Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP) - CARE ...

Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP)

Final Narrative Report ALP Extension

July 2015 to June 2017

December 2017 CARE International

ALPFinalNarrativeReportJuly2015toJune2017

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Contents

1. Introduction2. FindingsfromALPevaluations2015to20173. Statusofprogrammeoutcomesandimpacts4. ProgressandresultsbyJune2017

4.1Community-basedadaptationinALPcommunities4.2Scalingadaptationandclimateservicescapacityandaction4.3Influencingnationaltoglobaladaptationpolicyandfinance4.4Strengtheninglearningmechanisms

5. Noteonassumptionsandrisks6. ReflectionsandprioritiesforadaptationlearninginAfrica

Annexes:Annex1.ALPpublicationslist2015to2017Annex2.Achievementagainstindicators,milestonesand2017targetsAnnex3.Summaryof2016CBAadoptionsurveyresultsAnnex4.ALPatUNFCCCglobalclimatetalks,COP21andCOP22Annex5.TableofassumptionsandrisksAnnex6.Acronymlist

1. Introduction

ThisreportfortheAdaptationLearningProgramme(ALP)coversanextensionperiodfrom1July2015to30June 2017. The extension periodwas funded byUKAid at theDepartment for InternationalDevelopment(DFID)andDenmark’sFundforClimateandEnvironmentforNGOsmanagedbyCivilSocietyinDevelopment(CISU),bothtoJune2017,aswellasfundsfromtheAustrianDevelopmentAgency(ADA)from2014toJune2016.TheoriginalALPgoalwasmaintainedintheextensionperiod: ‘toincreasethecapacityofvulnerablehouseholdsinsub-SaharanAfricatoadapttoclimatevariabilityandchange’,whilethepurposewasslightlymodified: ‘Community-based adaptation (CBA) approaches for vulnerable communities incorporated intodevelopmentpoliciesandprogrammesinGhana,KenyaandNiger,andreplicationongoinginothercountriesinAfrica’.DirectworkcontinuedinGhana,KenyaandNiger,whileoveralllogframeoutputsandgeographicalcoverageinthesecountriesandacrossAfricawereadjustedtoenableanenhancedfocusonlearning,evidenceandoutreach.CISUinparticularcontributestoALPoutput3forsupporttocivilsocietyadvocacyinrelationtoadaptationandadaptationfinance.ADAcontributestooutputs1and2on innovationworkatcommunitylevelandupscalingthroughcapacitybuilding.AfinalexternalevaluationwascompletedwhichreviewedtheworkfundedbyADAin2014and2015andthefullprogrammeofALPworkfromJuly2015toJune2017.

In total, ALP has received over $17MUSDbetween 2010 and 2017 from the above-mentioned donors inadditiontofundingfromtheMinistryofForeignAffairsofDenmark(Danida)andtheMinistryofForeignAffairsofFinlandpriorto2015.Fundsreceivedunderthetwo-yearcostedextensionarevaluedatapproximately$4.6MUSD.Donorsharesofthetotalwere75%fromDFID,16%fromCISUand9%fromADA.

TheoutputsandactivitiesagreedwithADA,CISUandDFIDinvolveworkonthegroundinKenya,GhanaandNiger,withoutreachacrossWest,EastandSouthernAfrica,andare incorporatedunderthesefouroutputareas:

1. DeepenCBAinnovationandlearninginapproachesforstrengtheningadaptivecapacity,resilience,andgenderequality,includingcommunityaccesstoanduseofmeaningfulclimateinformationandpromotionof gender equality and women’s empowerment in pastoralist, agro-pastoralist and semi-arid farmingsystemsintargetedsitesinGhana,KenyaandNiger.


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2. Demonstrate and scaleup goodpractice for integratingCBA into sector-specificwork, specifically insmallholderagriculture,localdevelopmentplanninganddisasterriskreduction(DRR)systemsinthethreetargetedALPcountriesandacrossAfrica.This includesenhancingALP’s role inpromotingcommunity-based and user-led climate information services; brokering linkages and facilitating dialogue betweenclimatescienceproducers,usersandintermediaryorganisations;andbuildingcapacityformultipleactorsacrossAfricaforimplementationofpracticalCBAapproachesatscale.

3. Influence access and accountability of adaptation finance by national governments, Civil SocietyOrganizations(CSOs)andAfricaregionalinitiativesthroughsupportto:ensuringfundssupportvulnerablepopulations;blendingofadaptationfinanceandgovernmentbudgetsforcoordinatedandclimateresilientlocal development anddisaster risk reduction (DRR) plans; civil society trackingof disbursements andresults; influencingtheemergingglobaladaptationfinancearchitecture, includingGreenClimateFund,andinfluencingtheadaptationprocessinthebuildupto,duringandaftertheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)negotiationsattheConferenceofParties,COP21inParis.

4. DeliverastrongerevidencebaseofCBAimpactandthevalueformoneyofanapproachwhichrespondsflexiblytoclimaticchanges,prioritiesofvulnerablecommunitiesandshiftingopportunitiesandrisks,and;exploringthepotentialtoestablishan‘Adaptationlearningandinnovationhub’toenablealong-termmulti-stakeholdersociallearningspaceforstrategicactorsatalllevelstolearnandreflectonadaptationanditsrelationtobroaderresilientdevelopmentandriskmanagement.

ThisisthefinalreportforthisALPextensionandreferstothefullsetofactivitiesandoutcomesrelatingtotheagreed logframe. It covers progress made, results, reflections, challenges and lessons learned. Annex 1providesthelistofdocumentsproduced,publishedanddisseminatedfromJuly2015toJune2017;Annex2summarisesconcreteresultsbygoal,outcomes,outputsandtheirindicatorsandtargets.Remainingannexesprovideadditionalinformationwhichhasnotbeenpublished.

2. FindingsfromtheALPextensionevaluationTheALPextensionfinalevaluationwascompletedbyanexternalteaminAprilandMay2017,coveringtheworkfundedbyADAin2014and2015andthefullprogrammeofALPworkfromJuly2015toJune2017.CAREandtheALPteamsparticipatedinseveraldiscussionswiththeevaluationteamwhovisitedKenyaandGhanaandheld remote discussionswith key actors inNiger. The findings of the evaluation confirm the positiveimpactandinfluenceoftheALPprogrammeinshapingadaptationpracticeinAfricaandbeyond.Theyprovideusefulperspectivesandideastoreflecton,therebyaddingtoALPlearningandthecaseforCBA.Ofparticularnoteistherecognitionofthebroaderimpactandreachachievedthroughtheextensionperiod,whichgoesfarbeyondthethreecountriesinvolvedintheextension(Kenya,NigerandGhana)–toatleast17countriesacrossAfrica-asaresultofALP’sefforts.ThesuccessofALPinchangingmind-setsofcommunitymembersand awide range of other actors, improving national advocacy capacity of civil society partners, creatingknowledgeproductsandleadingAfrica-widelearningprocessesthatwillcarryonbeyondtheproject,andthedeepeningof community-basedadaptation (CBA)approaches to strengthen local adaptive capacity areallnoted.Belowfollowsasynthesisofkeyfindingsandrecommendationsmadebytheevaluationteam.

KeyevaluationfindingsOverall,ALPhasmetorexceededitsintendedoutcomesinallbutafewareas.Advancementshavebeenmadeinscalingoftheparticipatoryscenarioplanning(PSP)approachacrossAfrica(output2)aswellas learningaboutadaptation(output4),buildingawareness,knowledgeandcapacityinCBAandcontributingnotablytotheCommunityofPracticeinthisspace.Sub-nationalandnationalscale-upachievementsinKenya,Malawi,EthiopiaandZimbabwedemonstratenotonlyALPsambitiousandpersistentagendatogetPSPoutthereandintotheworld,butalsotheutilityofPSPinhelpinggovernmentsbettermeettheirclimateresilienceobjectivesandcommitmentstoclimateriskreduction.Laudableachievementsongenderandwomen’sempowermenthavealsobeennoted,particularly inNigerwherea concertedeffort toputwomenat the centreofALPsactivities has resulted in reported shifts in gender norms, includingwomen increasingly being involved inhouseholdandcommunity-leveldecision-making.


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AlthoughinnovationofCBAapproachesandstrategies(output1)tookabackseattoscalingactivitiesunderthe cost extension, significant efforts and investments went into refining and improving PSPs by betterunderstandingitsroleinthelargervalue-chainofclimateinformationservices(CIS).ThisincludedrefinementsinhowPSPisfacilitated,howforecastsandadvisoriesarecommunicatedanddisseminated,andhowcross-jurisdictionalsharingandlearningcanimprovefuturePSPprocesses.AkeycontributionofPSPtotheworldof user-based CIS is the two-way dialogue facilitated between users and forecasters, with national metagenciesnotingtheimprovedservicesandproductstheycanofferbasedonPSPfeedbackforumsdiscussingtheutilityandaccuracyoftheforecastsprovided.SomerefinementsinhowCommunityAdaptationActionPlans(CAAPs)weredevelopedusingpeer-to-peerlearningandfacilitationmodelsshowedpromisebuttheiroutcomecouldnotbesufficientlysubstantiated inthisevaluation. Improvedaccess,availabilityanduseofclimateinformationtoinformsmallholderfarmers’agriculturalplanningandactivities,atthehousehold-level,continuestoshineasanimpactofALP’sintervention.LessevidentistheimpactthatALPhashadontheultra-poor–thosewithlittletonomeanstoinvestinsafeguardingmeasuresbeyondbasicneeds.

InfluencingglobaladaptationfinancewasnotwithoutitschallengesandALPsambitionswerehigh.Theshiningstarsofoutput3were thecivil societynetworkswithwhichALPworked. Inall threecountries, improvedcapacityandunderstandingofgender-sensitiveCBA,combinedwithstrongsupportingresourcesdevelopedthroughALP(e.g.thebudgetanalysisinGhanaandnewlymintedadvocacystrategiesinKenyaandNiger)haveledtocommendablerecognitionofallcivilsocietyorganisation(CSO)partnersatnational-level.WhereALPunderestimated the still nebulous nature of adaptation finance was in striving to influence direct accessopportunitiesforlocal-levelandnon-governmentorganizationstotapintoglobalclimatefunds.Thegreatesthope is that by having fostered strong relationships with national governments over seven years now,influencingandshapingtheadaptationdialogueineachKenya,GhanaandNiger,whenitcomestimeforthesesamebodiestospotlighttheiraccountabilitytocommunity-levelinterests(asglobalfundsundoubtedlywill),theywillreflectontheALPexperienceandCBAeffortsintheircountrymorebroadly.

