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Adequacy Analysis of Two Translation Tools: The Bilingual Dictionary and theBilingual Comparable Corpus
By
Joseph IgonoDepartment of FrenchSchool of Languages
Umar Suleiman College of EducationP.M.B 02, Gashua, Yobe State
Being a paper presented at the 23rd Conference of the Linguistic Association ofNigeria held between 9th and 12th of November, 2008 at the University of Maiduguri
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ABSTRACT
This study compares two translation tools: the general bilingual dictionary and the
bilingual comparable corpus. The aim is to see which of these two tools provides greater
assistance for two groups of translators who have to translate a specialized text from
French into English. In experiments performed in this study, two study groups, eachbeing allowed access to one of the tools, were asked to translate a warranty document for
an electronic gadget. The results of their translations were evaluated with the aid of a
quantity corpus gathered for the purpose. The outcome of the analyses shows that thegroup that used the comparable corpus produced more grammatically correct and
idiomatic translations than the group that used the bilingual dictionary. This, in part, was
because the corpus provided access to inventories of attested units of meaning unlikethe discrete, non-contextualized units in the dictionary. It is concluded that both students
and teachers of translation need to become aware of the range of tools that exist.
1 IntroductionTranslating is a process associated with many challenges. A number of translation
competences are identified among which is instrumental and professional competence
(PACTE 1998:99; Bell, 1991; Wilss, 1982; Chi-chiang Shei, 2000). It is clear from the
specifications that no translator could succeed (all the time) without recourse to some
tool. For instance, no one can possess all of the world/encyclopedic knowledge required
to understand and translate texts on all manner of subjects. It becomes clear, therefore,
that translating requires the use of a lot of aids or tools.
The bilingual dictionary is often the first source of information for professional
and trainee translators. Of course by bilingual dictionary, it is meant a dictionary with an
entry which include an L1 L2 translation and provide specifications and examples of
use of the target L2 word (Laufer, 1995). The purpose of such a dictionary according to
Zgusta is to co-ordinate with the lexical units of one language those lexical units of
another language which are equivalent in their lexical meaning (see Pearson, 1998:69).
Whereas scholars, prominent among them, Newmark (1998) argue that the bilingual
dictionary is the translators single, first and most important aid and a translator who does
not consult one when in doubt is arrogant or ignorant or both, others like Fraser (1993,
1994), Robert (1990), Meyer (1988), and Antia (2000) hold a somewhat different view.
Antia (2000) for instance argues that a dictionary that satisfactorily answers anything
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between 40% - 60% of a translators realistic queries is indeed a good dictionary. A
review of works by a number of scholars, like Meyer, Roberts, Fraser, Antia and Sanchez
with respect to the dictionary reveal a common conclusion among these scholars that the
bilingual dictionary is indeed inadequate as a tool in translating, except when the unit of
translation is a single word. Sanchezs work, on the other hand, makes the point about
incompetence in dictionary use.
With respect to corpora in translation however, a scrutiny of work by Zannetti, Sharoff,
Bowker, suggests that comparable corpora are valuable sources of information on
structures, lexis as well as genre conventions; they provide a repertoire of naturally
occurring contexts in the target language onto which hypothesized translations can be
mapped. By bilingual comparable corpus, it is meant a text collection in two languages,
and the texts in question share such common features as topic, domain, author, audience,
time, period, etc. Imagine a collection of texts in English by Nigerian journalists
explaining the xenophobic attack in South Africa and another collection of texts on the
same exact subject written originally in French by French journalists. These two
collections constitute a comparable bilingual corpus for a translator who has to render a
new text on the xenophobic attack from English into French.
The aim of this study therefore is to compare the bilingual dictionary and the bilingual
comparable corpus as tools in translating in order to identify which of the two tools
provides more assistance in the translation of specialized texts and establish in what
specific areas one seems to be particularly useful so that translators attention can be
drawn to the strengths and weaknesses of different tools.
2 Theoretical framework
In evaluating whether it is the bilingual dictionary or the corpus that would provide
greater assistance in the translation of a legal-commercial text, we employed genre theory
and corpus linguistics. Both of these make evaluation transparent and objective in that
they define quality of a translation in terms of quantifiable and empirically verifiable
features.
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3 Methodology
In this research, two groups of students (A and B) were recruited for an experiment.
Group A used bilingual French-English dictionaries, while Group B was given a
comparable bilingual corpus (Appendix II). Both groups were to translate the same
warranty document for an electrical gadget from French into English (see Appendix I)
and verbalize their thoughts and discussions, so that these could be tape-recorded.
Recording was important in order for the researcher to know during the analysis which
tool provided what solution. Potential problem segments had been previously identified
and underlined with the help of a translation and special language expert.
Based on the translation provided by the two groups, and the tape-recorded
deliberations, the solution to a source corpus problem is identified and classified as
follows:
Correct dictionary solution (coded as +D) Incorrect dictionary solution (coded as D) Correct corpus solution (coded as +C) Incorrect corpus solution (coded as C)
To allow for situations where students fail to use either tool and resort instead to their
personal intuitions, we also had the following coding categories:
Correct solution from personal intuition (coded as +) Incorrect solution from personal intuition (coded as - )
The correctness or otherwise of the solutions provided is determined by the use of
a fairly large and representative sample of warranty documents compiled in a semi-
automated way known as quantity corpus. These documents which are quite different
from the ones used as tool by one of the group in this study were downloaded from ten
different electronics companies. This compilation was use to verify the appropriateness of
the terminological, phraseological and stylistic choices made by students (Bowker
2000:192). This is done by searching through the quantity corpus to see the frequencies
of occurrences of solutions and the environment in which they appear in English
warranty documents.
