Addressing the Problematic Behaviors of Individuals on the Autism Spectrum Dr. Cathy Pratt, BCBA-D Director, Indiana Resource Center for Autism Indiana.

Addressing the Problematic Behaviors of Individuals on the

Autism SpectrumDr. Cathy Pratt, BCBA-D

Director, Indiana Resource Center for Autism

Indiana Institute on Disability and Community

Indiana UniversityPhone: (812) 855-6508

Fax: (812) [email protected]

www.iidc.indiana.edu/irca

Individuals with problem behaviors are often excluded due to the

presence of challenging behaviors.

Behavioral Characteristics

• Anxiety• Rituals/Compulsive Mannerisms• Self-Stimulatory Behavior• Refusal• Withdrawal• Self-Injury/Abuse• Aggression• Property Destruction

“What do we do when…?”

• Know that there is no categorical approach to behavior supports. Accept the fact that there is no single recipe for handling problem behavior, because each individual and situation is different. Must understand/know individual and context.

Safety should be the first concern.

De-Escalation Plan•All must be safe•Must have a written plan•Short-term solution•Minimize your verbal

comments

De-Escalation Plan

• Do not approach quickly• Goal is to de-escalate• Catch a behavior before it

escalates out of control • Our reaction may strengthen

behavior…beware• Avoid power struggles

Individual 5 point scales

When we get calls about behavior, part of the process is

figuring out what the true issues are. Is this an issue about lack

of resources, limited training/knowledge, classroom management, school culture, home conditions, or what is

really happening.

Functional Behavioral Assessment:

• A process for determining the relationship between a person’s internal/external environment and the occurrence of problematic behavior.

A Functional Behavior Assessment Is/Is Not:

• A Form/A Single Instrument…Should Include Multiple Strategies, Forms

• A One-Time Event…Should be Ongoing• A Record of Consequences• Documentation for Suspension/Expulsion• Simply to define behaviors and identify

techniques for elimination• Not a Three Year Evaluation… process for

gathering input from relevant parties.

Who is Qualified to Guide a Functional Assessment

Process? • Though IDEA regulations do

not directly address this issue, Dunlap suggests the following general standards:

Who is Qualified to Guide a Functional Assessment Process?

(Dunlap)

Ability to work within a collaborative, problem-solving context.

Knowledge of principles and methods of behavior analysis.

Familiarity with school environments and their many influences on the behavior of students and teachers.

Experience in using a variety of social, curricular and instructional strategies to support change in students’ behavior.

Step One: Identify Behavior Support Team

Multidisciplinary Team

• Learner’s teacher• Related Service Personnel• Paraprofessionals• Learner’s Parents• Learner with ASD

• Should identify a FBA Coordinator

Step Two: Identify Interfering Behaviors

Operationally define and identify behaviors of concern. Remove all judgment.Child hits with open hand causing

red mark.Child bites self on the arm breaking

skin.Students says “no”

Defining Target Behaviors: Poor Examples

• Tantrum• Hyperactive• Angry• Poor Impulse

Control

• Being Aggressive

• Frustrated• Distractible• Non-

compliant

How Do You Define the Target Behavior?

• When Describing Behavior:

– Be concrete: “What does it look like?”

– Describe sequence of events

– Describe actual movements

If behavior occurs as part of a behavior chain,

identify all behaviors. Why do we do this?

Decide if behavior is truly a problem.

Choose which behavior are truly problematic:

Is the behavior dangerous to the learner or to others?

Does the behavior interfere with learning?

Does the behavior interfere with socialization or acceptance from peers?

Is the behavior disruptive or intense on a frequent basis?

Determine significance of behavior by looking at:

•Frequency•Duration• Intensity•Overall Impact

Step Three: Gather Information

•Once behavior is determined, need to begin process of identifying antecedents and consequences.

Antecedents

• Antecedents are events that happen before the behavior.

• There are two types of antecedents:

–Slow Triggers (Setting Events)

–Fast Triggers (Immediate Antecedents)

Slow Triggers/Setting Events

• May happen in or out of school/classroom context.

• Conditions that increase the likelihood that behavior will occur.

• Anxiety/Biological Issues• Schedule changes• Staff changes• Medications changed/missed• Irregular sleep patterns• Illness/Impending Illness• Missed meals• Excessive hot/cold temperatures• Argument/fight with classmates/parents/teachers• Difficulties on the Bus• Skills Deficits• Home Conditions

Antecedents: “Fast Triggers”

• Events that are directly related to the challenging behavior.

