Adaptation of Water to Climate Change in Cyprus of Water to Climate Change in Cyprus Dr. Kyriaki Ioannou ... • Control groundwater overexploitation • Use of water supply meters

Adaptation of Water to Climate Change in Cyprus

Dr. Kyriaki Ioannou

Water Development Department Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment

6-7 April, 2017Bilthoven, The Netherlands

Pan-European Symposium on Water and Sanitation Safety Planning and Extreme Weather Events

The Climate is changing…

Due to:** natural causes:

Variations of solar radiationVolcanic eruptions Reflection of solar heat from earth

And** anthropogenic:

increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that bind heat

CausingVarious and significant impact in key economic sectors and vulnerable social groups

The increase of temperature on the planet by 2100 in comparison with the temperatures of 1990, according to the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change of the United Nations (IPCC) will be approximately between +1.4°C and +5.8°C

The 25 hotspots. The hotspot expanses comprise 30-3% of the red areas Source: Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities (Myers et al., 2000)

Climate Change in Cyprus

The change is already evident mainly by the

….mean annual temperature increase

The average annual temperature in the period 1991-2007 Is 0.5οC higher than that of the 1961-1990 period .

The average annual rainfall in the period 1991-2008is 9% lower than that of the 1961-1990 period

….mean annual rainfall decrease

Source : CYPADAPT 2012

• The average annual rainfall will decrease by 10-15%

• The average annual temperature will increase by 1.0 - 1.5οC

• Extreme weather events (droughts, heatwaves, dust episodes, floods, windstorms etc.) will be more frequent, more intense and widespread

Climate Change in Cyprus

According to the above rates it is expected that by 2050….

……in comparison with the corresponding values for the period 1961-1990

Changes in (a) average annual maximum temperature (TX) and (b) average annual minimum

temperature (TN), between the reference period (1961-1990) and the future period (2021-2050)

The range from 1.0°C to 2.0°C with spatial variations CYPADAPT 2013

The projected changes in temperature are remarkable

Changes in TX and TN range from 1.3 - 1.9oC and 1.0 - 2.0 oC with spatial variations respectively

Changes in annual total precipitation between the future (2021-2050) and control period (1961-1990)

CYPADAPT 2013

The projected precipitation will be decreased with seasonal and regional variations

The average annual total precipitation will be slightly decreased (10-20 mm/year) with seasonal and regional variations in the near future period, but will be significantly reduced (90-130 mm/year) and more spatially variable between 2071-2100.

(with high uncertainty due to the large temporal variability of rainfall and the large variations of future projected changes among models)

The projected worsening of extreme events

•Extreme weather events: heat wave, drought, flood, storms

* The maximum length of dry spells (precipitation<0.5mm) is expected to increase by 10 to 12 days on average *The number of heat waves and very hot days (temperature > 35°C), will be increased averagely by 10 to 30 days on annual basis, depending on the region.*The number of tropical nights (minimum temperature > 20°C) is also expected to increase by 30-60 nights on annual basis, depending on the region.*Droughts and dry periods are projected to increase in length and frequency (> 25 of dry days by 2080)*The annual maximum total rainfall over 1 day is slightly increased of about 1-4 mm .The

intensity and frequency of rainfall extremes, is projected to modifications also.

•Sea surface temperature is expected to increase farther Warming Levantine Basin at average rate 0.065oC per year

•Sea level rise in Eastern Mediterranean is expected to be about 0.5m to 1.0 m, by 2050 and 2100 respectively. Relative humidity shows negative though small changes, (about 0.5% decrease by 2100)

•The number of windy days (with average wind speed of 5m/s) will decreases in distant future

Other climatic factors that need further investigation are the increase in carbon dioxide CO2 and ozon O3

Ways to address climate change

• Mitigation measures

Reducing greenhouse gas emissions

• Adaptation measures

To tackle the unavoidable impacts on current and future climate change

• Managing the ipmacts/risks of climate change

With the combination of both mitigation and adaptation actions

The basic framework for the effective and timely treatment of adverse effects of climate change is the adaptation strategy

