Adipose Tissue IV JONATHAN GRIMWOOD EDDIE SMITH LEAH SANDERS LEAH WAGNER Fatty Wap Squad (FWS)
Jan 06, 2018
Adipose Tissue IVJONATHAN GRIMWOOD EDDIE SMITHLEAH SANDERS LEAH WAGNER
Fatty Wap Squad (FWS)
Primary Functions Acts as an insulating layer, helping to reduce heat loss through
the skin Provides mechanical protection and support around organs (e.g.
kidneys) Means of energy storage and reserving nutrients
Food that if in excess to requirements is converted into fat and stored within adipose tissue
Peak Functional Levels Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
Uniquely able to rapidly produce large amounts of heat through activation of uncoupling protein (UCP).
Maximally stimulated brown fat can produce 300 watts/kg of heat vs 1 watt/kg in all other tissues
Uncoupling Proteins UCPs are mitochondrial transporters present in the inner
membrane of mitochondria Found in all mammals and in plants Only detected in brown adipocytes Belong to the family of anion mitochondrial carriers
including adenine nucleotide transporters Originally used for UCP1, which is uniquely present in
mitochondria of brown adipocytes
UCP1 Function is to create a fatty acid-activated uncoupling
of respiration Acts as a proton carrier activated by free fatty acids Creates a bypass between complexes of the respiratory
chain and ATP synthase Activation enhances respiration and results in a
pointless cycle and dissipation of oxidation energy as heat
Only present in small amounts in the fetus and in mammals (e.g.: sheep and humans)
BAT Retained until adulthood Retains the capacity to have a significant role in
energy balance Currently a primary target organ in obesity prevention
strategies Understanding the primary factors that regulate
both the appearance and the disappearance of UCP1 in early life may enable strategies to prevent excess white adipose tissue deposition through the life cycle
Table 1: Summary of the main developmental changes in adipose tissue during early life.Stage of development
Proliferative phase
Preparatory phase
Thermogenic phase
Lipogenic phase
Primary adipose tissue characteristics
Preadipocyte Brown adipose tissue
Brown adipose tissue
White adipose tissue
Function Cellular multiplication necessary to form adipose tissue depot
Acquisition of large amounts of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1)
Rapid activation of UCP1 in order to prevent hypothermia
Lipid deposition and storage
Most abundant gene
Antigen identified by monoclonal antibody ki-67
Long form of prolactin receptor
UCP1 Leptin
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/305763/
Peak Body Fat According to National Institutes of Health (NIH) a
healthy body fat % can lower your risk of developing HTN, high cholesterol, Dm, and heart disease
Positive benefits Increasing energy levels Improving flexibility and function
Recommended Percent Body Fat (based on American College of Sports Medicine guidelines):
Age 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60+
Female 16-24% 17-25% 19-28% 22-31% 22-33%
Male 7-17% 12-21% 14-23% 16-24% 17-25%
http://healthandwellness.vanderbilt.edu/news/2011/09/body-fat-percentage/
Table 13.2B Body fat percentage for the athletic populationSport Male Female Sport Male FemaleBaseball 12-15% 12-18% Rowing 6-14% 12-18%Basketball 6-12% 20-27% Shot Putters 16-20% 20-28%Body building 5-8% 10-15% Skiing (X
country)7-12% 16-22%
Cycling 5-15% 15-20% Sprinters 8-10% 12-20%Football (Backs) 9-12% No data Soccer 10-18% 13-18%
Football (Linemen)
15-19% No data Swimming 9-12% 14-24%
Gymnastics 5-12% 10-16% Tennis 12-16% 16-24%High/long Jumpers
7-12% 10-18% Triathlon 5-12% 10-15%
Ice/field Hockey 8-15% 12-18% Volleyball 11-14% 16-25%
Marathon running
5-11% 10-15% Weightlifters 9-16% No data
Racquetball 8-13% 15-22% Wrestlers 5-16% No datahttp://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/normal-ranges-of-body-weight-and-body-fat
Peak Nutrient Level There are 9 calories in every gram of fat, regardless of what type of fat
it is. Fats are more energy-dense than carbohydrates and proteins, which
provide 4 calories per gram. Eating foods with fat is definitely part of a healthy diet. Remember to choose foods that provide good fats (monounsaturated
and polyunsaturated fats) and balance the amount of calories you eat from all foods with the amount of calories you burn.