• Events that immediately precede the behavior.

• Circumstances or conditions that might trigger the behavior.

Antecedents/Fast Triggers• Teasing/Bullied• Assignment Too Difficult/Boring/Easy Task• Specific Type of Task/Activity• Specific Request or Wording of A Request • Certain Noise/People• Unstructured Time• Behavior of Others• Interrupted During Preferred Activity• Transitions

Consequence

• Follows a Behavior or Response• Reinforcement• Punishment• What is the payoff?• What maintains behavior?

Various tools are available to assist in the

functional behavior assessment process and

in obtaining this information.

The number and type of instruments used may differ according to the

severity of the behavioral challenge.

Professional or experiential judgment is

often not enough. Hard to truly see what is

happening when in the midst of a behavioral

challenge.

Indirect Assessment Methods

Informal or structured interviews with multiple informants, including the individual.

Rating Scales/Behavior ChecklistsRecord ReviewsTeam Meetings

Information Obtained from a Functional Assessment

• What is the history of the undesirable behavior?– When did the behaviors first happen?– Have the behaviors persisted across

grade levels/settings?– Has the behavior improved or

deteriorated?– What strategies have been effective in

addressing the behavior?– What strategies have been ineffective?


• Under what conditions does the individual do well?

• During what times or activities is the individual most successful?

• What are areas of strength and interest for the individual?

• Are identified strengths and interests utilized for programming purposes and are they reinforced?


• In what settings does the behavior happen?

• What aspects of the environment may be contributing to the behavior?


• According to the individual’s schedule, is the majority of his/her day spent engaged in instruction/productive activity? Are there extensive periods of unstructured or down time?

• Does the individual have a tendency to engage in problem behaviors during certain times of the day?


• Are there specific activities or courses during which the student is more likely to engage in problem behavior?

• Are there specific instructors/staff/adults who are more or less successful with the individual?


• Does the individual have the skills or ability to respond in an appropriate fashion?

• Does the behavior serve a purpose for the individual?

• What is the individual’s primary means of communication?


• Does the individual have any medical problems or take any medications? Could this be affecting behavior? Or is there a possibility of substance abuse?

• Does the individual have difficulty with sleeping and/or with eating? Are the person’s nutritional needs being met?


• Does the individual have the opportunity to engage in a range of activities outside of school/work? In other words, what is the person’s life like outside of school/work?

• Are there conditions inside the home which may be troubling the individual?

At times, behaviors may reflect conditions at home. If this is the case, outside

help from various agencies may be needed.

Must Also Look At:• Classroom Structure

– What message do students get when entering the classroom?

– Does the structure provide an opportunity for all students to be supervised and to be engaged?

– Is the setting chaotic or is it organized to facilitate smooth transitions?

– Are routines clearly articulated? – Are expectations reflected somewhere in the

room?

Must Look At:

• Behaviors of Others in the Classroom– Are there other students who are also

engaging in problematic behaviors?

Must Look At:

• Staff Behavior/Instructional Approaches Used, Including:– Instructional/Proximity Control– Rapport Building– Positives Outweigh Negatives– Direct Instruction– Reinforcement

Must Look At:

• Engagement/Schedule– Has a schedule been designed for staff

and students?– Are transitions minimized?– Are students engaged for a majority of

the time or are their major downtimes?– Is there a visual schedule?

Must Look At:

• Even Look Beyond at School Culture and Discipline/PBIS– Has the school a plan for overall school

behavior issues?– Are rules articulated clearly?– Are they consistent followed?– Are student with disabilities included in

that school wide plan?– Are strategies being practiced by all?

Motivation Assessment Scale (MAS)

• How will an individual respond to:– Sensory Issues?– Attention?– Difficult tasks/activities?– Being denied something?

Motivation Assessment Scale

Name: Rater: Date:

Behavior Description:

Setting Description:

Mark SB 9/10

Leaves his seat, runs to peer and slaps him/her on the head.

Small group language arts instruction.

Motivation Assessment Scale

Sensory Escape Attention Tangible

1. 2. 3. 4.5. 6. 7. 8.9. 10. 11. 12.13. 14. 15. 16.TotalScore =MeanScore =

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

4

3

5

3

15

3.75

2

4

3

2

11

2.75

Record Review• Medical Records• Individualized Education Program (IEP)• Previous Behavior Support Plans• Psychological Assessment• Previous Interventions• Anecdotal Records• Others

Direct Methods for Gathering Information

• Frequency Recording• Duration• Scatterplot• Setting Events

Direct Observation

• Conduct for multiple days and across time periods.