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4 Results
4.1 The translation of single-unit terms
Given the outcome of some of the literature reviewed in this study, it was shown
especially in Antia (2000) that the dictionary is very valuable in translation especially
when the units of translation are made up of single units term. As the data in column 2 of
table 1 shows, there is only one single-unit term - garantie in the pre-identified problem
segments of the document translated by our experimental groups. While this term was
translated by the general dictionary group, as shown in table 1 below, as guarantee, the
comparable corpus group, rendered it as warranty.
Table 1-Translation of Single-Unit term(Key To Abbreviations: CLA=classification; -D=Incorrect Dictionary Solution; +C=Correct Corpus Solution; XX=No
Sol Proffered)
PROBLEMSEGMENT
DICTIONARYSOLUTION
CLCORPUS
SOLUTIONCLA
SOLUTIONFROM
PERSONALINTUITION
CLA
GARANTIE Guarantee D Warranty +C XX XX
The general bilingual dictionary group translated garantie as guarantee becauseevidence in their protocol data shows that guarantee is the only English equivalent
offered by the two dictionaries to the French word garantie within the context of the
text. There is no indication in the two dictionaries used by the group to show that the
French word garantie could be translated in English as warranty.
The corpus users, having considered the environment the term garantie appeared and
having taken account of the accompanying word limite, decided to translate the term as
warranty even though one of the members of the group protested that she was not
familiar with the word. Their protocol data show that after searching through the
collection of texts at their disposal they saw that the term warranty is used constantly.
They then concluded that garantie limite should be translated as limited warranty.
They were right.
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While guarantee can be taken to be a synonym for warranty, its usage in
electronic warranty documents is unpopular. Search results through our quantity corpus
(series of warranty documents from several electronic companies) indicate that warranty
is a preferred equivalent. To further confirm the correctness of the translation, another
search was done using Google. The search result for the term limited guarantee in
Google yields over 64 million hits but an analysis of several pages of the hit list shows
that the exact collocation limited guarantee does not appear. We find rather text
stretches in which limited appears at some distance from guarantee. On the other hand, a
Google search for limited warranty yielded 28 million hits, with most of the pages
examined having the exact collocation, limited warranty. This shows that limited
warranty is the genre-appropriate translation of garantie limite.
Even though the dictionary is of no assistance in the translation of the single-unit
term in the problem segment, it is difficult to generalize or corroborate other research
outcome that the corpus is better than the bilingual dictionary or that the dictionary is
better in the translation of single unit terms given that it is only an instance of analysis of
a single-unit term that is done here.
4.2 Translation of Multi-unit Terms
Table 2-Classification of Solutions to Multi-Unit Terms(Key To Abbreviations: -D=Incorrect Dictionary Solution; +D=Correct Dictionary Solution; +C=Correct Corpus
Solution; -C=Incorrect Corpus Solution; +=Correct Solution from Personal Intuition; Dg=Dictionary Group;
Cl=Classification; Xx=No Sol Proffered)
NOPROBLEMSEGMENT
DICTIONARYSOLUTION
CL.CORPUS
SOLUTIONCL.
SOLUTIONFROM
PERSONALINTUITION
CL.
1. lacheteurinitial
The initial buyer +D
The original
consumer
purchaser
(SIC)
+C XX XX
2. Son contenantoriginal XX XX Its originalcarton(package)
+CIts original
package (DG)+
3. un dtaillantautoris Sharp. Any retailerauthorized bySharp
+D
Sharp
authorized
dealer
+C XX XX
4. une installationinadquate
An inadequate
installationD
Improper
installation+C XX XX
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5. une utilisationnon approprie,
XX XXInappropriate
use+C
Non proper
utilisation
(DG)
-
6. une usurenormale ;
Normal wear DNormal wear
and tear+C XX XX
7. une tension dela lignelectrique
High tensioncaused by the
electricity
D High voltage +C XX XX
8. Configurationet/ouprogrammation
Configuration or
programmingD
Set up and/or
programming+C XX XX
9. La preuvedachat
Prove of purchase DThe proof ofpurchase
+C XX XX
Given the argument that the Bilingual dictionary is better in the translation of
single unit terms, one will ordinarily expects that the bilingual dictionary is of no
relevance in the translation of multi-unit terms. There are nine multi-unit terms in the pre-
identified problem segments. Out of these nine multi-unit terms, the general dictionary
group translated three segments correctly with one correct solution coming from their
personal intuition and six incorrectly including one of the incorrect translations based on
personal intuition. The comparable corpus group on the contrary was able to translate all
the multi-unit terms correctly.