A fewmissedopportunities toenhanceALPsultimate impactwereobserved,mostnotably in (i) inputtingtowards the formulationof theGCFsEnvironmentandSocialSafeguardsmechanismsasanentrypoint toensuringtheFunds’accountabilitytotheneedsandinterestsoflocalcommunitiesandthosemostvulnerableto climate risk; and (ii) in leveraging the social costing studyof CBA completedunder phase I to improveadvocacymessagestargetingglobalornationalclimatefinancedecisionmakers.OthermissedopportunitieswereobservedregardingthedevelopmentofpracticalbudgetaryguidanceforPSPs(toimprovetheeasewithwhichthePSPprocesscouldbeincludedinregulardevelopmentplanningandbudgetingprocesses),andmoretargetedlearningaboutadaptivecapacity(duetothelimitedscope–andoutliernature–oftheimpactstudycompletedinNorthernGhana).

TheevaluationmaderecommendationsforfutureCBAworkbyCAREandothers:

1. Reaching the poor and ultra-poor. Noteworthy insights from ALPs learning are critical for furtherexploration and integration into future CBA programmes: (i) the need to identify and integrate socialprotectionmeasuresthathelpsafeguardthebasicneedsofthepoorestandultra-poor.Recommendedforfurtherinvestigation:

HowtoreduceeconomicbarriersinparticipationinCBAplanningprocessesandensurethepoorestandultra-poorcanalsobenefitfromtheoutcomesofCBA.

2. LinkingCBAandecosystem-basedmanagement.NoteworthyinsightsfromALPslearningarecriticalforfurther exploration and integration into future CBA programmes: (ii) the need to better integrateprinciples of ecosystem-based management to improve assessment and monitoring of potentialexternalities.Recommendedforfurtherinvestigation:• HowtoimproveconsiderationofnaturalassetsandthenaturalresourcebaseinCBAplanningand

implementation,includingclarifyinglinksbetweenCBAandecosystem-basedadaptation• WhatsafeguardsneedtobeinplacesoCBAactivitiesatbothacommunityandalandscapelevel

arenotmaladaptiveinthelongterm


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3. Sustainability and securing ALP’s legacy. ALP has made inroads in demonstrating the value of CBAapproaches (including Participatory Scenario Planning [PSP], Climate Vulnerability and CapacityAssessment[CVCA]andClimateAdaptationActionPlan[CAAP]development)tonationalgovernments.Tofacilitateimplementation,ALP/CAREshouldpublishguidelinestoinformgovernmentbudgetingoftheseactivities.

4. TheAdaptationGoodPractice(AGPs)Checklistholdsgoodpromise.CAREshouldcontinuetoexplorehow the AGPs can map to the challenges faced by newly designated implementing and executingentities. This includes making clear the fit between AGPs and Fund (Green Climate Fund [GCF] andAdaptationFund [AF]) requirements,andhowAGPscanhelpentitiesbettermeet these requirements(includingenvironmentalandsocialmanagementcriteria).

5. CAREshouldconductanex-postevaluationofALP’scontributiontobuildinglocaladaptivecapacityin2020.Amongothermethods, theex-postevaluationshouldreplicateCVCAs/GCVCAsconductedwithcommunitiesatthestartofALP’sintervention.FinancialandtechnicalresourcesforsuchanevaluationcouldflowfromCAREInternational(i.e.corefunding,orlearning/M&Ebudgets),orinterestedresearchersandtheirrespectiveinstitutes(e.g.3ie),withaninterestincontributingtotheglobalstateofknowledgeonCBA,householdvulnerabilityandlocaladaptivecapacity.

6. CAREshouldworktofurtherembedALP’sCBAapproachesinitsresilienceprogrammingandcontinuepromotingandlearningaboutwhatworksinenhancinglocaladaptivecapacitythroughCARE’sClimateChangeandResiliencePlatform.ItwillbeimportanttocontinuebuildingonALP’sworkwithsmallholderfarmers,extensionagentsandmeteorologicalagenciesonuser-ledclimateinformationservices.

7. CARE should build on successes fromALP inNiger in engagingmen actively on gender and climatechangeinfutureCBAandresilienceprogramming.CARE’sglobalgenderequalityapproachemphasizeswomen empowerment and men’s engagement, there has not been much evidence of the actualengagementofthemen,savefortheNigerexample,whichthereforecallsforreplication.

8. Continuedsupportofeffortsbydonors.ALPhassignificantlycontributedtolearningaboutadaptation,acriticalachievementgiventhecontinuouslychangingrisksanduncertaintiesposedbyclimatechange.Thismomentumforlearningshouldbesustained.CAREanddonorsshouldcontinuetosupportthevariouslearning opportunities initiated under ALP. This includes efforts to develop and sustain an African-focused adaptation innovation and learning ‘hub’ (e.g., through the learning forum ALP initiated,ALFA2017), as well as efforts to institutionalize learning within broader, national or researchorganizations (e.g., continued support forMoUswith theUniversity ofDevelopment Studies (UDS) inGhana)

9. Donorsshouldconsideradoptingasystemsapproachtoevaluateprogrammesthataddresscomplexchallengessuchasclimatechange,poverty,andgenderequality.Specifically,a‘systems-level’evaluationunderacollectiveimpactframeworkandfundedbyapartnershipagreementamongdonorswouldbeanefficientwaytopoolresourcesandmaximizelearningonchangesoccurringatdifferentscalesandhowtheymightrelatetoeachother.

10. Donorsandpractitionersshouldinvestinrigorousadaptivemanagementtoacceleratelearningabouthowto improvethecapacityofvulnerablepeopleandhouseholds insub-SaharanAfricatoadapttoclimatevariabilityandchange.ProgramssuchasALP,whereoutcomesareuncertain,withreachacrosscountries,multiplecommunitysites,alternativeCBAmodelstoapply,policyactorstoinfluence,areidealtestcasesforadaptivemanagement.

CAREconsideredtherecommendationsanddevelopedresponsesforconsiderationinaCAREmanagementresponsesharedtotheALPdonors.SeeAnnex1ALPPublicationlistforlinkstothefinalevaluationreportandCAREmanagementresponsestoit.

DFIDProjectCompletionReview2017InthefinalDFIDProjectCompletionReviewreport,ALPwasrecognisedasawell-runandhighperformingprogrammewhich‘wassuccessfulindevelopingCBAapproachesandovertheperiodoftheprogrammetheyrefinedandamendedthemtomakethemrelevanttonewcircumstancesandthechangingglobalnarrative.’KeylessonshighlightedbyDFIDwere:


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• Thereisaneedtoworkatmultiplelevelstoensurethatthelessonslearnedonthegroundcanbetranslatedintopolicyandlegislativechange.Theabilitytodemonstratesuccessandimpactontheground,combinedwiththenetworksestablishedbyALP,contributedtotheprogramme’sabilitytoinfluencedecisionmakers.Flexibilityinprogrammingisneededtoallowforpartnerstoengagewithdifferinglevelsdependingonwhenopportunitiesarise.

• Asalearningprogramme,ALPwassuccessfulinestablishingandinspiringanetworkofpractitioners,thankstotheALPteam’sworkongettingmessagesoutacrossthewiderCAREorganisationandwithinother groups at the international and regional level. The lesson learning events and publicationshelpedinthisprocess.Thiswasbuiltonestablishingagoodreputationanddemonstratingtheutilityoftheapproach,whichtooktimetoimbedanddevelop.

• ALP has demonstrated that strengthening community ownership, systems and institutions withsupportiveengagementfromlocalgovernment/agencies,isnecessaryforbuildinglong-termadaptivecapacity, achieving sustainable outcomes and creating transformative change. ALP examples thatdemonstratethisshouldbesharedwithotherDFIDresilienceprogrammes,andtheseapproachesofcommunityownershipandinstitutionalstrengtheningbecentraltoapproaches.

• The ALP programme tested and demonstrated the need for user-led approaches to informationaccess,andgettinginformationthatinformsdecisionmakingtousersinawaythattheyunderstandand can use. DFID has integrated this thinking into approaches around weather and climateinformation services, such as through the DFID funded Weather and Climate Services for Africa(WISER)programme.

• TheCAREALPteamhaveundertakenaseriesofeventswithinDFIDtodemonstratetheapproachtheyhavetakenandtoinformDFIDofhowprogrammingcanbedonetosupportinnovativeandadaptiveprogrammes.

• CAREisalsoinvolvedinotherDFIDprogrammessuchasWISERandBuildingResilienceforClimateExtremesandDisasters (BRACED)programme,whichhasallowedthe lessons learned inALPtobeintegratedintoprojectswithinthoseprogrammes.

3. Statusofprogrammeoutcomesandimpacts

Impact(goal) IndicatorG.1 Target2017CapacityofvulnerablepeopleinSub-SaharanAfricatoadapttoclimatevariabilityandchangeincreased.

G1.#ofpeoplebenefittingfrominvestmentinCBAthroughpost-2012adaptationfinancing.

2020targetis10million

IndicatorG.2 Target2017G2.Policy&implementationguidanceforinternationaladaptationfinanceenableinvestmentinCBA.

Guidelinesforadaptationfinancinginstruments(AF/GCF,CIF,LDCF)includeprincipleswhichsupportCBAanddirectaccessTarget2020:LocalandnationalgovernmentsarefundingandimplementingadaptationprojectswhichreflectCBAprinciples,fundedbypost-2012adaptationfinancinginstruments.

Outcomes(purpose)

IndicatorP.1 Target2017

Community-basedadaptation(CBA)approachesforvulnerablecommunitiesincorporatedintodevelopmentpoliciesandprogrammesin

P1:CBAapproachesintegratedintopolicies,nationalplans(e.g.NationalAdaptationPlans(NAPs))andsectoralplansinGhana,KenyaandNiger.

FiverelevantplansandpoliciesinALPcountriesareoperationalanddemonstrateCBAapproaches

IndicatorP.2 Target2017P2:#ofclimatevulnerableindividualsbenefittingfromadoptionofCBAapproachesandstrategiespromotedbyALP

Additionaltobaseline:G=290,000,N=210,000,K=164,000Othercountries=100,000T=764,000additional.TOTALby2017=2,356,640


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Ghana,KenyaandNiger,andreplicationongoinginothercountriesinAfrica.

IndicatorP.3 Target2017P3:Africanregionaland/ornon-targetcountrypolicyframeworksandplansincludecommunity-basedadaptation

6(cumulative)regionalornon-targetnationalpolicies/plansincludeCBA

SeeAnnex2TableofachievementsfordetailsofprogressagainstALPindicators,2016milestonesand2017targets.

