noti!eor hearing

'he a!t is 6uasi&legislative(*) Where rules a##l to name or s#e!ifi! #arties

'he agen! ma"ing su!h finding of fa!t, #erforms a fun!tion #arta"ingof a 6uasi&7udi!ial !hara!ter 'he valid e$er!ise of whi!h demands a #revious noti!e and hearing to

satisf the re6uirement of due #ro!ess(8) Where re6uirements #res!ribed b law.

+oti!es of #ro#osed rules must be given when re6uired b law.() Where rules have the for!e and effe!t of law

Publi!ation is re6uired as a !ondition #re!edent to the effe!tivit of alaw in order to #erform the #ubli! of the !ontents of the law or rulesand regulations before their rights and interests are affe!ted b the

same.

Publi!ation must be full or it is + #ubli!ation at all.() Where regulations merel inter#retative and those internal in nature

+eed +' be #ublished

+either is #ubli!ation re6uired for letters of instru!tions



3. Ad($dicator) Powers- e n e r all)

Administrative a!encies or tribunals have and e)ercise ―determinative ‖

or ―ad0udicatory‖ #o"ers and functions

Also "nown as 6uasi&7udi!ial fun!tions

. +nvolves specific parties

Whi!h involves de!isions or determinations b administrativeagen!ies of the rights, duties and obligations of s#e!ifi! individualsand #ersons

As !ontrasted to rule&ma"ing #owers whi!h involvesdeterminations in the broadest sense (generall)

*. +nvolve $udicial function exercised y a person other than a $udge

uasi&7udi!ial fun!tions

Power to hear and determine, or as!ertain fa!ts and de!ide ba##li!ation of the rules to the as!ertained fa!ts

Administrative authorities are enabled to inter#ret and a##l notonl im#lementing rules #romulgated b them

BU' AL4 the laws entrusted to them foradministration

8. +nvolves an exercise of $udicial power conveniently styled uasi $udicialA

'he use of su!h terms as 6uasi&7udi!ial #ower is sim#l a!onvenient wa of a##roving the e$er!ise of 7udi!ial #ower b anadministrative agen! or a##roving the review b the !ourts of the

e$er!ise of su!h #ower

Administrative agen!ies are not !onsidered !ourts +ot #art of the 7udi!ial sstem

Distin"$is!ed from ($dicialpower

3$dicial power 9 in the stri!t sense, is the #ower to hear, tr, and determine

all sorts of !ases at law and e6uit whi!h are brought before the !ourts. It is

the #ower to ma"e a final, rather than initial determination, of what the law is

and ad7udi!ate the res#e!tive legal rights or liabilities of the !ontending #arties

with res#e!t to the matter in !ontrovers

ADMINISTRATIVE 4UDICIAL

Function is "rimarily

administrati%eand the "ower to hear anddecidecases is granted as an+N'+*ENT to theadministrati%e duty

where the duty is

"rimarily todecide of :uestions of legalrights!etween "ri%ate "arties7such decision !eing the"rimary o!1ect and notmerely incidental to someother function

Etent of ($dicial or 2$asi9($dicial powers of administrative a"encies

4URISDICTION LIMITED limited delegation only to



or com"le0 :uestions wherethere is aneed for s"ecial

E)TENT O( !OWERSDE!ENDSLAR'EL# ON ENA"LIN'

e0tent of "ower< should !e

under the

S!LIT 4URISDICITONNOT(AVORED

an agency with e0clusi%e

1urisdiction

o%er all contro%ersies relatingto thesame su!1ect matter=e0am"le) sale of land>"ertaining to its s"eciali/ation

'RANT O( !ARTICUALR!OWERMUST "E IN T5E LAWITSEL(

where nothing in the law

wouldsugges a a "ar cu ar"ower as

'ENERAL !OLIC# TOU!5OLD T5EE)ERCISE

The general "olicy is to

sustain thedecision of administrati%eAgency notonly on the !asis of the

doctrine of se"aration of "owers !ut also

Di s t in " $i s ! e d fr om in v es t i" a t iv e p o w e r

'he #ur#ose of investigation is onl to dis!over or obtain information, andnot the settlement or resolution of a !ontrovers involving the fa!tsestablished b the in6uir

Ad7udi!ation is to arbitrate, 7udge, de!ide, determine, resolve and to finallsettle the rights and the duties of #arties to a !ourt !ase on the merits of the issues raised

Distin"$is!ed from 2$asi9le"islative power

N a t $ r e of p a r t ic $ lar a c t s1. -icensing8 enaling or approving

'he a!tion in granting or dening, or in sus#ending or revo"ing, ali!ense, #ermit, fran!hise, or !ertifi!ate of #ubli! !onvenien!e andne!essit

+ot a 7udi!ial but an administrative fun!tion dis!retionar refusal of a li!ense, not made de#endent on

!onfli!ting !laims is not UA4I&U3ICIAL

Although a hearing (for fa!t&finding #ur#oses) u#on whi!hthe determination to grant or den a li!ense must bemade is a 6uasi&7udi!ial fun!tion

!. )ixing rates and charges 'he fun!tion of #res!ribing rates ma be either a legislative or an

ad7udi!ative fun!tion if it a##lies to a general !lass of #eo#le@situation:

6uasi&legislative a!tion and no need #rior noti!e ii it a##lies to a s#e!ifi! #erson@situations: 6uasi&

7udi!ial in nature, need for hearing and noti!e

An administrative agen! ma be em#owered b law to a##roveprovisional rates even before a hearing if there is an urgent#ubli! need

Provisional rates are tem#orar

BU' +'0 'DA': +n any case8 rates must oth not e un$ust8unreasonale8 or confiscatory and must have een estalished inthe manner prescried y the statute

Re2$irements for valid rates. not !onfis!ator

!. within #res!ribed re6uirements of the enabling statute

#. must be reasonable

:. and must not be un7ust

#. iscellaneous acts Ad7udi!ator #owers have also been !lassified as administrative on one

hand or as 7udi!ial@6uasi&7udi!ial on the other hand 0$am#les of a!ts held to be administrative and not 7udi!ial:

Auditing a!!ounts of a re!eiver of #ubli! mones 3eterminations of the C4C in res#e!t to !lassifi!ation and grading

of #ositions in the !ivil servi!e

Passing u#on a #etition to !all an ele!tion

'he fun!tion of draft boards Investigation for the #ur#ose of as!ertaining the !orre!tness of a

ta$ return 2a"ing a #reliminar finding of #robable !ause for the arrest of an

a!!used

3e#ortation of an alien

C las s ific a t ion of a d ($ d ica t o r ) p o w e r s. 0nabling #owers

-rant or denial of #ermit or authori%ation

0$am#les: Li!ensing, grants of #ermits, !ertifi!ates of #ubli!!onvenien!e

*. 3ire!ting #owers

Illustrated b the !orre!tive #owers of #ubli! utilit!ommissions, or internal revenue assessors et!

1e#arations under #ubli! utilit laws, awards under the wor"men$s com#ensation la"s

Powers of abstra!t determination su!h as definition&valuation,!lassifi!ation, and fa!t&finding

RULE MA6IN' AD4UDICATION

loo.s into the future and

changes

e0stng con t ons y ma ng anew ru e

declares and enforces

lia!ilities as

t ey stan on "resent or "astacts

addressed to indicated !ut

unnamed

a""lies to named "ersons

or to

general regulations that a""ly

to oraffect classes of "ersons or situations

*ue "rocess7 including "rior

noticeand hearing must !e o!ser%ed



8. 3is#ensing #owers

0$em#lified b authorit to e$em#t from or rela$ a general#rohibition or authorit from and affirmative dut

4an!tions a deviation from a standard. 4ummar #owers

3esignates an administrative Power to a##l !om#ulsion orfor!e against #erson or #ro#ert to effe!tuate a legal #ur#osewithout 7udi!ial warrant to authori%e it

e$am#le: abatement of nuisan!e et!.

In the absen!e of a statutor grant of #ower, administrative

agen!ies generall ma not themselves enfor!e theirdeterminations, at least not b dire!t and #ositive a!tion

'he must rel on the !orre!t authorities for theenfor!ement

. 06uitable #owers

An administrative tribunal having #ower to determine the lawu#on #arti!ular fa!ts has the right to, and must !onsider andma"e #ro#er a##li!ation of rules of e6uit

4ometimes, statutes e$#ressl !onfer u#on agen!ies !ertain#owers e6uitable in their nature e$am#le: administrative Agen! granted the #ower to

issue in7un!tions

In !ertain situations, #arti!ular agen!ies are e$#ressl given #o"er to determine "hat is ―fair and e6uitable‖

06uitable #rin!i#les are ne!essaril a##lied in theirde!isions

CHAPTER I,SEPARATION O0 AD1INISTRATI,E AND OTHER PO:ERS

Do c t r ine of S e p a r a t ion of P ow e r s 'he se#aration of #owers is a fundamental #rin!i#le in our sstem of

government It is obtained through a!tual division in our Constitution. Allo!ation of -overnmental Powers

Powers divided into 8 de#artments Legislative 0$e!utive udi!ial

3ivision #re!ludes bran!h of government from invading the

#owers of another*. Blending of Allo!ated Powers

An e$a!t delimitation is not #ossible

4e#aration does not mean an entire and !om#lete se#aration of #owers

o 4u!h is im#ra!ti!able if not im#ossible

'here is a !ertain degree of blending of the 8 #owers

Blending is #arti!ularl re!ogni%ed in administrative agen!ies8. 0$!lusive 0$er!ise of Assigned Powers

Powers assigned to de#artment should not be e$er!ised banother

+o de#artment should #ossess !ontrol or influen!e over others

Do c t r ine of no n 9 de le" a t io n of p o w e r s Prohibition against:

3elegation of Legislative #owers /esting udi!ial offi!ers w@ non&7udi!ial #owers /esting +on&7udi!ial offi!ers w@ 7udi!ial #owers

0ffe!t of 3elegation: $nconstit$tional F void

2a$im: 6otestas delegata non potest delegari o What has been delegated !annot be further delegated

3elegated #ower is a 1I-D' K 3U'< to be #erformed b the delegate: B the instrumentalit of his own 7udgment K +ot through the intervening mind of another 3elegation will be a /iolation of '1U4' re#osed in the delegate

Non 9 de le" a t io n of le " is la t ive p o w e r -R : Congress ma not delegate to administrative agen!ies the legislative

#owers vested in ito Unless: authori%ed b the Constitution

3elegation will be a violation of:o 3o!trine of 4e#aration of #owers; ando 'he 3ue Pro!ess guarantee

Do c t r ine of no n 9 de le" a t io n n o t a & s o l$ t e1. Delegation to %dministrative %gencies

a. 4e#aration of #ower does not #re!lude a !ertain degree of

admi$ture of the 8 #owers in Administrative agen!ies

b. Admin agen!ies ma have legislative, 7udi!ial, 6uasi&7udi!ial ore$e!utive #owers

!. Administrative law & a se#arate !ategor of law

!. Need for Delegation9

a. 3etails and 6uestions eyond the !a#a!it of the Legislature todetermine

i. Legislature is in!a#able of defining the multitudinous

details

ii. 'here are 6uestions beond the determination of the

legislature whi!h ma be ne!essaril left to the

determination of the e$e!utive or the admin agen!ies

iii. 'he rule is one of ne!essit

iv. If Legislature is not in session: it must delegate #owers K dis!retion to others to !arr on essential fun!tions of thegovernment

b. 2atters 1e6uiring more speciali&ed @nowledge and expertise #ossessed b Administrative Agen!ies



i. Admin agen!ies !an deal with #roblems with more

e$#ertise than the legislature or the !ourts

!. Re2$isites for a valid dele"ation:i. C2PL0'0+044 of the statute ma"ing the delegation

ii. Presen!e of suffi!ient 4'A+3A13

D e le" a t io n t o a d m in is t r a t ive a " e n c ie s1ules of Unconstit$tional 3elegation of Legislative Power:

. Power whi!h is essentially or purely legislative in nature 'his must be e$er!ised solel b the legislature

It !annot be delegated

*. A delegation of #ower to ma@e the law

Involves a 3is!retion of WDA' the law shall be, to WD2 it shallbe a##lied or WDA' AC'4 are ne!essar to effe!tuate the law

Legislature ma not delegate the determination of what the lawshall be

What !an be delegated to the Administrative Agen!ies is thedis!retion to determine HO: t!e law ma) &e Enforced

+ot w!at the law shall be8. Legislature ma delegate its authorit to ma"e findings of fa!t

5a!t&finding #ower !an be validl delegated to administrative

agen!ies

It is invalid where the delegation is to !reate !onditions whi!h!onstitute the fa!t

. Legislature must 3e!lare a PLIC< K 5I9 a 4'A+3A13 in ena!ting astatute !onferring dis!retionar #owers

Agen!ies ma be authoried to ―fill u# the details‖

o Carr the law into effe!to Agen!ies !annot e$tend the statute

When the legislature laid down the fundamentals of a law, it madelegate to administrative agen!ies the authorit to e$er!ise su!hlegislative #ower as is ne!essar to !arr into effe!t the generallegislative #ur#ose

. Legislature must #res!ribe a PLIC<, 4'A+3A13 or 1UL0 for the guidan!e

of administrative offi!ers

Legislature must not vest administrative agen!ies with an

arbitrar and un!ontrolled dis!retion 4 u ff i! ie n t 4 tan d a rd ' est:

'here must be ade6uate -uidelines or limitations in the law toma# out the boundaries of the delegate authorit to #revent thedelegation from running riot

=. Legislature does not have to su##l a 4#e!ifi! 5ormula for guidan!e

'he essen!e of the #rogram is fle$ibilit and the ada#tation of thelegislative #oli! to infinitel variable !onditions

2ore liberal in #ermitting grants of dis!retion to administrativeagen!ies

In order to fa!ilitate the administration of laws as the!om#le$it of e!onomi! and governmental !onditionsin!rease

>. 'he STANDARD ma be e$#ress or im#liedG. In delegating 1A'0&5I9I+- PW01, the legislature is re6uired to #res!ribe

a 1ate that is 1easonable K ust

a. 'he standard of reasonableness, even if not e$#ressed, is

alwas im#lied

H. 'he Com#leteness test:

'he statute must be !om#lete in itself so that b a##ro#riate 7udi!ial review and !ontrol, an a!tion ta"en #ursuant to

delegated authorit ma be "e#t within the defined limits of theauthorit !onferred

A delegation is Com#lete when it states:i. 'he 4ub7e!t

ii. 'he 2anner

iii. 'he 0$tent of o#eration

When it rea!hes the delegate, the onl thing he will have to do isto enfor!e it

'he #rovision should be suffi!ientl 3efinite K Certain to enableone to "now his 1ights K bligations under the statute