Consider the translation ofUne installation inadequate for example,this unitwas
translated by the general bilingual dictionary group as an inadequate installation. Upon
the consultation of the dictionaries, the translation option offered for inadquate, the
search term, by the dictionaries was inadquate. This same segment was however,
translated by the corpus group as improper installation. Searches through some
collections of warranty documents (quantity corpus) show that improper installation is
preferred to inadequate installation. We decided to do a Google search. The search on
inadequate installation yields over 11,700 hits. An analysis of several pages of the hit
list shows that the exact collocation inadequate installation less frequently appears inwarranty documents. A Google search for improper installation yielded, on the
contrary, over 948,000 hits, with most of the pages examined showing a frequent use of
installation closely collocated to the left with improper in electronic related texts.
In the translation oftension de la ligne lectrique, the general bilingual dictionary
group could not translate the segment because the group did not know what tension
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means in the context of the source text. After consulting the dictionaries, the equivalent
provided for translating this word could not be used. A further search down the dictionary
entries made the group feel tension could be used in the context of the dictionary
example avoir de la tension translated as to have high blood pressure. Hence, they
decided a literal translation of the segment une tension de la ligne lectrique as high
tension caused by the electricity. A search for high tension caused by electricity in
Google yields 1 million hits. It was also discovered upon examination of the text
stretches that almost all the texts are dealing with medical issues. But the bilingual
comparable corpus group was able to translate the segment correctly as high voltage
though not by the aid of the corpus but through the use of their personal intuition. A
search for high Voltage yields 70 million hits all dealing with power surge or
electricity.
Another incorrect translation was that of usure normale. This was under-
translated by the general bilingual dictionary group as normal wear. This under-
translation was caused by the fact that the equivalent provided by the dictionaries to the
search word usure was restrictive. The definition given by the dictionaries to usure is
wear. This definition misled the group into translating usure normale as normal wear.
For the corpus group, though they hypothesized normal wearing out for the same une
usure normale, after going through their translation aids, they saw in the document from
Sony Corporation the expression to parts wearing out due to normal wear and tear.
As their deliberation shows, they decided to drop their earlier hypothesis and translated
une usure normale as normal wear and tear. And the solution is indeed correct. It is
not that it was easy for them to identify the correct translations but once they succeeded
in identifying the possible correct translations, they are able to select them and use them
correctly.
If we are to base our judgment of efficacy of tools on numbers of errors, the
bilingual dictionary has no place in the translation of multi-unit terms. This is because,
out of the 9 multi-unit terms, only 3 were translated correctly by the dictionary group.
But if relevance is to be given at all to the fact that there are some multi-unit terms that
one can translate at least with the bilingual dictionary as shown in this study then, one
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cannot dismissed the bilingual dictionary as completely useless in the translation of
multi-unit terms.
3 Translation of Contextualized Phrases
Table 3-classification to solutions to contextualized phrases
(Key To Abbreviations: -D=Incorrect Dictionary Solution; +D=Correct Dictionary Solution; +C=Correct Corpus
Solution; -C=Incorrect Corpus Solution; +=Correct Solution from Personal Intuition; Dg=Dictionary Group;
CLA=Classification; Xx=No Sol Proffered)
NOPROBLEMSEGMENT
DICTIONARYSOLUTION
CLA.CORPUS
SOLUTIONCLA.
SOLUTIONFROM
PERSONALINTUITION
CLA.
1. Donne lagarantie
Give the
guaranteeD
Warrants
that+C XX XX
2.exempt de
dfaut de
fabrication.
Except by the
fault ofproduction
D
is free from
defects in
material and
workmanship
+C XX XX
3.durant la
priode de
garantie
stipul,
During the
stipulated period
of this guarantee
D
During the
stipulatedwarranty
period+C
XX XX
4.Sengage rparer ou
remplacer selon
son choix
Will engage itselfto repair or
replace according
to his choice
D
Will repair or
replace, at
Sharps option
+C XX XX
5. Lobjet d`unemploi abusif,
XX XXAbusiveoperation
+CAn object ofabuse (GDG)
-
6.Tel quil est
mentionn dans
le manuel depropritaire
Such that
mentionned
inside the manualof ownership
D
Such as is
mentioned in
the ownersmanual
+C XX XX
7.Aux produitsSharp altrs
modifis,
rgls ou
rpars
For the Sharp
product tempered,modified, ruled or
repair
D
Sharp productaltered,
modified,
adjusted or
repaired
+C XX XX
8. Y compris,mais non limitau
Included but notlimited in
DIncluding butnot limited to
+C XX XX
9. Aux dfautscosmtiques la surface
XX XX
Any damage
to the
cosmetic parts
+C
In the absent
of oil/greaseon the surface
(GDG)
-
10.Du liquide
rpandu
The widespread
of liquide D XX XX
Liquid
spillage+
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(CCG)
11.
le numro de
srie et demodle ou le
marquage
CSA/CUL, oules deux ont t
enlevs ou
effacs ;
XX XX
Model and
serial number
or the
CSA/CULmark or both
have been
removed,
defaced oraltered
+C
Their serial
number,
model or
maker
CSA/CUL orthe two have
been removed
or cleaned.(GDG)
-
12.Des fins de
locationXX XX
Used for
commercialpurposes
+C
Have their
limit of
lifespan
(GDG)
-
13.
