Adi Hidayat. Critical Thinking (Berpikir Secara Kritis) 2-9-09

Critical thinkingCritical thinking(Berpikir secara kritis)(Berpikir secara kritis)

Adi Hidayat

Mengapa berpikir secara kritis sangat penting?

Setiap orang berpikir : alamiah. Kualitas hidup, produksi dan perbuatan kitatergantung kualitas berpikir.Pikiran salah : mahal baik aspek uang &kualitas hidup.

Apakah Anda mendapat nilai lebih baik?

•Ya, studi 110 mhs terbukti berpikir kritis berkorelasi bermakna dengan IPK

• IPK dapat diperbaiki

• Berpikir kritis dapat dipelajari

•Berkorelasi bermakna kemampuan membaca

You are what you think. Whatever you do, feel--- all determined by

the quality of your thinking Problem not aware of your thinking you

have no chance of “correcting” it. It’s time to discover the power of thinking

in your life. You are capable of achieving more

significant goals You can live more happy & secure. The

choice is yours.

3 definisi CT : refleksi, better & proses “Reflective thinking focused on deciding

what to believe or do “Better Thinking”: memperbaiki

kemampuan interpertasi, evaluasi, memilih informasi

Menekankan proses bukan produk keputusan

What is Critical Thinking (CT)? (1)

Manfaat berpikir kritis Mampu mengajukan pertanyaan dan

masalah dengan jelas. Mampu mengumpulkan dan mengakses

informasi, interpretasi efektif Mampu menyimpulkan dan memecahkan

masalah Open-minded Mampu komunikasi idea dan keputusan

Prinsip berpikir kritis Pengetahuan adalah prestasi Mahasiswa aktif berperan serta dalam

proses belajar Berbagai perspektif penting untuk

memecahkan masalah Mahasiswa belajar menilai kualitas

berpikir sendiri

Novice (pemula) Vs. Expert (ahli)

Thinker Expert thinkersSecara cepat identifikasi informasi relevan Memformulasikan keputusan dari

informasi yang “sketchy” (informasi tidak lengkap)

Novice thinkersSemua informasi sama pentingtnya

CRITICAL THINKING SKILLS (2)

ANALYSIS

INTERPRETATION

SELF-REGULATION

INFERENCE

EXPLANATION

EVALUATION

Critical Thinking skills

Interpretation – riwayat penyakit penderita. Critical thinkers consider their interpretation with new evidence.

Analysis – analisis data : hasil pemeriksaan fisik dan lab, serta hubungannya satu sama lain.

Evaluation – menilai argumen, hubungan antar gejala, pernyataan. Apakah kontradiksi satu sama lain.

Critical thinking skills

Inference – diagnosis banding, kesimpulan.Inference can be accurate or inaccurate

Explanation – menjelaskan berbagai prosedur dan alasan

Self-regulation – self examination, self correction, self critique. How am I doing? The most remarkable skill of all.

Steps in critical thinking

How American and Asian Students Spend Their Time

Characteristics good critical thinker• Mengajukan pertanyaan dengan jelas

•Rajin mengumpulkan informasi relevant

•Persistence through difficulties

•Honest & resist manipulation

•Base judgments on evidence

•Intellectually independent

Poor critical thinker•Tidak terorganisasi

•Tidak teratur mengumpulkan fakta

•Mengajukan kriteria yang tidak berdasar

•Seringkali bingung

•Mudah menyerah menghadapi kesulitan

Critical thinking must be contrasted with non-critical thinking:

• Habitual thinking• Brainstorming• Creative thinking• Prejudicial thinking• Emotive thinking

Your BrainLeft Right

one thing at a time linear processing sequential operation writing & symbols analysis logic & reason mathematical verbal memory

integrating inputs holistic perception dreams holistic solutions synthesis pattern recognition intuition, insight visualizing

Logic: Truth and Validity "Tylenol is recommended by doctors more than any brand of aspirin." "Four out of five doctors surveyed

recommended Aspirin formula." 1. Apakah pernyataan tsb benar ? 2. Argument relevant ?

Critical thinking(3) Creative thinking

- linear and serial - holistic and parallel

- more structured - more emotional

- more rational - more intuitive

- more analytical - more creative

- more goal-oriented - more visual

Someone with strong critical thinking I hate people just state their opinion but

never give any reasons. I hold off making decisions until I’ve

thought through my options. Even if a problem is tougher (sukar) than I

expected , I’ll keep working on it. Making intelligent decisions is more

important than winning arguments

Someone with weak critical thinking

I prefer jobs where the supervisor says exactly what to do and how to do it.

No matter how complex the problem, you can be there with a simple solution.

I hate when teachers discuss problems instead of just giving the answer.

Selling ideas is like selling cars, you say whatever works.

Strategies for critical thinking in learning(4)

CT mempelajari suatu subyek atau masalah dengan pikiran yang lebih terbuka :

- Mulai pernyataan apa yang ingin dipelajari dan pertimbangkan berbagai kemungkinan dan buat kesimpulan berdasarkan bukti-bukti.

- Bandingkan berbagi informasi mengambil keputusan (judgement)

Mulai dengan pikiran terbuka (open-mind) :

Jelaskan tujuan dan apa ingin dipelajari Pikirkan yang sudah ketahui ttg subjek tsb. Sumber apa yang tersedia dan jadwal anda? Kumpulkan informasi Ajukan pertanyaan Aturlah apa yang sudah dikumpulkan

kedalam pola untuk memudahkan pengertian Ajukan pertanyaan lagi!

Demonstrasikan apa yang sudah Anda pelajari tentang topik tsb

From simple to more complex (1-6)1. List, label, identify2. Define, explain, summarize 3. Solve, apply a new situation4. Compare ad contrast, differentiate between

items5. Create, combine, invent6. Assess, recommend, value

Summary and Conclusions

• Creative thinking and problem solving must also be taught.

• You must PRACTICE good thinking skills—they don’t happen by accident

• If you don’t do it, it won’t get done If not now, when? If not here where?

If not you, who?

Manfaat yang diperoleh para mahasiswa dari cara berpikir kritis adalah : D

A. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan sintesis.B. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan visualisasi.C. Mahasiswa mampu mengajukan idea yang

kreatif.D. Mahasiswa mampu melakukan interpretasi

berbagai informasi.E. Mahasiswa mampu menyampaikan solusi yang

bersifat holistik (menyeluruh).

References 1. Ennis R. Critical thinking : what is it?

Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Philosophy of Education Society Denver, Colorado, March 27-30 1992.

2. Facione PA. Critical Thinking: What it is and why it counts. Available at : http://www.insightassessment.com/t.html Accessed September 1, 2006.

References3. Huitt W (1992). Problem solving and

decision making: consideration of individual differences using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. J Physiol Type 1992;24 : 33-44.

4.Landsberger J. Critical thinking. In : The study Guides and Strategies. Available at http://www.studygs.net/crtthk.htm Accessed August 6, 2006.