Adaptations to the Physical Environment: I.Water and Nutrients A. Properties and Adaptations 1. High Specific Heat Property: Takes a large change in E.

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat

Property: Takes a large change in E to change temp and state… so water is a stable internal and external environment

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat

Property: Takes a large change in E to change temp and state… so water is a stable internal and external environment, and evaporation cools surfaces

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity

ocean“fresh”

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity

Gases (swim bladder)Low Density FluidsFats, Oils

Positively Affect Buoyancy

Negatively Affect Buoyancy

Bone, CartilageShellChitinous ExoskeletonHeavy Ions

“Buoyancy” is a function of relative density of the organism to its environment.

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity

Temperature [°C] Viscosity [mPa·s]

10 1.308

20 1.002

30 0.7978

40 0.6531

50 0.5471

60 0.4658

70 0.4044

80 0.3550

90 0.3150

100 0.2822

Viscosity of Water

Small organisms may exploit viscosity and drag to slow sinking rate

Hydrodynamic shape is adaptive in mobile organisms

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity3. Universal Solvent

Ions and polar compounds dissolve in water, and become available for uptake or for chemical reactions.

- H2O + CO2 H2CO3 (carbonic acid) - H2CO3 (carbonic acid) H+ + HCO3

- (bicarbonate) - HCO3

- (bicarbonate) 2H+ + CO32- (carbonate)

Ca2+ is at maximum solubility in oceans, so it precipitates out with the carbonate as CaCO3

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity3. Universal Solvent4. Water Dissociates

Feldspar minerals:KAlSi3O8 - NaAlSi3O8 - CaAl2Si2O8

Freeing H+ is solution, which can displace other cations bound minerals; this is chemical weathering, and it makes these cations available for bio-uptake (K+, Al+, Na+, Ca+)

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity3. Universal Solvent4. Water Dissociates5. Water is Adhesive and Cohesive

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity3. Universal Solvent4. Water Dissociates5. Water is Adhesive and Cohesive6. Water Potential

- mechanical pressure (+) - gravitational pressure (+) - humidity pressure (+) - solute/osmotic pressure (-) - matrix adhesion effects (-)

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Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

1. High Specific Heat2. Density and Viscosity3. Universal Solvent4. Water Dissociates5. Water is Adhesive and Cohesive6. Water Potential7. Plants

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

7. Plants

Water uptake by roots

Plant use a H+ pump to actively transport H+ out of cell; this causes cation displacement of cations, that either diffuse into the cell or are actively transported into the cell…

Increase solute concentration decreases water potential in cell

Water moves in by osmosis

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

7. Plants

Water uptake by roots

Water is transported between root cells through plasmodesmata – cytoplasmic connection through cell walls.

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

7. Plants

Water uptake by roots

Cl- ions are actively transported from endodermal cells (pericycle), and water follows into the xylem by osmosis.

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

7. Plants

Transport in xylem

Facilitated by capillary action – the combined effects of cohesive and adhesive forces in small tube

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

7. Plants

Action in the leaf a – water flows into cells and vaporizes in spongy mesophyll

b – vapor moves from substomal air space (b) out of leaf (c), drawing more water into substomatal space from xylem

c- under dry conditions, guard cells shrivel, closing the stoma, reducing evaporative water loss

Adaptations to the Physical Environment:I.Water and Nutrients

A. Properties and Adaptations

8. Animals