Au cours de la
priode de la
garantie
During thestipulated period
of guarantee
D
During the
specified
warrantyperiod
+C XX XX
It is with the translations of contextualized phrases that solid evidence emerged in
this study that the bilingual dictionary is of no use. With regards to the translation of the
thirteen (13) phrases in the problem segments, none was translated correctly by the
general dictionary group. The comparable corpus group offered twelve (12) correct
translations and left one unit un-translated for structural reasons.
In the first segment of table 3 above, the dictionary group gave a simple rendering
of donne la garantie as give the guarantee. The translation of the phrase donne la
garantieposeda problem of a unique nature. As has been observed before, since the use
of guarantee has no currency in English electronic warranty documents, we decided to
rate as incorrect anywhere that garantie is translated as guarantee. It has to be stated
though that we have noticed the use of gives the guarantee in non-electronic related
documents. The translation offered by the corpus group warrants that was confirmed
from our quantity corpus to be the attested usage.
During the translation of this segment, the corpus group after a failed search in
Royal and Sony for a solution consulted Nokia to see whether any input could be found.
The group was fortunate to see: Nokia will repair, or replace, at Nokias option, any
defective parts, or any that will not properly operate for their intended use with new or
factory rebuilt replacement items. This input was modified and the problem segment
was translated correctly as Will repair or replace, at Sharps option.
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Another segment poorly translated by the dictionary group is that of du liquid
rpandu. The group gave the equivalent of rpandu as widespread and the
dictionary group went ahead to translate the segment as the widespread of liquid
without much reflection on the option provided by the dictionary. The corpus group on its
part translated the segment correctly as liquid spillage. A solution the group got from
the personal intuition of one its members.
While some of the errors committed by the dictionary group are pragmatic in
nature, others are purely grammatical. Take as an example the translation of exempt de
dfaut de fabrication; it was erroneously translated as except by the fault of production.
It could have been translated as free from defects in material and workmanship as
rendered by the corpus group, a solution which is the attested usage as indicated in almost
all the texts that make up the quantity corpus.
The solving of a problem segment by searching a translation option for a word
instead of the entire segment in the dictionary (which is not even possible while using
dictionary) has adverse consequences whenever the result of such searches is used. Given
that a lot of the problem segments are made of contextualized phrases, most of the
assistance the dictionary group got from the dictionaries was rather useless. This is one
area where the bilingual comparable corpus was very useful. A close look at the
translation of the bilingual comparable corpus group shows that translation errors if any
are kept to the minimum. The summary of the results is given in the table below.
Table 4 Summary of the translation results
Keys: PS=Problem Segment; SU=Single-Unit Terms; MU=Multi-Unit Terms; NO+SOL=Number of CorrectSolutions; NO- SOL=Number of Incorrect Solutions ;)
PSGDG CCG
NO+SOL NO-SOL NO+SOL NO-SOLSU 0 1 1 _
MU 31+ 61- 9 _
PHRASES 0 134- 12 _
TOTAL 31+ 205- 22 _
The results of the analysis of the data provided by the experimental groups show
that those who used the bilingual comparable corpus as translation tool were able to
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provide correct translation to the single-unit term, the nine multi-unit terms, and to twelve
out of the thirteen phrases. On the other hand, the group that used the general bilingual
dictionary provided incorrect translation to the single-unit term and all the phrases. They
however, provided correct translations to three of the nine multi-unit terms.
It is also worthy of note however, that a reasonable numbers of the translations offered by
the dictionary group came from their personal intuition though almost all were incorrect.
The dictionary group, perhaps due to the difficulty of using most of the solutions
proposed in the dictionaries, was more creative in the use of their personal intuition than
the bilingual comparable corpus group. Given the outcome of these results however, it
could be said that those who used the bilingual comparable corpus out-performed those
that used the dictionaries. This better performance can be seen when the actual full text
translations are compared.
TRANSLATION PRODUCED BY THE TEXT GROUP
SHARPLimited Warranty
Products of the Personnel office
Congratulation! You have just made a wise choiceSharp Electronic of Canada Ltd ( hereafter named Sharp) expressly warrants to the original
consumer purchaser of the under mentioned product henceforth called Sharp as follows: that if
this product is delivered in its original carton (package) and if sold and distributed in Canadaeither by Sharp or its authorized dealer and under normal use and maintenance, the said
product will be free from defects in material and workmanship. Should there be any defect
during the stipulated warranty period, Sharp will repair or replace, at Sharps option, the
specified product.The warranty offered by Sharp does not extend to:
A. Equipments that have been subjected to abnormal use, negligence, accident,improper installation or misuse, such as is mentioned in the owners manual.
B. Sharp products altered, modified, adjusted or repaired without authorization fromSharp or its service facilities.
C. Damages caused by or repairs required as a result of the use of products withunsuitable appliances or that not recommended by Sharp including but not limited
to papers, batteries, or softwares.D. Accessories, glasswares, consumable or peripheral items that require replacement
as a result of the normal use of the products including without being limited to
batteries, ribbons, correction tapes, AC adapters, ink rollers, printwheel or papers.
E. Any damage to the cosmetic parts or external housing of the appliance as a result ofnormal wear and tear.
F. Any damage caused by external and environmental related conditions, including butnot limited to liquid spillage, high voltage or overload of power line.