The National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change

the LIFE+ project: CYPADAPT

www.moa.gov.cy/environment

Start date: September 1st, 2011 - End date: March 31st, 2014

Duration: 31 months

Project budget: 1.358.847 € (50% EC funding)

Project partners:

Department of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment of Cyprus

National Technical University of Athens

National Observatory of Athens

Coordinating beneficiary:

Associated beneficiaries:

Aim and Objectives

The aim of the Adaptation Strategy is to strengthen and/or improve the adaptability of Cyprus to early and effectively address the negative effects of climate change with the simultaneous exploitation of challenges and opportunities

This has been achieved through specific objectives:

•Identification of current climate change and its impacts

•Prediction of future climate changes and assessment of their potential impacts

•Evaluation of sensitivity, exposure and adaptive capacity of the various systems, sectors or

social groups to climate change

•Estimation of limits, barriers and opportunities associated with climate change

•Selection of appropriate adaptation actions and measures through multi-criteria analysis and consultation with stakeholders

Selected climate change adaptation policy areas

Adaptationfour critical stages of the process

Continuous involvement of all stakeholders

Knowledge database and Communication Platform

Impact assessment of systems and their

vulnerability

Planning and Designing of adaptation

Implementation of adaptation

options

Monitoring and evaluation

Corrective ActionsRe-assessmentEvaluationMonitoring

Focus on Water

Potential climate changes Impact

Increased temperature- Increased water temperatures - Increase in evaporation

Increased evapotranspiration- Water availability reduction - Lower replenishments rates (lower groundwater levels) - Salinisation of water resources

Decreased precipitation, including increased droughts

- Decrease in runoff - More widespread water stress - Increased water pollution and deterioration of water quality due to lower dissolution of sediments, nutrients, dissolved organic carbon, pathogens, pesticides and salt - Decreased rates of groundwater recharge - Salinisation of coastal aquifers due to overpumping motivated by insufficient water supply

Increase in interannual precipitation variability

- Increase in the difficulty of flood control and reservoir utilization during the flooding season

Increase in heavy precipitation events

- Flooding - Adverse effects in quality of surface water and groundwater - Contamination of water supply - Lower replenishment rates in the aquifers of the mountain areas due to steep slopes

Increase in surface water temperature

- Increased algae growth and reduced dissolved oxygen levels in water bodies which may lead to eutrophication and loss of fish

- Prolonged lake stratification with decreases in surface layer nutrient concentration and prolonged depletion of oxygen in deeper layers

- Changes in mixing patterns and self purification capacity - Salinisation of water resources

Sea level rise - Salinisation of coastal aquifers (minor effect)

Relationship between climate changes and impacts on the water sector

Future Vulnerability Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources of Cyprus

Source: CYPADAPT 2013

Vulnerabilityvariable

Selected Indicators

Water availability

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity of runoff to changes in rainfall • Dam inflow variability • Number of groundwater bodies overexploited • Number of groundwater bodies in bad quantitative

status • Freshwater availability per capita • Water Exploitation Index • Water availability index • Number of years water demand exceeded amount of

available freshwater resources

Exposure • Number of dams presenting decreasing trend • Number of groundwater bodies in bad quantitative

status

Vulnerabilityvariable

Selected Indicators

Water availability

Adaptive capacity

• Increase water storage capacity • Inter-basin water transfer • Artificial aquifer recharge • Water import • Use of desalinated water • Use of treated water • Stormwater use • Replacement of networks • Improving water use efficiency in irrigation • Water allocation• Control groundwater overexploitation • Use of water supply meters • Redistribution of irrigated land • Water pricing • Subsidies for drinking water savings • Awareness campaigns • Improving monitoring and forecast