F. 'he general rule whi!h re6uires an e$#ress 4'A+3A13 to guide thee$er!ise of dis!retion of admin agen!ies is su$ect to exceptions

. 1ule of +on&3elegation of Legislative #ower does not a##l whenP012I''03 b the C+4'I'U'I+ and in !ase of delegation to lo!al

governmentsa. 0$am#les: Lo!al governments, Commissions, President

S$ ff ic ie n c ) of S t a n d a r d s. 3e#endent u#on !ertain !onsiderations:

a. 3e#ends u#on nature of the PW01 e$er!ised K

b. 'he nature of the 1I-D' 104'1IC'03 b the #ower

!. 3e#ends on whether or not proper regulation or control re6uiresthe vesting of su!h dis!retion

*. 3etailed standard is +ot 1e6uired

a. +e!essities of modern legislation dealing with !om#le$ e!onomi! K

so!ial #roblems

b. +ot re6uired in regulatory enactments under Poli!e Power

8. 0$am#les of 4uffi!ient 4tandards:

a. +e!essit, e$#edient, reasonable, fair, e6uitable, suffi!ient

. Personal udgment of the Agen! as 4tandard

a. If Personal udgment is UNRESTRAINED, it is not a standard or

a suffi!ient standard

b. E)am#le7 ―in the o#inion‖ of the a!ency or e)#ress !onferringof #oli!&ma"ing #ower

R e s t r ic t ion o n -r an t of 3 $ d ic ial P o w e r . 4e#aration of Powers also restri!ts the e$er!ise of 7udi!ial fun!tions to

administrative agen!ies Legislature !annot e$er!ise 7udi!ial fun!tions

o 'herefore, it is P10CLU303 from 30L0-A'I+- the e$er!ise of



udi!ial fun!tions to administrative agen!ies or offi!ers Admin Agen! ma not #erform fun!tions that are stri!tl and #urel 7udi!ial in nature

But it does not follow that administrative agen!ies are entirel #re!ludedfrom #erforming fun!tions whi!h are in their nature, 7udi!ial

o Den!e, there are valid 6uasi&7udi!ial #owers

420 U3ICIAL PW014 ma be delegated

'he udi!ial #ower whi!h ma be e$er!ised b administrative agen!ies is arestri!ted one

o LI2I'03 to what is I+CI30+'AL K 10A4+ABL< +0C044A1< to

the #ro#er K effi!ient administration of statutes that are

!ommitted to them for administrationo 3is!retion should not be arbitrar nor un!ontrolled

'rue for delegation of both rule&ma"ing or ad7udi!atorfun!tions

L a w w! e r e t !e s t a n d a r d m a) & e e p r es s e d or c o n t a ine d. In the Law itself

a. nl the legislature ma !reate su!h standards K limits

b. Im#lied standard: it ma be found within the framewor" of

the statute under whi!h the a!t is to be #erformed or inhere

in the 4ub7e!t 2atter or #ur#ose

*. 4tandard found in ther 4U1C04:

a. ther #ertinent legislations

b. 0$e!utive order

!. 5iled of law governing the o#eration of the agen!ies

E c ept io n s t o R $ le R e 2 $i r in" S t a n d a r d s or - $id e sInstan!es wherein un!ontrolled dis!retion ma be vested on administrative

agen!ies:

. In the handling of 4'A'0 Pro#ert or 5unds

*. A Power whi!h is not dire!tl or e$!lusivel a L0-I4LA'I/0 one and in

the e$er!ise of whi!h, the 4tate is su#reme K ma a!t at its #leasure

8. In a purely administrative field; as regards matters of internaladministration

. Power of BA13 to ma"e 1e!ommendations whi!h bind no one

. +ature of P1I/IL0-04 as to thea. Using of #ro#ert

b. 0ngaging in o!!u#ations or

!. Committing of a!ts w@! ma be forbidden b are harmless

=. I2P1AC'ICAL to la down a definite !om#rehensive rule

a. 0$am#le: 6uestion of #ersonal fitness

>. A!t relates to Administration of Poli!e 1egulation K ne!essar to

#rote!t the

a. -eneral welfare

b. 2orals K

!. 4afet of the #ubli!

In su!h instan!es, the Court will infer that the Standard of"easonaleness is to be a##lied

P e r miss i& le D e le" a t io n of L e " is la t iv e Pow e r U n de r t! e C ons t it $ t io n .

Article ,I' Sec 67. In times of war or national emergen!, theP104I30+' is authori%ed to e$er!ise #owers ne!essar to !arr out ade!lared national #oli!



Article ,I' Sec 6. President is authori%ed to im#ose tariffrates, im#ort K e$#ort 6uotas, tonnage K wharfage dues K otherduties orim#osts

Article ,I' Sec 76. Initiative K referendum whereb #eo#le!an dire!tl #ro#ose K ena!t laws, a##rove or re7e!t an a!t or law#ast bthe Congress

Article ?' Sec 7. Lo!al -overnment Code

Article ?' Sec . Lo!al -overnment Unit #ower to !reate ownsour!e of 1evenues, lev ta$es, fees K !harges

Article ?' Sec +G.& 3ivision, !reation, merger or abolition of#rovin!e, !it, muni!i#alit ma7orit votes !ast in a PL0BI4CI'0 inthe #oliti!alunits dire!tl affe!ted

Article ?' Sec +. Creation of Autonomous 1egiono A##roval of ma7orit votes of !onstituent units in a Plebis!ite

Article ?' Sec 6G. rgani! A!t of Autonomous 1egions shall #rovidefor Legislative #owers over

o Admin org

o Creation of revenueso -eneral welfare

D e le" a t io n of L e " isl a t iv e P ow e r s t o Lo c al - ov e r nm e n t s.

Lo!al Affairs shall be managed b lo!al authorities

-eneral Affairs shall be managed b !entral authorit

+ot a transfer of -eneral legislative #ower but ao -1A+' of authorit to #res!ribe lo!al regulations

CHAPTER ,AD1INISTRATI,E PROCEEDIN-S

- e n e r all) 'he dis!ussion on administrative #ro!eedings is !on!erned #rin!i#all

with the ad7udi!ator or determinative #owers of administrative

agen!ies In a single de te rm inati on an administrative agen! ma a!t in both a

legislative and a 7udi!ial !a#a!it A dut im#osed u#on an administrative agen! whi!h re6uires a 6uasi&

7udi!ial #ro!eeding as a re6uisite of a!tion is widel different fromordinar e$e!utive a!tion.

o 5undamental #ro!edural re6uirements are to be observed

o 'o e$!lude an arbitrar a!tion b the agen!

When an a##eal has been ta"en to co$rt' the administrative#ro!eeding is at an end

o It is merged in the de!ree of the !ourt

C !a r a c t e r of p r o cee d in " s 'he #ro!eedings are Adversar) in nature des#ite man of them being

made ex parte A #ro!eeding is adversar in substan!e if it ma result in an order in

favor of one #erson against anothero 'he #rimar #ur#ose of the agen! is to #rote!t

#ubli! interests

Pro!eedings before administrative bodies are in the nature of 7udi!ial#ro!eedings if the involve:

) A ta"ing and evaluation of eviden!e

*) 3etermination of fa!ts based u#on the eviden!e #resented

8) 1endering an order@de!ision su##orted b the fa!ts #roved

Civil8 not criminal8 in natureo Parti!ular #ro!eedings before an administrative agen! have

been held !ivil rather than !riminal in natureo 0$: de#artmental trials, dis!i#linar #ro!eedings, li!ense

revo!ation, 6uarantine, de#ortationo 'his is true even though the !harge is for the violation of a

#enal lawo 5airness re6uires the observan!e of some basi! rules under

!riminal #ro!edureo Administrative #ro!eedings are not e$em#t from basi! and

fundamental #ro!edural #rin!i#les su!h as due #ro!ess

Ad7udi!ator #ro!eedings before administrative agen!ies are nota!tions at law or litigation between #rivate #arties

o It is a #ubli! #ro!eeding loo"ing to #ubli! end

o 4ome administrative #ro!eedings are neither #reventive nor!om#ensator, but are #reventive and remedial to im#lement

a #ubli! #oli!

3$risdiction

3$risdiction 4 the #ower and authorit given b law to hear and de!ide a!ase; !onsists of 'W elements 8 7urisdi!tion over 4UB0C'&2A''01 and 7urisdi!tion over the P014+.

() Necessity 0ssential to give validit to the determinations of administrative

agen!ies; Without 7urisdi!tion, their a!ts are void and o#en to !ollateral atta!".

/oid 7udgment is no 7udgment at all; !annot be a##ealed(*) Source

Administrative agen!ies are tribunals of LI2I'03 U1I43IC'I+

'he 7urisdi!tion is de#endent entirel u#on the validit and the termsof the statutes re#osing #ower in them

o When 7urisdi!tion is established b the Constitution, a statuteattem#ting to enlarge su!h 7urisdi!tion is un!onstitutional

(8) Conduct< waiver< estoppels

An administrative agen! CA++' enlarge its own 7urisdi!tion

+or !an 7urisdi!tion be !onferred u#on an agen! b the #arties An administrative a!ency$s 0urisdiction cannot be sub0ect to

agreement, !ontra!t, waiver or esto##elso +ut a #arty$s active #artici#ation in the case is tantamount to

his reco!nition of the tribunal$s 0urisdiction

o It ma be a bar to his im#ugning the 7urisdi!tion of thetribunal after the resolution of the !ase

() Determination of existence



When a #arti!ular statute authori%es an administrative agen! to a!tin a #arti!ular situation, it ne!essaril !onfers u#on su!hagen!authorit to determine whether the situation is su!h as to

authori%e the agen! to a!t;

Dowever, an administrative a!ency$s determination as to its 7urisdi!tion is +' !on!lusive to the !ourts

() )ailure to exercise power While the failure of an agen! for a long time to use an

im#ortant #ower ma indi!ate that the #ower does not e$ist;o 5ailure to e$er!ise 7urisdi!tion does not result in its loss

(=) Expiration or repeal of statute

'he e$#iration of a statute ma be held +' to de#rive anadministrative agen! of 7urisdi!tion to enfor!e the statute astoliabilities in!urred while the statute was in for!e

o Where a general saving statute !ontinues su!h liabilities

1e#eal of a statute while #ro!eedings are #ending and #rior to thefiling of an order

o 2a remover an su##ort in law for su!h an order

o If there is no saving !lause(>) ;urisdiction of Courts

Administrative agen!ies are !reatures of the law and the have+ general #owers but onl su!h as !onferred b law;

Where the law !onfines in an administrative offi!er the #ower todetermine #arti!ular 6uestions or matters u#on fa!ts #resented:

o 'he ($risdiction of s$c! office s!all prevail over co$rts%4e!. (*) 'he 3o!trine of Primar) ($risdiction.

o If the determination re6uires the e$#ertise, s#e!iali%ed s"illsand "nowledge of the #ro#er administrative bodies be!ausete!hni!al matters or intri!ate 6uestions of fa!ts are involved,:

o 'hen relief must first be obtained in an administrative#ro!eeding before remed will be su##lied b the !ourts

P r o c e d $ r e t o & e fo llow e d4e!. (8) Administrative #ro!edure is generall not that whi!h is #res!ribed for

ordinar !ivil a!tions

() Statute and?or ruleso 'he #ro!edure ma be #res!ribed in the statute !reating the agen! or

in the rules #romulgated b the agen! b authorit of law;o Administrative rules of #ro!edure are to be !onstrued liberall in order

to effe!t the 7ust, s#eed and ine$#ensive settlement and dis#ositionof dis#utes

o 1ules of #ro!edure ma be rela$ed to relieve a litigant of an in7usti!enot !ommensurate with his failure to !om#l with the #res!ribed#ro!edure

(*) "easonale method o 'he enfor!ement of statutor rights is not fore!losed b the absen!e of

a statutor #ro!edure

o Where the statute does +' re6uire an #arti!ular method of #ro!edure to be followed b an administrative agen!, the agen! ma

ado#t an reasonable method to !arr out its fun!tions;o It is a well&"nown rule that in #ro!eedings before administrative

bodies, te!hni!al rules of #ro!edure are +' bindingo Administrative due #ro!ess !annot be full e6uated with stri!t 7udi!ial

due #ro!esso 'he im#ortant !onsideration is that both #arties were afforded

an o##ortunit to be heard and the availed themselves of itto #resent their #ositions

o Dowever, administrative agen!ies are not free to disregard the basi!demands of due #ro!ess

(8) +nformal methods of ad$udicationo 3es#ite the fa!t that formal #ro!edure is generall available, a great

mass of administrative ad7udi!ations are made informallo 0s#e!iall where the de!ision is made u#on ins#e!tion or

tests, or !om#laints are dis#osed of b !onsent or b!orres#onden!e.o 0ven where a hearing is +' involved, informalit !annot be !arried to

the #oint of violating statutor re6uirements.

R $l e s o n a d ($ d ica t io n $ n d e r t !e A d m in is t r a t ive C o d eAs found in Boo" /II of the HG> Administrative Code (4e!. F&*=)

Sec. 71F5 Compromise and %ritration ever agen! shall, in the #ubli! interest, en!ourage ami!able

settlement, !om#romise and arbitration.Sec. 7115 Notice and (earing in contested cases

ALL #arties shall be entitled to noti!e and hearing;

'he noti!e shall be served A' L0A4' 3A<4 before the date of hearing

'he noti!e shall state the 3A'0, 'I20, and PLAC0 of the hearing Parties shall be given o##ortunit to #resent eviden!e and argument

on ALL issues.4e!. (*) "ules of Evidence – in a !ontested !ase

. 'he Agen! ma admit eviden!e !ommonl a!!e#ted b reasonabl#rudent men.

*. 3o!umentar eviden!e ma be a re#rodu!tion, with o##ortunit ofother #art to !om#are with the original.

8. 0ver #art shall have the right to !ross&e$amine witnesses againsthim and #resent rebuttal eviden!e

. Agen! ma ta"e 7udi!ial noti!e of an te!hni!al or s!ientifi! fa!ts

within in its s#e!iali%ed "nowledge.

Sec. 71#5 Supoena

'he agen! shall have the #ower to re6uire the attendan!e ofwitnesses or the #rodu!tion of boo"s, #a#ers, do!uments and other#ertinent data;

In !ase of disobedien!e, agen! ma invo"e the aid of the 1'C withinwhose 7urisdi!tion the !ontested !ase falls

o Court ma #unish !ontuma! or refusal as !ontem#t

Sec. 71:5 Decision

0ver de!ision rendered b the agen! in a !ontested !ase shall be inW1I'I+-

3e!ision shall state !learl and distin!tl the fa!ts and the law onwhi!h it is based;



'he agen! shall de!ide WI'DI+ 8F 3A<4 following the submission 4e!.() )inality of Order

3e!ision shall be final and e$e!utor 3A<4 after the re!ei#t ofa !o# thereof b the #art adversel affe!ted

Unless administrative a##eal or 7udi!ial review has been #erfe!ted

ne motion for re!onsideration ma be filedo 21 shall sus#end the running of the said #eriod

4e!. (=) 6ulication and Compilation of decisions. 0ver agen! shall #ublish and ma"e available for #ubli! ins#e!tion

all de!isions and final orders

=. It shall be the dut of the 10C134 55IC01 of the agen! to#re#are a register or !om#ilation of those de!isions or final orders.