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G. Any product whose model and serial number or the CSA/CUL mark or both havebeen removed defaced or altered.
H. Any product use for commercial purposes.I. Any cost of installation, setup and /or programming.Should this Sharp product becomes defective, during the specified warranty period,
warranty services would be offered upon the delivery of this Sharp product along with the proof
of purchase and a copy of this LIMITED WARRANTY document to Sharp service facilities or toan authorized service agent (SIC).
TRANSLATION PRODUCED BY THE DICTIONARY GROUP
SHARP
LIMITED GUARANTEE
Personal Officer Product
Well done! You have done an excellent chopping!
Sharp Electronics of Canada Limited (here after named sharp give the following guarantee to the
initial buyer of this product here under called sharp, if this was wrapped in its original packageand it was sold and distributed in Canada by sharp or any retailer autorised by sharp.
The sharp guarantee that the product manual, if it was used and well kept, except by the
fault of the production. If any fault of its production was discovered during the stipulated period
of this guarantee the company will engage itself to repair or replace according to his choice of
the product mentioned here under.
The guarantee given by the sharp did not cover these:
a. The equipment that have been an object of abuse, negligence,accident of an inadequate installation or non proper
utilization, such that mentioned inside the manual of
ownership.
b. For the sharp product tempered, modified, ruled or repairedelsewhere a part from sharp office or a retailer autorisedservice by sharp.
c. Any damage caused or repair required by the used of thefollowing articles not designed or approved by sharp included,
but not limited in the paper, batteries or software;d. In replacement of the accessories, parts in glass, consumable
items or peripheral became necessary following normal use ofthe product included, but without limit with the batteries, the
ribbons, correctors ribbons, the convertors, the ink roller,
the daisy wheel or the paper.
e. In the absence of oil/grease on the surface or inner part of theequipment been caused by normal wear.
f. Any damage caused by the external condition relative to theenvironment included but not limited to the widespread of
liquide, high tension caused by the electricity or other.
g. For product which their Serial number, model or markerCSA/CUL or the two have been removed or cleaned.
h. For product used have their limit of life span.i. In the cost of installation, configuration or programming.
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If a fault in production was detected in this sharp product during the stipulated period of
guarantee, the repair under guarantee would be given provided that the sharp product was
delivered as well as prove of purchase and a copy of this LIMITED GUARANTEE have a repair
centre by sharp or an autorised retailer by sharp.
5 Conclusion and RecommendationThe group that used the comparable corpus produced more grammatically correct
and idiomatic translations than the group that used the bilingual dictionary. In part, this
was because the corpus provided access to inventories of attested units of meaning
unlike the discrete, non-contextualized units in the dictionary. It is therefore
recommended that both students and teachers of translating need to become aware of the
range of tools that exist.
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APPENDIX I - SOURCE TEXTSharp
GARANTIE LIMITEproduit de bureau personnel
Bravo! vous venez de faire un excellent achat!
Sharp Electronique du Canada Lte (ci-aprs nomme Sharp) donne la garantie expresse
suivante lacheteur initial du produit ci-dessous mentionn de Sharp, si celui-ci est
emball dans son contenant original et sil est vendu et distribu au Canada par Sharp oupar un dtaillant autoris Sharp.
Sharp garantie que ledit produit est, sil est utilis et entretenue normalement, exempt de
dfaut de fabrication. Si un dfaut de fabrication est dcel durant la priode de garantiestipul, Sharp sengage rparer ou remplacer selon son choix le produit spcifi ci-
dessous.
La garantie offerte par Sharp ne sapplique pas:
(a) Aux appareils qui ont t lobjet d`un emploi abusif, de ngligence, dun accident,dune installation inadquate ou dune utilisation non approprie, tel quil est
mentionn dans le manuel de propritaire.(b) Aux produits Sharp altrs modifis, rgls ou rpars ailleurs quaux bureaux de
Sharp ou a un dtaillant autoris au service Sharp.
(c) Au dommage caus ou rparation requise la suite de utilisation avec des articlesnon dsigns ou approuvs par Sharp, y compris, mais non limit au papier, les
piles, ou logiciel ;
(d) Au replacement des accessoire, des pices en verre, des articles consommables ou priphriques, devenu ncessaire la suite d` utilisation normale du produit, y
compris, mais sans en tre limit, aux piles, les ruban, le ruban correcteur, les
adaptateurs c.a., le rouleur encreur, la marguerite ou le papier ;(e) Aux dfauts cosmtiques la surface ou lextrieur de l`appareil et qui sont causs
par une usure normale ;
(f) Aux dommages causs par des conditions extrieures et relatives lenvironnement,y compris, mais non limit du liquide rpandu, une tension de la ligne lectrique
ou de transmission trop leve ou autre ;
(g) Aux produits dont le numro de srie et de modle ou le marquage CSA/CUL,ou les deux ont t enlevs ou effacs ;
(h) Aux produits de utilises des fins de location.
(i) Aux cots dinstallation, Configuration et/ou programmation.Si un dfaut de fabrication est dcel dans ce produit Sharp au cours de la priode de la
garantie, la rparation sous garantie est offerte la condition que le produit Sharp soitlivre ainsi que la preuve dachat et une copie de cette GARANTIE LIMITEE un centre
agre de service Sharp ou un dtaillant autoris au service Sharp.