3.1 CHANGESINIMPACTANDOUTCOMES

Capacitytoadapt.ALPcontinuedtocontributetosignificantchangesinknowledge,attitudesandpracticesinALPcommunities,asaresultofimprovedaccesstoclimateinformation,adaptationplanningandgovernmentservices.Communitymembersarenowempoweredtopursuetheirowndevelopmenttrajectories,andthinkdifferentlyaboutlongtermchangeanduncertaintyandaboutgenderroles.Improvedaccess,availabilityanduse of climate information to inform small holder farmers’ agricultural planning and activities has beensuccessfulbothinALPsitesandadoptedbyarangeoforganisationsandmeteorologicalservicesin8countriesinAfrica.ALPCBAapproachesfocusonstrengtheningadaptivecapacitywhichhasalsobecomeakeyelementofresilienceframeworksanduser-basedclimateservices.

The UNFCCC Paris agreement established a ‘global goal on adaptation of enhancing adaptive capacity,strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change with a view to contributing tosustainabledevelopmentandensuringanadequateadaptationresponse’.Itsupportslearningandcapacitybuilding for adaptation and climate resilience. Implementation must reflect equity and the principle ofcommon but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the light of different nationalcircumstances.TheseandotherstatementsreflectandupholdmanyofthekeyCBAmessagesdevelopedbyALP.TheParisagreementalsoasksforfinanceflowstobeconsistentwithapathwaytowardsclimate-resilientdevelopment,whichwillboostcommitmenttoadaptationfinancethroughtheAdaptationFundandmoresotheGreenClimateFund(GCF)inlinewiththeseprinciplesforgoodadaptation.

BeneficiariesnumbersfrominvestmentinCBAthroughpost-2012adaptationfinancingbyJune2017reached16,624,723people,ofwhich400,000wereBRACEDbeneficiaries inNiger.Theprojectscontributingtothisachievement include Adaptation Fund Projects with CBA components in Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Niger,Morocco, Mali, South Africa, Rwanda, Egypt, Djibouti and the regional Agricultural Climate ResilienceEnhancementInitiative(ACREI)inEastAfrica,andGCF-approvedprojectsforadaptationinMalawi.Numbersareasgivenintheproposaldocuments.

IntheALPextensionphase,justover3millionpeopleinthethreeALPcountriesand1.1millionpeoplefromnon-ALPAfricancountriesarebenefitingfromtheadoptionofCBAapproachesandstrategies.Addingtothenumbers reached between 2010 and 2015, ALP’s outreach across Africa contributed to almost 5,764,000climatevulnerableindividualsbenefittingfromadoptionofCBAapproachesandstrategiespromotedbyALP.ThesenumbersonlyincludeknownprojectswithCBAcomponentsfundedpost-2012,withbeneficiariesasreportedbytheALPcountrymonitoringandtheCBAadoptionsurvey.Inthe40ALPcommunities,justover10,000vulnerablepeoplehavegainedcapacity,resultinginjustover69,000peoplebenefitingdirectlyfromimplementingadaptationactions.

CBAapproachesintegratedintopolicies,nationalplansandfinanceguidelines.NeithertheAdaptationFund(AF)norGCFhaveyetdevelopedguidelinesforqualityadaptation.TheGCFconceptnoteusersguidehassomeprinciplesandparadigmshiftswhichsupportgoodpractice.ALPhasdevelopedanAdaptationGoodPractice(AGP)checklistwitharangeoforganisations,whichwas launchedatCOP22 inMarrakech.Thechecklist isaimedatinfluencingdesignandevaluationofadaptationfinanceprojectsandrolloutofNAPs.TestinghasbeendonewiththeKenyagovernment.ThegovernmentofKenyaandthePanAfricaClimateJusticeAlliance(PACJA) have theopportunity of using the checklist atGCFboardmeetings.ALP collaboratedon theAGPchecklist with the United Nations Environment (UNEP), World Resources Institute (WRI), and the GCFreadinesssupportprogramme.Financialflowstoapprovedprojectsareslow,butgainingmomentum.Direct


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access is lagging behind internationally accredited entities. Direct and enhanced direct access are beingencouragedthroughthereadinessfunds.TheUNFCCCAdaptationCommitteereportfromthe2015expertmeetingon‘promotinglivelihoodsandeconomicdiversificationtobuildresilienceinthecontextofplanning,prioritizingandimplementingadaptation’, includesALP’s learningandexperienceinonecasestudy.DirectandenhanceddirectaccessinAfricaareslowtomaterialize,butincreasing.Fundsapprovedwhichreachtocommunity level includetheGhanaAFprojectonwatermanagementandtheMalawiGCFproject ‘SavingLives and Protecting Agriculture based Livelihoods inMalawi: Scaling Up the Use ofModernized ClimateInformation and Early Warning Systems’. The design of these projects followed extensive stakeholderconsultations including the community members from targeted districts, civil society and local andinternationalNGOs.TheAdaptationFundhasalsoapprovedtheAgriculturalClimateResilienceEnhancementInitiative (ACREI) (Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda) project, which includes climate services including the PSPapproach,CapacityandVulnerabilityAnalysis, community-basedparticipatoryadaptationactionplansandbuildsondiscussionswithALPonClimateFieldSchoolsinitsapproachtoenhancingadaptivecapacitywithsmallholderfarmers.

TheLocalClimateAdaptiveLivingFacility(LoCAL)oftheUNCapitalDevelopmentFund(UNCDF),supportedbythe International Institute forSustainableDevelopment (IISD), servesasamechanismto integrateclimatechange adaption into local governments’ planning and budgeting systems, increase awareness of andresponse to climate change at the local level, and increase the amount of finance available to localgovernmentsforclimatechangeadaption(http://www.local-uncdf.org/).Linkedtomechanismsforenhanceddirect access to adaptation finance, LoCAL was introduced in several side events at COP22. It was alsoshowcasedintheAfricaLearningForumonAdaptation(ALFA2017)andtheMaliCBAtraining.ALPGhanahelddiscussionsoncollaborationwithLoCALtobuildonALP'sengagementwiththeGhanaNationalDevelopmentPlanningCommission(NDPC)guidelinesandinclusionofadaptationindistrictassemblyplanningprocesses.LoCAL is implemented inBenin,Ghana,Mali,MozambiqueandNiger inAfrica. SouthAfricaGCFNDAandaccreditedentitiesareimplementingenhanceddirectaccessandalsoattendedtheALFA2017eventandtheCBAtraininginKenya.TheUNCDFprogrammeonverticalintegrationoftheNationalAdaptationPlan(NAP)Global Network is promoting integration of adaptation into local government planning(http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/resource/vertical-integration-national-adaptation-plan-nap-processes/).ThisreflectsALP'sapproachandisanopportunitytoincreaseoutreach,alsothroughenhanceddirectaccessprojects.

ALPhasinfluencednationalpoliciesandplansinGhana,mostnotablyi)theNationalClimateChangePolicy(NCCP);ii)theNationalClimateChangeAdaptationStrategy(NCCAS);iii)theNationalDevelopmentPlanningCommission(NDPC)districtplanningguidelinesformedium-termdevelopmentplans(MTDPs);iv)theNationalClimateChangeLearningStrategy;andv)theMediumTermAgriculturalSectorInvestmentPlan(METASIPII,2014-2017). InKenya,theNationalClimateChangeActionPlan2013-2017andClimateChangeBill includeprinciples and practices promoted in CBA and the Kenya National Adaptation Plan incorporated in theNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDC)promotesparticipatoryriskandvulnerabilityanalysisandcountygovernmentintegrationofadaptationintodevelopmentplans.

ALPestablisheditsplaceasamulti-countryNGOprogrammeworkingcloselywithgovernmentsandCSOstoinfluence and inform national policies, country positions for the Africa Ministerial Conference on theEnvironment (AMCEN)formulationoftheAfricanCommonPosition,anddirectparticipationintheUNFCCCnegotiation process.Within the UNFCCC, ALP has focused attention on the NairobiWork Programme onadaptation and adaptation finance instruments, i.e., the Adaptation Fund, the Green Climate Fund andNationalAdaptationPlanprocesses.ThroughALPpresenceatboththeClimateChangeandDevelopmentforAfricaconferencein2015and2016andCOP21andCOP22,theprogrammemaintaineditsinfluenceonkeyCBAmessagesandevidencebothdirectlyandwithcivilsociety,inparticularduetothepartnershipwiththePan-AfricanClimateJusticeAlliance(PACJA).


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4. ProgressandresultsbyJune2017HighlightsofprogressagainstthefourrevisedoutputsachievedintheALPextensionaregivenbelow.SeeAnnex2forasummaryofconcreteprogressandnumbersagainstindicators.

4.1 RESULTSFOROUTPUT1

Community-basedadaptationinnovation,includingclimateinformationservices(CIS)isincreasingadaptivecapacity,resilienceandgenderequalityforthemostvulnerableintargetareasOutput1 Indicator1.1 Target2017Community-basedadaptationinnovation,includingclimateinformationservices(CIS)isincreasingadaptivecapacity,resilienceandgenderequalityforthemostvulnerableintargetareas

Numberofvulnerableindividuals(men/women)engagedinclimateresilientlivelihoods/adaptationstrategiesinformedbyCBA

AdditionaltobaselineDirectGhana=2,350;Kenya=600;Niger=1,770,Total=4,720directWithfamiliesGhana=5,734;Kenya=3,000;Niger=4,956Total=13,690includingfamilies2010to2017total=42,325Fullyachieved

Indicator1.2 Target2017Increasedparticipationbywomenincommunityorganisationsandlocalplanningrelatedtoadaptationandclimateresilientfarmingsystems.

35%ofwomeninALPsitesrecordincreasedaccesstoadditionalresourcesthroughtheirparticipationincommunityorganisations.Achieved

Indicator1.3 Target2017Numberofadaptationplansdevelopedandimplementedbycommunitygroupsandlocalgovernmentwhichintegratelivelihoodstrategiesandriskmanagementandreflecttheaspirationsandprioritiesofwomen,menandyouth.

Afurther10plans=30adaptationplans(2015to2017)areoperationalandstrengtheningadaptivecapacity.Cumulativetotal=58plansFullyachieved

Indicator1.4 Target2017Extenttowhichoperationalsystemsareinplaceforimprovedaccesstoanduseofclimateandotherrelevantinformationfordecidinglivelihoodandriskmanagementstrategies,particularlybywomen.