4e!. (>) -icensing 6rocedure>. Can!ellation of li!ense re6uires the #ro!edure above mentioned.

G. Li!ense ma not be withdrawn e$!e#t for

a. Willful violation of #ertinent laws, rules and regulation;

b. r when #ubli! health and safet re6uires.

4e!. (G) Nonexpiration of -icense An e$isting li!ense shall not e$#ire if the li!ensee ma"es a

timel a##li!ation for the renewal or for a new li!ense 0$isting li!ense (for an a!tivit of a !ontinuing nature) shall not

e$#ire until the a##li!ation shall a##l

Cha#ter (Administrative A##eal in Contested Cases)

4e!. (H) %ppeal

An a##eal from a final de!ision of the agen! ma be ta"en to the30PA1'20+' D0A3

4e!. (*F) 6erfection of %dministrative %ppeals A##eals shall be #erfe!ted within 3A<4 after the re!ei#t of a !o#

of the de!ision !om#lained of b the #art adversel affe!ted. If an 21 is denied, the movant shall have the right to #erfe!t his

a##eal during the remainder of the #eriod for a##eal, re!"oned fromre!ei#t of the resolution of denial;

If reversed on re!onsideration, the aggrieved #art shall have 3A<4from re!ei#t of the resolution with whi!h to #erfe!t his a##eal. Agen! shall, u#on #erfe!tion of a##eal, transmit re!ords to the

APP0LLA'0 A-0+C<

4e!. (*) Effect of %ppeal 'he a##eal shall sta the de!ision a##ealed from if the a##ellate

agen! does +' dire!t otherwise4e!. (**) %ction on %ppeal

'he a##ellate agen! ma review the re!ord of the #ro!eedings

It ma also re!eive additional eviden!e, u#on its own initiative or u#ona motion

4e!. (*8) )inality of Decision of %ppellate %gency

Be!omes final 3A<4 after re!ei#t of the de!ision b the #arties. 4e!. (*)(earing Officers

0a!h agen! shall have su!h number of 6ualified and !om#etentmembers of the bar

'o serve as hearing offi!ers de#endent on ne!essit. 4e!. (*)

;udicial "eview . Agen! de!isions shall be sub7e!t to 7udi!ial review

*. An #art aggrieved or adversel affe!ted b an agen! de!ision ma

see" 7udi!ial review.

8. A!tion for 7udi!ial review ma be brought against the A-0+C<, its

55IC014, and ALL I+3I4P0+4ABL0 A+3 +0C044A1< PA1'I04

. A##eal shall be #erfe!ted b filing a noti!e of a##eal with the agen!

within 3A<4 from re!ei#t of !o# of the agen! de!ision

o Co#ies of the #etition shall be served u#on the agen! andALL #arties of re!ords

. Petition for review shall be #erfe!ted within 3A<4 from re!ei#t of the final administrative de!ision;

o 2otion for re!onsideration ma be allowed.

o If 21 is denied, the movant shall #erfe!t his a##eal during theremaining #eriod for a##eal

o If the de!ision is reversed u#on re!onsideration, a##ellantshall have das from re!ei#t of the resolution to #erfe!t hisa##eal

1eview #ro!eeding shall be filed in the !ourt s#e!ified b statute or (inthe absen!e of statute) an !ourt of !om#etent 7urisdi!tion

1eviews shall be made on the basis of the re!ord ta"en as a wholeo 5indings of fa!t of an agen!, when su##orted b substantial

eviden!e, shall be finalo Unless s#e!ifi!all #rovided otherwise b law 4e!. (*=)

Transmission of "ecord

Within 3A<4 from the servi!e of the #etition for review, the agen!shall transmit to the !ourt the original or a !ertified !o# of the entire

re!ords of the #ro!eeding under review

'hese #rovisions shall a##l to all agen!ies e$!e#t Congress, the udi!iar,

Constitutional Commissions, militar establishments in all matters relating to

Armed 5or!es #ersonnel, the Board of Pardons and Parole, and state

universities and !olleges

C on t r o v e r si e s a m o n " " o v e r n me n t o ff ic e s a n d c o rp o r a t io ns

*. (ow settled –

All dis#utes between or among government agen!ies and !or#orationsare settled administrativel in the manner #rovided b theAdministrative Code (Boo" I/, Cha#. )

'his does not a##l to dis#utes involving Congress, the udi!iar,Constitutional Commissions, and lo!al governments

!. Disputes involving uestions of law 4hall be submitted to and settled or ad7udi!ated b the Secretar) of

3$stice A!ting as the Attorne&-eneral of the national government

and as ex officio le!al adviser of all GOCC$s

Dis ruling shall be binding on all the #arties !on!erned9. Disputes involving uestions of )act and -aw . 8

4ettled b:



o Solicitor9-eneral , if the dis#ute, !laim or !ontroversinvolves onl de#artments, bureaus, offi!es, and otheragen!ies of the +ational -overnment as well as the -CCs.

o Secretar) of 3$stice' in all other !ases not mentioned above.:. %ritration. 8

'he determination of fa!tual issues ma be referred to anarbitration #anel !om#osed of one re#resentative from ea!h ofthe #artiesinvolved

'o be #resided over b a re#resentative of the Sec of 3$stice or the

Solicitor -eneral, as the !ase ma be. %ppeals.G As a rule, the de!ision of Sol9-en and Secretar) of 3$stice

is binding and final; 0$!e#tion is when the !laim involves million #esos, in whi!h

!ase, the dis#ute ma be a##ealed to the President.

'he de!ision of the President shall be final>. "ules and regulations.G

Secretar) of 3$stice has the dut to !raft the rules andregulations ne!essar

D$e P r o c es s of la w in a d m ini s t r a t iv e a d ($ d ic a t ion1. Nature

'he right to 3ue Pro!ess is not merel statutor but a!onstitutional right;

It a##lies to, and must be observed in 7udi!ial as well as administrative#ro!eedings to ever !ase whi!h ma de#rive a #erson of life, libertand #ro#ert.

'he liberalit of #ro!edure in administrative a!tions is still sub7e!t tothe fundamental re6uirement of 3ue Pro!ess

*. Essence& Pro!edural due #ro!ess is embodied in the basi! re6uirement of noti!e

and a real o##ortunit to be heard Parties need to be given a fair and reasonable o##ortunit to be heard

4tri!t 7udi!ial due #ro!ess !annot be full e6uated to administrativedue #ro!ess; it is enough that a #art is given a !han!e to be heard

before a de!ision is made Aside from verbal #resentation and oral argument, the right to be

heard ma also be e$er!ised through #leadings and written argumentwithout a formal or trial&t#e hearing

What is frowned u#on is the denial of o##ortunity to be heard. ―crosse)amination‖ of the adverse #arty and his "itnesses is not are6uirement when the o##ortunit to be heard has been given

8. StandardG Administrative tribunals e$er!ising 6uasi&7udi!ial #owers are thus free

from the rigidit of !ertain #ro!edural re6uirements observed in the!ourts.

'he standard of due #ro!ess in administrative tribunals allows a!ertain latitude as long as the element of fairness is not ignored

. "euisites& code.NOTa0a. Ri"!t to notice (a!tual or !onstru!tive)

b. Reasona&le opport$nit) to defend ri"!ts and #resent

witness@eviden!e.!. A tri&$nal so constit$ted as to "ive !im reasona&le

ass$rance of honest and im#artialit, and on of !om#etent 7urisdi!tion

d. A findin" or decision &) t!at tri&$nal su##orted b substantialeviden!e #resented at the hearing or at least as!ertained in there!ords or dis!losed to the #arties affe!ted.

. "ight to Counsel Although some administrative #ro!eedings ma resemble !riminal

#ro!eedingso A #art in an administrative in6uir ma or ma not be

assisted b !ounsel

o Irres#e!tive of the nature of the !harges and theres#ondent$s ca#acity to re#resent himself

In administrative #ro!eedings, the right to !ounsel is not im#erative

=. Effect of nonoservance& 3enial of due #ro!ess !onstitutes -rave Abuse of 3is!retion;

'he de!ision and the #ro!eedings ma be invalidated A de!ision is /I3 for la!" of 3ue Pro!ess if as a result, a #art is

de#rived of the o##ortunit to be heard

A void de!ision ma be assailed dire!tl or !ollaterall

I n s t it $ t ion of P r o cee d in " s'he manner of institution de#ends on the nature and the #ur#ose served b the

agen! and the governing statutes

a. 4ome #ro!eedings are instituted b sim#le ex parte a##li!ations

i. A##li!ation for li!ense, #ermit, a##roval, benefits

b. thers are instituted b filing of a !harge or !om#laint b an aggrieved

#erson, on the basis of whi!h a noti!e of hearing is issued!. Under other statutes, #arti!ular administrative agen!ies ma institute

#ro!eedings on their own initiative, motion, or !om#laint

N e c e ss it ) fo r n o t ic e a nd ! e a r in"() -eneral r$le. noti!e and hearing not essential when agen! e$er!ises

administrative, e$e!utive, or legislative fun!tions.

(*) In 2$asi9($dicial f$nction. the #arties are entitled to noti!e and hearing.a. Dearing does not !onnote a full adversarial #ro!eeding

b. Again, o##ortunit to be heard

(8) 0ven in administrative #ro!eedings (6uasi&7udi!ial) noti!e is not

indis#ensible, but the o##ortunit to be heard must at all times be afforded

to the #arties() 3ue Pro!ess re6uirements are usuall found in the statute !onferring a

#arti!ular #ower in the agen!

a. But if no su!h right is granted in the statute or regulation, the

right is derived from the Constitutional guarantee of due #ro!ess

b. Notice to enable a #art to be heard and to #resent eviden!e isnot a mere te!hni!alit or a trivial matter in an 7udi!ial or 6uasi& 7udi!ial #ro!eedings. 'he servi!e of summons is a ver vital andindis#ensable ingredient of 3ue Pro!ess



() Parties who !hoose not to avail themselves of the o##ortunit to

answer des#ite noti!e !annot validl !om#lain of a denial of due #ro!ess

S$ ff ic ie n c ) of no t ic e

Where a statute or rule #rovides the manner, form, and time of noti!e,the noti!e must !onform with the #res!ribed #rovisions, at leastsubstantiall,and a statutor #rovision ma +' be altered b a rule of the agen!.

3ue Pro!ess of law is afforded in administrative #ro!eedingsb !onstru!tive servi!e of noti!e or #ro!ess on #arties

+oti!e b #ubli!ation #ursuant to #rovisions of a statute #res!ribing

su!h noti!e will sustain 7urisdi!tion Pro!edural rules governing servi!e of summons are not stri!tl !onstruedin 6uasi&7udi!ial #ro!eedings

4ubstantial !om#lian!e therewith is suffi!ient

:a iv e r of r i" ! t t o no t ic e

A failure to !om#l with the re6uirements as to noti!e and #ro!essma result in a 5AILU10 ' ACUI10 U1I43IC'I+;

+oti!e ma be WAI/03; for instan!e, if general a##earan!e isentered though it was not a!6uired b #ro#er servi!e of noti!e or #ro!ess

Personal noti!e is not re6uired where it is im#ossible to give su!h noti!eo all interested #arties, whi!h #arties are un"nown

D e n ial of d $e p r o c e ss m a ) & e c $ r e da. When an agen! fails to afford previous notice, it ma be !ured

b subse6uentl giving the #art an o##ortunit to be heard.

b. 2otion for re!onsideration is a means to !ure the defe!t of noti!e.

Be!ause in a 21, a #art has the o##ortunit to be heard.

!. A motion for re!onsideration or an a##eal is !urative in !hara!ter on

the issue of alleged denial of due #ro!ess

El e m e n t s or e s s e n t ial of r i" ! t t o ! e a r in"Scope of right9

. 1ight to present !is case or defense, and submit his eviden!e, oralor do!umentar, in su##ort thereof;

*. 1ight to =now t!e claims of the o##osing #art and to meet theother #art;

8. 1ight to cross9eamine witnesses for a full dis!losure of the fa!ts;and

@% 1ight to s$&mit re&$ttal evidence% %ctual hearing is not always essential

A!tual hearing is not alwas an indis#ensable as#e!t of due #ro!ess

As long as the #art was given the o##ortunit to defend his interestsin due !ourse

+ot ne!essar that an a!tual hearing was !ondu!ted

D $ t ) of a d m in is t r a t ive & o d ) t o c o n sid e r t !e e vid e n c e p r e s e n t e da. 'he administrative agen!@offi!er !annot set aside an eviden!e

addu!ed b a #art without noti!e or !onsideration

b. 'he right to addu!e eviden!e has a !orres#onding dut on the #art

of the agen! to !onsider the eviden!e

!. 'he offi!ial or bod must a!t on its own !onsideration of the law

and the fa!ts of the !ontrovers, and not sim#l a!!e#t the views

of a subordinate

Investi"ation and !earin" distin"$is!ed

C on s t it$ t io n al r e2 $i r e me n t of n o t ic e a nd ! e a r in"

'he fundamental re6uirement of due #ro!ess of law is noti!e and hearingo 'he o##ortunit to be heard

In the e$er!ise of 6uasi&7udi!ial or ad7udi!ative #owers, administrativeagen!ies ma not de#rive a #erson of his #rote!ted rights of life libert and#ro#ert without noti!e and an ade6uate and fair hearing

o +either ma statute em#ower them to do so

'hese are absolutel essential to due #ro!ess

0ssential onl when an administrative bod is e$er!ising a 6uasi&7udi!ialfun!tion

o +ot in e$e!utive or legislative fun!tions

R e 2 $i r e me n t of no t ic e a n d ! e a r in " & ) law or r e " $ la t io nhere provided y law

When a statute re6uires noti!e and hearing in rea!hingan administrative determination, su!h statutor re6uisite must bemet orthe determination is invalid

here not provided y law A statute re#osing #ower in an administrative agen! to

determine #arti!ular 6uestions ma be deemed to !ontain#rovisions for noti!eand hearing as re6uired b the due #ro!ess of law

In the absen!e of e$#ress statutor #rovision, the 6uestion whetherthere is a right to noti!e and hearing is to be determined b the termsof the #arti!ular statute an attendant !ir!umstan!es

o In matters involving a mere #rivilege and not a #ro#ert righthas been refused b the !ourts as re6uiring a hearing

Li6uor, ra!ing or li!ense

But revo!ation of su!h li!ense !an onl be ―for!ause‖

It is im#lied to re6uire a hearing of fa!ts

o A #rovision for n ―investi!ation‖ does not re6uire a hearin!

