Adaptation to Climate Change of the Mediterranean Agricultural System: ACLIMAS project experiences in Jordan SWIM - Sustainable Water Integrated Management Demonstration Project Training course on “Maximizing productivity of wheat and barley under dry- land systems” 8-10 June 2015 Yahya Shakhatreh, NCARE, Jordan www.aclimas.eu
54
Embed
Adaptation to Climate Change of the Mediterranean ... · Adaptation to Climate Change of the Mediterranean Agricultural System: ACLIMAS project experiences in Jordan SWIM - Sustainable
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Adaptation to Climate Change of the Mediterranean
Agricultural System:
ACLIMAS project experiences in Jordan
SWIM - Sustainable Water Integrated
Management Demonstration Project
Training course on “Maximizing productivity of wheat and barley under dry- land systems”
OVERALL OBJECTIVE: to bring a durable improvement in the
agricultural water management and a broader socio-economic
development in target areas in the context of adaptation to climate
change, increasing water scarcity, and desertification risk.
Country Region Name of the target areas
Morocco Chaouia Ourdigha Oulad Said, Sidi El Aidi, Tamadroust, Berrechid,
Ain Nzagh, Sidi Mohamed Ben Rahal
Tunisia North-Eastern Tunisia,
South-Eastern Tunisia
Capbon, Manouba, Saida, Mhamedia, Grombalia,
Médenine Governorate
Egypt Western Nubaria Entelak, Tiba
Jordan Irbid Governorate Bani Kananeh, Bani Obaid, Quasbat Irbid, Al-Ramtha
Lebanon Bekaa Valley El Hermel, Baalbeck, Zahle, West Bekaa
Algeria Wilaya of Ain Defla Khmese Melanah
Khmese Melanah
(Wilaya of Ain Defla),
Algeria
(wheat, barley)
Specific Objectives
• To improve the initial conditions (local offices, stations, and demonstration fields)
for lasting promotion of sustainable agricultural practices in target areas.
• To demonstrate the applicability for the selected combinations of genotypes and
water management practices (including water harvesting and conservation tillage)
at demonstration fields;
• To adapt/stabilize agricultural production through large scale on-ground
implementation of the best performing genotypes and water
harvesting/management practices;
• To evaluate the on-ground sustainability of the proposed adaptation measures
considering the economic, social and environmental dimensions at farm level;
• To train local farmers and growers on the application and implementation of
proposed management practices;
• To disseminate the results of the action through the thematic guidelines,
brochures, field days, seminars, video material and a dedicated web page.
Project Demonstration experiments
Trials
Offices
Maru Research Station Irbid, Jordan
Demonstration 2013/2014
Altitude: 590 m
Rainfall: 412 mm
Soil type: heavy clay;
available water 180 mm m-1
Monthly rainfall (mm)
Monthly mean temp. (mm)
Tillage x Wheat Cultivars
- 5 Durum wheat cultivars
- Conventional
- Zero tillage
Tillage x Barley Cultivars
- 2 Spring barley cultivars
- Conventional
- Zero tillage
Tillage x Wheat x Sowing date
- 2 Durum wheat cultivars
- Conventional
- Zero tillage
- 3 Sowing dates
Rainfed
Full irrigation
- 1st irr pre-anthesis
- 2nd irr post-anthesis
Supplemental 1
- irr pre-anthesis
Supplemental 2
- irr post-anthesis
Irrigation x Crop Species - Durum wheat and barley
- Rainfed (control)
- Full irrigation
- Supplemental irrigation
1.Demonstration 1 – Irrigation x Crop Species (wheat and barley)
Three irrigation levels:
i) Rainfed (control); ii) “Full irrigation” (two applications during the growing season to return to field capacity): a. 1st application - three to one week before beginning of flowering (GS61), calculated to 60 cm soil depth; b. 2nd application - 7 to 10 days after GS61, calculated to 90 cm soil depth; iii) Supplemental irrigation (one application during the growing season):application: three to one week before flowering (GS61).
Biological yield (BY), grain yield (GY) and water use efficiency (WUE) for five wheat cultivars under conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT).
Tillage x Wheat cultivar-
summary
Tillage x cultivar Barley: two varieties with two tillage systems
0
2
4
6
8
Mùta Rum Mùta Rum
CT ZT
AG
DM
Mg
ha
-1Tillage x Barley cultivar – AGDM and Grain yield
0
2
4
Mùta Rum Mùta Rum
CT ZT
Gra
in Y
ield
Mg
ha
-1
Tillag
e
Barle
y
Varity
BY
(Kg/ha
)
GY
(Kg/ha)
Water
Use(mm
)
WUE
(Kg/m3) BY
WUE
(Kg/m3)
GY
ZT Muta’ 8326 2767 263.2 3.16 1.05
CT Muta’ 9288 2590 265.6 3.50 0.98
ZT Rum 10491 3280 266.7 3.93 1.23
CT Rum 9473 2745 266.3 3.56 1.03
Biological yield (BY) , (GY) and water-use efficiency (WUE) for Barley CVs: Muta’ and Rum growing under conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT).