Vulnerabilityvariable

Selected Indicators

Water quality

Sensitivity

• Effect of climatic factors, such as temperature and rainfall, on the quality of water resources

•Reduction of the rate of aquifer replenishment •Overexploitation of aquifers due to water scarcity

Exposure

• Changes in air temperature • Changes in annual precipitation • Changes in the length of drought periods • Changes in heavy precipitation events • Changes in sea level • Percent of river water bodies in bad ecological and chemical status • Percent of lake water bodies in bad ecological and chemical status • Percent of coastal water bodies in bad ecological and chemical status •Number of surface water areas identified as sensitive according to the

Directive 91/271/EEC • Surface Water Vulnerability (SWV) Index •Number of groundwater bodies with excess pollutant concentrations •Number of groundwater bodies declared as Vulnerable Nitrate Zones

(VNZ), according to the Directive 91/676/EEC •Number of groundwater bodies salinized •Number of groundwater bodies in bad qualitative status

Adaptive capacity

•Designation of protected areas • Protection from point source discharges likely to cause pollution •Action Programme to prevent or reduce water pollution from nitrates • Protection of groundwater bodies from salinization

Vulnerabilityvariable

Selected Indicators

Floods

Sensitivity • Percent of very high& high hazard flooding events taking

place in Cyprus

Exposure • Changes in heavy precipitation events •Areas with potential significant flood risk in Cyprus

Adaptive capacity

•Development of a separate drainage system for collecting stormwater

• Implementation of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems • Identification of flood risk areas • Preparation of Flood Risk Management Plans

Droughts

Sensitivity

• Sensitivity to Desertification Index • Percent of areas characterized as semi arid with an

increased sensitivity • Percent of areas immediately threatened

Exposure

•Number of consecutive years of drought •Amount of deficit during drought periods • Frequency of drought periods • Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)

Adaptive capacity

• Elaboration and implementation of a Drought Management Plan

Water resources: Baseline situation

Total Demand for 2011 was 252 Mm3Source WDD 2012

Water demand and freshwater resources in Cyprus for the period 2000 – 2010

29

2

46

8

53

7

72

2

52

9

67

7

49

8

50

0

59

3

55

1

66

7

53

5

64

9

54

3

41

1

37

3

47

2

59

0

69

7

57

2

54

6

62

7

54

9

46

0

73

2

50

6

43

4

64

8

73

9

65

1

28

4

34

1

40

1

68

7

53

0

56

6 57

5

64

3

55

1

37

0

59

7

63

9

51

4

61

7

53

1

52

9

56

1

53

0

56

0

40

0

61

7

66

4

54

3

54

5

54

7

41

5

50

6

39

9

40

6

46

9

65

6

63

6

30

9

53

2

51

9

69

4

49

9

80

0

39

8

49

8

40

8

21

3

38

9

61

9

56

3

47

1

54

9

43

9

58

2

57

4

42

5 43

7 44

8

49

8

43

8

52

0

62

5

48

1

36

3

28

2

63

7

50

9

41

7

49

3

38

3 39

9

38

8

47

3

36

3

46

8

60

2

56

15

44

41

2

36

0

47

9

27

2

52

7 54

6

46

4

65

4

54

4

31

5

56

1

30

9

50

150

250

350

450

550

650

750

850

950

19

01/0

2

19

11/1

2

19

21/2

2

19

31/3

2

19

41/4

2

19

51/5

2

19

61/6

2

19

71/7

2

19

81/8

2

19

91/9

2

20

01/0

2

20

11/1

2

Rain

fall

in

mm

Hydrological Year 1901/02-2015/16

Mean annual precipitation in Cyprus (area under Government control)Source: WDD 2017

Extreme wet (>130% normal)

Wet (121-130% normal)

Above normal (111-120% normal)

Around normal (91-110% normal)

Below normal (81- 90% normal)

Drought (71-80% normal)

Severe drought (<70% normal)