'he #rovision for a hearing in one situation or #art of a statute ma su##ort the inferen!e that theomission of su!h a #rovision with regard to anothersituation or in another #art of the statute wasintentional

INVESTI'ATION 5EARIN'3y go%ernment o;icials7 which may!e heldin "ri%ate are informal "roceedingsto o!taininformation to go%ern futureactions7 ha%e NO "arties7 and areNOT "roceedings in which action is

There are "arties and issues of law and of fact to !e tried and at theconclusion of thehearing7 action is ta.en which mayaffect the "arties? rights and "artiesare entitled to !e "resent in "erson



2eant to den an right to the hearing

here provided y regulation 0ven if a statute or due #ro!ess of law does not re6uire noti!e

and hearing in a #arti!ular administrative #ro!eeding of adeterminativenature

o 'he regulations of the agen! fre6uentl so #rovide

o In su!h a !ase, the agen! regulations ma be heldto

embra!e all the elements of a fair hearing

P r o c ee d in " s in w !i c ! no !e a r in" is r e2 $i r e dDue process dependent upon the circumstances

In 7udi!ial #ro!eedings, a da in !ourt is a matter of right

+ot in administrative #ro!eedings sin!e the rest on different #rin!i#les 'he #resen!e of a #art is not alwas the !ornerstone of due #ro!ess

o 0s#e!iall true where mu!h must be left to the dis!retion of administrative offi!ers in a##ling a law

What is due #ro!ess of law de#ends u#on the !ir!umstan!eso /aries with the sub7e!t matter and the ne!essities of the situation

Nature of the right affected

+oti!e and hearing are ne!essar in order to !om#l with due #ro!essof law onl when a !onstitutional right is !laimed to be invaded

'he Constitution does not re6uire a trial&t#e hearing in ever!on!eivable !ase of government im#airment of #rivate interest

o Where the #ur#ose of an administrative determination is tode!ide whether a right or #rivilege whi!h an a##li!ant does not#ossess shall be granted or withheld:

In the e$er!ise of a dis!retion vested b statute,noti!e and hearing is not ne!essar

4tatute ma #rovide for su!h determinationswithout re6uiring noti!e and hearing

o If no #ro#ert or #ersonal rights are involved but onl a #rivilege +oti!e and hearing ma not be essential to due #ro!ess

of law

o Where a right is granted !onditionall and sub7e!t to termination

It ma be withdrawn in a!!ordan!e to with the !onditionsit was sub7e!ted to

In!luding the absen!e of an right to hearing

Nature of power exercised

+oti!e and hearing is not essential where the #ower e$er!ised is:o Legislativeo 0$e!utiveo Administrativeo 2inisterial in natureo r the government is engaged in the dis#at!h of internal affairs

4u!h #ro!eeding ma not be used to de#rive a #erson of his

!onstitutionall #rote!ted rights without noti!e or hearing 'here are !ases where the 6uasi&7udi!ial determination b administrative

offi!ers must be e$er!ised summaril and without #rior noti!e or hearing:o 4ummar abatement of a nuisan!e per se

o 4ummar #ro!eedings of distraint and lev u#on the #ro#ert of adelin6uent ta$#aer

o Preventive sus#ension of a #ubli! offi!er #ending investigation

o Interlo!utor orders ma be issued ex parte in administrative#ro!eedings without #revious noti!e and hearing

Dowever, the right to ta"e su!h summar a!tion re!ogni%e the right to ahearing or relief after the event

o 'his is suffi!ient to afford due #ro!ess of law

o 1egulator boards have the authorit to grant ex parteprovisional relief without need for a hearing

o A hearing shall !alled for the determination of its final de!ision

o 'he grant of su!h #rovisional relief must be based on substantiveeviden!e

+o hearing ne!essar when the agen! merel #assed u#on the suffi!ien!of the eviden!e #assed before an offi!e under it

aiver of right 'he right to a hearing or the right to #arti!ular elements of a fair trial ma

be waived ne ma not !laim to have been denied due #ro!ess when he did not

afford himself of the right granted

Appli c a & ilit ) of r $l e s " o v e r ni n " ( $ d ic ia l p r o c ee d in " s

'he #rovisions of the rules of !ourt ma be a##lied su##letoril toadministrative #ro!eedings in the absen!e of different and valid statutoror administrative #rovisions #res!ribing the ground rules



Strict legal rules are not applicale

'he #ro!edure is usuall not as formal and stri!t as that of a !ourt

'he regularit of su!h #ro!eedings is not to be tested b stri!t legal rules#revalent in !ourts of law

Due process reuirement to e oserved

Although administrative agen!ies are not restri!ted b formal rules of #ro!edure, the must a!t within their 7urisdi!tion

'he !annot e$!eed their 7urisdi!tion nor dis#ense with the basi! rules in#roving allegations

0$em#tion from stri!t legal rules does not em#ower it to a!t arbitraril

'he are not authori%ed to e$em#t from the due #ro!ess guarantee in thee$er!ise of its 6uasi&7udi!ial #owers

+o #ower to ma"e !on!lusions of fa!t before hearing all the #arties!on!erned

D e le" a t io n of a $ t ! o r it ) t o ! e ar and r e c e iv e e vid e n c e 'he #ower to de!ide rests solel in the administrative agen! vested b the

law with the #ower But the agen! is not #re!luded from delegating the #ower to re!eive

eviden!e, hold a hearing, and ma"e re#orts

'he de!ision of the agen! will be made based on the re#ort

"euisites9. 0ssential that 7udgment and dis!retion re finall e$er!ised b the

#ro#er offi!er authori%ed b law

*. 0ssential that due #ro!ess re6uirements are observed

8. 0ssential that #ro#er offi!er a!ts of his own inde#endent 7udgment

E v ide n c e in a d m ini s t r a t ive p ro cee d in " s. A##li!ation of stri!t rules of eviden!e

Administrative agen! is not bound b the stri!t rules of eviden!egoverning !ourt #ro!eedings +evertheless, it ma #ro#erl a##l su!h rules or substantiall !onform

to them It ma also waive them if ne!essar to as!ertain substantial rights

'he are freed from a##ling te!hni!al rules re6uired in Court*. Parti!ular 7udi!ial rules

'he best eviden!e rule

'ransa!tions between * #arties should not be used against a third#art

0$#ert and o#inion eviden!e

Privileges of witnesses Pro#er authenti!ation of re!ords Use of interrogatories Contradiction of one$s o"n "itness

8. 0ssential rules of eviden!e

'he freedom from the a##li!ation of te!hni!al rules of #ro!edureshould not be !onstrued as a li!ense to disregard !ertain evidentiarrules

'he eviden!e must have #robative value

'he #ro#er allo!ation of the burden of #roof 'he degree of #roof 'he right to "now the eviden!e submitted or to be !onsidered 1ight to ins#e!t do!uments, !ross&e$amine witnesses ffer eviden!e in e$#lanation or rebuttal

. Probative value

0viden!e must be substantial

Com#lainant has the burden of #roving b substantial eviden!e hisallegations

4ubstantial eviden!e is su!h relevant eviden!e as a reasonable mindmight a!!e#t as ade6uate to su##ort a !on!lusion

Irrelevant, immaterial or undul re#etitious eviden!e or testimonies

without #robative value should be e$!luded Where two !onfli!ting o!!asions are su##orted b substantial eviden!e,the administrative bod ma !hoose whi!h to u#hold

o 'he one u#held must be more believable than the other

. Dearsa rule

'he substan!e of a testimon should be given under oath

+evertheless, hearsa eviden!e has been held admissible inadministrative #ro!eedings for limited #ur#oses, es#e!iall when notob7e!ted to

It ma be used for su##lementing or e$#laining an dire!t eviden!e

Dearsa is inadmissible when the 6uestion is not a matter of o#inion,but a 6uestion of fa!t

=. Admissions and de!larations

3ing de!larations, de!larations of de!eased #ersons against theirinterest, other de!larations against interest are admissible

But self&serving de!larations are generall e$!luded>. 0viden!e offered during the hearing

All #arties in an administrative #ro!eeding must be full or fairla##raised of the eviden!e submitted or to be !onsidered



+othing !an be treated as eviden!e unless formall introdu!ed in the#ro!eeding and the #arties have been notified

0viden!e without an rational #robative value ma not be the basis of an order or de!ision

G. Agen! files and re!ords

It is im#ro#er for an administrative agen! in an ad7udi!ator#ro!eeding to base its findings u#on fa!ts gathered from its own files

If the do not introdu!e the files in eviden!e

4ame is true u#on fa!ts obtained from other !ases #ending or#reviousl de!ided b the tribunal

An administrative agen! ma ta"e 7udi!ial noti!e of data on file orresults rea!hed b it in other tribunal where su!h is made "nown and

there is ade6uate o##ortunit for rebuttalH. 4e!ret or !onfidential information

In ad7udi!ator #ro!eedings #rimaril involving #rivate litigants,information !annot be withheld from the #arties on the ground that itis of !onfidential nature

It !annot be used as the basis for the de!ision

But a right to hearing does not in!lude the right to "now informationwhi!h must be "e#t se!ret in the #ubli! interest

F. uantum of #roof

Burden of #roof is not satisfied b #roof !reating an e6ui#oise

But it does not re6uire #roof beond reasonable doubt as in !riminal!ases or #re#onderan!e of eviden!e as in !ivil !ases

4tatute ma s#e!iall #rovide for greater or lesser degree of #roof than sim#le #re#onderan!e

5indings of fa!t b administrative agen!ies must be res#e!ted as longas the are su##orted b substantial eviden!e even if not

overwhelming or #re#onderant 4ubstantial eviden!e means su!h relevant eviden!e as a reasonable

mind might a!!e#t as ade6uate to su##ort a !on!lusion even if othere6uall reasonable minds might o#ine otherwise

o Its absen!e is not shown b stressing that there is !ontrareviden!e on re!ord

o 'he !ourt, in determining wherein lies the weight of eviden!e, !annot substitute its own 7udgment or !riteria for that of theadministrative agen!

An administrative bod ma not re6uire a degree of #roof higher thansubstantial eviden!e and the rules of administrative due #ro!essenun!iated in %ng Tiay v. C+"

Presum#tion of regularit does not a##l to su!h #ro!eedings resultingin the de#rivation of a !iti%en@ta$#aer of his #ro#ert

'he !ourt atta!hes no #ersuasive value to a desistan!e; withdrawal of a !om#laint or the e$e!ution of an affidavit of desistan!e does notresult automati!all in the dismissal of an administrative !ase

D ec isi o ns or o r d e r s. +e!essit of findings

'he right to addu!e eviden!e has the !orres#onding dut on the #artof the administrative agen! to !onsider it

'he dut to deliberate im#lies a ne!essit of having something tosu##ort its de!ision

3e!ision must be based on eviden!e #resented at the hearing or!ontained on re!ord and dis!losed to the #arties

0$#ress findings are ne!essar or desirable:) 4o that it ma be "nown u#on what the a!tion of the agen!

is based as well as to #rote!t against !areless and arbitrar

a!tion

*) 'o enable the !ourts to review the a!tions of the agen!

8) 'o give the reviewing !ourt the assistan!e of e$#ert 7udgment

on the matters entrusted to the agen! for initial

determination

*. 5orm

Administrative de!isions or orders must !onform to the statutes andthe rules of the agen! governing the #arti!ular #ro!eedings as well asa##li!able !onstitutional #res!ri#tions

2ust be in #ro#er form, authenti!ated as #res!ribed b statute, andmust be entered against the #ro#er #art

4hould be suffi!ientl definite and !ertain to inform the #art what isre6uired to be done, and to enable the !ourts (in #ro#er !ases) toenfor!e them

An administrative bod should render its de!isions in su!h a mannerthat the #arties to the #ro!eeding !an "now the various issuesinvolved and the reasons for the de!ision rendered

As long as the de!ision is grounded on eviden!e and e$#ressed in amanner that suffi!ientl informs the #arties of the fa!tual and legalbasis of the de!ision, due #ro!ess is satisfied

8. 5inalit

'here is no legal #rin!i#le that mandates all de!isions of 6uasi&7udi!ialagen!ies as immediatel e$e!utor

Where the legislative has seen fit to de!lare that the de!ision of a6uasi&7udi!ial agen! is immediatel final or e$e!utor, the lawe$#ressl so #rovides

:! e r e a d m ini s t r a t ive a "e nc ) is a c o lle" ia t e & o d )

'he #ower of the tribunal ma not be e$er!ised b the individualmembers se#aratel A!ts are offi!ial onl when done b the members !onvened in a

session, u#on !on!urren!e of a ma7orit, with the #resen!e of auorum

2embers must a!t together and in their offi!ial !a#a!it

'he a!tion should a##ear in the re!ords of the Board

Pow e r of a d m in is t r a t iv e a "e n c ie s t o m o d if) t ! e ir d e c isio n s. Conditions

Administrative determinations are sub7e!t to re!onsideration and!hanges so long as no rights have been vested in the meantime breason thereof

4o long as the have not #assed beond the !ontrol of theadministrative authorities

o Where determinations are not final but interlo!utor

o Where the #owers and 7urisdi!tion of the agen! are!ontinuing in !hara!ter

*. -rounds

3eterminations ma be modified on the grounds of:(a) 5raud of im#osition(b) 2ista"e

(!) 4ur#rise



(d) Inadverten!e

(e) +ewl dis!overed eviden!e

(f) 'o meet the !hanged !onditions,

Whether B reason of e$#ress statutor #rovision granting the #owerof revision or b reason of #rin!i#les a##lied b !ourts

Ap pli c a t ion of t !e do c t r ine of r e s j u d ica t a 'he rules of res $udicata is a##li!able to determinations in the field of administrative law whenever !onsistent with the #ur#ose of the tribunal

. As de#endent u#on the t#e of determination and #ro!eedings

A##lied onl to ad7udi!ator or 6uasi&7udi!ial determinationso +ot to administrative #ro!esses su!h as dis!i#linar !ases

A de!ision that has be!ome final and e$e!utor us !on!lusive u#on therights of the affe!ted #arties

Cannot be invo"ed in labor relations #ro!eedingso 4u!h #ro!eedings are non&litigious and summar in nature without

regard to the legal te!hni!alities obtaining in !ourts of law*. As affe!ted b statutor #rovisions

4ome statutes ma limit or restri!t the e$tent to whi!h anadministrative determination ma o#erate as res $udicata

o 0$am#le: the annual determination@assessment of the valueof #ro#ert for the #ur#ose of ta$ation

8. As to administrative de!isions 7udi!iall reviewed

When the determination has been 7udi!iall reviewed, 1es 7udi!ataattaches to the court$s 0ud!ment rather than to the administrativede!ision

. nl a valid and final 7udgment !an be res $udicata La!" of 7urisdi!tion #re!ludes the determination from be!oming

res $udicata

Ad m ini s t r a t ive app e al a nd r e vi e w'here are different "inds of administrative a##eal and review:

. 'hat whi!h inheres in the relation of administrative su#erior to

administrative subordinate where determinations are made at lower

levels of the same agen!@de#artment

*. 'hat embra!ed in statutes whi!h #rovide for a determination to be

made b a #arti!ular offi!er or bod sub7e!t to a##eal, review or

redetermination b another offi!er or bod in the same agen! or in

the same administrative sstem

8. 'hat in whi!h the statute ma"es or attem#ts to ma"e a !ourt a #art of

the administrative s!heme b #roviding in terms or effe!t that the

!ourt, on review of the a!tion of an administrative agen!, shall

e$er!ise #owers of su!h e$tent that the differ from ordinar 7udi!ial

fun!tions and involve a trial de novo of matters of fa!t or dis!retion

and a##li!ation of the inde#endent 7udgment b the !ourt

. 'hat in whi!h the statute #rovides that an order made b a division of a Commission or Board has the same for!e and effe!t as if made bthe Commission sub7e!t to a rehearing b the full Commission, for the―rehearin!‖ is #ractically an a##eal to another tribunal

. 'hat in whi!h the statute #rovides for an a##eal to an offi!er on theintermediate level with subse6uent a##eal to the head of thede#artment or agen!