Tillage x Barley cultivar – Water Use and WUE
Tillage x Cultivar Durum wheat x Sowing date : three sowing dates with two varieties
and two tillage systems
312 311 310 309 308 307 306 305 304 303 302 301
Conv
Hurani
Mid
Conv
Hurani
Early
Conv
Hurani
Late
Conv
ACSAD65
Early
Conv
ACSAD65
Late
Conv
ACSAD65
Mid
Zero
ACSAD65
Early
Zero
ACSAD65
Late
Zero
ACSAD65
Mid
Zero
Hurani
Late
Zero
Hurani
Early
Zero
Hurani
Mid
212 211 210 209 208 207 206 205 204 203 202 201
Conv
ACSAD65
Early
Conv
ACSAD65
Late
Conv
ACSAD65
Mid
Conv
Hurani
Early
Conv
Hurani
Mid
Conv
Hurani
Late
Zero
ACSAD65
Late
Zero
ACSAD65
Early
Zero
ACSAD65
Mid
Zero
Hurani
Early
Zero
Hurani
Late
Zero
Hurani
Mid
112 111 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101
Conv
ACSAD65
Mid
Conv
ACSAD65
Early
Conv
ACSAD65
Late
Conv
Hurani
Early
Conv
Hurani
Late
Conv
Hurani
Mid
Zero
Hurani
Mid
Zero
Hurani
Early
Zero
Hurani
Late
Zero
ACSAD65
Mid
Zero
ACSAD65
Late
Zero
ACSAD65
Early
streetN
R1
R2
R3
2 m 0.5 m
Tillage x Wheat x Sowing date – Biomass and GY Table7. Ears m-2, grains m-2, thousand grain weight (TGW), above ground dry matter (AGDM), grain yield and harvest index (HI) for wheat CVs: ACSAD65 and Hurani growing under conventional tillage (CT) and zero tillage (ZT) at three sowing dates: Early (14/11/2013), Mid (21/12/2013) and late (14/1/2014).
Early sowing — slightly AGDM, Grain yield and Grains m-2
Mid sowing — AGDM, Grain yield and Grains m
ZT, Early to Mid Sowing and Improved Cultivars
reveled important for wheat yield stability under
rainfed conditions Jordan
Good Agricultural Practices
Introduction and Justification
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT: year 2050 vs. baseline (1961-2000)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Tem
pe
ratu
re (
°C)
Temperature changes 2050 vs present
Min temp Max temp
Climate change projections for the medium-term (2050 as average over 2041-2060) were defined for Irbid governorate as average over 19 Global Circulation Models based on the RCP4.5 scenario, which is a medium emission scenario. For simplicity main results indicate average values, and not uncertainty (especially significant for precipitation). According to these medium-term climate projections, Irbid will experience an average increase in mean annual temperature of 2.2 °C (1.3 to 3.0 °C according to different GCMs)
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
Th
erm
al t
ime
acc
um
ula
ted
(°C
d) Thermal accumulation over time
Present 2050
Seasonally, increases in temperature will be greater in summer and lower in winter. Maximum temperatures would face larger increases than minimum temperatures, especially for winter and spring wherein daily temperature ranges widens. Higher temperatures will lead to increasing evapotranspiration and crop water demand. Increasing temperatures will also raise thermal accumulation over time, measured as Growing Degree Days (°C d, Tbase = 0 °C), shortening crop growing seasons.
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
ΔP
reci
pit
ati
on
/ E
To (
mm
.mo
nth
-1) Changes in precipitation & ETo - 2050 vs present
Prec ETo
The average projected precipitations will show a significant reduction of about 12% for 2050. However, the changes in precipitation projected by different GCMs vary, with uncertainty ranging between -5 to -24%. Reduction of precipitation will be more evident in winter and partial in spring. Higher temperature will increase evapotranspiration and vegetation water requirements. This, together with reduced precipitations, will amplify aridity and soil water deficit
Precipitation, Seasonal precipitation, Karak
Comparison for Karak villages, in different seasons
Autumn
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
Samakiyyah Ader Sul
Pre
cip
itati
on
(m
m)
Current A1b A2
Spring
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
Samakiyyah Ader Sul
Pre
cip
itati
on
(m
m)
Current A1b A2
Annual
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
350.0
Samakiyyah Ader Sul
Pre
cip
ita
tio
n (
mm
)
Current A1b A2
Winter
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
Samakiyyah Ader Sul
Pre
cip
itati
on
(m
m)
Current A1b A2
Temperature
Monthly Minimum Temperature, Raba
Rabbah - Minimum Temperature Scenarios
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Curr A1b A2
Opportunities
• CA or ZT •Improved Varieties
•Full-package
Conservation Agriculture
ما هي الزراعة الحافظة ؟
هي مجموعة من الممارسات الزراعية التي تطبق عىقا التربقة
الزراعية والتي تؤدي إلا تحسقين مووااتاقا وترويباقا وتاوعاقا