60%targetedwomenandmeninALPsitesreportthattheyhavebenefitedfromincreasedaccessanduseofclimateandotherinformation.Achieved

Output1isspecificto40ALPcommunitysitesinGhana,KenyaandNiger,providinganopportunityforrefiningexistingCBAapproaches,directinnovationtoimproveandexpandthem;aswellasgenerationofevidenceofimpact,allofwhichwillinformtheotheroutputs.Changestothesitesweremadetoallowforconsolidation,replicationandnewinnovationofsuccessfulCBAapproaches.ALPworkedinatotalof40communities,someofwhichwereoriginalALPsitesandsomenew. InKenya,ALPmoved itscommunityworktofourdrylandfarmingcommunitiesinthetwodrylandsub-countiesofEmbucounty,anareahitincreasinglyhardbybothdroughtandfloods,wherewateraccessandsoilerosionarekeychallengesforlocalsmallholderfarmersandlivestockkeepers,whomakeuparound70%ofEmbuCounty’soverallpopulation.ALPcontinuedtosupporttheGarissaClimateChangeWorkingGroupandGarissaCounty intheirongoing implementationofCBA intheir County IntegratedDevelopment Plan. ALP also supported county adoption of Participatory ScenarioPlanningforseasonalclimateforecasts(PSP)bytheKenyaMetDepartmentandtheMinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries’developmentsupportprogrammeacrossall47Kenyacounties.InGhana,ALPworkedin sixnewdryland farmingcommunities inNadowliKaleoDistrict inUpperWestRegionandcontinued tostrengthenCBAimplementationintheformereightcommunitiesinNorthernandUpperEastregions.InNiger,ALPworkedin30agro-pastoralcommunities,20ofthemnewintheextension.Ofthese,tenwereintwonewcommunes(BirninLalléandMaiYara)and20(fiveeach) intwo(SolyTagrissandBaderGoula)ofthefour


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original communes. This enabled learning from community-to-community exchange for replication in theoriginal communities and learning from implementing improved CBA approaches in new communes. AllcommunesareinDakoroDepartmentoftheMaradiRegion,whereagovernmentCBAprojectundertheNigerNationalAdaptationProgrammeofAction (NAPA) and theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram’sGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)hasalsonowexpandedsuchthatbetweenthisprojectandALP,allcommunesinDakorohavebeensupported,makingthisdepartmentaflagshipforCBAlearninginNiger.

Output1providedanopportunityforrefiningexistingCBAapproachesanddirectinnovationtoimproveandexpandthemaswellasgenerationofevidenceofimpact,allofwhichwasplannedtoinformtheotheroutputs.For example, CBA planning approaches used in the new communities used and tailored the processdocumentedinALP’s‘PractitionerBrief1:AdaptationPlanningwithCommunities’,tothelocalcontexttogainadditional learning onwhatworkswell (seeAnnex 1 for links to publications including documentation oflearningfromtheKenyaprocessandAnnex2forresultsagainstmilestonesandtargets).

Output Indicator 1.1 – Vulnerable individuals (men/women) engaged in climate resilient livelihoods/adaptationstrategiesinformedbyCBAALPengagedatotalof10,644directbeneficiaries(reachingover40,000whenincludingfamilymembers,andalmost 70,000 when including beneficiaries from the ALP sites in 2010 to 2015) to develop adaptationstrategiesandotheractivitiesdesignedtoenhanceclimateresilience.Thisislargelythroughparticipationinclimatevulnerabilityandcapacityanalysis (CVCAs), involvement in thecommunityadaptationactionplans(CAAPs) process, participation in participatory scenario planning (PSP) workshops or through communitygroups,includingvillagesavingsandloansassociations(VSLAs).Italsoinvolvedwithdryseasongardening,useofimprovedseeds,smallruminants,alternativeincomegeneratingactivitiesthroughrechargeablesolarkits,women’sgroups,controlofinvasiveplantspecies,warrantage,etc.Thehighfiguresreflecthighcommunityparticipation in the CVCAs and CAAP processes in all three countries and ALP’s ability to leverage rapidengagementand impact through supportingexistingVillageSavingsandLoans (VSLA)groups inGhana. InNiger,highfiguresreflectthe‘clusterapproach’ofworkingwithseveralcommunityrepresentativesatonetime,whothenreturntoworkwiththeirindividualcommunities.ThisisanapproachthatALPislookingtoexpandasitreducesthe‘unitcost’ofimpact.

In2015andearly2016,ALPconductedgender-sensitiveclimatecapacityandvulnerabilityanalysis(CVCAs)in30communitiesinNiger,fourcommunitiesinKenyaandsixcommunitiesinGhana.Thisresultedinbuildingparticipants’capacitytoanalyseclimaterisksandvulnerabilitiesaswellasengagingininitialstepstowardsaCAAPsprocessforplanningandagreeingonadaptationactionsinthecommunities.InKenya,theCVCAforumsalso served todisseminate seasonal forecasts for theOctober toDecember seasonand thereforehad thedoublebenefitofdemonstratingtheaddedvalueofCBAtothenewcommunitiesthere.In2016and2017supportwasgiventorefiningCAAPsandimplementingprioritystrategies,whicharedescribedinmoredetailbycountrybelow.Exitactivitiesinallthreecountriesfocusedonsustainabilityofadaptationgainsthroughstrengtheningthecapacityofvulnerablehouseholdstotakeownershipofallactivities includingcontinuedreview and re-planning of CAAPs and PSPs, community organisational support to implementation ofadaptationstrategies,andencouragementtosharesuccessfulstrategieswithneighbouringcommunities.

Kenya. Chiefs, crop farmers, livestock farmers, women leaders, youth leaders, community monitors andweather recorders participated in CBA capacity building and the planning process together with localgovernment leaders at the county and sub-county levels from the planning,meteorology and agriculturedepartments. This set the scene for strengthened relationships to ensure continued support to CAAPimplementation.Fourfarmers'groups,twoyouthgroupsandsevenwomen'sgroupswereselectedinthefoursitesusingagreedselectioncriteria(e.g.geographicallocation,avoidinghouseholdoverlapacrossgroups),toworkwithALPKenyainimplementingCBAapproachesandplanningprocessesinEmbu.Thefarmersgroupsareinvolvedincropfarmingandsmallbusiness,likebodaboda(bicycletransportation).Thewomen’sgroupsareinvolvedintablebanking,asvillagesavingsandloans(VSLA)areknown,andfarming,whiletheyouthareengagedinVSLAsandsmallbusinesseslikekiosksorchickenfarming.Informedbytheadvisoriesdevelopedduring thePSPworkshops andCVCA/CAAPpriorities,ALP supported the community groupswith certified


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seeds(cowpeas,maizeandgreengrams)andclimateresilientagriculture(e.g.soilandwatermanagement)atthehouseholdandcommunitylevels.Fourfarmergroupswithafocusonwomenandyouthweretrainedbycountyextensionofficersonagronomicpracticesforcropproduction,i.e.soilmoisturemanagementandsoilconservationpracticessuchasterracing,grassstripping,contourploughinganduseoforganicmanureatplanting.Theywerealsotrainedonlivestockhusbandry,pests,diseases,post-harvestlossmanagement,andmarketing.Therehasbeenreductioninlivestockmortalityduetopoorlivestocknutritionbecausefarmersnowpossesstheknowledgetomakedecisionswhethertodestockoradoptfodderstorageandconservationstrategiesfromcropafter-harvestresiduesandpastures.Thetrainingstrengthenedindividualandcommunityadaptive capacity through practical hands-on skills that promote climate-smart adaptation strategies,resilience,agriculturalenterprisediversification,andhouseholdfoodsecurity.

Communitymemberswere trained on CBA,M&E, leadership, group facilitation, communitymobilization,communicationskills,readingandrecordingofraingauge,advocacyskills,communityentryprotocols,useofCIS in decisionon livelihood anddisaster risk reduction (DRR), groupdynamics and conflictmanagement.Followingthetraining,20participantswereselectedtobecomecommunitymonitors throughparticipantsproposing anddebatingon suitable candidates using agreed criteria.A subsequentworkshop to train themonitorsimprovedtheirknowledgeandskillsincommunitymobilizationandfacilitation,raingaugerecordingand implementation of project activities. In 2017, a farmer exchange visit brought group representativefarmers,communitymonitorsandlocalextensionagentstoMakueniCountytovisitfarmerslivinginareaswithsimilaragronomicconditionsandlearnfromclimateadaptationactivitiesestablishedinthecounty.Theseincluded water harvesting/conservation for domestic use and farming, soil conservation, agro-forestry,apiculture,improvedpoultrykeeping,dairyandmeatgoatmanagement,andfodderproduction,harvestingandpreservation.TherepresentativesalsovisitedtheMbamakahaResearchCentretolearnaboutcropandlivestockagronomy,beeandpoultrykeeping,etc.Communitymembershaveapproachedcountyandwardleadershipforsupporttoimplementkeycommunityprioritiesprojectslikeirrigation,pipedwaterprojects,healthandeducationfacilitiesrepairs.TheCAAPsactivitieshavebeentakenupbyvariouslocalgovernmentpartnersincludingawaterprojectandfeederroadsimprovements.Theseactivitiesnotonlyrevealimprovedcommunity capacity for planning, but also indicate adoption of sustainable adaptation strategies gearedtowardsDRR.

Ghana.CVCAswereconductedinthesixALPsitecommunitiesoftheNadowli-Kaleodistrict,followedbyCBAplanning.TheGhanaMetrologicalAgency(GMET)participatedintheprocess,learningfirst-handhowpeopleareaffectedbyclimatechangeandunderstandingthepotentialvalueandneedforclimate informationtosupport informed livelihoods and risk management decision making. Community plans (CAAPs) weredevelopedinthesixcommunitiesinvolvingthefollowingstrategies.

151VSLAgroupsweremobilizedand supportedwithVSLA toolkits. Thesegroupsparticipated in theCBAprocessincludingcommunitywealthrankingexercise,communityawarenesscreationonclimatechange,PSPadvisories dissemination sessions and access to weather forecast. Some VSLA members are trained ascommunitymonitors.Additionally,VSLAgroupsprovideavehicleforinputsupportonsorghumandcassavamultiplication.PromotingVSLAasacommunitysafetynetmechanismforbuildinghousehold resilience toclimatechangeeffectshasincreasedwomen’sengagementinandaccesstothesavingsandcreditservicesinordertosavetomeetfamilybasicneedssuchasfood,clothing,healthservicesandshelter.Theyhavebeenabletoreducethehungergapfromasinglemealadayforadultstothreemealsperday.Theyhavealsobeenabletoinvestintheirwards’education,obtainedbusinesscapitalandpurchasedagricultureinputsincludingploughingservicesontime.MenarenowverymuchinterestedinparticipatingintheVSLAsandarelearningtosaveduetothebenefitstheyhaveseenwomenenjoy.TheVSLAgroupsassistcommunitiestomobilizefinancial resources tocarryoutactivities inCAAPs.Examplesare repairofboreholesandelectrificationofcommunities.Inaddition,VSLAgroupsprovideanopportunityforpeopletomeetanddiscussissuesaffectingtheir livelihoods and share knowledge and best practices. They have become a main channel forcommunicationofclimateadvisoriesfromthePSPs,dailyforecasts,earlywarningsignsandfordistributionofagricultureinputs.