Although, we have highlighted the segments of interest (as identified by the
lecturer of LSP) for the analysis, the highlighting will not be there when the text is given
to students to translate.
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APPENDIX IIPre-Analysis of our bilingual comparable corpus for Possible Translation Equivalent
SHARP TEXT 1 ROYAL TEXT 2 SONY TEXT 3 - NOKIA
Segments reprsdans le texte source Sources possibles d`quivalent en anglais Sources possibles d`quivalent en anglais Sources possibles d`quivalent en Anglais
Sharp GARANTIELIMITE
produit de bureau
personnelBravo! vous venez de faireun excellent achat!
Sharp Electronique du
Canada Lte (ci-aprsnomme Sharp) donne lagarantie expresse suivante lacheteur initial du produit
ci-dessous mentionn deSharp, si celui-ci estemball dans son contenantoriginal et sil est vendu et
distribu au Canada parSharp ou par un dtaillantautoris Sharp.Sharp garantie que ledit
produit est, sil est utilis etentretenue normalement,exempt de dfaut defabrication.
Si un dfaut de fabricationest dcel durant la priode
de garantie stipul, Sharpsengage a rparer ouremplacer selon son choix
le produit spcifi ci-dessous.
La garantie offerte parSharp ne sapplique pas:
(a) Aux appareils qui ontt lobjet d`un emploiabusif, de ngligence, dunaccident, dune installation
inadquate ou duneutilisation non approprie,tel quil est mentionn dans
le manuel de propritaire.(b) Aux produits Sharpaltrs modifis, rgls ourpars ailleurs quaux
bureaux de Sharp ou undtaillant autoris auservice Sharp.
(c) Au dommage caus ourparation requise la suitede utilisation avec des
ROYAL ELECTRONICREFERENCE DEVICEWARRANTY
Royal customers Business
Product, 765 U.S. Highway202, Bridgewater, NJ, 08807,WARRANTS that new DM
Organizeris free of defect of
workmanship and materials.
PARTS: New or comparablerebuilt parts in exchange fordefective parts for one yearfrom date of purchase.
LABOUR: From RoyalCorporate Service Centre for
NINETY DAYS from the date
of purchase. Product be sentpostage prepaid and insure toRoyal. At the completion of therepair, the consumer will be
responsible for return shippingcharge from Royal, and any
parts or services no longer
covered under warranty.This warranty does not apply to
persons who purchase this
product second hand or used.
This warranty does not includethe adjustments, and repair bycircumstances beyond the
control of Royal, including butnot limited to fire or othercasualty, accident, neglect,abuse, abnormal use, or battery
leakage, damage.
THERE ARE NO OTHER
EXPRESSEDWARRANTIES EXPECT ASSTATED HEREIN. AFTERTHE PERIOD OFEXPRESSED WARRANTYSET FORTH HEREIN,THERE IS NO EXPRESSEDOR IMPLIEDWARRANTIES ANDTHOSE EXCLUDED
Consumer 1 Year WarrantySony of Canada Ltd.
(hereinafter referred to as"Sony") hereby warrants,subject to the conditions
herein below set forth thatshould this product becomedefective by reason of
improper workmanship ormaterial during the specifiedwarranty period, Sony willrepair the same, effecting all
necessary parts replacements,without charge for either partsor labor.
The warranty period is asfollows:1. Labor: ONE year from thedate of original purchase at
retail.2. Parts: ONE year (ThermalHead, Projector Lamp: 90days) from the date of original
purchase at retail.
Conditions
Registration: The RegistrationForm must be sent to Sonywithin ten (10) days after the
date of original purchase atretail. At the same time,information as requested onthe customer portion of thewarranty form should be
entered for future reference.
Unauthorized Repair, Abuse,Etc.:
The unit must not have beenpreviously altered, modified,repaired or serviced by
anyone other than the servicefacilities authorized by Sonyto render such services. Theserial number on the unit mustnot have been altered or
removed. The unit must nothave been subject to accident,misuse, abuse or operated
contrary to the instructionscontained in the Owner's
Nokia Products Corp.Limited Lifetime Warranty
Nokia Products Corp.(Nokia) warrants that thiscellular mobile telephone
accessory (Product) is freefrom defects in material andworkmanship, according to
the following terms andconditions:1. The limited warranty forthe Product extends for the
lifetime of the productbeginning on the date ofpurchase of the Product.2. The limited warranty
extends only to the originalconsumer purchaser(Consumer) of the Productand is not assignable or
transferable to any subsequentpurchaser/end-user.3. The limited warrantyextends only to Consumers
who purchase the Product inthe United States.4. During the limited warranty
period, Nokia will repair, orreplace, at Nokias option,any defective parts, or any
that will not properly operatefor their intended use withnew or factory rebuiltreplacement items. No chargewill be made to the Consumer
for nay such parts. Nokia willalso pay for the labor chargesincurred by Nokia in repairingor replacing the defective
parts. The external housingand cosmetic parts shall befree from defects the time of
shipment and, therefore, shallnot be covered under theselimited warranty terms.5. Upon request from Nokia,the Consumer must provide
information to reasonablyprove the date of purchase.6. The Consumer shall bear
the cost of shipping theProduct to Nokia. Nokia shall
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articles non dsigns ouapprouvs par Sharp, ycompris, mais non limit au
papier, les piles, oulogiciel ;(d) Au replacement desaccessoire, des pices en
verre, des articlesconsommables ou
priphriques, devenuncessaire la suite d`
utilisation normale duproduit, y compris, maissans en tre limit, aux
piles, les ruban, le rubancorrecteur, les adaptateursc.a.,
le rouleur encreur, lamarguerite ou le papier ;(e) Aux dfautscosmtiques la surface ou
lextrieur de l`appareil et
qui sont causs paruneusure normale ;(f) Aux dommages causs
par des conditions
extrieures et relatives lenvironnement, y compris,mais non limit du liquiderpandu, une tension de la
ligne lectrique ou detransmission trop leve ouautre ;(g) Aux produits dont le
numero de serie et demodele ou le marquage
CSA/CUL, ou les deux ont
ete enleves ou effaces ;(h) Aux produits deutilises des fins de
location.
