Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization--Chapter 15 · Web view15.2 Development of the Immune Response System Markers on cell surface involved in recognition of ____ and nonself

Adaptive, Specific Immunity and Immunization--Chapter 15

15.1 Specific Immunity: The Adaptive Line of Defense Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

Very ____________ __________ line of defense EX: ___________________ (measles—getting the disease) EX; __________________ (measles—prevention)

Adaptive / Acquired immunity 2 leukocytes

___ & ___ lymphocytes ___________ development - undergo selective process that specializes them

for reacting only to specific antigens Immunocompetence - development of body to ______ with lots of foreign

particles Antigens

__________________________ that stimulate a response by B and T lymphocytes Made of proteins or carbohydrates ___ or inside cells and / or viruses Environmental chemicals too (______________)

Antigens _____ PAMPs Many organisms _____________ the same PAMPs Antigens are more _____________ / specific

Specificity and Memory Antibodies produced will only protect against SAME PATHOGEN in the ______________

__________________ EX: Antibodies produced for infection from chicken pox will have _______

effect on the measles virus _______________ are programmed to “remember” a previous invader and quickly

respond ______________

Overview of immunity types _____________—must activate lymphocytes to producte antibodies

Attribute of the immunocompetent Creates ____________ Takes ___________ to develop protection __________ for a while

______________-must receive antibodies made by someone else

Lack of _____________ No ____________________ made __________________ protection ___________________ protection

______________- acquired through normal life experiences

_________________-acquired through medical means

Combined Immunity types Natural Active

EX: getting an ________________ Natural Passive

EX: Mother to _____________ (pre- or post-natal) NOT permanent —why babies eventually “have” to get ____________________

Artificial Passive EX: immunotherapy

If you are at risk, get a shot with _____________________ (from donor blood) Good for Hep A, rabies, tetanus

Artificial Active EX: ____________________

Exposes person to prepared microbial stimulus, generates a _____________

Vaccines Edward ____________ James Phipps

8 y.o. Cowpox Smallpox

Overview of Third Line Responses• Development and differentiation of _________________________• Lymphocyte and antigen _____________________• _____________________ between lymphocytes during antigen presentation• B lymphocytes and production and activation of __________________• T lymphocyte ________________

15.2 Development of the Immune Response System Markers on cell surface involved in recognition of ____ and nonself

Receptor functions Recognize and _________ to foreign / nonself molecules Receive and transmit chemical ____________

___ajor ___istocompatibility ___omplex (MHC) Set of genes for human cell __________________

Class ____ Make MHC molecules (glycoproteins) found on _______ but RBC Molecules come from __________ of the cell

When cell is healthy, looks ____________ When cell has infection, markers are ________________

AKA human leukocyte antigen (_________) system Combinations of these markers are __________ to every person

Why we have to look for _____________ in blood transfusions and organ transplants

Class _____ Immune regulatory receptors on immune antigen presenting cells (__________)

B receptors bind _________ antigens T receptors bind ___________________ antigens w / MHC molecules on cells

that present antigens Molecules that come for _____________ of the cell

Clonal Selection Theory and Lymphocyte Development Idea—early undifferentiated lymphocytes in the embryo and fetus undergo a

continuous series of divisions and genetic changes that generate hundreds of millions of different cell types, each carrying a particular receptor specificity

Steps of the Clonal Selection Theory• Early lymphocyte rapidly ________________

Rearranges ___________ to make new surface proteins• Clones that could be ______________ (EX: target self cells) are _______________

Called immune __________________ Origin of autoimmune diseases?

• This clone will have this antigen for __________• When _______________ particles enter, they will stimulate specific lymphocytes into

final action and trigger an immune response

B-Cell Receptor: Immunoglobulin Immunoglobulins (_____) are large glycoprotein molecules that serve as the specific

receptors of ________ cells and as __________________

Immunoglobulin structure ___ polypeptide chains

2 identical __________ (H) 2 identical __________ (L)

Ends of “fork” are _______________________________ Highly _______________ selections

Part of clonal selection theory The Immunoglobulins

Ig___ Ig___ Ig___ Ig___ Ig___

T cell receptors for antigens _____________ than immunoglobulin Like a fork

15.3 Lymphocyte responses and antigens Antigen (____) characteristics

Made of many ______________ Proteins and polypeptides and polysaccharide derivatives

EX: ______________, cell surface structures, ________________, exotoxins, nucleoproteins, bacterial _______________

__________ enough to catch attention 10,000+ MW Too small? Called a ____________

_______________ structure (to be noticed) Epitope —specific ________________ of a molecule that causes antigenicity

15.4 Cooperation in Immune Reactions to Antigens When an antigen ____________ a WBC, it stimulates a response Before T cells can do their job, they have to be “___________________” antigens by antigen-

presenting cells (APCs) ___________________ Dendritic cells ____ cells

APCs modify antigen to make it more _______________ as nonself T helpers Cells (TH)

Class of ___ cells that bind with ____________ and ______________ Interleukin ___ and Interleukin _____ are made

_________________ B and T cells

15.5 B-Cell Responses Activation of B Lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production

Series of ___________ to activate B cells• Clonal selection and ___________ of antigen• Instruction by chemical mediators• Signal to B-cell ________________• ___________ activation (aka lymphoblast)• Clonal expansion

_______________ cells ____________ cells

• Antibody production and secretion Memory cells

Modified B-cells that ____________ for a long time to react with antigen in _________ Plasma cells

Large, modified B-cells that are extremely ________________ Activation of B lymphocytes: Clonal Expansion and Antibody Production

Antibodies are a type of ________________________ Have same ________________

Site where antigen binds is a ____________________ region Lots of variety

Each antibody has a _____________ shape that will only bind to one specific antigen

Antibody Functions _____________________

Antibodies coat microorganisms or other particles so they ________________ more _____________________

Cross-link ____________ into large groups ______________________

Cross-link __________ antigen molecules into large groups _______________________

___________________________ on pathogen cells which prevents attachment

Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens Level of antibodies in blood serum is ___________

___________ exposure to antigen—primary response Initially, _________ antibodies for antigen Antigen in lymphoid tissue

Antibodies will _______________, ______________, and _________________ after weeks or months

Monitoring Antibody Production over Time: Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigens If exposed __________, it’s the secondary response

Much ____________ process second time around Many _________ antibodies produced second time around

15.6 T-Cell Responses ___ell-___ediated ___mmunity (CMI)

T cells are activated at the _________ time as B cells T—cell-mediated immunities

Complex reactions ______________ types of T cells Direct interaction Stimulate other cells

T _____________ Cells (TH) cells: Activators of Specific Immune Responses TH1 (CD4) play a regulatory role

___ cells ___ cells Increase growth (size)

_____________ macrophages Increasing phagocytosis

HIV targets the _________ cells Activation of TH cells

Will turn into TH1 or TH2 cells IL-1 or IL-12TH1 IL-4, IL-5, IL-6TH2

Cause B cells to ______________________ _________________ (TC) Cells: Cells that kill other cells

Killer T cells Cytotoxicity-- capability of T cells to kill a specific __________________

Have perforins Proteins that punch _____________ in foreign cell membranes

Have granzymes Enzymes that digest ______________

Killer T cells target ____________________________ ____________________________ Self cells that are ____________________