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ALPincollaborationwiththeNadowli-KaleoDistrictdepartmentofcooperativessupportedtheestablishmentofeightVSLAclusterlevelassociationsof6-8VSLAseachthatcometogethertoformoneclusterandoffersupport to one another. This was done with the aim of increasing financial inclusion and strengthensustainability.LeadersfromtheclustersconstitutethemembersofthedistrictVSLAapexbody,whichwasformed,trainedandlinkedwiththedistrictcooperativesdepartmentforsustainabilitybeyondALP’sexit.Theclusters ensure smooth running of VSLAs activities in their respective communities such as managing ofconflicts,settingupofnewgroups,assistinggroupsduringshare-out,etc.

Climateresilientagriculture.12,000earlybulkingcassavacuttingsweredistributedto600farmers(ofwhich100women)intheNadowli-KaleoDistrictformultiplicationanddistribution.Fromthese,2,600cuttingshavebeenharvestedtobedistributedto130morefarmers(secondarybeneficiaries).Womenreportedthattheleavesof thecassavaproducesdelicioussoup inaddition to the foodvalueof the tubersused formakingampesiandgari.ThreedryseasonmodelgardenswereconstructedinthreeALPcommunitieswith30peopleworking together, includingamajorityofwomen.TheDistrictAssemblyprovided irrigation infrastructure.Mud fencing was adopted following a learning visit to Garu-Tempane district to observe onion andwatermelonfarmingtechniques.Individualfarmerinvestmentindryseasonfarmingandneededequipment(pumps, watering cans, wheel barrows, and knapsack sprayers) increased and farmers cultivated newvegetablessuchasgreenpepper,cabbage,lettuceandcarrotsforthefirsttime.Producefromthegardensarebothforsaleandhouseholdconsumptionprovidingasourceofadditional incometoaddtothatfromonions,whichcontinuetobepopular.Theseactivitieshavebeentakenupmainlybymen,whilewomenfaceconstraints of capacity to fence and confidence in vegetable growing and marketing. Hence in thedemonstrationgardens, they focusedonbeansandpumpkins.Dry season irrigated farminghas increasedemploymentfromfourtoninemonthsinayear.Thishelpstoreduceunemployment,increaseon-farmlabourforpoorhouseholds,reduceseasonalmigration,reducefoodinsecurityandincreasehouseholdincome,whichinthelongrunenhanceslocaleconomicdevelopment.

ManyfarmersdiversifiedtheircropvarietiesinordertospreadtheriskofcropfailuresandtoexperimentwithnewearlymaturingordroughtresistantcropvarietiesintroducedduringPSPmeetings.Adoptionanduseofthesenewcropvarietiesincreasedyieldsingoodproportionaftertrialsinthecommunities.Forexample,awomangottenbagsofwangdataamaizefromherone-acrefarmrelativetothelessthansixbagsthatshegotfromherpreviousmaizevariety.ALPlinkedfarmerstotrainingonsoybeanandsorghumvalueaddition,properprocessing,andpackagingorganizedbyPATHWAYS.

ALPsupportedtrainingof56communitylivestockhealthworkersin35communitiesintheUpperWestRegiononanimalhusbandrypracticesand livestockpestanddiseases.Farmershavestartedprovidingshelter fortheir animals, which before were left to roam about in the dry season. In Zambogo, women are beingsupportedintheirpig-rearingactivities.InChaang,bothwomenandmenconstructedhivesandhaverealizedbenefitsfrombeekeepingrelativetogatheringhoneyfromwildbees.Theparticipantshavefoundmarketswithexternalbuyers.Beekeepingisanaddedincentivetocontrolbushfires.

Environmental protection was included in the CAAPs to control bush fires and improve ecosystemmanagement. An ALP learning event on the district anti-bush fire strategy led traditional leaders in theNadowli-KaleoDistricttoagreeonactionstobetakentocurbandreduceincidenceofbushfiresandtreesfelling in the district. The Department of Agriculture worked with communities to improve soil health,structure, and quality with organic and inorganic material and conservation agriculture techniques. Thebeekeepingventureisamovetoincreaseprotectionoftreesandpromotingplantingoffloweringtrees.ALPpartnered with the University of Utrecht in co-creating knowledge on the risk of adaptation initiativesgenerating conflicts or contributing to increase cooperation between sedentary farming and pastoralistlivelihood systems in semi-arid areasofGhana,Burkina FasoandKenya. The studyhighlighted incidenceswhere trade-offs between farmers and pastoralists during the hungry period require attention andmanagementtoavoidconflictsbetweenneighbouringcommunities.TheCOCOONresearchprojectofUtrechtUniversityalsocarriedoutstudies intheALPsiteson‘Understandingtheimpactofchanges inmobilityonhousehold adaptive capacity in semi-arid rural northern Ghana’ and ‘Community-based microfinance foradaptation:Panaceafor inclusionatthehousehold level,orsourceofGgnderconflict?’ Inresponsetothe


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findings,ascopingstudywasconductedbyALPGhanaincollaborationwiththeSavannahAgricultureResearchInstitute (SARI) and theGhanaDevelopingCommunitiesAssociation (GDCA)on the impactsof the Fulani-pastoralistsenclaves in sixdistricts.Presentationof the findings resulted inaplan foramulti-stakeholderforumin2017wheredistrictcommissioners(DCEs),Fulanipastoralists,farmergroups,chiefsandmembersofparliamentcanworktowardsinitiatingapastoralistpolicyinGhana.TheNorthernGhanaGovernanceActivityprogramagreedtocommitfundstosupportthispolicydialogueworkshop.

Niger.TheadaptationstrategiesandriskreductionactionsimplementedbythecommunitiesbasedontheirCAAPsincludeVSLA(groupsavingsandloans)andwarrantage,whicharecommunity-levelinventorycreditcerealstores.Thesemobilizedstockof1,44650kgbagsofmillet,sorghum,cowpeaandsorrelin2017.Theseenabledcommunities tosignificantly increasethevalueof theircropharvestbysellingmuch later thanatharvesttimewithaprofitbeyondtheloanrefund.Thisgaveaccesstoasourceoffinancingforinvestmentinnon-farm income-generating activities. The actions also extended the consumption period until the leanperiodcontributingtofoodsecurity.Supporttosmalllivestockfarmingenabledfemalebeneficiariestoholdproductive assets andgenerate income through the saleof younganimals andmilk. Theseanimalsbreedwithin six to eight months, which together with rotation of parent animals, capacity in good animalmanagement,andsellingofyounganimalshelpmeetthewomen’sprimaryneeds.Thecollectiveapproachofthis activity enabled beneficiary women to reinforce existing solidarity and cohesion. Implementation ofadaptationstrategiesfromtheCAAPsalsoincludeddryseasongardening,useofimprovedseeds,alternativeincome-generating activities through rechargeable solar kits, women’s groups, control of invasive plantspecies,trainingofNGOpartners,andawarenessraisingsessionsonthedifferentCBAandclimatechangeapproaches. Solar charging of mobile phones has significantly boosted communication and access toinformation for example about newopportunities,market prices, andweather forecasts. This in turn hasincreasedcapacitiesforengaginginbothproductiveandriskmanagementactions.Warrantagehasenabledvulnerablehouseholdstoaccessseedsandfoodduringtheleanseason,andtofacilitatetimelyaccesstofoodforcommunities.Thismeanttheycouldavoidmovingtoothervillagesorothermarketsinsearchofmilletforhousehold needor consumptionofwild green leaves. The availability of foodduring the lean seasonhasgreatlycontributedtoreducingthesaleofgoodssuchasfieldsandanimalsaswellasthesaleofwagelabourformanyheadsofhouseholds,especiallyfemaleheadsofhouseholds.Thishasallowedvulnerablehouseholdstostayintheirfieldsandfocusonimprovingtheirownagriculturebase.ALPsupportedthedistributionofsixtonnesofimprovedseedstothebenefitof2,003vulnerablepeople(50%women)toimproveyieldperhectareand–togetherwithagronomicpracticesandrainfallinformation–reduceriskrelatedtotheearlyterminationof the rains. Women groups learned techniques of good nursery management for moringa oleifera,disseminatedseedlingsandestablishedhomegardens,reducingthefoodgapthroughaccesstoleafygreensfromthisdrought-toleranttreeyear-round.Demandforseedlingshasexceededsupplyasthepopularityofcultivatedmoringahasspreadacrossthecommunitiesandneighbouringareas.

Overall,womengroupsbenefitedfromcoherenceandsynergyacrosstheemployedadaptationstrategies,thusminimizingrisk.Forexample,participatinginthewarrantage(groupinventorycredit)andraisingsmallruminantsreinforcesincomegenerationandfoodsecurity,whileparticipationinVSLAallowsrepaymentofthewarrantageloanwithoutaffectingworkingcapital,andviceversaforrepayingVSLAloansfromeventualsalesofstocksinthestore.Mobilephonesandsolarpowerenablescommunicationandaccesstoinformationto guide agriculture,marketing and riskmanagementdecisions, and raises income throughmobile phonecharging services. This complementarity between strategies together with increased empowerment andsolidarityamongwomenenabled throughVSLAandwarrantagegroupcoordinationhasgreatly facilitatedeconomicandsocialstabilityinwomen'sactivities.

ALP continued to support theestablishmentofvulnerabilitymonitoringandearlywarningand responsemechanisms. ALP supported 30 SCAP/RU community committees and four OSV commune observationsystemswith379membersinextensionphase.ThesystemsenabledthecommunitiestoimprovetheirlevelofknowledgeonlocalindicatorsofvulnerabilitymonitoringandlinkthistorainfallrecordsandCAAPssothatemergencysolutionswereabletobeincorporatedintheplansandcommunicatedupwardstocommuneandnationallevels.Tocoverthedemandwithinthecommunesandenabletheworkofthecommunitymonitors


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for early warning and emergency response (SCAP/RUs), communities were clustered according togeographicaldistributionineachmunicipality.Theclustersallowedfortrainingofmonitorscollectivelyandlearning among them and the commune level local government actors involved aswell as the communevulnerability observers. The system supports integration of productive actions and DRR systems towardsoverall climate resilient livelihoods. The system has been documented in the ‘ALP Practitioner Brief 2:Integratingdisasterriskreductionandadaptationtoclimatechange:Community-basedearlywarningsystemsinDakoro,Niger’(seeAnnex1).

TheenthusiasmdemonstratedbytheactiveparticipationofcommunitiesintheexecutionoftheCBAprocessand experienced beyond the area of intervention of ALP is intimately linked to this integration of riskmanagement and diversified adaptation strategies and livelihood opportunities. This improves resourcemanagement and living conditions of the most vulnerable populations to adapt to climate change andvariability.Thisbearsoutthepositivecost-benefitratiocalculatedinthe2014cost-benefitanalysisofCBAinNiger.

