ABSTRACT
The adaptive headlights on vehicle cast the beam in the
direction of the curve and ensure better visibility on winding
roads and alerts the driver when he is sleepy.By using this method
we will be able to control the night accidents generally occurs at
turns because of not negotiating the turns properly by
drivers.Compatible with all new generation vehicles. Enhance the
future applications such as : Collision avoidance. Automatic change
of beam intensity as per incident light..Cost effective.Reliable
and easy maintenance. Degree of rotation of lamp is
30degree.MOVEMENT OF STEERING WHEELAs the driver tries to negotiate
a turn , he will rotate the steering wheel. As a result the entire
steering column will rotate The movement of steering column is
transmitted to the stub axle. The stub axle exhibit rotary movement
. The rotary motion is transmitted to rake and pinion, the rotary
action of the steering is sensed through rack and pinion in turn
according to the modified light cage light moves in the direction
of the shaftTRANSLATORY MOTION OF SHAFTThe Motors in turn will
provide a linear movement to the shaft connected between the two
headlamps.Now the headlight lamps are provided with the linear
motion from rake and pinion mechanism . the steering when steered
in clockwise or anti clockwise direction give motion to shaft which
in turn moves the headlight s mounted on pivot and as a result the
headlamps will focus the light in the direction the vehicle is
being steered and the driver alert system will alert the driver
whenever he is sleepy by removing hand from steering
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our humble and sincere thanks to Dr. J.S.N.Murthy
Principal, VBIT Dr.G.Amarendar Rao H.O.D (Mech) for their support
and the encouragement to complete this project work.
We are extremely grateful to Mr. B.H.SRIDHAR, our internal guide
who helped us in a tremendous way by giving us plenty of
engineering techniques, suggestions and encouragement.
We are ever sincere to thank everybody who helped us in college
and the technical support for successful completion of our project
work.
ROHIT P.L . PAVAN AGARWAL B ABHINAY REDDY M VEERANNA
INTRODUCTIONAccording to traffic accident data, the majority of
severe road accidents occur at night. It is, therefore, of great
importance to use available technology to contribute to road safety
by improving the visual conditions provided by vehicle headlights.
This project shows one of the many technologies available in
avoiding accidents. We all are well aware of the various steering
mechanisms available to us right now. Our project utilizes the
steering mechanisms to rotate the headlights making the driving
experienced for drivers a pleasant one. Generally the drivers of
heavy vehicles commuting in the hilly regions like Ladakh etc find
it very difficult to travel during the night due to the lack of
street lights. The only source of vision available to them is
through the headlights. But during the steep turns, these
headlights are less than useless in providing adequate vision to
the drivers.So this problem has caught our interest and we decided
to design one such simple methodology to ease the drivers pain
during such deadly turns. Out of many ideas that grabbed our
attention, we decided to work on the steering mechanism based
adaptive headlight system. The headlight system performs the
exterior lighting functions. It also enables the low beam and the
high beam headlight to move within the driving range while
cornering. The illuminated area while cornering therefore improves
the field of view for the driver.The adaptive illumination while
cornering results in: Safer cornering with faster recognition of
objects. Improved perception of surroundings. Accident
avoidance
LEGAL REQUIREMENTSThe swivel movement of the headlight is
permitted within certain limits to protect oncoming traffic, i.e.
to ensure oncoming traffic is not dazzled by the headlights.The
vehicle moves on a circular path when the driver turns the steering
wheel. The circular path is defined by the movement of the wheels
and the angle position of the front wheels.In order not to dazzle
the oncoming traffic, the salient point of the dark/light limit of
the headlight must not be left of the circular path at a distance
corresponding to times the installation height of the headlight.
This conclusion is applicable for both the right hand as well as
left hand drive traffic.
STATISTICS OF ACCIDENTS IN INDIAThe accidents toll has been on a
rise in the past few decades. Even with the advent on some fresh
and advance technology the accidents have been on a rise due to
increased number of heavy vehicles and poor driving skills of
drivers. Some of the statistical data is as
follows.Year(Calendar)No. of Accidents% GrowthNo. of Deaths%
GrowthNo. of persons Injured% Growth
2004393901062153898
200538913-1.21110984.4952554-2.49
20064286710.161260613.595945313.13
2007451635.36137919.40630726.09
2008463892.71145295.35645262.31
200945977-0.89152034.6461894-4.08
201044570-3.06156963.2457032-7.86
201142869-3.8215100-3.8055812-2.14
201241712-2.6914975-0.8250637-9.27
India has among the highest number of road accident casualties
in the world. A government statistic says that a death occurs every
four minutes on Indian roads. Causes for road accidents are many;
the congested city roads, bad road surfaces, flooding of roads,
reckless driving, inadequate traffic management and so on and so
forth. In the years 2001 to 2011, more than a million people died
in road accidents across India. We bring you the top five states
that have recorded the highest number of deaths due to road
accidents.The five Indian States that lead the charts in terms of
number of deaths occurring on the roads are as follows:
1. Uttar Pradesh:
The number of deaths occurring due to road accidents in Uttar
Pradesh is the highest in the country. In 2003 road accidents
accounted for 7,854 deaths, since then the death toll has been
steadily on the rise. In 2011 the death toll grew stratospherically
witnessing an increase of 6,337 deaths over the previous year.2.