=. 'hat embra!ed in statutes whi!h #rovide for a##eal at the highestlevel, namel, the President

'he #art must have been aggrieved b the de!ision and must so #rove it.

A c t io n & ) a d m in is t r a t ive app e ll a t e t r i& $nal . Authorit to reverse must be e$er!ised s#aringl

*. 1eview must not be arbitrar

#. 1eview is generall de novo. 1eviewing offi!er must be other than the offi!er whose de!ision is under

review

. 5inal and e$e!utor de!isions are not sub7e!t to review

En fo r ce m e n t of a d m in is t r a t ive d e t e rm in a t io ns. -enerall

Administrative determinations are enfor!eable onl in the manner#rovided b statute

If the statute has failed #rovide a remed for their enfor!ement, the

are unenfor!eable Legislature ma aid the enfor!ement of administrative determinationsb #roviding for #enalties for failure to !om#l

*. Administrative 0nfor!ement

In absen!e of #ower !onferred b statute, administrative authoritiesma not enfor!e their own determination

Congress is without #ower to authori%e a #urel administrative offi!ialto determine whether the !rime defined b law has been !ommittedand to infli!t #unishment

o 4u!h is a 7udi!ial fun!tion

Administrative #enalties are regarded as !ivil and remedial rather than!riminal and #unitive in nature

o 'he ma therefore be im#osed b administrative agen!ies

Whatever irregularities ma attend the issuan!e of a writ of e$e!utionshould be referred to the same administrative tribunal whi!h rendered



the decision. 5hey have the ―inherent‖ #o"er to correct err ors ofits ministerial offi!ers and to !ontrol its own #ro!esses

8. udi!ial 0nfor!ement

'hough administrative agen!ies have no #ower to enfor!etheir de!isions (unless authori%ed b statute), their de!isions!an beenfor!ed b the !ourts

4tatutes !ustomaril #rovide for 7udi!ial enfor!ement ofadministrative determination

o 4u!h #rovisions !onstitute !ourts and administrativeagen!ies as !ollaborative instrumentalities

U#on enfor!ement #ro!eedings the !ourt ma e$amine into6uestionsof 7urisdi!tion, regularit of the #ro!eedings and 6uestionsof !onstitutional right or statutor authorit

o But generall, the !ourt does not go into the general fa!tof the !ontrovers beond whether there is su##ort for thefindings

When an administrative agen! has #ro!ured a 7udi!ial de!ree

of enfor!ement, the order of the agen! re!eives 7udi!ial san!tion

It is the 7udi!ial order whi!h is enfor!ed. 0$e!ution Pending A##eal

Where the legislature has seen fit to de!lare that the de!ision ofthe agen! is immediatel final and e$e!utor #ending a##eal,the lawe$#ressl so #rovides

therwise, e$e!ution ta"es #la!e onl when the be!ome finaland e$e!utor

CHAPTER ,I3UDICIAL RE,IE: O0' OR RELIE0 A-AINST' AD1INISTRATI,E ACTIONS

Concept of 3$dicial Review

3$dicial review – ma embra!e an form of 7udi!ial s!rutin of a matterwhi!h arises when su!h a!tion is brought into 6uestion before a !ourt.

. Collaboration of !ourts and administrative agen!ies

udi!ial review ne!essaril brings the 7udi!ial #ro!ess in !onfli!t

with the administrative #ro!ess Dowever, both are governmental instruments for reali%ing thesame #ur#oses

*. A!!ommodation of administrative #ro!ess to the 7udi!ial sstem

Admin agen!ies their sour!e is in the ne!essit to #erformfun!tions whi!h are beond the !a#a!it of !ourts

Courts roles is to a!!ommodate the administrative #ro!ess tothe traditional 7udi!ial sstem And to re!on!ile demo!rati! safeguards and the standards of

fair #la with the effe!tive !ondu!t of government uestions of law or validit of laws are for the !ourt

uestions of fa!t, #oli! or dis!retion are determinable btheadministrative agen!

8. Poli! of the !ourts

Poli! is not to interfere with the a!tions of agen!ies entrusted withthe regulation of a!tivities !oming under their s#e!ial"nowledge@field of e$#ertise

Unless there e$ists !a#ri!iousness, whimsi!al e$er!iseof 7udgment, grave abuse of dis!retion

Poli! is es#e!iall a##li!able for grants of li!enses, #ermits, leases,or the a##roval@re7e!tion@revo!ation of a##li!ations therefore

Ri"!t to ($dicialreview

Ri"!t to ($dicial review – has referen!e both to the #ower and right of the !ourt to grant the review sought and the right in the #erson whoinvo"es the #ower of the !ourt.

. Where the right granted b

statute

If #rovided in the statute, the right to a##eal to the !ourtsis determined b loo"ing at:

'he statute

/alid regulations #romulgated #ursuant to it Administrative #ra!ti!e throwing light u#on their meaning

If legislation #rovides for an a##eal from the de!isions of !ertain6uasi& 7udi!ial bodies to the Court of A##eals:

It means su!h uasi&7udi!ial bod is a !o&e6ual of the 1'C

In terms of role and stature, beond the !ontrol of the 1'C ;5C$s – devoid of !om#eten!e to #ass u#on the validit of

asei%ure@forfeiture #ro!eeding !ondu!ted b the Bureau of Customs

'he 'ariff and Customs Code (1.A. *) sas:

A!tions of Colle!tor of Customs & a##eal to Commissionerof Customs (CC)

CC & a##eal to CA

CA & a##eal to 4C*. Where review not #rovided b

statute

'here is not inherent right to 7udi!ial review

A##eal is statutor in origin; not a re6uirement of due #ro!ess

La!" of a #rovision in the statute, however, does not meanthat there is no #ower or right to review in a #ro#er!aseunder the general #owers@7urisdi!tion of !ourts

2an Cases: the Constitution is held to re6uire 7udi!ialreview even if the statute does not – or even #re!ludes

– 7udi!ialreview

Under the inherent #owers of the Courts of 7udi!ial review ofarbitrar or unreasonable a!ts of government offi!ers

'he #ower is vested b the Constitution (udi!ial Power)8. Where review #re!luded or restri!ted b

statute 4tatutes !annot entirel #re!lude an and all t#es of 7udi!ial review

of administrative a!tion 'here is, however, !onsiderable area where legislative dis!retion

ma grant or withhold, or narrow the s!o#e and e$tent of 7udi!ialreview

o 'his is not an infringement of the !onstitution



'hus:a. -1: where a full hearing is #rovided before a #ro#er tribunal,

the determination of that tribunal ma be made final, or if an

a##eal is allowed, the matters to be in6uired into on a##eal

ma be limited b legislation

b. Legislature is free to ma"e an administrative determination

final and immune from 7udi!ial review where the aggrieved

#art was given the right to ele!t whether to see" between an

administrative or a 7udi!ial relief

!. Administrative determinations of #oliti!al 6uestions are notsub7e!t to 7udi!ial #ower

d. If !ongress grants a right to a##eal to the !ourts, it ma

restri!t the review to a single !ourt. It does not have to

#rovide an a##eal to the 4C

e. 'he law !an #la!e #ro!edural !onditions and restri!tions u#onthe right to 7udi!ial review

f. Provisions that an administrative a!tion shall be sub7e!t onlto administrative review (or shall be final or !on!lusive) havealso been held to #re!lude 7udi!ial review where no!onstitutional right was in!ol!ed

a. Also a##lies in regard to a de!ision in the e$er!ise of #urel administrative or legislative #owers, where

the statute also #rovides e$!lusive 7urisdi!tion in theagen!g. 'here !an be no !onstitutional ob7e!tion to ma"ing findings of

fa!t !on!lusive: If su##orted b eviden!e

h. 'here !an be no !onstitutional ob7e!tion to a #rovision that

rules, regulations or orders shall not be set aside unless it

a##ears that the findings were against the weight of eviden!e

. Where review a matter of !onstitutional ne!essit

In su!h situations, a !ourt will #rovide relief or review though nostatute s#e!ifi!all #rovides therefor and even if the statute attem#tsto #re!lude review

A!ts of administrative agen!ies whi!h affe!t #rivate rights:o 'he right@#ower and ne!essit for 7udi!ial review s#rings from

the fundamental !on!e#t of su#rema! of Lawo Courts have the inherent authorit to determine the

!onstitutionalit of statutes and the e$er!ise of legislative#owers b Congress and Administrative agen!ies

Congress has no #ower to nullif rights !onferred b the Constitutionor divest the !ourts of #owers !onferred b the same

udi!ial #ower:o 3ut of the !ourts to settle a!tual !ontroversies and

determine rights and obligationso Also to determine whether there has been grave abuse of

dis!retion amounting to la!" or e$!ess of 7urisdi!tion on the#art of an bran!h@instrument of government

. Where administrative de!ision has be!ome final and e$e!utor

"es $udicata forbids the reo#ening of the matter determined b!om#etent authorit on!e it has attained finalit

0lements of res $udicata9. 5inal 7udgment or order



*. urisdi!tion of the !ourt (or agen!) over he sub7e!t

matter and the #arties

8. Identit of #arties, identit of sub7e!t matter, and identit

of !ause of a!tion

=. Where administrative de!isions de!lared final and una##ealable b statute

'he are still sub7e!t to 7udi!ial review if the fail the testof arbitrariness

Even decisions of administrative a!encies declared ―final‖ by la" ornot e$em#t from 7udi!ial review when so warranted:

. Want of 7urisdi!tion

*. Want of substantial basis, in fa!t or in law

8. -rave abuse of dis!retion

. /iolation of due #ro!ess

. 3enial of substantial 7usti!e

=. 5raud

>. 0rroneous inter#retation of law

5a!tual findings of administrative agen!ies will be set aside when:. 5ail the test of arbitrariness*. Proof of grave abuse of dis!retion

8. 5raud

. 0rror in law

R $l e s " ov e r n in" appe a ls fr om ($ d " m e n t s of 2 $ a s i9 ($d ic ial a "e n c ie s. Where to a##eal

An a##eal ma be ta"en to the CA within the #eriod and in themanner #rovided

Whether the a##eal involves 6uestions of fa!t, of law, or of fa!t andlaw

*. Period of a##eal

Within das from:. +oti!e of the award, 7udgment, final order or resolution*. r from the date of its last #ubli!ation if #ubli!ation is

re6uired b law for its effe!tivit

8. r from the denial of 2otion for 1e!onsideration

nl 2otion for 1e!onsideration shall be allowed

U#on #ro#er motion and the #ament of the full amount of the do!"etfee before the e$#iration of the reglementar #eriod. 'he CA ma grant an additional das to file the #etition for

review

*. +o further e$tension will be granted 09C0P' for the most

!om#elling reasons; in no !ase shall it e$!eed another

das

8. Dow a##eal ta"en

B filing a verified #etition for review in > !o#ies with the CA

Proof of servi!e of a !o# thereof to the adverse #art. Contents of #etition

a. +ames of the #arties to the !ase

b. Con!ise statement of fa!ts, issues involved, and the grounds reliedu#on

!. A!!om#anied b a du#li!ate original or a !ertified true !o# of thea##ealed 7udgment or order

d. 4tate all the material dates and the fa!t that it was filed within the

reglementar #eriod

e. A !ertifi!ate against forum&sho##ing

. 0ffe!t of failure to !om#l with re6uirements

+on!om#lian!e with:. Pament of do!"et and other lawful fees*. 3e#osit for !osts

8. Proof of servi!e of the #etition

. Contents of do!uments whi!h should a!!om#an the #etition

4hall be grounds for dismissal thereof =. A!tion on #etition

CA ma re6uire res#ondent to !omment within F das from noti!e

Ca ma dismiss the #etition if #atentl without merit, #rose!utedmanifestl for dela, or 6uestions raised are too unsubstantial

>. Contents of !omment

5iled within F das, in > !o#ies and a !o# served to the #etitioner

4hall #oint out ina!!ura!ies, and state the reasons wh the #etitionshould be denied@dismissed

G. 3ue !ourse

If u#on the filing of the !omments@other #leadings re6uired b the!ourt or u#on the e$#iration of the #eriod to file the same

'he CA finds prima facie that the agen! !on!erned !ommitted errorsof fa!t or law whi!h would warrant the reversal@modifi!ation of thede!ision

o CA ma give due !ourse to the #etition

o therwise, it shall dismiss

5indings of fa!t b the agen!@!ourt, if su##orted b substantialeviden!e, shall be binding on the CA

H. 'ransmittal of re!ord

Within das from noti!e that the #etition has been given due!ourse, the CA ma re6uire the agen! !on!erned to transmit theoriginal !o# of the entire re!ord or a !ertified true !o# thereof

F. 0ffe!t of a##eal

'he a##eal shall not sta the award, 7udgment, final order orresolution to be reviewed

Unless the CA dire!ts the same. 4ubmission for de!ision If the #etition is given due !ourse, the CA ma set the !ase for oral

argument or re6uire the submission of memoranda within dasfrom noti!e

'he !ase is deemed submitted for de!ision u#on the filing of the last#leading@memorandum re6uired b the rules or b the CA

'hese rules do not a##l to 7udgments and final orders or resolutionsissued under the labor !ode

A##ellate !ourt ma onl #ass u#on errors assigned

Ad m ini s t r a t ive fin d in " s an d c o n s t r $ c t io ns " e n e r a ll) c on c l$ s iv e In reviewing administrative de!isions, the a##ellate !ourt !annot re&

e$amine or weigh on!e more the fa!tual basis and suffi!ien! of theeviden!e submitted before the administrative bod



+or !an it substitute its own 7udgment for that of said bod

+or re!eive additional eviden!e that was not submitted tothe administrative agen! !on!erned

'he !ourts have !onsistentl held that substantial eviden!e is all thatis needed to su##ort an administrative finding of fa!t

o A##ellate Courts will not disturb administrative findings of fa!tif su!h findings are su##orted b substantial eviden!e and theagen! a!ts within the #arameters of its own !om#eten!e

It is suffi!ient that findings of fa!t are not shown to be unsu##orted b

eviden!e. – sustantial evidence rule Courts a!!ord great weight and res#e!t – if not finalit – to fa!tual

findings of administrative tribunals b reason of their e$#ertiseand s#e!ial"nowledge

o !!asionall, !ourts ma delve in su!h matters for!om#elling reasons (not su##orted b eviden!e, fraud, mista"e,et!.)