• Conduct during a variety of activities and circumstances.

• Conduct across multiple settings and support providers.

• Use multiple trained observers.• Conduct until a consistent trend and

patterns begin to emerge and until and an obvious plan begins to materialize.

ABC Recording Form

A A B B CC

What happened just What happened just prior to Behavior? prior to Behavior? Describe the Describe the situation. situation.

What did the person What did the person do? What did it look do? What did it look like?like?

What was the What was the reaction of staff or reaction of staff or others? What others? What happened to the happened to the activity or task?activity or task?

ABCAntecedent Behavior ConsequenceTeacher asks Matthew to stop pushing classmates.

Matthew continues. Teacher again asks Matthew to stop pushing classmates.

Teacher asks Matthew to stop pushing on the classmates.

Matthew ignores teacher requests.

Teacher asks Matthew to stop pushing classmates…but this time louder.

Teacher asks Matthew to stop pushing classmates…but this time louder.

Matthew ignores and continues.

Teacher threatens Matthew with losing recess in the future.

Teacher threatens Matthew with losing recess in the future.

Matthew ignores. Teacher screams louder and tells Matthew to stop immediately.

Teacher screams louder and tells Matthew to stop immediately,

Matthew ignores. The bell rings signaling it is time to go in. The teacher directs all to go into the building.

The bell rings signaling it is time to go in. The teacher directs all to go into the building.

Matthew goes into the building.

The teacher does not mention the behavior to Matthew.

Scatter Plot

Student:

Date:

Behavior:

Respondent:

Key: = = =

1/10-14, 1/17-21

Mike

Cursing, staring at peers and making loud noises

7th Grade Teachers

1 X 2-5 X > 5 X

Scatter Plot Activity Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5

Math

English

Industrial Arts

P.E.

Lunch

Science

Study

Computer

Use simple, clearly defined setting events information and correlate

with behavior data.

9/16 9/17 9/18 9/19

Slept less than 6hours

No breakfast

Physical fight withsiblings

Setting Event Checklist

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

9/16 9/17 9/18 9/19

Phy

sica

l Agg

ress

ion

Corresponding Behavior Data

Use simple, clearly defined setting events data and correlate with behavior data.

Recommendations for Improving Practice

• FBA should be conducted whenever an individual has a reputation of difficult behavior.

• Start early in the school year if a student has a previous history of challenging behaviors - avoid at all costs having to start the process under time constraints or in the midst of crisis.


• Develop procedures and formats which are understandable and usable by people. Focus on outcomes of process, rather than type of form.

• Understand that initial efforts at FBA may yield modest and/or confusing results.

• Focus initial efforts on obtaining clarity in defining the problem across all settings, people and activities.

• Again, recognize the idiosyncratic nature of autism!

“…functional assessment has been accomplished when:

• You can operationally describe the problem behavior.

• You can identify the setting events and more immediate antecedents that predict when the behaviors will occur and not occur.

• You have developed reasonable hypotheses about the contingencies maintaining the behaviors.

• Your predictions and hypotheses are based, in part, on systematic direct observation.

(Horner, O’Neil, & Flannery, 1993)

Step 4: Develop Hypothesis Statement

• An informed guess about the relationship between events or conditions and the individual’s problematic behavior(s). Informed means that objective information has been gathered.

Hypothesis Statement(Problem Behavior Pathway)

SettingEvents

TriggeringAntecedents

ProblemBehavior

MaintainingConsequence

Lack of opportunities

to interact with peers

Sees peers playing with

toys

Grabs toy, hits peers with toy if they resist

Gets to play with toy.

Brief interaction with peers.

Teacher attention.


SettingEvents


ProblemBehavior

MaintainingConsequence

Anxiety

Lack of Social Skills

Pragmatic Communi-

cation Difficulties

Sees classmate violating “rules”

Has a meltdown in hallway by

screaming at classmate and pushing other

students

Release of frustration.

Gets staff attention.

Gets student to stop for the

moment.


SettingEvents


ProblemBehavior

MaintainingConsequenceSensory

Access to something he wants.

Left alone to do what he wants.