(i) Aux cotsdinstallation, Configurationet/ou programmation.
Si un dfaut de fabricationest dcel dans ce produitSharp au cours de la priodede la garantie, la rparation
sous garantie est offerte lacondition que le produitSharp soit livre ainsi que la
preuve dachat et une copiede cette GARANTIELIMITEE un centre agrede service Sharp ou un
dtaillant autoris auservice Sharp.
INCLUDE THOSE OFMERCHANTIBILITY ANDFITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE.Royal shall not be heldresponsible for consequentialdamages resulting from any
failure, defect or malfunction ofthis product. Some States do notallow limitations on how longan implied warranty lasts and
some States do not allow theexclusion or limitation ofincidental or consequentialdamages, so the above
limitations may not apply toyou.
TO OBTAIN SERVICEUNDER THE TERMS OFTHIS WARRANTY:
Pack your Organizer in theoriginal carton or equivalent.Enclose a copy of the bill ofsale or other documentation
showing original purchase date.Enclose a card or notedescribing the difficulty youhave had with Organizer. Be
sure to include your completename and address.Mail the above prepaid andinsure to Royal consumer
Service Centre, 765 U. S.Highway 202, Bridgewater,
NJ08807. The Service Centre
cannot be held responsible forany loss or damage in transit.
Please retain proof of purchaseto establish date of original
purchase.Your warranty starts on the date
of purchase.
Manual, or used forcommercial purposes, or usedas a rental unit at any time
prior to or after originalpurchase at retail. Should thisunit be used for commercial
purposes, or rental, Sony's
standard commercial warrantywill apply. The opinion ofSony with respect to thismatter shall be final.
Proper Delivery:The unit must be shipped,
freight prepaid, or deliveredto one of the nearest SonyService facilities in Canada in
either its original package orsimilar package affording anequal degree of protection andwith instructions indicating a
location within Canada to
which the unit must bereturned. The repaired unitwill be returned to customerfreight prepaid. All
accessories that are enclosedwith the unit must be listedindividually on the packingslip for the shipping
documentation. Sony shallhave no liability whatsoeverfor loss or damage to suchaccessories if they are not
listed. Defective accessoriesshould be returned to Sony as
a separate repair item.
On Site Service for Direct-View Television (22 inch and
above) and Projection TV:This service only applies to acustomer living within 50kmradius of an authorized Sony
service facility and can bereached by a service vehicle.
Proof of Date Purchase:
This warranty applies to theproduct from the original dateof purchase at retail.Therefore, the owner must
furnish proof of originalpurchase at retail.
Subject Products:
This warranty may beenclosed with and beapplicable to the following
Sony products:Watchman TVsTape Recorders
bear the cost of shipping theProduct back to the Consumerafter the completion of
service under this limitedwarranty.7. The consumer shall haveno coverage or benefits under
this limited warranty if any ofthe following conditions areapplicable:a) The Product has been
subject to: abnormal use,abnormal condition, improperstorage, exposure to moisture
or dampness, unauthorizedmodifications, unauthorizedconnections, unauthorized
repair, misuse, neglect, abuse,accident, alteration, improperinstallation, or other actswhich are not the fault of
Nokia, including damage
caused by shipping and blownfuses.
b) Nokia was not notified byConsumer of the alleged
defect or malfunction of theProduct during the applicablelimited warranty period.c) The product serial number
plate or the accessory datecode has been removed,defaced or altered.8. If a problem develops
during the limited warrantyperiod, the Consumer shouldtake the following step-by-
step procedure:a) The consumer shall returnthe Product to the place of
purchase for repair orreplacement processing.
b) If a is not convenient theConsumer may contact the
Customer Service Departmentat Nokia, at the phone numberlisted on the bottom of this
page.
c) The Consumer shall shipthe Product prepaid andinsured. Expenses related toremoving the Product from an
installation are not coveredunder this limited warranty.d) The Consumer will be
billed for any parts or labor
charges not covered by thislimited warranty. TheConsumer shall be
responsible for expensesrelated to reinstallation of theProduct.
