Adjustable prediction-based reversible data hiding Source: Authors: Reporter: Date: Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp.941-953, 2012 Chin-Feng.

Adjustable prediction-based reversible data hiding

Source:Authors:Reporter:Date:

Digital Signal Processing, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp.941-953, 2012Chin-Feng Lee and Hsing-Ling ChenWan-Yu Lu2012/12/19

2

Outline

• Introduction• Related work– Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme

• The proposed scheme – Embedding phase– Extraction and recovery phase

• Experimental results• Conclusions

3

Introduction

• Data hiding is referred to as a process to hide some information data into cover media.

• The data hiding schemes can be generally classified into two categories:- Irreversible data hiding- Reversible data hiding

• Reversible data hiding schemes can be classified into two categories:- Difference expansion scheme (DE-based)- Histogram-based

4

Introduction

Embedding

Cover image Stego-image

Extraction

Secret message

Secret message

Reversible data hiding

5

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 0

121 76 79 39

136 255 165 0

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (1/10)

• Pre-processing:

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 0

121 76 79 39

136 255 165 0

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

L K Left-side scan sequence Right-side scan sequence

5 1 011 1Overhead

[27] H.W. Tseng, C.P. Hsieh, Prediction-based reversible data hiding, Information Sciences 179 (2009) 2460–2469

6

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (2/10)

• Pixel value prediction:

32 24 40 1

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121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Cover image

2/ : 3 case

2/ : 2 case

2/ : 1 case

TTd

TTdT

TdT

312/)3824()2,2(ˆ p

30)2,2( p

1) ,() ,(ˆ yxpyxpd

Embed

T=2

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

7

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (3/10)

• Embedding - Case 1 :

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165

Cover image

312/)3824()2,2(ˆ

30)3,2(

p

p

1) ,() ,(ˆ yxpyxpd

T=2

Td T/2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

29 0 1 2 31 ) , (' y x p

28 1 1 2 31 ) , (' y x p

W=0

W=1

8

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (4/10)

• Embedding - Case 2 :

Cover image

T=2

2/TTdT

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

33)3 ,2( p

352/)3040(3) ,2(ˆ p

23335)3 ,2( d

341332/)3 ,2(' Tpp

9

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (5/10)

• Embedding - Case 3 :

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Cover image

T=2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

2/TTd

1)4 ,2( p

172/)331(4) ,2(ˆ p

16117)4 ,2( d

0112/)2 ,2(' Tpp

10

32 24 40 1

38 29 34 0

121 78 80 38

136 255 163 0

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (6/10)

• Extracting:

Watermarked image

T=2

---------------------------------------------------------------------

) ,(') ,('ˆ' yxpyxpd

Td

TdT

TdT

2' : 3 case

'2/ : 2 case

2' : 1 case

11

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (7/10)

• Extracting - Case 1 : TdT 2'

29)2 ,2(' p

312/)3824(2) ,2('ˆ p

30131)2 ,2( p

02/'2' ddW

32 24 40 1

38 29 34 0

121 78 80 38

136 255 163 0

Watermarked image

T=2

22931)2 ,2(' d

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

12

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (8/10)

• Extracting - Case 2 : TdT '2/

32 24 40 1

38 30 34 0

121 78 80 38

136 255 163 0

Watermarked image

T=2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

34)3 ,2(' p

352/)3040(3) ,2('ˆ p

13435)3 ,2(' d

33134)3 ,2( p

13

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (9/10)

• Extracting - Case 3 : Td 2'

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 0

121 78 80 38

136 255 163 0

Watermarked image

T=2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

0)4 ,2(' p

172/)331(4) ,2('ˆ p

17017)4 ,2(' d

1102/')4 ,2( Tpp

14

Related work – Tseng and Hsiehs’ scheme (10/10) • Post-processing :

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 1

121 76 79 39

136 254 165 1

Watermarked image

T=2

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 0

121 76 79 39

136 255 165 0

L K Left-side scan sequence Right-side scan sequence

5 1 011 1Overhead

32 24 40 1

38 30 33 0

121 76 79 39

136 255 165 0

Cover image

15

The proposed scheme(1/11)

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 0

• Related work v.s Proposed scheme :

Tseng and Hsieh’s scheme

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 0

Proposed scheme

Prediction value (P) = (102 + 99)/2 = 100

1014/)ˆˆˆˆ(),(ˆ DRDLURUL IIIIyxI

1032/))1,(),1((),(ˆ

1002/))1,(),1((),(ˆ

1032/))1,(),1((),(ˆ

1002/))1,(),1((),(ˆ

yxIyxIyxI

yxIyxIyxI

yxIyxIyxI

yxIyxIyxI

DR

DL

UR

UL

--------------------------------------------------------------

16

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 00

The proposed scheme(2/11)

