0 José A. R. José A. R. Cembranos Cembranos Department of Physics and Astronomy Department of Physics and Astronomy University of California, Irvine University of California, Irvine Irvine Irvine , CA 92697-4575 , CA 92697-4575 Additional Additional Dimensions Dimensions , , Dark Dark Matter Matter and and Accelerators Accelerators
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José A. R. José A. R. CembranosCembranos Department of Physics and AstronomyDepartment of Physics and Astronomy
University of California, IrvineUniversity of California, IrvineIrvineIrvine, CA 92697-4575, CA 92697-4575
AdditionalAdditional DimensionsDimensions,,Dark Dark MatterMatter andand
AcceleratorsAccelerators
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 1
CONTENTSCONTENTS
1.- Extra Dimensions
2.- Extra dimensionalmodels with darkmatter candidates
2.a. Characteristics
2.b. Astrophysicalsignals
2.c. Collider signatures
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 2
EXTRA DIMENSIONSEXTRA DIMENSIONS
The main motivations for considering extradimensions have a theoretical origin.
1.- Modern Kaluza-Klein (KK) Theories 2.- Supersymmetry (SUSY) and Supergravity (SUGRA) 3.- Superstring4.- M-Theory
In the last years the most part of the developments intheoretical physics required the introduction of extradimensions (ED):
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 3
BRANE WORLD IDEABRANE WORLD IDEA
The main idea is that our universe is 3-brane living in ahighier D=4+δ dimensional space (the bulk space)being the extra dimensions compactified to some smallvolume (Brane World).
In this picture theStandard modelparticles are confinedto the 3-brane butgravitons canpropagate along thewhole bulk space.
colliders. Cembranos et al., PRD 70, 096001 (2004)
2.a. Invisible Z width.
2.b. W decay. Alcaraz et al., PRD 67, 075010 (2003)
2.a. Single photon channel.
2.b. Single Z channel.
2.c. Prospects for future LC.Alcaraz et al., PRD 67, 075010 (2003)
L3, PLB 597, 145 (2004)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 8
SINGLE SINGLE γγ AND AND Z Z CHANNELSCHANNELS γ or Z production
The most importantsignal in electron-positron colliders isassociated with thesingle photonchannel (or single Zchannel) plusmissing energy.Alcaraz et al., PRD 67, 075010 (2003)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 9
L3 DATA ANALYSIS L3 DATA ANALYSIS
L3 is a collaborationwith more than 50institutions from allthe world.
L3 was a detectorworking with theproduced particles inthe electron-positroncollisions in the LEPring (CERN).
Analysis: 1.- Single photon 2.- Single Z 3.- Restrictions
L3, PLB 597, 145 (2004)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 10
Alcaraz et al., PRD 67, 075010 (2003)
CONSTRAINTS AND PROSPECTSCONSTRAINTS AND PROSPECTS Main analyses related to real
branon production in colliderexperiments. All the results areperformed at the 95% c.l. (N=1).
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 11
BRANONS IN COSMOLOGYBRANONS IN COSMOLOGY
1.- Branons: Dark Matter (DM) candidates.
2.- Searches of branons as Dark Matter.
3.- Cosmological and astrophysical restrictions.
2.a.- Direct detection experiments.2.b.- Indirect detection experiments.
Branons are generically stable, weakly interactiveand massive.
Weakly-Interactive Massive Particles: WIMPs.
Cembranos et al., PRL 90, 241301 (2003)
Cembranos et al., PRL 90, 241301 (2003)
Cembranos et al., PRD 68, 103505 (2003)Kugo and Yoshioka, NPB 594, 301 (2001)
AMS Note, 2003-08-02 (2003)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 12
MAIN RESULTSMAIN RESULTSCosmological and astrophysical constraints.
3. - Restrictions
due to thepowerspectrum.
4. - Astrophysics restrictions.
1. - Collider restrictions.
2.- Restrictionsdue to thetotal darkmatterdensity.
A.- Branonsas WIMPs
Cembranos et al., PRL 90, 241301 (2003)
C.- Branons as aNon Thermal Relic
Maroto, PR
D 69, 043509 (2004)
B.- Branonsas Warm DM
Cembranos et al., PRL 90, 241301 (2003)
Cembranos et al., PRD 68, 103505 (2003)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 13
DIRECT SEARCHESDIRECT SEARCHESWIMPs elastically scatter off nuclei
nuclear recoilsMeasure recoil energy spectrum
v/c ≈ 10-3Direct interaction of the DM halo with thedetector. Typical nucleus recoil energy:ER~1-100 keV.