Average

12,3 14,016,8

21,1

29,0 30,0

20,316,6 18,0

20,323,6

13,617,0

23,325,5

35,3 35,7

14,8

7,6

21,425,9

51,9

59,1

41,638,2

23,917,1

18,3

15,8

16,718,9

19,1

15,216,3

14,0

12,6

19,6

18,7

16,516,8

12,2 11,1

11,8

11,3

7,9

6,7

9,4

7,7

5,3

6,25,4

10,9

13,9 13,6

21,8 29,8

30,1

29,1

31,0

26,2 27,1

32,6 49,4

52,8 48,0

17,610,7

32,8 37,53,3

2,0

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

90,0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Mil

lio

n C

ub

ic M

ete

rs o

f W

ate

r

Year

Governmental Water Works – Sources of Domestic Water (1991 - 2015)Source: WDD 2017

Φράγματα Γεωτρήσεις Αφαλατώσεις Μεταφορά νερού από Ελλάδα

[36,2]

[31,1]

[35,1][36,9]

[45,7]

[48,9]

[44,8][42,7]

[48,2] [47,9]

[58,0]

[63,0][65,8]

[68,9]

[73,3] [73,7] [73,9]

[62,5]

[70,3]

[82,1][80,6]

[78,9][77,5]

[79,7][81,9]

Dams Boreholes Desalination Water transfer from Greece

16,0

31,0

41,7 42,0

49,9

38,7

19,0

13,2

22,7 21,4

26,9

43,1

50,2

56,4

50,8

39,0

24,7

8,0

21,8

37,4 36,6

42,0

52,5

37,3 38,2

13,0

9,7

11,3 11,0

11,0

13,5

9,0

11,5

13,2

5,8

11,4

5,6

6,3

6.7

6,7

5,7

6,7

8,1

5,6

6,65,3

5,2

3,2

6,56,8

1,3

1,1

1,3

3,2

5,1

4,3

5,5

5,3

4,0

4,2

4,7

3,0

4,45,7

6,6

9,1

9,210,9

0,0

10,0

20,0

30,0

40,0

50,0

60,0

70,0

80,0

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Mil

lio

n C

ub

ic M

ete

rs o

f W

ate

r

YEAR

Governmental Water Works – Sources of Irrigation (1991 - 2015)Source: WDD 2017

Φράγματα Γεωτρήσεις Ανακυκλωμένο Νερό

[29,0]

[40,7]

[53,0] [53,0]

[60,9]

[52,2]

[28,0][26,0]

[28,5]

[41,5]

[53,8]

[60,8]

[68,6]

[62,8]

[37,0]

[48,7]

[35,6]

[20,8]

[30,4]

[48,4] [47,6]

[53,8]

[64,8]

[53,0][55,91]

Dams Boreholes Reused Water

Freshwater availability per capita

Source: DG Environment-EU, 2007

Water sources used for the satisfaction of water demand in Cyprus (average for the

period 2000-2010)

Inter-basin connection and water transfer

Water Stress and Water Exploitation Index

among European countries. Cyprus ranks first

Water exploitation index (WEI) (1990-2007)WEI=total annual abstraction/long term renewable resourcesSource: EEA , 2010c

Water stress index (WSI)

WSI=the ratio of water withdrawal to supply

Source: Wintgens and Hochstrat, 2006

Vulnerability of Water Availability

Total water use efficiency in Mediterranean countries (1995, 2005-2010)

Water use efficiency in drinking water and irrigation sectors in 2010

Source: Plan blue, 2011

154

129

35

12

143

127

53

103

3225 26

63

34

61

168

136

151

50

24

39

19

97

140

63

191,8

93,9

12,3

116,4

17,9

0

50

100

150

200

250

198

7-8

8

198

8-8

9

198

9-9

0

199

0-9

1

199

1-9

2

199

2-9

3

199

3-9

4

199

4-9

5

199

5-9

6

199

6-9

7

199

7-9

8

199

8-9

9

199

9-0

0

200

0-0

1

200

1-0

2

200

2-0

3

200

3-0

4

200

4-0

5

200

5-0

6

200

6-0

7

200

7-0

8

200

8-0

9

200

9-1

0

201

0-1

1

201

1-1

2

201

2-1

3

201

3-1

4

201

4-1

5

201

5-1

6

Millio

n C

ub

ic M

ete

rs (

Mm

3)