Communication: No System in PlaceLack of Choices or Ability to Recognize ChoicesMedicationConstipationExtreme Sensory ChallengesChanges in Life: Sister LeftLimited Social Skills and InteractionsLacks Self-RegulationAutismANXIETYLack of Structure: Structure on Own TermsPotential AllergiesLack of Sleep Picky Eater

TransitionsSitting Too LongWaiting

HitsKicksHead ButtsDrops to FloorContinual MovementTears Items


SettingEvents


ProblemBehavior

MaintainingConsequenceEnds an Activity

Gains Access to Desired Event/Activity

Attention

Sensory

Autism/AnxietySeizuresMedicationsAllergiesCommunication LimitationsSensory ChallengesLack Self-Regulation and Self-ManagementPoor Social Skills

Certain DemandsToo Much TalkingTransitions: Leaving School BusChanges in RoutinesCertain academic work…too much paperwork and being read to or lectured to.

Pinching Yelling ScreamingElopementRefusalKickingHitting

Hypothesis Statement(Problem Behavior

Pathway)

Setting Triggering Problem MaintainingEvents Antecedents Behavior Consequence

Strengths/Skills:

• Make the teaching of alternative responses an integral part of your behavior response/plan. In truth, IEP goals should be stated in the positive and not the negative. This should be the focus of the behavior support plan.

Teaching Alternative Behaviors

• Specific alternative or replacement behaviors that must be made as efficient and effective as the problem behavior(s).

Alternative Skills• Problem-Solving Skills• Choice-Making Ability• Anger Control• Relaxation Training• Self-Management/Control• Communication• Social Skills

Create Support Plan

Behavior support plans should logically evolve from hypotheses you develop through the functional behavioral assessment process.

Comprehensive Plan

• ALL behaviors are addressed• Implemented across all relevant

settings and times of day…as much as possible.

• Blends multiple procedures• Driven by a functional assessment• Must fit context (values, skills,

resources, embedded within typical routines).

Behavioral Support Plans• Defined: A clearly written document

that defines how an environment will be altered in an effort to change a specific pattern of behavior for an individual and alternative behavior(s) the individual will be taught.

• Behavior support plans should be developed in the context of the overall educational program.

• Should address long term change and supports.

Long Term Prevention• Permanent supports to maintain desired

behaviors and reduce recurrence of problem behaviors

• Lifestyle improvements to improve quality of life, including:– Health and well-being;– Increased participation in school and

community;– Access to more choice and more control; and– Increased and strengthened friendships and

connections.• Increase opportunities to acquire sense of

belonging within school and community.

Examples of Long Term Strategies

• Establish Acceptable Mode of Communication

• Teach Self-Monitoring/Self-Management• Expand and Build Upon Natural

Supports/Circles of Friends• Conduct Person Centered Planning

Process/Future’s Planning

Long Term Prevention

• May need to identify family supports in your community, and the type of services and supports specific families need.

Implement Intervention

• Are the strategies in the plan:– Socially acceptable;– Likely to be effective; and– Doable within the local context?– Does the plan include procedures

for monitoring and improving the program?

Considerations for Evaluating a Behavior Support Plan (Horner)

Monitor Implementation and Outcomes

Behavior Support Plans

• General evaluation strategies to measure:– Reductions in problem behaviors;– Increases in alternative/prosocial

behaviors;– Meaningfulness of outcomes; and– Teacher, parent and even student

satisfaction.

Guidelines for Adopting Positive Behavior Support

Approach• Do not wait until things get out of

control; be proactive.• Make sure that the team has reached

consensus concerning the course of action and that there is a mechanism for ongoing communication and monitoring of progress.

• Involve multiple components when designing your behavior support plan.


• Need to implement a process for ensuring the transition of information across environments and grades.

• Need to determine mechanism for conducting functional behavior assessment, for designing positive behavior support plan, and for maintaining ongoing monitoring of plan.

• Need to address staff/family support.

Behavior Support Plans• Person is not only focus of change. How

will others change their behavior?• Has to evolve from information

gathered.– Goal is to make problem behaviors

irrelevant, inefficient and ineffective.

• Has to be a good contextual fix. • Has to be implemented systematically.

Changing behavior requires honesty, a

willingness to change, relationship building,

and calm perseverance.

Addressing the Problematic Behaviors of Individuals on the Autism Spectrum Dr. Cathy Pratt, BCBA-D Director, Indiana Resource Center for Autism Indiana.

Documents

behavior of students

students behavior

behavior support teamcreated

handling problem behavior

methods of behavior

problem behaviors

functional assessment

behaviors of concern