'he 4C is !lothed with am#le authorit to review matters, even if the arenot assigned as errors in the a##eal

o if it finds their !onsideration is ne!essar to arrive at a 7ustde!ision of the !ase

Courts generall hesitate to review de!isions of administrative agen!ies outof res#e!t for the #rin!i#le of se#aration of #owers

In the e$er!ise of their 7urisdi!tion, it is for the Agen! toe$er!ise dis!retion in determining !onfli!ting versions of the samefa!tual matter

when both are su##orted b eviden!e

0i n al it ) of a d m in is t r a t ive ac t ion fo r p $ rp os e s of r ev ie w. Poli! of Courts

Courts are relu!tant to interfere with an a!tion of an administrativeagen! #rior to its !om#letion or finalit

It is onl after 7udi!ial review is no longer #remature that a !ourt maas!ertain whether or not the administrative a!tion is in violation of law

*. rder or de!ision

'he order@a!tion@de!ision being reviewed must have attained someform of finalit

o +ot that it has be!ome final and e$e!utor, be!ause then, t!annot be the sub7e!t of review anmore

o But rather, that there is no a!tion left to be ta"en b theadministrative bod regarding the matter

'he informalit of a de!ision does not #revent its review if it isotherwise final

If the order is not et final, 7udi!ial review shall be dismissed for being#rematurel ta"en

o 'here is nothing et for the !ourt to review

8. 'hreatened or #ending a!tion udi!ial relief is often denied for la!" of finalit where a!tion of the

administrative agen! is onl anti!i#ated, even though threatenedo r where a!tion is still #ending without final dis#osition

In dening relief or review in su!h situations, it is said that:a. urisdi!tion lies in the administrative agen! rather than in

the !ourts

b. An administrative offi!er to whom #ubli! duties are !onfided

b law is not sub7e!t to the !ontrol of the !ourts in the

e$er!ise of the 7udgment and dis!retion whi!h the law re#oses

in him as #art of his offi!ial fun!tions

!. 3eterminations b subordinate offi!ials, a!ting under the

instru!tion of their offi!ial su#eriors, are, in the nature of

things, under the !ontrol of and sub7e!t to review b their

offi!ial su#eriors

d. 5he courts "ill not render a decree in advance of the a!ency$s

a!tion and thereb render su!h a!tion nugator

e. It is not for a !ourt to sto# an administrative offi!er from#erforming his statutor dut for fear he will #erform it

wrongl, #arti!ularl where the statute is not un!onstitutionalon its fa!e, that to interfere with a!tion whi!h is sim#l―threatened‖ would render a statute unwor"able andunenfor!eable and would undul ham#er the dis!harge b theadministrative agen!ies of their res#onsibilit

f. Prior to final administrative determination, the #art see"ingrelief has not suffered a #resent in7ur

. A!tion re6uiring a##roval b su#erior

An order re6uired to be submitted to a su#erior for a##roval is notfinal for #ur#oses of review

In some !ir!umstan!es, the fa!t that the grant of relief might have tobe submitted for a##roval does not detra!t from the finalit of an orderdening relief

. Penden! of rehearing or administrative a##eal

'he #enden! of an a##li!ation for a rehearing or re!ommendationfiled within the time #res!ribed b law or regulations de#rives the

original order of finalit

'he statute, however, ma #rovide otherwise=. 1ules and regulations

Addressed to and set a standard of !ondu!t for all to whom their termsa##l

Where administrative regulations affe!t or determine rights generalland non&!om#lian!e is #enali%ed

a. 'he are a##ro#riatel the sub7e!t of atta!" under a statuteauthori%ing a suit to en7oin, set aside, annul, or sus#end anorder, even though not dire!ted to an #arti!ular #erson or!or#oration

But rules and regulations, even though arbitrar or dis!riminator withres#e!t to #arti!ular individuals, are not sub7e!t to !hallenge in 7udi!ial#ro!eedings #rior to the time when an administrative a!tion #ursuant

to su!h rules and regulations invade #rivate rights

a. 1i#eness for review>. Purel administrative matters

Purel administrative and dis!retionar fun!tions ma not be interferedwith b !ourts

Courts have no su#ervisor #ower over the #ro!eedings and a!tions ofadministrative agen!ies

a. 0$!e#t where the agen! goes beond its authorit or a!ts

with grave abuse



G. Preliminar, #ro!edural and interlo!utor

determinations

Universal rule is that interlo!utor orders are not a##ealableo Unless su!h order affe!ts the merits

An order is not final but interlo!utor when:o 'he substantial rights of the #arties involved in the a!tion

remain undetermined and when the !ause is retained forfurther a!tion

o As distinguished from final orders whi!h involve a

determination of the substantial rights of the #arties

'his is to #revent delas in the #ro!eedings

But certiorari is available against administrative agen!ies e$er!ising6uasi&7udi!ial fun!tions – whether the order is interlo!utor or final –

where due #ro!ess was not followed

E c e pt io n s t o d o c t r ine offinal it ). 1eview at an initial or intermediate stage of administrative

a!tion

'he re6uirement of finalit I sub7e!t to e$!e#tions andlimitations whi!h #ermit 7udi!ial relief for review at aninitial@intermediate stage of administrative a!tion

5he fact that a #articular determination is not a ―final order‖ has

been held not to #re!lude the availabilit of 7udi!ial review:. 'o an interlo!utor order affe!ting the merits of a !ontrovers

*. 'o grant relief to #reserve the status uo #endingfurther a!tion b the administrative agen!

8. When it is essential to the #rote!tion of the rights assertedfrom the in7ur threatened

. Where the offi!er a!ts in violation of the Constitution or thelaw

. Where su!h order is not reviewable in an other wa and the!om#lainant will suffer great and obvious damage if the orderis !arried out

=. 'o an order made in e$!ess of #ower, !ontrar to s#e!ifi!#rohibition in the statute governing the agen!

*. 1eview allowed b statutor Provisions

In some instan!es, the statute itself m #rovide e$!e#tions to thefinalit of the order@de!ision

'he de!larator 7udgment law is a##li!able and a##ro#riate ininstan!es where there is no final de!ision or rile of an administrativeagen! whi!h !ould be reviewed b an e$isting remed su!h an a##eal

o 'his !ould be used b !iti%ens against #ubli! offi!ials inadvan!e of threatened erroneous a!tion to the in7ur of the#laintiff

Ti m in" of appli c a t ion t oc o $ r t s5un!tions are divided between the administrative agen!ies and the !ourts.

+e!essaril, there ma be #roblems when it !omes to determining whi!h

tribunal ta"es initial a!tion.

'he #roblems of whi!h tribunal shall ta"e initial a!tion is governed b the

following do!trines:

. 3o!trine of #rimar 7urisdi!tion

+ot !on!erned with 7udi!ial review

Instead, determines whether the a!tion should be initiated in a !ourtor with an administrative agen!

*. 3o!trine of e$haustion of administrative remedies

3esigned #rimaril to !ontrol the timing of 7udi!ial relief fromad7udi!ative a!tion of an agen!

Customaril a##lied to ad7udi!ation and not to rule&ma"ing8. 3o!trine of ri#eness for review

In essen!e, the same as that of e$haustion of administrative remedies

It also a##lies to rule ma"ing and to other administrative a!tionsembodied outside of rules@regulations or ad7udi!ation

Do c t r ine of p r im a r ) ($ r is d ic t ion. Con!e#t

Das been referred to as the do!trine of prior resort8exclusive administrative $urisdiction or preliminary resort

Usuall refers to !ases involving s#e!iali%ed dis#utes whi!h arereferred to an agen! for resolution

A##lies onl when the administrative agen! e$er!ises ad7udi!ation

b7e!tive is guide !ourts whether or not it should refrain frome$er!ising its 7urisdi!tion

―courts cannot and "ill not determine a controversy involvin!a 6uestion whi!h is within the 7urisdi!tion of an administrativetribunal,es#e!iall where the 6uestion demands the e$er!ise of sound

administrative dis!retion re6uiring s#e!ial "nowledge, e$#erien!e,

and servi!es of the tribunal to determine te!hni!al and matters of

fa!t and where a uniformit of ruling is essential to !om#l with the

#ur#oses of the re!ulatory statute administered‖

Where the !ontrovers is initiall lodged with the administrative bod,it behooves a !ourt to sus#end its a!tion on the !ase before it #endingthe out!ome of the administrative #ro!eedings

o A##lies even if no #re7udi!ial 6uestion is involved

Where the !laim is !ogni%able in !ourts, but the enfor!ement of the!laim re6uires the resolution of issues whi!h are within the 7urisdi!tionor !om#eten!e of administrative bodies

o udi!ial #ro!ess is sus#ended #ending referral of su!h issues

to the administrative bod for its view*. 1easons

'o ta"e full advantage of administrative e$#ertise

'o attain uniformit of a##li!ation of regulator laws whi!h !an bese!ured onl if determination of the issue is left to the administrativebodies

8. 4ubse6uent resort to 7udi!ial a!tion not #re!luded

'he do!trine onl re6uires the litigants to address the issues initiall tothe #ro#er administrative tribunal

nl if the issues are su!h that the !an be #resented in the firstinstan!e to the administrative agen!

3oes not remove the issues !om#letel from the 7udi!ial s#here

'he !ase ma still be !onsidered b the !ourts subse6uent to theadministrative determination



. 0$!lusive 7urisdi!tion ma be e$#li!it or im#li!it 'he statute ma, im#li!itl or e$#li!it, give the agen! e$!lusive 7urisdi!tion to ma"e initial determination

It ma also give a #arti!ular !ourt e$!lusive 7urisdi!tion to review theadministrative a!tion in a designated wa and time

If the grant is onl im#li!it, the legislative intent to re6uireadministrative a!tion (whether e$!lusivel or in advan!e of 7udi!iala!tion) has to be !lear

Appli c a t ion of t !e do c t r ine. Where elements of administrative dis!retion, im#ortant !onsiderations

Prior resort would be re6uired where elements of administrativedis!retion are often im#ortant !onsiderations

0$: issuan!e and revo!ation of li!enses, enfor!ement of li!ensing rules*. Where reasons for do!trine a##li!able

A##li!ation involves e$er!ise of 7udi!ial dis!retiono 'he do!trine is not an infle$ible mandateo Predi!ated on an attitude of 7udi!ial self&restrainto A##li!ation involves the e$er!ise of 7udi!ial dis!retiono 5he a##lication de#ends on the courts$ determination "hether

Congress intended the issues to be left to theadministrative agen! for initial determination

o Where legislative intent does not !learl a##ear, !ourts arefree to determine the need of #rior resort based on #oli!!onsiderations

Issues involve 6uestions of lawo Prior resort should be limited to 6uestions of fa!t and

6uestions re6uiring s"ills of administrative s#e!ialistso uestions of law ma be a##ro#riatel determined in the first

instan!e b the !ourts 'here is no danger of b#assing administrative

a!tion8. Where !on!urrent 7urisdi!tion !onferred

'he do!trine is !learl a##li!able whenever the !ourts andadministrative agen!ies have !on!urrent 7urisdi!tion

Do c t r ine of e ! a $ s ti o n of a d m ini s t r a t ive r e m ed ie s

Where a remed before an administrative agen! is available against thea!tion of an administrative board, bod or offi!er, and !an still be resortedto:

o 1elief must be first sought b availing of this remed beforesee"ing relief in !ourt

o 'he agen! should still be given the o##ortunit to !orre!t the

matter that !omes within its 7urisdi!tion 'he do!trine is to allow first the administrative agen! to !arr out its

fun!tions and dis!harge its res#onsibilities within its s#e!ial area of !om#eten!e

%remature invocation of the court$ intervention is fatal to ones Cause of A!tion

o 'he !om#laint ma be sus!e#tible to dismissal for la!" of !ause of a!tion

o 3o!trine admits !ertain e$!e#tions based on the fa!ts

L e " al a n d p r a c t ic al r ea s o n s fo r do c t r ineR$le. onl after all administrative remedies are e$hausted at the highest level

within the administrative sstem ma 7udi!ial re!ourse@intervention be allowed

'he 3o!trine:

() 3etermines at what stage a #erson ma se!ure review of an

administrative a!tion. It is !on!erned with #romoting #ro#er

relationshi#s between the !ourts and the agen!ies



(*) Involves a #oli! of:

a. rderl #ro!edure whi!h favors a #reliminar administrativesifting #ro!ess, #arti!ularl with res#e!t to matters within the!om#eten!e of administrative authorities who are #resumedto be e$#erts in their fields of s#e!iali%ation

b. Avoidan!e of interferen!e with fun!tions of the administrativeagen! b withholding 7udi!ial a!tion until the administrative#ro!ess has run its !ourse

!. Prevention of attem#ts ―to s"am# the courts‖ by a resort to

them in the first instan!e(8) Pra!ti!al reasons: lesser e$#enses and s#eedier dis#osition of the!ases

() 5ounded on !omit between different de#artments of the governmentand non&interferen!e of the 7udi!iar on matters within the!om#eten!e of other de#artments b reason of the se#aration of #owers

() Based on res#e!t for a !o&e6ual offi!e in the government

(=) 1ests u#on the #resum#tion that offi!ial a!ts are !orre!t and lawful

and If an error has been !ommitted b the subordinates, the

su#eriors, if given the o##ortunit, will !orre!t the same whi!h would

ma"e it unne!essar for the 7udi!iar to interfere

(>) 4ometimes, the a##li!ation of the do!trine has been s#o"en of in

terms of waiver b the #art not resorting to the administrative#ro!ess

(G) 'he do!trine is merel one as#e!t of the broader do!trine whi!hre6uires final administrative a!tion as a #re!ondition@#re&re6uisite of 7udi!ial review. 3e!isions of admin agen!ies are usuall 6uestionedthrough certiorari , #rohibition and mandamus whi!h are allowed onwhen there is no #lain, s#eed, and ade6uate remed available to the#etitioner.