Hydrological Year ( 1st October – 30th Semptember)

Dam Inflow 1987/88 - 2015/16

Average 80 Mm3

Change in inflow to the main dams of Cyprus for the

period 1970-2050 Source: WDD 20011 aSource: WDD 2017

Surface water resources consists of water inbounded in dams/ reservoirs and seasonal rivers with low flow in

winter and no flow in summer

Over-pumping in the groundwater bodies of Cyprus Source: WDD, 2008

The decreasing trend in ground water levels and recharge rates are expected to continue in future, (WDD, 2008, WDD 2011a)

Groundwater resources rely also on the amount and duration of effective rainfall and the increase in evaporative demand.The intense agricultural development and urbanization in recent past resulted in the overexploitation of Cyprus’ aquifers

Decrease in water availability in future will reinforce the competition between different water usages mainly drinking water and irrigation supply.

Vulnerability of Water Quality

The projected climate changes in the future (2021-2050) that are anticipated to intensify many forms of water quality deterioration are

the higher water temperature and increased evapotranspiration rates,

the reduced precipitation and high intensity precipitation or flooding events and,

the longer periods of droughts or dry spells.

The main driver of water quality deterioration in surface and ground resource is the water volume, in terms of the pollutants’ dilution, which is highly sensitive to climate change *Surface Water bodies (dams and seasonal rivers with low flow): lower levels of dissolved oxygen and less dilution of pollutants, enhanced eutrophication rates and algae blooms,*Groundwater bodies (many of them are in a moderate to bad due chemical status): are more sensitive to climate changes, pollutants’ concentration, salinization increases

Salinization in the groundwater bodies of Cyprus Source: WDD, 2008

Map of surface water vulnerability to pollution Source: PigWasteMan, 2007

Vulnerability of Water Quality

Vulnerability of Water Resources to Floods

Areas with potential significant flood risk in CyprusNumber of flooding events per year in Cyprus (1971-2010)

The observed increase in heavy rainfall which falls in 1 hour for the period 1971 – 2007 in contrast with the respective for the period 1930 – 1970 despite the decrease in the mean precipitation . These extreme rainfall events may potentially cause localized flooding phenomena with devastating impacts

Cyprus in spite of the fact expiriencing long and frequent dry periods, also suffers from flash and urban floods triggered by local intenceinte intense precipitation events

Vulnerability of Water Resources to Droughts

Drought impact per year and Member State (1976 – 2006)Source: EC, 2007

Environmentally Sensitive Areas to DesertificationSource: I.A.C.O. Ltd 2007

The exposure and sensitivity of Cyprus to

droughts is expected to be very high

Standard Precipitation Index between 1901/02-2010/11

Number of dry days (RR<0.5mm) per year between the reference period (1961-1990) and the future period (2071-2100). An increase of about 8-10 days is expected reaching 110 days

The number of years with SPI for the 12 month time scale ,varying between (<-2 to -1) is estimated to increase in future period (2021-2050)

Overall Vulnerability Assessment of Water Resources in Cyprus to Climate Changes

Overall Vulnerability Assessment of Infrastructure to Climate Changes(Water Supply )

Impact Sensitivity ExposureAdaptiveCapacity

Vulnerability

Damage from urban floods

Moderate to High (4) High (5) Moderate (3)Limited to Moderate

(1.5)

Damage from sea floods

Limited (1) Very High (7)Limited to Moderate

(2)Limited (0.6)

Damage from landslides

Limited (1) Limited (1) Limited (1) None (0)

(Water supply infrastructure: Water treatment plants, Wastewater treatment plants, Desalination plants)

The proposed measures and their prioritization is the result of a) continuous and

effective consultation with all stakeholders, and b) multi-criteria analysis. A valuable tool facilitating the evaluation of all climate change factors (variations, impacts , measures) taking account of the interrelated influences and assessing the associated risks or potential opportunities.