Outputindicator1.2–Participationbywomenincommunityorganizationsandlocalplanningrelatedtoadaptationandclimate-resilientfarmingsystemsALPhascontinued tomakeprogress inmaking thecase forgender integration and the threeprogrammecountriescontinuetoreportimprovementsini)enhancedcommunityparticipationinprojectactivities,andii)genderresponsivenessandtheinvolvementofwomenindecisionmakingatdistrict/county,communityandhouseholdlevels,alongsideimprovementofwomen’saccesstoproductiveresources.Genderrolesanddynamicswere a focus of theGCVCAs (gender, climate vulnerability and capacity assessment), leading todecisionsonwhotakesleadandhowwomencanengageinthenextstepsofcommunityplanningprocesses.ThepercentageofwomeninleadershiprolesinALPcommunitieswere44%inKenya,55%inNiger,and67%inGhana.InGhana,85%ofleadersofVSLAgroupsarewomen,while74%oftheexecutiveleadersoftheapexandcluster-levelVSLAbodiesarewomen.

InKenya,46%ofthepeopleattendingtheinitialCVCAprocesswerewomen.Thisshareshouldhavebeenhigherastheteamsoonlearntthatthemajorityofresidentsinthesecommunitiesarewomen,whilemenoftenworkaway fromhome inurbancentresoras casual labourersoncommercial riceandother farms.Powerdynamicsforwomenarecomplicatedbythiswithsomeabletotakemorehouseholdleadershipthanothers.TheALPKenyateamhasgonethroughaprocessofreviewingthePSPplanningprocesswithaviewtointegratinggender.Thisincludedreflectionsonthescopeofandtypesofparticipationduringtheplanningstages and also a definitive understanding of the concept of community during the dissemination of theadvisoriestoensuremen’sandwomen’sparticipationandvoiceintheprocess.Oldercommunitymemberswerereportedbeinginmoreleadershippositionscomparedtotheyoung,whichwasalsoskewedtowardsmen.Forexample, in Iria-Itune,theyoungmenandwomenwereunawareofexistenceof institutions likewarddevelopmentfundsandtheirfunctionsinthecommunity.

Capacitybuildingforgroupmembersongroupdynamics,proposaldevelopmentandgroupmanagementandfundraisingaimedtoempowerwomentoraiseresourcestoimplementactivitiesthatwouldgenerateincomefor themembers. Through women and youth empowerment initiatives by CARE and other developmentpartnersintheregionsuchasCatholicReliefServices,PlanInternational,WorldVision,etc.,thereisincreasedwomenparticipationatcommunity-levelmeetingswheretheyaregivenavoiceabletoexpresstheiropinionswithconfidence.VSLAgroupshavebecomeakeyresourceforwomen.Womenarenowmoreempoweredtoaccessandcontrolresourcesforinstancelivestock,land,farmproduceandotherfamilyassets.Theyalsoenjoyeconomicempowermentbybeingabletosupporttheirspousesinpayingschoolfees,buyhouseholdgoodsandowningfamilyproperty,arolepreviouslyassumedbymen.Theyhaveincreasedagencyonsocialissues,includingadvocatingforimprovedaccesstomarkets,representationinlocalcommitteessuchasWaterUsersAssociations(WUAs)andthecommunitysecuritycommittees.

In Ghana, 34% of all CVCA participants were women in the six new communities. Women are also incommunitycommitteeswhereimportantdecisionsaretaken,e.g.ParentsandTeachers'Association(PTA)/School Management Committee (SMC), church committees, water committees, and Community Health


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Committees (CHC). Engaging women specifically in the CBA planning process and establishment of VSLAgroupshasmadeamajor change inwomen’sparticipation indecisionsand leadership in theseandothercommunityfora.Thishasalsoinfluencedachangeinhouseholddecisionmakingwithmenconsultingtheirwives,womenbeingrespectedfortheinformationandresourcestheynowhaveaccessto,andjointdecisionsonfinancialmanagementanduseofVSLAloans,whichinthepastwomenwereexcludedfrom.Aparticularbenefitfromwomen’sincreasedparticipationatcommunitylevelandanewfocusonbusinessopportunitiesisthatmenhavebecomemorereceptivetoreleasingproductiveresourcesincludinglandandbreedingstockforwomentogetinvolvedinfarmingactivities.

Women are gaining slightlymore representation in community to local government bodies including theDistrict Assembly social protection and leadership programme, the district Climate Change Science Policyplatform, and in particular the district livelihood empowerment program, which reaches out to 4,489vulnerable household and individuals, 80% of whom are women. The district assemblies also make itmandatory for farmer-based organisations to have 50% ormore of women before they can access theirinterventions.DistractassemblycollaborationwithALPinfluencedthesechangestowardsincreasedwomenparticipationinlocalorganizations’planningandactivities.

InNiger,womentooktheleadinconductingcommunitythematicdiscussions.Womenaremembersofthegroupsandoccupypositionsofresponsibilityinvariousmanagementcommitteescoveringwarrantage,smalllivestock,livestockinput,VSLA,andtheDRRearlywarningandemergencyresponsegroups(SCAP/RU).IntheCVCAdiscussions,theydefendedtheirpointsofviewwithrespecttotheconcernsthataffectthemdirectly.Womengroupsarewellorganisedandconductregularmeetingswhereissuesaffectingthecommunitiesarediscussed.Communityandcollectiveactionhasstrengthenedwomen’svoiceinpublicandtheirrelationswithvillagechiefs.

AsforGhana,theVSLAandotherwomen’sgroupshaveledtostrongmobilizationofwomenaroundtheircommonobjectives,socialcohesion,increasedcredibility,andwilltoworktogether.TogetherwithwomenparticipatingintheCAAPprocess,thishasinfluencedmentounderstandandrespectthecontributionswomenaremakingtothelifeofthehouseholdthroughtheincome-generatingactivitiesthatwomenpracticeandtheinformation theyare receiving.Hencegenderdynamicsandadaptivecapacityarechanginghand inhand,influenced equally by increased agency, confidence, organisation and collective action bywomen, and bychangingattitudes,expectationsandrespectofmeninrelationtowomen’sroles.

Output indicator 1.3 – Adaptation plans developed and implemented by community groups and localgovernmentALPcontinuedtosupportCommunityAdaptationActionPlanning(CAAPs)inallthreecountriesfollowingtheapproaches that were developed under phase 1 of ALP and described in the ‘ALP Practitioner Brief 1:AdaptationPlanningwithCommunities’.Thenewcommunities in theextensionphaseandrelevantpublicserviceprovidersparticipatedinaGender-sensitiveClimateVulnerabilityandCapacityAssessment(GCVCA)which informed a subsequent participatory visioning, prioritisation and planning process to design theCommunityAdaptationActionPlans.Followingagreementontheplansandtheirimplementationbydifferentgroups, ALP continued to facilitate community reviews and re-planning, based on PSP advisories and onopportunities and challenges emerging. Additional strengthening of community adaptive capacity andincreasedlocalinstitutionalandgovernmentcapacitytosupportcommunitiesinthefaceofclimatechangewasanimportantaspect.Thisprocesswasguidedbyandproducedlearningonhowtosupportcontinuousadaptivemanagement.Thecontentoftheplansiscoveredunderoutput1.1above.

Capacity building on the CAAPs approach involved the engagement of both community representatives(representingchiefs,cropfarmers,livestockfarmers,womenleaders,youthleaders,communitymonitorsandweather recorders), local government leaders from the planning, meteorology, agriculture and otherdepartments, local NGOs, and in some cases private sector service providers. In Niger, NGOs played aparticularrolewithlocalNGOsdirectlyinvolvedinsupportingcommunityimplementationoftheirplans.Theactivity facilitated collective learning on collective community adaptation action planning including bettermanagementofrisksanduncertaintiesinadditiontocontinuousvulnerabilities,thuscontributingtobuilding


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thecommunity’sadaptivecapacity.Communitymonitorshaveplayedacriticalroleinensuringcommunitymembers continue to be engaged in planning, reviews, community-level decision making as well asimplementationofindividualandgroupplans.

Kenya:InEmbuCounty,fourcommunities(Iriatuni,Ntharawe,KamarandiandMutwabare)intwowardswereengaged in CVCA and CBA planning together with people drawn from local government departments,particularly the National Drought Management Authority (NDMA), Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock andFisheries (MoALF) and its ASDSP programme, the National EnvironmentManagement Authority (NEMA),county planners and leaders, and the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD). Community membersparticipated in CVCA validation, identifying and prioritising adaptation strategies and development ofcommunity-leveladaptationplans(CAAPs),whichgainedgoodownershipthroughtheparticipatoryprocess.Atthecountylevel,thecommunityfindingsandinstitutionalmappingfindingsweresharedinaworkshopthatalso doubled as a PSP refresher workshop conducted in February 2016 in Embu County. The countygovernment supported the findings from the CVCA exercise and committed to supporting CARE inimplementingadaptationinitiativesinthecounty.FourCAAPdocuments,onefromeachthefourALPprojectsites,werefinalizedandvalidatedbythecommunityandlocalgovernmentdecisionmakers.AcombinedCAAPwasalsodevelopedmainlytoensurethattransboundaryissuesarealsojointlyplannedforandaddressed.Italso facilitatedcross-learningamongthe fourcommunitysites.Communitiesreportedthey feltownershipover theplans. In2017 theCAAPswere reviewedand refined,aligned tocounty sectorsandmechanismsproposedforsecuringfinancestoimplementidentifiedactivities.Fundinghadprovedtobeaconstrainttocommunity-wideandsmallinfrastructure-relatedplanssuchaswaterharvestingandstoragestructures.TheCAAPsprocesshelpedthecommunitytomoveawayfromdependencyonexternalsupportandtogalvanizelocal-levelsupporttoimplementlessresource-intensivestrategiessuchrehabilitationofschoolsandopeningof feeder roads. During the 2017 election period, the community members resolved to share the CAAPdocuments with various electoral candidates within the region and seek their support in implementingprioritizedCAAPactivities.FurthersupportforCAAPShasbeensoughtthroughTanaRiverDevelopmentbasin,NDMAandASDSPthoughagriculturalfundingforsmallscalecommunityprojectswithinALPsites.TheKenyaCBAplanningprocesshasbeendocumentedandpublished(seeAnnex1).