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TelephonesAudio/Video AccessoriesVideo Cassette Recorders
and related accessoriesCar Audio ProductsRadio Cassette CombinationsVideo Printers
Digital Audio Tape RecordersWalkman/Portable HeadsetStereo RadiosVideo Camera Recorders and
related accessoriesPortable CD PlayersIC Chip Recorders
Portable MiniDiscRecorder/PlayersMidi/Micro/Mini Systems
Digital Still Cameras andrelated accessoriesDVDWeb TV (Set Top Box)
Digital Video Cassette
Recorders and relatedaccessoriesDigital Video CameraRecorders and related
accessoriesLCD ProjectorsDirect-View TelevisionsProjection Televisions
LTV Combo (TV with built inVTR)LCD Rear Projection TV
This warranty does not extendto broken or damaged
cabinets, accessories,
batteries, exposed antennasand styluses, and, to partswearing out due to normal
wear and tear. This warrantydoes not cover regular
product maintenance such ascleaning, lubrication or
check-ups. This warranty isvalid only in Canada.
EXCEPT TO THE EXTENT
PROHIBITED BYAPPLICABLE LAW, ALLOTHER WARRANTIESAND CONDITIONS,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,AND WHETHER ARISINGBY LAW, BY STATUTE,BY COURSE OF DEALING
OR USAGE OF TRADE,INCLUDING WITHOUTLIMITATION IMPLIED
WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY,MERCHANTABLE
e) If the Product is returnedduring the limited warranty
period, but the problem with
the Product cannot be fixedunder the terms andconditions of this limitedwarranty, the Consumer will
be notified and given anestimate of the charges theConsumer must pay to havethe Product repaired, with all
shipping charges billed to theConsumer.
If the estimate is refused,
the Product will be returnedfreight collect. If the Productis returned to Nokia after the
expiration of the warrantyperiod, Nokias normalservice policies shall applyand the Consumer will be
invoiced for all shipping
charges.9. The Product consists ofnewly assembled equipmentthat may contain used
components which have beenreprocessed to allow machinecompliance with Product
performance and reliability
specifications.10. ANY IMPLIEDWARRANTY OFMERCHANTABILITY, OR
FITNESS FOR APARTICULAR PURPOSE
OR USE, SHALL BE
LIMITED TO THEDURATION OF THEFOREGOING WRITTEN
WARRANTY.OTHERWISE, THEFOREGOING WARRANTYIS THE PURCHASER'S
SOLE AND EXCLUSIVEREMEDY AND IS IN LIEUOF ALL OTHERWARRANTIES, EXPRESS
OR IMPLIED.NOKIA SHALL NOT BE
LIABLE FOR INCIDENTALOR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES OR A LOSS OFANTICIPATED BENEFITSOR PROFITS, RESULTINGFROM THE PURCHASE OR
USE OF THE PRODUCT ORARISING FROM THEBREACH OF THE
WARRANTY EVEN IFNOKIA KNEW OF THELIKELIHOOD OF SUCH
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QUALITY AND FITNESSFOR A PARTICULARPURPOSE. UNDER NO
CIRCUMSTANCES SHALLSony BE LIABLE FOR ANAMOUNT GREATERTHAN THE ACTUAL
PURCHASE PRICE OF THEUNIT OR FOR ANYSPECIAL, INCIDENTALOR CONSEQUENTIAL
DAMAGES SUSTAINED INCONNECTION WITH SAIDUNIT AND Sony NEITHER
ASSUMES NORAUTHORIZES ANYREPRESENTATIVE OR
OTHER PERSON TOASSUME FOR IT ANYOBLIGATION ORLIABLILITY OTHER THAN
SUCH AS IS EXPRESSLY
SET FORTH HEREIN.SOME JURISDICTIONS DO
NOT ALLOW THEEXCLUSION OF IMPLIED
WARRANTIES ANDCONDITIONS.THE INFORMATIONOBTAINED FROM YOU
MAY BE USED BY SONYOR ITS AFFILIATEDCOMPANIES FOR THEPURPOSE OF DIRECT
MAIL, INCLUDINGPRODUCT INFORMATION
AND/OR SPECIAL
OFFERS.Sony of Canada Ltd., 115Gordon Baker Road, Toronto,
Ontario M2H 3R6ATTENTION: WARRANTYCONTROL CENTRE
DAMAGES.11. Some states do not allowlimitation of how long
implied warranty last, so theabove limitations may notapply to you (the Consumer).Some states do not allow the
exclusion or limitation ofincidental or consequentialdamages, so the abovelimitations or exclusions may
not apply to you (theConsumer). This limitedwarranty gives you the
specific legal rights and youmay also have other rightswhich vary fm state to state.
12. Nokia neither assumes norauthorizes any authorizedservice center or any personor entity to assume for it any
other obligation or liability
beyond that which isexpressly provided for in thislimited warranty.13. Questions concerning this
limited warranty may bedirected to: NOKIAPRODUCTSCORPORATION, 1801
PENN STREET,MELBOURNE, FLORIDA32901; TELEPHONE: (407)-
952-2100; CONSUMERSERVICE: 1-(800)-666-5553;FAX (818)-287-6612.
This warranty is subject tochange by Nokia MobilePhones with out notice to
Canyon River Cellular, toinsure current warrantyconditions, please refer to themanufactures web site
http://www.nokia.com/
http://www.nokia.com/http://www.nokia.com/