'he #art who has an administrative remed must not merel initiate the#res!ribed administrative #ro!edure to obtain relief but also #ursue it to itsa##ro#riate !on!lusion before see"ing 7udi!ial intervention in order not onl

to give the administrative agen! an a##ro#riate o##ortunit to a!t and

!orre!t its alleged errors, and de!ide the manner in a less e$#ensive and

s#eed manner, but also to #revent unne!essar and #remature resort to

the !ourts.

Ap pli c a t ion of t !e d o c t r ine %s a prereuisite of $udicial review

0ven the filing of an a##eal does not e$haust the remed where there isfailure to await the determination thereon before see"ing the aid of !ourts

%s affecting oneHs cause of action In o$r ($risdiction. failure to e$haust does not affe!t the 7urisdi!tion of

the !ourt but affe!ts the ca$se of action of the #etitioner. 4u!h a failureisa ground for dismissal for la!" of a !ause of

a!tion.

0$haustion must be raised at the earliest #ossible time #ossible evenbefore filing the answer to the !om#laint or #leading a !laim b motion todismiss. 5ailure to invo"e shall be a waiver

'he effe!t is to render the a!tion premat$re

I n s t an c e s ! e r e do c t r ine !a s & ee n a pp li e dP. 8==

E c ept io n s t o t !e d o c t r ine#. 8=G

E!a$stion Doctrine and primar) ($risdiction doctrine distin"$is!ed+MM

M Both do!trines are !on!erned with #romoting #ro#er relationshi#s between

the !ourts and administrative agen!ies, #ermitting the !ourts to obtain e$#ert

aid in the solution of te!hni!al #roblems. 'he net result of both is #ra!ti!all the

same but the do!trines should not be !onfused.

I. 30*is invo"ed as a defense to 7udi!ial review of an administrative a!tion

whi!h is deemed as not et !om#lete. It a##lies where the !laim or matter

is co"ni#a&le in t!e fir st in s t an c e b an administrative a"enc) alone%

In su!h a !ase, 7udi!ial interferen!e is withheld until the administrative

#ro!ess has run its !ourse. 'he administrative authorit alone must have

authorit to #ass on ever 6uestion raised b a #erson resorting to 7udi!ial

relief.

It is not available when:

) the issue is p$rel) le"al and is within the 7urisdi!tion of the !ourts

*) the #art ma ele!t@!hoose between an administrative or a 7udi!ial

remed (!on!urrent 7urisdi!tion)

II. uestions of #rimar 7urisdi!tion arise where oth the court and administrative agency have $urisdiction to pass on a uestion whi!h in a#arti!ular !ase is #resented to the !ourt as an or ig ina l m a tt e r , rather thanas a matter of review.

It usuall relates to partic$lar iss$es in a #ro!eeding rather than the

entire #ro!eeding and t#i!all o#erates through a sus#ension of the

7udi!ial #ro!ess #ending referral of su!h issues to the administrative

agen!. It is a##lied in the fa!e of statutes #ur#orting to #ermit a !hoi!e of

remedies.



'he !lassi! e$am#le of failure to e$haust administrative remedies is thefailure to a##eal from an administrative de!ision to a higher administrativeauthorit or tribunal within the administrative sstem.

4+m"ortant@

6*octrine of e0haustion

Both 3o!trines do not a##l where the issue involves p$rel) a 6uestion of LA: be!ause there is no 6uestion of fa!t or a 6uestion re6uiring thee$#ert 7udgment of the administrative agen!.

+n d u s tria l Ent e r p rises +n c. v

C %It ma o!!ur that the Court has 7urisdi!tion to ta"e !ogni%an!e of a #arti!ular!ase, whi!h means that the matter involved is also 7udi!ial in !hara!ter.Dowever, if the !ase is su!h that its determination re6uires the e$#ertise,s#e!iali%ed s"ills and "nowledge of the #ro#er administrative bodies be!ausete!hni!al matters or intri!ate 6uestions of fa!ts are involved, then relief mustfirst be obtained in an administrative #ro!eeding before a remed will besu##lied b the !ourts even though the matter is within the #ro#er 7urisdi!tionof a !ourt.

'his is the do!trine of #rimar 7urisdi!tion. It a##lies Nwhere a !laim isoriginally cogni&ale in the courts8 and !omes into #la whenever enfor!ement of the!laim re6uires the resolution of issues whi!h, under a regulator s!heme, havebeen #la!ed within the s#e!ial !om#eten!e of an administrative bod, in su!h!ase the $udicial process is suspended pending referral of such issues to the

administrative ody for its viewI

R e la t io n & e t w ee n e ! a $ s t ion d o c t r ine a n d d $e p r o c es sc on cep t 30 a##lies when the ruling !ourt is not given the o##ortunit to

ree$amine its findings and !on!lusions be!ause of an available o##ortunitthat a #arty see2in! recourse a!ainst the court$s rulin! omitted to ta2e.

3ue Pro!ess a violation o!!urs when a !ourt rules against a #art withoutgiving him an o##ortunit to be heard

0$haustion #rin!i#le is based on the #ers#e!tive of the !ourt

3ue #ro!ess is !onsidered from the #oint of view of the litigating #artagainst whom the ruling is made

5he commonality shared is the ―o##ortunity‖ "hich underlies

both

Do c t r ine of r ipe n e ss fo r ($ d ic ial r e vi e w

3etermines the #oint at whi!h !ourts ma review administrative a!tion

'his also a##lies to non&ad7udi!ator a!tions

) Basi! #rin!i#le is that the 7udi!ial ma!hiner should be !onserved for

#roblems whi!h are real and #resent or imminent rather than s6uandered

on ones whi!h are future, imaginar, or remote

*) 'he ba!"ground for the rule is based on timing of atta!"s u#on

administrative regulations. 'he rule !an be tra!ed from !ases involving the

!onstitutionalit of statutes

Appli c a t ion of t !e D o c t r ine. An issue is normall ri#e for 7udi!ial determination when interests of the

#laintiff are sub7e!ted to or imminentl threatened with substantial in7ur

*. A statute ma be ri#e for !onstitutional !hallenge in advan!e of offi!ial

a!tion, if the statute is self e$e!uting



8. A statute or regulation whi!h is enfor!eable through !riminal

#rose!ution should be sub7e!t to !hallenge in a suit for in7un!tion or

de!larator 7udgment brought b a #art who is immediatel

!onfronted with the #roblem of !om#ling or violating

. A debilitating legal un!ertaint b reason of whi!h #rivate #arties ma

be in7ured seriousl enough should 7ustif resort to the 7udi!ial ma!hiner

. When the #laintiff is , in fa!t, substantiall harmed b the vagueness of

a statute, the vagueness should not be deemed a ground for refusing

to determine whether the statute is void for vagueness=. Informal administrative a!tion ma be deserving of 7udi!ial attention

as the most formal order or re!ulation. 5hus, an ―instruction‖ issued by an

administrative agen! should be held ri#e for review where no

administrative remed is available and the #art affe!ted is

immediatel !onfronted with the !hoi!e between !om#lian!e and

non!om#lian!e and the violation of the instru!tion is a !riminal offense>. 5hat !overnment action is contin!ent u#on the #laintiff$s action or other

events does not ne!essaril mean that the governmental a!tion isunri#e for !hallenge; the test is whether substantial in7ur to the#laintiff is #resent or imminent

G. When substantial in7ur is not #resent or imminent from the statute, itis normall not ri#e for !hallenge unless the !ourts, in its dis!retion,de!ide to issue the legalit in s#e!ial !ir!umstan!es

R ip e n e ss d o c t r ine a nd e ! a$ s t io n d o c t r ine d is t in " $ is ! e d. 'he 1i#eness fo!us is u#on the nature of the 7udi!ial #ro!ess – u#on

the t#es of fun!tions the !ourts should #erform. 'he e$haustion fo!us is

u#on the relativel narrow 6uestion of whether a #art should bere6uired to #ursue an administrative remed before going to !ourt.

*. 'he ri#eness do!trine is a##lied to rule&ma"ing and administrative a!tion

not involving rule&ma"ing and ad7udi!ation. 0$haustion is a##lied to

ad7udi!ative a!tions

R ip e n e ss d o c t r ine a nd p r ima r ) ($ r is d ic t io n d is t in " $ is! e d. Both ri#eness and e$haustion determine at what stage a #art ma se!ure

7udi!ial review of administrative a!tion. 'he 3o!trine of Primar 7urisdi!tiondetermines whether the !ourt or the agen! should ma"e the initialde!ision.

*. uestions of ri#eness and e$haustion ma arise whenever 7udi!ial review of

administrative a!tion is available. uestions of #rimar 7urisdi!tion arise

onl when an administrative and a 7udi!ial 7urisdi!tion are !on!urrent for

the initial de!ision of some 6uestions. 'he 6uestion is onl as regards the

initial, and not the final, determination of 6uestions.

S c op e a nd e t en t of ($ d ic ia l r e vi e wTypes of agency determination for purposes of $udicial review

(a) 3eterminations of law, whi!h are full reviewable

(b) 3eterminations of fa!t, review of whi!h is limited to finding of t!eeistence of substantial eviden!e

(!) 3is!retionar determinations, whi!h are reviewable onl to as!ertain

whether the a!tion ta"en was arbitrar or !a#ri!ious

Jeneral frame of power Is to "ee# the administrator within the valid statute whi!h guides him and

"ee#s him from unreasonable e$!esses in the e$er!ise of his fun!tion, and to

as!ertain whether there is warrant in both the law and the fa!ts for what the

administrative agen! has done.

Limited to. 6uestions affe!ting !onstitutional #ower, statutor authorit and

the basi! #re&re6uisites of #roof

Primar) limitation on t!e power. matters !alling for the e$er!ise of thee$#ert 7udgment and dis!retion of the administrative agen!

"eview islimited 'he fundamental feature of 7udi!ial review over administrative a!tion is that it is

a limited review.

(a) udi!ial review is e$tremel limited in regard to findings of fa!t and to

e$#ert 7udgments of an admin agen! a!ting within its authorit.

Courts must not usur# nor intrude in the legislativel delegated

fun!tions of the agen!

(b) It is not the #ower to determine whether the a!tion of an agen! isright, !orre!t, wise, #ro#er, advisable, e$#edient, or most a##ro#riate

(!) +o relied is available for mere error or honest error b an adminagen!, #arti!ularl in a !ollateral #ro!eeding. Dowever, it is a generalrule that de!isions of administrative agen!ies are reviewable and

reversible for mista"e of law or an erroneous view of the law(d) 'he !ourts will not in6uire into motives whi!h im#el a!tion b the

administrative agen!, for that does not affe!t the legalit or validitof the a!tion e$!e#t where it involves fraud, mali!e, or intentionalwrongdoing

(e) A !ourt ma re6uire an admin agen! to !om#l with the law and itsrules and regulations #arti!ularl those des!ribing noti!e and hearingbut it ma not re6uire it to de!ide a !ontrovers in a #arti!ular wa

(f) 'he determination of an admin agen! as to theo#eration@im#lementation of law whi!h it is entrusted to enfor!e isa!!orded great weight. 'here is a #resum#tion of regularit in favor of the agen!. 'he burden of #roof is on the #art assailing the regularitof the #ro!eedings



3$ di c ial r e vi e w d o e s not im p ort t r ia l d e no v o

3oes not im#ort a review of the eviden!e all over

again

nl im#orts an as!ertainment of whether the administrative findings arenot in violation of the Constitution or of the laws, and are free from fraudor im#osition, and if the find reasonable su##ort in eviden!e

() It is not for the reviewing !ourt to weigh in the !onfli!ting eviden!e,determine the !redibilit of witnesses, or substitute its 7udgment over

that of the agen! for the suffi!ien! of eviden!e

(*) 'he 6uestion of whether the agen! abused its dis!retion in the

weighing of the eviden!e should be resolved solel on the basis of the

#roof that the administrative agen! had before them and not no other

(8) Administrative de!isions in matters within the e$e!utive or

administrative 7urisdi!tion !an onl be set aside on #roof of gross

abuse of dis!retion

() 'here !annot be a trial de novo in administrative !ases sin!e a review

of an administrative finding is limited to the eviden!e #resented before

the administrative bod.

() 5he court$s function is limited to determination of the e)isten!e of substantial eviden!e su##orting the findings

7>5 'his rule bars the #resentation of eviden!e aliunde

1e t !o d s or m od e s of r e li e f or r e v ie w2ethods of obtaining 7udi!ial relief ma be !lassified as

. 3ire!t or Collateral(indire!t)

*. 4tatutor or +on&4tatutor

'he !hoi!e of remed is a matter of im#ortan!e, sin!e one remed ma be

more e$#editious or less burdensome@!ostl than the other. Also, the s!o#e of

review ma var with the remed.

S t a t $ t o r ) m e t !o d s of r ev ie w715 here remedy itself governed y statute

4tatutor methods in the road sense of the term are afforded wherethe remed itself is governed b statutor #rovisions, although thee$#ress terms of su!h statute relating to administrative agen!ies ma"e

no #rovision that this remed shall be available for the review of

agen! a!tion

7!5 here proceedings in court reuired y statute for enforcement of administrative action A statutor method of review is afforded where the statute governing

the a!tion of a #arti!ular agen! does not #ermit the enfor!ement of an administrative de!ision e$!e#t b #ro!eedings in a !ourt to be

instituted b the #revailing #art or the agen! itself

7#5 here direct $udicial review afforded y legislation providing generally for such review

'his is statutor method of review in the narrower sense

Also !alled d ire !t rev ie w # ro! e ed in gs Afforded b legislation #roviding generall for review of a!tion of

administrative agen! and #res!ribing the manner and e$tent of su!hreview

If a##eal is granted b statute, the a##ellant must !om#l with thestatutor re6uirements

Non 9 s t a t$ t o r ) me t !o d s of r e v ie w 'he fa!t that a statute does not #rovide for 7udi!ial review of a!tion of

an administrative agen! does not #re!lude the !ourts from #roviding



su!h as is

ne!essar

In the absen!e of statutor #rovision for review, relief ma be had ina##ro#riate !ases b

o means of the !ommon law

o #rerogative writs su!h as certiorari8 mandamus8 haeascorpus8 uo warranto8 and #rohibition

R e la t io n & e t w ee n t !e t wo me t ! o d s

() Where a statute relating to the administrative agen! #rovides a dire!tmethod of 7udi!ial review of agen! a!tion and is a##li!able, it ma be

regarded as e$!lusive and #re!ludes the use of an other or non&

statutor method

(*) A!!ording to some !ases, the statutor method of review is note$!lusive but that it must be e$hausted as a #rere6uisite to 7udi!ialrelief b some other methods

(8) In some instan!es, the e$isten!e of statutor review has not #re!ludedreview b means other than as #rovided in the statute es#e!iall as toa!ts whi!h are entirel unwarranted or where e$!e#tional!ir!umstan!es e$ist, and inade6ua! of the statutor remed ma#rovide basis for relief of some other method

Il l$ s t r a t iv e c as e s on S t a t $t o r ) a nd n o n 9 s t a t $ t o r ) m e t !o d s of r ev ie w

Please read P%7B to @+ of 3e Leon. Cases with #arti!ular em#hasis on thefollowing !ases:

. Aratu! v Comele!