InGhana,ALPsupportedthesixnewALPsitesintheNadowli-KaleoDistricttodevelopandreviewtheirCAAPs.ReviewsofCAAPswasalsocarriedoutintheeightoldALPsitesinEastMamprusiandGaruTempanedistrictswhere the communities continue to implement their CAAPs with strengthened relationships betweencommunity members, district assemblies and other development-oriented institutions. For example, theJawani community succeeded in their request to East Mamprusi District for electricity for the entirecommunityandFarfarreceivedsupportfromGaruTempaneDistricttocompleteaself-initiatedcommunityhealth centre, which is now staffed and in use. The six communities in the Nadowli-Kaelo District weresupportedtodesignCBAinitiativestowardsenhancingtheiradaptivecapacity.Asintheoriginaldistricts,localgovernmentagencieswereinvolvedintheCBAprocesstoensurethatcommunityplanslinkseamlesslyintodistrict medium-term and annual plans. These included the National Disaster Management Unit, theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,andthedepartmentsoffoodandagriculture,environmentalhealth,health,communitydevelopment,socialwelfareandplanning,whichall tookpart inCBAtrainingandplanningforactivityimplementation.ThisbroadenstheknowledgebaseofsuchpartnersandstakeholderstounderstandclimateriskandtheCBAstrategiesthatarecarriedouttoreducerisk.

TheCBAplanningprocessbeganwithcommunity-levelCVCAexercisesdocumentinghazardscausedbybothclimate and non-climatic events, their impacts on community livelihoods, coping strategies as wellcommunities'strengthandresourcesavailableaddresstheseclimateimpacts.CommunitiesidentifiedtheirvisionsforthevariouslivelihoodgroupsinthesixALPcommunities,whichinturnfedintoavisionstatementforeachofthecommunities.ThesevisionsandCVCAdataandanalysisforeachcommunitywerethestartingpointforthedevelopmentoftheCAAPsprocess.Theinformationwasmappedagainstthecomponentsunderthe CBA framework, including disaster risk reduction, promoting resilient livelihood, building adaptivecapacity,addressingtheunderliningcausesoflivelihood,creatinganenablingenvironment,andknowledgeonclimatechangeandrisk.ParticipantsreviewedtheCVCAresults,whichgavethemanoverviewoftheCBA


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framework, and supported community members to map potential adaptation strategies and fill gapsidentified.Strategieswereprioritizedthroughcommunitygroupdiscussions.Theprioritizedstrategiesweresubjectedtofeasibilitystudiesandgenderscreeningandactivitiesdesignedtofeedintoeachofthefinalizedstrategies and documented in the CAAPs. Elders, assembly persons, community monitors and membersinformedtheCAAPsdevelopmenttogetherwithstaffoftheDepartmentofAgriculture,districtcommunitydevelopment officers, district planning officer, Ghana Met services (GMET) from the regional level andexperienced community workers from various CSO’s, facilitated by the ALP team. The CAAPs outlinedstrategies and activities with the timeframe for implementation, resources needed, lead person,roles/responsibility,supportneededandfromwhom.TheCAAPsincludeactionsasreportedinoutput1.1,andalsopressingpublicgoods issuesaffectingof thecommunity, suchasmotorable roadsandbridges tocertainsectionsofthecommunityinKanyini,community-basedanimalhealthservices,promotionofclimate-smart agriculture, environmental protection and lobbying for basic services. With National DisasterManagementOrganisation(NADMO)participationandtrainingofitsofficers,DRRactionswereincludedintheCAAPs.TheCAAPswerepresentedtothecommunitiesfortheirscrutiny,buy-inandaswellforthemtomakeinputandensurepertinentissuestothecommunitywerecapturedintheplanincludingissuesofgender.Subsequently,theplansweresharedwiththedistrictassemblyforintegrationintotheDistrictMedium-TermDevelopmentplans(MTDPs).ThecommunitiesalsotooktheopportunitytoadvocatetothedistrictassemblytoprovidesupportandwhereneededleadtheimplementationoftheCAAPs.

ALP trained 29 community assemblymembers on the development of CAAPs. This training provided theopportunityforpriordiscussionsandadvocacyfortheincorporationoftheCAAPsinthe2018-2021DMTDPs.TheDAhaveparticularlytakenupensuringagricultureactivitiesareclimateresilientandestablishedaclimatesmartagricultureplatformatdistrictlevelwithmembershipfromthedistrictagriculturestaffandtraditionalauthorities.BasedonissuesraisedintheCAAPs,in2017aseriesofcommunityanddistrictmeetingsledbytheCSAplatformledtoanti-bushfireby-lawsbeingproposedtothedistrictforenactment,gazettingandthereleaseofacommuniquetothegeneralpublicwithnationalmediacoverage.ALPalsoprovidedadvocacyandlobby training for selected communitymembers,who constituted a community advocacy committee anddeveloped community advocacyplans (CAP) that include issues suchaspromotionof girl childeducation,campaignsagainstalcoholism,demandfornursesandteachersandbettermarketaccess.BeyondALP,theGhanateamsupportedtheCAREPathwaysprojecttoimplementtheCBAplanningprocessin30communitiesintwootherdistricts.

In Niger, 36 Community Adaptation Action Plans were developed by community representatives fromgeographicalclustersinthefourcommunesinthedepartmentofDakoro,thatisMayara,BirninLallé,Soly-Tagriss andBaderGoula. The ten CAAPs in original communitieswere reviewed, revised and validated atcommunitylevelwithhighparticipationofallsocialgroupsandastrongconsiderationofwomen'sconcerns.ThemobilizationofcommunitiesaroundtheCAAPswasfacilitatedbythecommunityvulnerabilitymonitors,thusensuringintegrationofCAAPplans,rainfallinformation,analysisoflocalindicatorsandresponsestoriskearlywarning.TheprocessfollowedtheGCVCAandCAAPplanningapproach,includingtrainingofkeylocalactorsandthecommunityclustermembers,problemandriskanalysisandprioritisation,aswellincorporatinginformationfromthePSPworkshopsconductedinallcommunities.30CAAPsweredeveloped,validatedandimplementedwithwideandeffectiveparticipationofallsocialgroups(men,women,andyouth).

Inadditiontothese30CAAPs,theclusteringapproachenabledtheintegrationofthesecommunityplansintosix cluster plans which were then integrated into the Commune Development Plans (PDCs) in all fourcommunes.ThemainobjectiveoftheintegrationofclimatechangeintheCommuneDevelopmentPlanistointegrateadaptationintothecommunedevelopmentplan,reducerisksanddisasters,andtoimprovesystemsof early warning, ecosystem management and sustainable development. It also serves to reinforce thatadaptive capacity is essential for building resilience and to enable a response to changing and uncertainclimateovertime.Inadditiontotheintegrationofclimatechangeintocommunedevelopmentplans,theriskanalysistakesintoaccountthedifferentiatedvulnerabilityandcapacityofdifferentgroupsofindividualstorespondtothe impactsofclimatechangebasedontheirvaluableknowledge,which is taken intoaccountwhendevelopingresponses.TheCommunityAdaptationActionPlanswerealsotakenintoaccountduringthe


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preparationoftheannualcommuneplanssuchastheAnnualInvestmentPlan(IAP)fortheyear2017.Thisallowedmunicipalities tobetter take intoaccountclimatevulnerabilityandchange.Themunicipalitiesarebecomingmoreawareoftheneedtoplanandinvestmoreinriskreductionandvulnerabilityactionslinkedtoclimatechange.

Outputindicator1.4–SystemsforimprovedaccesstoanduseofclimateandotherrelevantinformationALP improved access, availability and use of climate information primarily to inform smallholder farmers’agricultural planning and activities at the household level through the continued implementation of theParticipatoryScenarioPlanning(PSP)approachforseasonalclimateforecasts.Demandforseasonalandshort-terminformationhasincreasedamongfarmersinALPcommunitiesbothamongmenandwomen.RefinementoftheapproachandcapacitybuildingforitsusecontinuedinALPsites.

InKenya,ALPsupportedimplementationofPSPinEmbuCountytwiceperyearforeachrainyseason.ThePSPprocessfortheOctobertoDecember2015seasonprovidedagoodentrypointforALPCBAworkinEmbu.ThePSPsareledbytheMoALFASDSPprojectincollaborationwithKMDandothercounty-levelstakeholdersthroughtheASDSPcountythematicworkinggroup,whichhaveexistedinallKenyacountiessince2014.ThePSPworkshopscombinetheseasonalweatherforecastbytheKenyaMetrologicalDepartmentandtraditionalweather forecasters with technical knowledge by specialists in agriculture, disaster mitigation (NDMA),energy,countyeducationandhealthsectorsandcommunityknowledgebycommunitymembers(civilandcommunityleaders)toderiveseasonaladvisoriesthatassistinearlywarning,preparedness,earlyactionandrisk management in agricultural crop and livestock production. Approximately 400 community memberswithinEmbuCountywere involved in thePSPworkshops.Community and county level PSP reviewswereconductedpriortoPSPworkshopstohelpcommunityactorsandotherstakeholdersreviewandgetfeedbackonpreviousseasonactivitiesandoccurrence’s,thestateofpreparednessandreflectondecisionsmadebythestakeholdersandcommunity.TheworkshopsalsohelpedtobuildconfidenceinclimateinformationandfromtheMetdepartmentastheaccuracyofpreviousseason’sforecastsandadvisorieswasassessed,bearinginmindissuesofuncertainty.InformationacquiredfromtheseworkshopswasusedtoplanforthesubsequentPSPworkshops,incorporatingthefeedbackfromthepreviousseasonwherenecessaryandincorporatingthelessons learnt in thenewplans.Participants in thePSP reviewworkshopwere similar to those invited forpreviousworkshops,thusmakingiteasytofacilitatefurtherdiscussionandreflectionsonlessonslearnt.Theseworkshopshavealsocontributedtomorebuy-ininthePSPmodelgiventhedirectengagementandleadershipbycounty-level stakeholders.Advisoriesdeveloped in thePSPworkshopweredisseminatedmainlyby theASDSPextensionists,butalsoviaradio,twitter,SMS,chief’sbarazas,churchgatherings,NDMAfoodsecurityandriskbulletins,andtheVSLAgroups,reachingtoupto4,000communitymembers,households,andothercommunity actors such as agro-suppliers, input dealers and producemarketers for planning and decisionmaking.Useofadvisoriesissharedduringfeedbackandreviewworkshops,thoughcommunitymonitoringisneededtogainafullpictureoftheirusefulnessandimpact.Significantprogresshasalsobeenachievedintheapproach and mode of communicating weather uncertainties in PSP advisories through involvement ofcommunitymembersandCISprofessionalinthepreparationprocess.FurtheravenuesarebeingsoughttotranslatetheadvisoriestoKiswahiliandotherlocallanguages.

Raingaugeswereinstalledintwositestoimprovecommunityplanninganddecisionmakingonamoreday-to-daybasis.DataisrelayedtotheKMDregionalofficetoinformcountyweatherforecasts.Theinstallationoftheraingaugesandlocallyproducedinformationhashelpedinstrengtheningtrustandbuyinofclimateinformationservices.Thecountyhasalsopledgedto increasethecoverageofKMDstations,withsupportfromtheministryofenvironment,underwhichKMDisanchored.Moreextensivecoverageimpliesimprovedlocalreliabilityofseasonalweatherforecastsandahigherlikelihoodofpredictedscenariosoccurring,whichisexpectedtoimproveacceptabilityandusageofweatherforecasts.