• Pre-processing:

Cover image

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 1

Cover image

17

The proposed scheme(3/11)

• Embedding phase:

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 1

Cover image

0101101

101)2,2(ˆ

101)2,2(

d

I

I

T=0S=1

102102101)2,2('ˆ I

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rule 1: d T≦

18

The proposed scheme(4/11)

• Embedding phase:

100 102 101

99 102 105

103 102 1

Cover image

2976105

76)2,2(ˆ

105)3,2(

d

I

I

1T

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

10610105)3,2('ˆ I

T=0S=1

Rule 2: d > T

19

The proposed scheme(5/11)

• Embedding phase:

100 102 101

99 102 106

103 102 1

Cover image

2676102

76)2,3(ˆ

102)2,3(

d

I

I

1T

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

103)10(102)2,3('ˆ I

T=0S=1

Rule 2: d > T

20

The proposed scheme(6/11)

• Embedding phase:

100 102 101

99 102 106

103 103 1

Cover image

1031041

104)3,3(ˆ

1)3,3(

d

I

I

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

0)10(1)2,3('ˆ I

T=0S=1

1T

Rule 2: d > T

0

21

The proposed scheme(7/11)

• Extraction and recovery phase:

100 102 101

99 102 106

103 103 0

Stego-image

1041040'

104)3,3('ˆ

0)3,3('

d

I

I

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

1)10(0)2,3( I

T=0

Rule 2: d’ > 2 x T + 1

1T

22

The proposed scheme(8/11)

• Extraction and recovery phase :

100 102 101

99 102 106

103 103 1

Stego-image

3076106'

76)2,3('ˆ

103)2,3('

d

I

I

1T

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

102)10(103)2,3( I

T=0

Rule 2: d’ > 2 x T + 1

23

The proposed scheme(9/11)

• Extraction and recovery phase :

100 102 101

99 102 106

103 102 1

Stego-image

3076106'

76)2,2('ˆ

106)3,2('

d

I

I

1T

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

105)10(106)3,2( I

T=0

Rule 2: d’ > 2 x T + 1

24

The proposed scheme(10/11)

• Extraction and recovery phase :

100 102 101

99 102 105

103 102 1

Stego-image

1101102'

101)2,2('ˆ

102)2,2('

d

I

I

T=0 1010101)2,2( I

--------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rule 1: d’ 2 x T + 1≦

12mod' ds

25

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 01

The proposed scheme(11/11)

• Post-processing:

Stego-image

100 102 101

99 101 105

103 102 0

Cover image

26

Experimental results (1/14)

Amount of overhead information associated with different thresholds

27

Experimental results (2/14)

Embedding rate versus image quality of all tested images with various thresholds.

Embedding rate

28

Experimental results (3/14)

Embedding rate versus image quality of all tested images with various thresholds.

Image quality

29

Experimental results (4/14)

Histograms of prediction-errors for test images “Lena” and “Baboon” obtained using Tseng and Hsieh’s scheme (T = 5).

30

Experimental results (5/14)

Histograms of prediction-errors for test images “Lena” and “Baboon” obtained using the proposed scheme (T = 5).

31

Experimental results (6/14)

37.15 dB and 0.99 bpp

30.78 dB and 0.71 bpp

48.6 dB and 0.2 bpp

47.9 dB and 0.06 bpp

32

• Comparisons of embedding rates (bpp) of proposed scheme and that of Tseng and Hsieh.

Experimental results (7/14)

33

• Comparisons of image quality (dB) of Tseng and Hsieh’s and the proposed schemes with the same embedding capacity.

Experimental results (8/14)

34

Experimental results (9/14)

Comparisons of embedding rates (bpp) of proposed scheme and that of Tseng and Hsieh at difference thresholds.

35

Experimental results (10/14)

Comparisons of image quality (dB) of Tseng and Hsieh’s and the proposed schemes with the same embedding capacity.

36

Experimental results (11/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other

schemes for test images: (a) Lena

37

Experimental results (12/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other

schemes for test images: (b) F16

38

Experimental results (13/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other

schemes for test images: (c) Baboon

39

Experimental results (14/14)• Capacity versus distortion performance of proposed and other

schemes for test images: (d) Boats

40

Conclusions

• Flexibility and scalability.- A lower threshold yields a higher visual stego-image quality.- A higher threshold yields a higher embedding rate.

• To solve underflow and overflow.

• To Increase the embedding rate and reduce image distortion.

Thanks for your attention !