*. 0l"s Club v. 1ovira

8. Colle!tor of Internal 1evenue v 0%nar

. Chua Diong v. 3e#ortation Board

. Lemi v. /alen!ia (again)

=. A%a7ar v. Ardales

;$ es t io ns o pe n t o r e v ie w715 Jenerally 'he are generall re!ogni%ed to be of three t#es: matters of law, matters of

fa!t, and mattes of dis!retion

(a) -enerall, Courts will not disturb the a!tion of an agen! *wihin its 7urisdi!tion@#owers@authorit when it is not !ontrar to law, hasreasonable basis, and it not arbitrar or !a#ri!ious as well as tofindings of fa!t as long as the are su##orted b substantial eviden!e

(b) 'his is to free them from the !om#ulsion of a##ling te!hni!al rules of eviden!e so that the mere admission of 7udi!iall in!om#etenteviden!e in an administrative #ro!eeding will not invalidate anadministrative order

(!) 'his gives them more fle$ibilit but !annot go so far as to 7ustiforders without a basis in eviden!e

7!5 Kuestions of -aw

It arises when there is doubt or differen!e in a##li!ation as to what the lawis #ertaining to a !ertain set of fa!t.

'he !ontrovers !on!erns the !orre!t a##li!ation of law or 7uris#ruden!e. Itmust involve no e$amination of the #robative value of the eviden!e#resented or admitted.



It is for the !ourts – and not for administrative agen!ies& to determinethe #rin!i#les of law and what the law is

(a) 2atters involving 6uestions of law relate to: Constitutional

issues, 7urisdi!tion, !om#lian!e with law and #ro!edure, statutor

!onstru!tion, a!tions whi!h are arbitrar or unreasonable or

tainted with fraud, mali!e, bad faith, and su##ort of findings of fa!t

b ade6uate eviden!e.

(b) 'he fun!tion of the reviewing !ourt to de!ide whether the !orre!t

rule of law was a##lied to the fa!ts found b the administrativeagen!

(!) 5he inter#retation and a##lication of la"s is the court$s #rero!ative

des#ite the #ersuasive value !onferred on administrativeinter#retation and a##li!ation of laws

(d) Where there is no !onfli!t in the eviden!e or fa!ts, onl a 6uestion

of law is #resented

7#5 Kuestions of fact 'his arises when there is doubt or differen!es as to the truth or falsit

of alleged fa!ts. It is to be determined b the s#e!ial !ir!umstan!es ofea!h!ase in the e$er!ise of 7udgment and not b an fi$ed rule of law.

-enerall solel the !on!ern of administrative agen!ies so long as thereis substantial eviden!e of re!ord su##orting the findings

When affirmed b the Court of A##eals, the are !on!lusive u#onthe #arties and not reviewable b the 4C.(a) 'he rule is that a 6uestion of fa!t is !on!lusive and not sub7e!t

to review b the !ourts in the absen!e of showing that the de!ision

was rendered through fraud, im#osition or mista"e (other than

error of 7udgment in estimating the value of the eviden!e)

(b) 'he !on!lusiveness of findings of fa!t b an agen! is not affe!ted b

the fa!t that there was a wide differen!e of o#inion among its

members or that some members dissented

(!) But a !onfli!t between fa!tual findings of an agen! and its a##ellate

tribunal will ne!essitate review of su!h findings and re!ords to

determine whi!h !on!lusions are more !onformable to the evidentiar

fa!ts

7:5 ixed uestions of law and fact Arises when there is no !lear dividing line between 6uestions of law and

6uestions of fa!t(a) An administrative finding on a mi$ed 6uestion of law and fa!t is

sub7e!t to 7udi!ial review; the !ourt ma substitute its own 7udgment

for that of the agen!

(b) Where there is a mi$ed 6uestion of law and fa!t and the !ourt !annot

se#arate the elements so !learl as to what and where the mista"e of

law is, it will be treated as 6uestion of fa!t for the #ur#oses of review.

'he !ourts will not ordinaril review the administrative de!ision

(!) Where 7urisdi!tional and !onstitutional fa!ts are involved, the

administrative findings are sub7e!t to 7udi!ial review

7=5 %dministrative discretion

Courts generall have no su#ervisor #ower over the #ro!eedings anda!tions of administrative bodies whi!h involve onl the e$er!ise of dis!retion.

3is!retion is the #ower to ma"e a !hoi!e between #ermissive a!tions or#oli!ies

'here is a well re!ogni%ed distin!tion between the 7udi!ial review of administrative a!tion and substitution of 7udi!ial dis!retion overadministrative dis!retion.

Issues involving basi!all te!hni!al matters deserve to be disentangledfrom undue interferen!e b the !ourts(a) uestions of #oli! dis!retion or administrative dis!retion are

reviewable onl for unreasonableness, de#arture from statutorstandards, or la!" of evidentiar su##ort. uestions of wisdom,#ro#riet or e$#edien! are not for the Courts to de!ided

(b) 'he !ourt wi not substitute its dis!retion or 7udgment for that of theadministrative agen! whi!h is treated with finalit. 'he !ourts,however, will determine the lawfulness of the a!tion.

(!) 'he !ourts will not interfere in matters whi!h are addressed to thesound dis!retion of government agen!ies entrusted with the regulationof a!tivities !oming under the s#e!ial te!hni!al "nowledge and trainingof su!h agen!ies.

-r o$n d s w!i c ! wo $ ld wa r r a n t r e v e r s al of a d m in is t r at iv e fin d in " s-1: fa!tual findings of administrative agen!ies that are affirmed b the CA are!on!lusive u#on and not reviewable b the 4u#reme Court.

0$!e#tions:

(a) Con!lusion is a finding grounded on s#e!ulations, surmises, and

!on7e!tures

(b) Inferen!es made are manifestl mista"en, absurd or im#ossible

(!) 'here is grave abuse of dis!retion

(d) udgment is based on misa##rehension of fa!ts, or the findings of fa!ts

are !onfli!tion

(e) 'he agen! (or the CA) overloo"ed !ertain fa!ts of substan!e and

value whi!h if !onsidered would affe!t the result of the !ase or 7ustif a

different !on!lusion

(f) 'he agen!, in arriving at its findings, went beond the issues of the!ase and the same are !ontrar to the admissions of the #arties or the

eviden!e #resented

(g) 'he findings are !on!lusions without !itation of s#e!ifi! eviden!e on

whi!h the are based

(h) 'he findings of fa!ts are #remised on the su##osed absen!e of

eviden!e and !ontradi!ted b the eviden!e on re!ord

(i) 5he facts set forth in the #etition as "ell as the #etitioner$s main and

re#l briefs are not dis#uted b the res#ondent(7) 'he agen! has sustained irregular #ro!edures and through the

invo!ation of summar methods, in!luding rules on a##eal, hasaffirmed an order whi!h tolerates a violation of due #ro!ess



(") 'he rights of a #art were #re7udi!ed be!ause the administrative irregular #ro!edure, vitiated b fraud, im#osition or mista"e, not

su##orted b substantial eviden!e addu!ed at the hearing or !ontained

in the re!ords or dis!losed to the #arties, or arbitrar, or !a#ri!ious

S $ & s t a n t ial e vid e n c e r $le Provides the most generall a##lied standard governing the review of

administrative a!tion A !om#romise between o##osing theories of a broad or de novo review of

administrative a!tions and restri!ted review or !om#lete abstention Administrative determinations are final and !on!lusive u#on the !ourts and

must be sustained if su##orted b substantial eviden!e u#on the whole

re!ordo 0ven if su!h eviden!e be not overwhelming or #re#onderant in the

absen!e of an of the established e$!e#tions !alling for a 7udi!ialreview

'his is the 6uantum of eviden!e re6uired to establish a fa!t in !ases beforeadministrative bodies

o As o##osed to #re#onderan!e of eviden!e in !ivil !ases

In administrative !ases, the !ourts !annot weigh on!e more the eviden!esubmitted before the administrative bod and ma"e their own findings of fa!t and substitute the same for the findings of fa!t of the 6uasi&7udi!ial

agen!

3$ s t ifia & le dec is ion or c on c l$s ion t o t !e c o n t r a r ) n o t p r ec l$ de d

S$&stantial evidence – su!h eviden!e as will establish a substantial basis of fa!t from whi!h the fa!t at issue !an be reasonabl inferred. 'he eviden!e neednot be su!h as to #re!lude a 7ustifiable de!ision to the !ontrar.

– su!h "ind of relevant eviden!e whi!h a reasonable mind might a!!e#t asade6uate to 7ustif or su##ort a !on!lusion or de!ision, even if other mindse6uall reasonable might !on!eivabl o#ine otherwise

Where there were * e$#ert witnesses to a dis#uted fa!t and their o#inionswere diametri!all o##osed, the de!ision of a !ommissioner based u#on thetestimon of one of them is held as reasonabl su##orted b substantial

eviden!e

Test to &e applied Whether the eviden!e reasonabl tends to su##ort the administrative

de!ision or finding Whether the de!ision is !learl not !ontrar to the overwhelming weight of the eviden!e

4ubstantial eviden!e must do more than !reate a sus#i!ion of the e$isten!eof the fa!t to be established

Hierarc!) of evidentiar) val$es7

. Proof Beond 1easonable 3oubt

*. Clear and !onvin!ing eviden!e

8. Pre#onderan!e of eviden!e

findings, !on!lusions or de!isions were in violation of !onstitutional

#rovisions, in e$!ess of statutor authorit or 7urisdi!tion, made u#on From Greatest e%identiary %alue to the least

. 4ubstantial Proof

. 2ere 4!intilla of eviden!e As long as administrative findings are su##orted b substantial eviden!e, itis not the tas" of an a##ellate !ourt to weigh in on!e more the eviden!e



submitted before the administrative bod in res#e!t to the suffi!ien! of

su!h eviden!e

:! e n r $le n o t a ppli c a & le4ubstantial eviden!e rule is ina##li!able:

(a) Where the statute #rovides for a trial de novo in whi!h the rule shall

not be invo"ed

/b Where the statute has s#e!ified a standard of #roof re6uired

for administrative determination, that is, the agen! is re6uired to

ma"e a findin! ―by the #re#onderance of evidence‖

(!) Where the suit is not for review of the administrative order and isinde#endent of the #ro!eedings in whi!h the administrative ruling

under atta!" was rendered

(d) Where !onstitutional or 7urisdi!tional fa!ts are involved

(e) Where #ro#ert rights rather than #rivileges are involved

Li a & il it ) of a d m in is t r a t iv e a "e n c ie s a n d o ff ic e r s. -enerall

3o!trine of 7udi!ial immunit from suit e$tends generall togovernment offi!ials in res#e!t to their a!ts of a dis!retionar, 7udi!ialor 6uasi&7udi!ial nature

'he rule #rote!ts an offi!er from liabilit for a mista"e of fa!t or anerroneous !onstru!tion and a##li!ation of the law or an error of

7udgment in the determination of the law Immaterial whether the offi!er used reasonable !are in as!ertaining

the fa!ts u#on whi!h his 7udgment was founded*. Basis of the rule

Publi! #oli! to aid in the effe!tive fun!tioning of government

'o insure %ealous and fearless administration of the law In effe!t, suits against government offi!ers in their offi!ial !a#a!it are

suits against the 4tate8. 0$!e#tions to the rule

A #ubli! offi!er en7os onl 6ualified and not absolute immunit.o Where the !ir!umstan!es are su!h as to render the offi!er

#ersonall liable, he is not relieved from res#onsibilit b reasonof mista"e and honest intention

A 7udgment, ta"en without a hearing, whi!h results in #ositive in7ur toa #rivate #erson e$#oses an offi!er to liabilit regardless of good faith

ffi!er is liable for his errors and mista"es when he a!ts without or ine$!ess of 7urisdi!tion, regardless of good faith 3ishonest, bad faith, mali!e or !orru#t motives will render an offi!er

!ivill liable for damages for his erroneous or mista"en determinationo A 6uasi&7udi!ial offi!er who is vested with dis!retion is usuall

immune from liabilit to #ersons who ma be in7ured as a result of an erroneous@mista"en de!ision, however mista"en his 7udgmentma be, #rovided the a!ts !om#lained of are done within the

s!o#e of his authorit and without willfulness, mali!e, or

!orru#tion

. ffi!ial immunit and state immunit distinguished

3o!trine of state immunit from suit a##lies to !om#laints filedagainst #ubli! offi!ials for a!ts done in the #erforman!e of their duties

'he suit must be regarded as one against the state where satisfa!tionof the 7udgment against the #ubli! offi!ial !on!erned will re6uire the4tate itself to #erform a #ositive a!t (e$. A##ro#riation of the amount

ne!essar to #a)

'he rule does not a##l where the #ubli! offi!ial is !harged in his

offi!ial !a#a!it for a!ts that are unlawful and in7urious to the rights of others

Publi! offi!ials are not e$em#t, in their #ersonal !a#a!it, from liabilitarising from a!ts !ommitted in bad faith

+either does the immunit a##l when the offi!ial is being sued in his#ersonal !a#a!it

'he immunit of #ubli! offi!ials is a more limited #rin!i#le thangovernmental immunito Pur#ose is not dire!tl to #rote!t the sovereign

o 1ather, to do so !ollaterall b #rote!ting the #ubli! offi!ial in the#erforman!e of his government fun!tion

3o!trine of 4overeign immunito 'he ?ing !an do no wrongo Prote!ts the im#ersonal bod #oliti! or government from tort

liabilito n the other hand, offi!ial immunit serves as a #rote!tive aegis

for #ubli! offi!ials from tort liabilit for damages arising from

dis!retionar a!ts in the #erforman!e of their offi!ial liabilit

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