Adaptation of water sector to climatic impacts

The challenge of developing and implementing infrastructural adjustments and societal changes, to balance water supply and demand is not easy, because of the uncertainties surrounding climate change issues, and the need to educate people to deal with unexpected future changes.

WATER - Adaptation Measures Suggested ( CYPADAPT 2014)

Measures to increase water availability

Increase storage capacity

Legislative Control of groundwater exploitation

Improve key irrigation infrastructure to minimize key system losses

Maintenance of the water distribution systems and infrastructure

Increase capacity of desalination plants

Installation of water saving equipment (mandatory in new buildings)

Intensify monitoring of water quality for irrigation and recharge

Replenishment of coastal aquifers

Measures for the diversification of water resources utilisation

Increase capacity of desalination plants

Incentives for reuse of municipal wastewater

Stormwater use collected in separate drainage system

Mandatory greywater recycling for new houses/ buildings

Measures to decrease water demand

Water allocation mechanisms and cuts for municipal water supplies

Redistribution of irrigated land

Efficient water pricing

Provision of subsidies for drinking water savings

Awareness campaigns

Adoption of efficient water consumption standards

Measure to protect water quality

Designation of protected areas

Actively enforce and monitor law with strict penalties

Strictly control overdrilling

Provide subsidies to farmers for applying smart techniques

Proper waste management to avoid surface and ground water pollution

Measures for the protection from floods

Separate collection of stormwater

Establishment of riverbed protection zones

Maintain & restore wetlands /riverbeds (natural defense against floods)

Preparation of flood hazard maps

Preparation of flood risk management plans

Measure for the protection from droughts

Drought policies and plans

Periodic reviews of the achievements and priorities

Periodic readjustment of goals, means and resources

Strengthening institutional for drought mitigation

Establishment and strengthening of early warning systems

Drought risk map and emergency programme

WATER - Adaptation Measures Suggested cont…

Ευπ

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Μέτρα προσαρμογής για τους Υδάτινους Πόρους

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Πο

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νερ

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5,00 Συντήρηση και επιδιόρθωση των συστημάτων μεταφοράς νερού και της σχετικής υποδομής 87,5 Χ Χ

5,00Έλεγχος ° και αποφυγή υδροβόρων απαιτήσεων σε ° όλες τις περιοχές με ανεπαρκείς υδάτινους πόρους

(π.χ. γήπεδα γκολφ, τουριστικές εγκαταστάσεις, υδροβόρες καλλιέργειες)87,0 Χ Χ

5,00 Ενίσχυση της αποδοτικής χρήσης νερού στα κτίρια, τη γεωργία και τη βιομηχανία 86,2 Χ Χ

5,00Επαναχρησιμοποίηση επεξεργασμένων υγρών αποβλήτων αστικής προέλευσης ° μόνο μετα από αυστηρό

έλεγχο της ποιότητας /καταλληλοτητας του για συγκεκριμένες καλιέργιες85,2 Χ Χ

5,00Περιοδικές αναθεωρήσεις της προόδου και των προτεραιοτήτων και ανάλογη προσαρμογή των στόχων,

μέσων και πόρων της υδατικής πολιτικής84,8 Χ Χ

5,00 Επέκταση της χρήσης μετρητών παροχής νερού 84,3 Χ

5,00 Εκστρατείες ευαισθητοποίησης/ενημέρωσης 84,3 Χ Χ Χ

5,00 Αξιοποίηση βρόχινου νερού °(συλλογή σε ξεχωριστό δίκτύο και αποθήκευση σε ειδικές εγκαταστάσεις) 73,5 Χ Χ