Tamil Nadu
The number of deaths occurring on the roads of Tamil Nadu in the
year 2003 was 9,275. From the period of 2003 to 2005 the death toll
remained almost the same. Since 2006 however the death toll has
been steadily on the rise topping off to 15,000+ deaths in the
years 2010 and 2011.3. Andhra Pradesh:
The death toll caused due to road accidents in the state of
Andhra Pradesh as at par with Tamil Nadu. In 2003 the state
witnessed 9,679 deaths on its roads and the death toll has steadily
risen since then. In the year 2011 however the number of deaths
fell by a few hundred when compared to the number in 2010.4.
Maharashtra:The number of deaths caused by road accidents in
Maharashtra in 2003 was the highest in the country at the time.
Since then the death toll has increased but fluctuations are seen
over the years. In 2011 the death toll stood at 13,057, lower than
Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh.5. Karnataka:
The number of deaths due to road accidents in the state of
Karnataka stood at 6,195 in the year 2003. Since then there has
been a rise in the death toll, topping off at 9590 in the year
2010. In the year 2011, the number of deaths fell by over 500 when
compared to 2010.
STEERING MECHANISMSSteering is the term applied to the
collection of components, linkages, etc. which will allow a vessel
(ship, boat) or vehicle (car, motorcycle, and bicycle) to follow
the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by
which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches (and
also known as 'points' in British English) provide the steering
function.Wheeled vehicle steeringBasic geometry
Rack and pinion, recirculating ball, worm and sector
Rack and pinion steering mechanism: 1 Steering wheel; 2 Steering
column; 3 Rack and pinion; 4 Tie rod; 5 Kingpin
Rack and pinion unit mounted in the cockpit of an ariel atom
sports car chassis. For most high volume production, this is
usually mounted on the other side of this panelMany modern cars use
rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns
the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a linear gear
that meshes with the pinion, converting circular motion into linear
motion along the transverse axis of the car (side to side motion).
This motion applies steering torque to the swivel pin ball joints
that replaced previously used kingpins of the stub axle of the
steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the
steering arm.The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a
large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel". A disadvantage
is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop
lash, the only cure is replacement.Older designs often use the
recirculation ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and
utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector
design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear")
which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about
its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of
the sector moves the Pitman arm, which is connected to the steering
linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version
of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing
large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the
screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between
the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects
them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are
"recirculated".The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage
of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on
larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally
limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal
adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important
advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on
newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible
lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering
wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus;
this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering
box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated
because it will create excessive internal forces at other positions
and the mechanism will wear very rapidly. This design is still in
use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering
and direct feel are less important than robustness,
maintainability, and mechanical advantage.The worm and sector was
an older design, used for example in Willys and Chrysler vehicles,
and the Ford Falcon (1960s).Other systems for steering exist, but
are uncommon on road vehicles. Children's toys and go-karts often
use a very direct linkage in the form of a bellcrank (also commonly
known as a Pitman arm) attached directly between the steering
column and the steering arms, and the use of cable-operated
steering linkages (e.g. the Capstan and Bowstring mechanism) is
also found on some home-built vehicles such as soapbox cars and
recumbent tricycles.Power steeringMain article: Power steeringPower
steering helps the driver of a vehicle to steer by directing some
of its power to assist in swivelling the steered road wheels about
their steering axes. As vehicles have become heavier and switched
to front wheel drive, particularly using negative offset geometry,
along with increases in tyre width and diameter, the effort needed
to turn the wheels about their steering axis has increased, often
to the point where major physical exertion would be needed were it
not for power assistance. To alleviate this auto makers have
developed power steering systems: or more correctly power-assisted
steeringon road going vehicles there has to be a mechanical linkage
as a fail safe. There are two types of power steering systems;
hydraulic and electric/electronic. A hydraulic-electric hybrid
system is also possible.A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses
hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the
motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS)
is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the
electric power steering motor only needs to provide assistance when
the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run
constantly. In EPS, the amount of assistance is easily tunable to
the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added
benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage
and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid. In addition,
electrical assistance is not lost when the engine fails or stalls,
whereas hydraulic assistance stops working if the engine stops,
making the steering doubly heavy as the driver must now turn not
only the very heavy steeringwithout any helpbut also the
power-assistance system itself.The steering-box system
At the base of the steering column there is a worm gear inside a
box. A worm is a threaded cylinder like a short bolt. Imagine
turning a bolt which holding a nut on it; the nut would move along
the bolt. In the same way, turning the worm moves anything fitted
into its thread. Depending on the design, the moving part may be a
sector (like a slice of a gear wheel), a peg or a roller connected
to a fork, or a large nut.The nut system has hardened balls running
inside the thread between the worm and the nut. As the nut moves,
the balls roll out into a tube that takes them back to the start;
it is called a recirculating-ball system.The worm moves a drop arm
linked by a track rod to a steering arm that moves the nearest
front wheel. A central track rod reaches to the other side of the
car, where it is linked to the other front wheel by another track
rod and steering arm. A pivoted idler arm holds the far end of the
central track rod level. Arm layouts vary.The steering-box system
has many moving parts, so is less precise than the rack system,
there being more room for wear and displacement.
MODEL CONSIDEREDThe model considered for our prototype
fabrication is ASHOK LEYLAND STALLION 6*6. We have considered only
the chassis design components with a scale of 1:15.
PROTOTYPE FABRICATIONThe scaled version details of the chassis
is given as followsOriginal Dimensions:
Length: 8054Wheel base: 4267Width: 2500Scale - 1:15Modified
dimensionsLength: 536 Wheel base: 285Width: 166