Aim to eat a dietary pattern that emphasizes intake of vegetables, fruits, and whole grains; includes low-fat dairy products, poultry, fish, legumes, non-tropical vegetable oils and nuts; and limits intake of sodium, sweets, sugar sweetened beverages and red meats.
Doing so means that your diet will be low in both saturated fats and trans fats.
Dysfunctional Levels The NIH has stated that a high percentage of body fat can put
one at risk for HTN, high cholesterol, Dm, and heart disease. There is also emerging evidence of a strong association
between obesity and an increased risk of cancer. Obesity is defined as an abnormal or excessive fat
accumulation that involves a risk to health. The health consequences of obesity are huge and varied,
ranging from an increased risk of premature death to several non-fatal but debilitating diseases that have adverse effects on the quality of life.
Dysfunctional Levels Cont. Obesity typically leads to insulin and leptin resistance and a shift
to dysfunctional adipose tissue. These conditions cause metabolic dysregulation with elevated
circulating fatty acids and an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines.
When left untreated, these conditions cause lipotoxicity, chronic inflammation, hypertension, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
A positive association between obesity and the risk of developing type 2 Dm has been also repeatedly reported in different studies.
Intra-abdominal fat accumulation, has been associated with an increased risk of prediabetic conditions such as impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance
Fig. 2 summarizes the potential pathways directly linking dysfunctional adipose tissue to obesity and cancer.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005272810007620
Dysfunctional Nutrition Levels Obese individuals are frequently characterized by an
impaired lipid profile, in which plasma triglycerides are raised, HDL-cholesterol concentrations are reduced and low-density lipoprotein apo B (LDL-apoB) levels are raised.
Consuming high levels of calories – regardless of the source – can lead to weight gain or being overweight.
Consuming high levels of saturated or trans fats can also lead to heart disease and stroke.
Standards of FatnessMen Women
Underfatness <3 <12Essential Fat 3 12Optimal Health3-20 12-30Overfatness 20-25 30-35Obesity >25 >35
WHO 1998
Overfat According to University of New Mexico, excess fat produces
hormone-like inflammatory proteins called cytokines; these may play a role in the development of diabetes, obesity and heart problems.
High body fat, particularly around the waist, is associated with metabolic syndrome, a condition with a constellation of symptoms that include insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, high blood pressure, abnormal cholesterol levels and high blood triglycerides.
According to MayoClinic.com, metabolic syndrome increases your risk of serious health problems such as diabetes, heart disease and stroke.
Underfat Conversely, many problems can arise from not having
enough body fat. The body needs a certain amount of body fat to perform
basic physiological functions. Phospholipids are needed for cell membrane formation, and
the triglycerides found in adipose tissue provide insulation and store metabolic fuel.
In addition, lipids are involved in the storage and transport of fat-soluble vitamins and in the functioning of the nervous and reproductive systems, the menstrual cycle, and growth and maturation during pubescence.
Resources (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/adipose_tissue.htm Body Fat Percentage. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from
http://healthandwellness.vanderbilt.edu/news/2011/09/body-fat-percentage/ Brown Adipose Tissue Growth and Development. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from
http://www.hindawi.com/journals/scientifica/2013/305763/ Diabetes. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from
http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/content/53/suppl_1/S130.full High Body Fat & Negative Effects on Hormonal Structure. (2015, January 28). Retrieved
November 2, 2015, from http://www.livestrong.com/article/552291-high-body-fat-negative-effects-on-hormonal-structure/
How Much Body Fat is Healthy? / Nutrition / Fats. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/fats/how-much-body-fat-is-healthy.html
Normal ranges of body weight and body fat. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.humankinetics.com/excerpts/excerpts/normal-ranges-of-body-weight-and-body-fat
Role of obesity-associated dysfunctional adipose tissue in cancer: A molecular nutrition approach ☆. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0005272810007620
Structure and Functions of Adipose Tissue. (n.d.). Retrieved November 2, 2015, from http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBody/Tissue/Tissue_Adipose-Tissue.php
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