The rate of the WIMP interactions depends on the localDM density and relative WIMP velocity.
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 14
DIRECT RESULTSDIRECT RESULTS
The appropriate quantity to compare with the experimental results isnot the elastic branon-nucleus cross section σ, but the differentialcross section per nucleon at zero momentum transfer: σn.
For the branoncase:
Cembranos et al., PRL 90, 241301 (2003)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 15
µ
νµ
INDIRECT SEARCHESINDIRECT SEARCHES
WIMPs annihilate 1.- In the center of the Sun, and the Earth core:
high energy neutrinos.
2.- In the halo: γ, e+, p-, D ... Antares, Amanda, IceCube, ...
2.a.- Halo profiles from simulationsand rotation curves.
2.b.- Green´s functions frompropagation model.
2.c.- Average cross section from theeffective theory.
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 16
AMS PROSPECTSAMS PROSPECTS
Cosmic rays : p,D, He, C, …,e+,e-, γ, ...
It will collect~1010 CRs innear-earth orbitfrom few GeV tofew TeV.
Late decays modify late elements abundances.They can reduce the 7Li and explain the presentinconsistent measurements ( ).
3.- Cosmic rays
The SWIMP DM signatures are completely different tothe typical WIMP signals:
Feng et al., PRD 68, 063504 (2003)
The same analyses constraint superWIMP models:
2.- Cosmic microwave backgroundLate decays may also distort the CMB spectrum,from the Planck spectrum (µ=0) toa general Bose-Einstein one.
Charged metastable particles from cosmic rays could be detected:1.- With high energy neutrino telescopes (IceCube,…)
2.- With sea water analyses since the staus are trapped in Earth.Albuquerque et al., PRL 92, 221802 (2003) X. Bi et al., PRD 70, 123512 (2004) Cembranos et al., in progress
Cyburt et al., PRD 67, 103521 (2002)
Feng et al., PRD 70, 063514 (2004)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 24
4.- The velocity or angular momentum of DM halos can beincreased for KK-graviton dark matter
STRUCTURE FORMATIONSTRUCTURE FORMATION
1.a. Reducing the phase space density
5.- Small scales in the linear Power Spectrum are damped:2.a Free-streaming scale 2.b. Acoustic damping scale
M. Kaplinghat, astro-ph/0507300 Sigurdson and Kamionkowski, PRL 92, 171302 (2004)
Cembranos et al. hep-ph/0507150
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 25
1.- CHARGED Next Lightest Particle
Production of two metastable KK-leptonsHighly ionizing charged tracks
COLLIDER SIGNATURESCOLLIDER SIGNATURES
(1)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 26
TRAPPING KK-LEPTONSTRAPPING KK-LEPTONS 1.- KK-leptons are missed in the
environment of the detector.
Feng and Smith, PRD 71, 015004 (2005)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 27
TRAPPING SLEPTONSTRAPPING SLEPTONS
2.- KK-leptons are trapped in tanksof water.
1.- KK-leptons are missed in theenvironment of the detector.
Feng and Smith, PRD 71, 015004 (2005)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 28
TRAPPING SLEPTONSTRAPPING SLEPTONS
Quiet Environment
4.- We wait for detecting thedecays.
A.- In the LHC, the trap cancatch ~100/yr in 100m3we If it producesaround 106 KK-leptons/yr.
2.- KK-leptons are trapped in tanksof water.
1.- KK-leptons are missed in theenvironment of the detector.
3.- The water is moved to a quietenvironment.
Collider
B.- By tuning the beamenergy in the ILC toproduce slow KK-leptons,it is possible to trap~100/yr in 100 m3we.
Feng and Smith, PRD 71, 015004 (2005)
CDMSCD06 J.A.R. Cembranos 29
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
1.- Branons in Flexible Brane Worlds
2.c.I. L3 (LEP-CERN)2.c.II. AMS (International Space Station)2.c.III. CMS (LHC-CERN)2.c.IV. American Linear Collider WG
2.- KK-photons in Universal Extra Dimensions
Extra dimensional models provide alternative explanationsto the Dark Matter (DM) problem. In particular, we havediscussed the phenomenology of three different DMcandidates:
3.- KK-gravitons in Universal Extra Dimensions
Astrophysical observations and collider analyses will befundamental to distinguish one candidate from the others.