5,00Αποτελεσματική τιμολόγηση νερού ° με εφαρμογή τιμωρητικών διατάξεων ιδιαίτερα σε τομείς με την

μεγαλύτερη κατανάλωση( γεωργία, τουρισμός)71,7 Χ Χ

5,00 Παροχή κινήτρων για την επαναχρησιμοποίηση του "ημιακάθαρτου νερού" (σε κτίρια και βιομηχανίες) 70,5 Χ

5,00 Παροχή κινήτρων για την εξοικονόμηση πόσιμου νερού * 63,3 Χ

5,00 Υποχρεωτική ανακύκλωση ημιακάθαρτου (γκρίζου) νερού σε νέες οικίες/κτίρια * 61,3 Χ

5,00 Μηχανισμοί κατανομής νερού ° για την εξασφάλιση οικιακών και δημοτικών αποθεμάτων νερού * 59,5 Χ

5,00 Μελέτες σκοπιμότητας για τη μεταφορά νερού σε περιοχές που απειλούνται με απερήμωση * 59,3 Χ

5,00 Αύξηση χωρητικότητας φραγμάτων * 55,3 Χ

5,00 Ανακατανομή αρδευόμενης γης * 52,8 Χ

Water Resources

Maintenance and repair of potable and irrigation water supply systems and related infrastructure

Control and avoidance high water consuming systems in regions with insufficient water resources

Implementation and regularly revisions of the Drought Management Plan

Soils

Development and implementation of the Desertification Plan in Cyprus

Effectively address of the soil erosion by improving the soil moisture, structure and fertility.

Coastal Areas

Investigation to identify the vulnerable to climate change coastal areas

Development and implementation of the Strategic Framework for the Integrated Coastal Zone Management

Infrastructure

Development of flood protection works in cities and implementation of the flood risk management plans

Enhancing the adaptive capacity and the protection of buildings and transport infrastructure from the impacts of climate change (design, construction materials, etc.)

Agriculture / Livestock

Incentives to farmers to use recycled water for the irrigation of selected crops

Identification and promotion of native, locally and over time adapted to climate change genetic material (plant and animal)

Water Sector: Proposed Adaptation Measures to Climate Change

• To monitor and evaluate the implementation adaptation plans and specifically for the evaluation of progress of the priority objectives of each sector, efficiency and effectiveness of individual measures and actions, are used -where possible-general and specific indicators for existing climatic and non climatic factors that are likely to enhance or hinder the process of adaptation

• Specific indicators of climate change

• Other indicators of non-climatic stresses or parameters (which may affect the vulnerability of the economic sector or the vulnerable social group)

Evaluation of the implementation of the Adaptation Plan

* Sensitivity * Exposure * Adaptability

Progress indicatorsby means of the CYPADAPT Adaptation Platform

Thank you for your kind attention!

Contact details:

Dr. Kyriaki Ioannou,

Senior Chemist

Water Development Department

[email protected]

Changes of the Mean Annual Temperature (oC) in Cyprus

during recent decades

Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment

The adaptive capacity of a system depicts the ability or potential of a system to adjust trough changes in itscharacteristics or behaviour to climate change (including climate variability and extremes), to moderatepotential damages, to take advantage of opportunities, or to cope with the consequences of climate change.

The sensitivity of a system describes the degree to which a system is affected, either adversely or beneficially,by climate-related stimuli.

The exposure of a system is the nature and degree to which a system is exposed to significant climaticvariations

Adaptation to climate change refers to adjustments in natural or human systems in response to actual

or expected climatic stimuli or their impacts, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

The vulnerability represents the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with,adverse effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes; the vulnerability is afunction of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate variation to which a system is exposed,its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity (IPCC, 2001).

IPCC

Impact, Vulnerability and Adaptation assessment

List of measures to adapt Cyprus' water management to climate change impacts