AlthoughnoformalassessmentofPSPhaspresentlybeenconductedtoascertainitsutilityatimprovingcropyieldharvestwithinEmbuCounty,itisgenerallyagreedbyPSPparticipantsinallPSPreviewworkshopsthatagriculturalcropharvestshaveincreasedduetoearlypreparedness,positivelyimpactingonthelivelihoodsandresilienceofthecommunities.Moreover,theactivityhasincreasedtheadaptivecapacityforwomenin


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particulartoadaptagriculturalpracticesandstrategiesinlowrainfallforecasts(e.g.2016March-April-May(MAM),October-November-December(OND),and2017MAMseasons).

Finally, there are barriers limiting access to climate information. These include poor participation indisseminationforums,limitedaccesstomediaorotherchannelsofcommunication,andlackofresourcestoimplement requirement of advisories. The advisories are in English language thus limiting communitymemberswhodonptunderstandthelanguage.

InGhana,theMinistryofFoodandAgriculture(MOFA)isworkingwithGhanaMeteorologicalagency(GMET)to communicate climate information and agricultural advisories to farmers, which has resulted inimprovementofharvestscomparedtopreviousyearsinfarmsthatdirectlyreceivedclimateinformationfromGMET.Thishasalsobuilt confidence inusing forecasts fromGMETand resulted in increasingdemand foradvisoriesfromParticipatoryScenarioPlanning(PSP)toinformfarmingdecisions.However,improvementsinpackaginganddisseminationof climate information is stillneeded.GMETcollaboratedwithALPGhana toinstallraingaugesinallthesixnewcommunitiesandtrained12newcommunitymonitorstomanagetheraingauges aimed at building localised rainfall records in the district. The community monitors are alsodisseminatingrainfalldataandadvisoriestofarmersandmakingitavailabletotheDepartmentofAgricultureforsubmissiontoGMET.RaingaugemonitorsintwoALPcommunitieshavedevelopedpictorialgraphsfromrainfalldatacollectedandthishasbeenreplicatedinthreeadditionalcommunities,oneineachofthethreeALPdistricts.This linkswith theParticipatory IntegratedClimateServices forAgriculture (PICSA)approachdevelopedbytheUniversityofReadingandsupportedbytheClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurityprogramme(CCAFS),whichsupportsfarmercropdecisionmaking.ThroughALPGhana,districtofficialsandcommunitymonitorsinNadowli-KaleoDistrictweretrainedinPICSAandeffortsweremadetointegratePSPadvisoriesintotheinformationusedinPICSAtoaugmenthistoricaldatawithseasonalforecasts.

PSPsinALPdistrictsinNorthernGhananowincludeinformationanddiscussionsoncropwaterrequirementsaspartofPSP forumsandadvisories.Researchers at the SavannaAgriculturalResearch Institute (SARI) inTamaleinNorthernGhanahavebeenstudyingthecropwaterrequirementsforvariousseedvarietiesforanumberofyears.AsaresultofALPsstrongengagementandknowledgebrokeringrole,SARIresearchershaveintroducedcropwaterrequirementsinformationtoseasonalPSPforums,wherethecropwaterrequirementsfordifferentcropswerematchedwithrainfallexpectationsandpredictionsofdryspellsfortheseason.ThestudyinGhanaonchangesinadaptivecapacity(seeoutput4)showedthatthisinnovationhassignificantlyincreasedthedemandforparticipatinginandreceivingadvisoriesfromthePSPs,asfarmersusetheforecasts,advisoriesandcropwaterrequirementstomaketheirdecisions.

PSPscontinueandwereconductedinallthethreeALPdistrictswithadvisoriesdisseminatedviacommunitymeetings, community-based climate information centres (CICs), local FM radios, churches,mosques,VSLAplatforms,etc.GMETisprovidingweatherwarnings/forecaststodistrictNADMO,agricultureofficials,radiostations, CIC operators/monitors through SMS short code and emails. GMET officials have provided theircontactnumbersforclimateinformationuserstocallthemforinformationandfeedback.EachoftheVSLAgroups intheNadowli-KaleoDistrictreceivesclimate informationanddisseminates ittoothermembers intheircommunity.Communitymembers report that the informationreceived informsthe typeofcropandseedvarietycultivatedfortheseason,theharvestingtimeandtheirdailyactivitiesincludingtraveltomarket,peggingofanimals,weeding,fertilizerapplicationamongothers.Throughthedailyclimateupdatesreceived,womenareabletodecideonwhentodrytheirflour,dofieldwork,etc.TheNadowli-KaleoDistrictcommunitydevelopmentofficerindicatesthatthedailyforecastfromGMETis75-80%accurate.Communitymembersareasking for the schedule for thenextPSP session for seasonal information. In addition,GMETarenowforecasting based on district-level parameters as compared to the initial regional-level parameters, thusfurtherlocalizingtheclimateinformationandenhancingaccuracyandusabilityforcommunities.

Communitiesarealsoreceivingshort-rangeweatherinformationfromserviceprovidersESOKOandIGNITIA,which provide market and other information in addition to climate information supported by otherorganizations. Two mobile network operators (MTN and Vodaphone) have collaborated with climateinformation service providers to disseminate the climate information. Only few farmers pay for climate


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informationprovidedbyESOKOasitisexpensiveandrequirespaymentthroughmobilephones.Theclimate-smartagriculture(CSA)platformfacilitatesthedisseminationofclimateinformationasoneitscoremandatesandparticipated inthetrainingoftrainersPSPworkshop.TheClimate InformationCentres(CIC) inDuong,SaaminiandTarigangaprovideclimateinformation,marketinformationonagriculturalinputsandproduce,andsocialannouncementstothesurroundingcommunities.ESOKOhasassistedtheCICstoaccessseasonalforecast,cropinformation,inputpricesandmarketinformation,developmessagesandrecordintovoice/locallanguagesforplayingatCICs.Despitetheseadvances,accesstoclimateinformationfromserviceprovidersremainslow,andradioisstillthemostpopularchannelfollowedbyGMET.

InNiger,acombinationofPSPandcommunityrainfallrecordshassignificantlyimprovedplantingdecisionsandsubsequentyields.Aspartofthecollectionanddisseminationofclimateinformation,allALPcommunitieshave community rain gauges. 30 rain gaugeswere installed and 60 rainfall collectorswere identified andtrained on the collection and dissemination of information throughout the rainy season. This system isaccompaniedby30mobilephones(fromthemetdepartmentandALP)andcommunication/airtimecreditsfor all communities to facilitate the transmission of data to the Dakoro departments of agriculture andmeteorologyandthentothenationalandcommunityradiosthatexistinDakoro.AtthebeginningoftherainyseasoninJune,participatoryscenarioplanningworkshopsforthesharingofseasonalforecastswereorganizedineachofthefourcommuneswithparticipationofcommunityleaders,technicalservicesincludingweather,agriculture,environment,mayorsofmunicipalities,andotherprojectsinthedepartmentofDakoro.Followingtheseworkshops, informationrelatedtotheannualrainyseasonwassharedandtheadvisoriesdevelopedplusadviceofmeteorologicalandcommunityexpertswasgiventoruralproducers.AfterthePSPworkshops,communityradiosweresolicitedtodisseminatethisclimateinformationwidely.

Since2014theraingaugeslinkedtomobilephoneandradiocommunicationhavebeenguidingfarmersonwhentoplantwhichcrop.Asthelocalrainfallrecordsarekeptfromyeartoyear,thisinformationalsoallowscommunitiestocomparecumulativepatternsbetweenyearsandtocompareagivenperiodofrainfalltomakedecisions.Localmonitoringofrainfallthroughtheinstalledraingaugeshasstronglyledcommunitiestouseclimateinformationfortheirdecisionmakingonruralactivitieswhichhassupportedthesharinganduseofseasonal forecasts.Non-beneficiary communities come to request information fromthe rainfall recorders,whoarealsoSCAP/RUmonitors.Forwidercommunication, theMuriyar-Dakorocommunity radioand theHaddin-Kay private radio, all based in Dakoro, partnered with ALP and the Departmental Directorate ofMeteorologyofDakorotoprovidedailybroadcastsoftheforecasts,PSPnewsandlivediscussions.Theradiostationshavegainedexpertiseinthefieldofclimateinformationdissemination.Withtheincreaseinaccesstoinformation,inonecaseafarmerreturnedfromcasuallabourinLibyatoplanthisfarmwhenhelearnedaboutthehighcumulativerainfallinhisvillagebyradio.Menandwomenreportedinannualmonitoringthatclimateinformationisfundamentaltothesuccessoftheirproductionactivitiesinthischangingclimate.Somegroupshavesuggestedthattheycanfinancethecostofcommunicatingclimateinformationfromraingaugesthroughown(group)funds.TheseasonalforecastsandadvisoriesfromthePSPsalsoallowedcommunitiestoprepareintimeforforecastedonsetdatesandplanwhichmilletvarietiestoinvestinaccordingtoprobabilitiesofrainfallquantity.

TheestablishmentofacommunityEarlyWarningSystem(EWS)throughSCAP/RUandcommunevoluntaryobservation system (OSV) has enabled municipalities to be more effective in accurately identifying theincidenceandcausesoffoodinsecurityatthelocallevelandalsoinidentifyingandtargetingresponsesthatare more responsive to the diverse needs and capacities of communities both for transient short-terminterventions and longer-term resilience actions. The SCAP/RUhas enabled communities to improve theirknowledgeof local vulnerabilitymonitoring indicators, enabling them toanticipateandactonemergencysolutions.TheraingaugesaremanagedbytheSCAP/RUcommunitymonitorstoensuretheselinks.AllthecommunitiesintheALPareaofinterventionhavebeenabletosendthesituationoftheircommunesintimeandprecisely,ensuringmunicipalities canaccess information that theyarenotable tocollect themselves.Communitieshavegainedamechanismforpreventingandmitigatingcriseslinkedtoclimatechangebutalsofor protecting their environment through rational management of natural resources and to reduce thecollapseoftheirlivelihoods.Thesechangeshaveimprovedinter-communityrelationsandhaveledtoeffective


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learningaboutadaptationissuesinthefaceofclimatevariabilityandreducingtheexclusionofcertainstratawiththeparticipationofwomeninallcommunityactions.

Analysisofresultsandkeylessonsforoutput1

CBAplanningandinnovation.ALPcontinuedtoinnovateandlookforwaystoachievegreaterimpactandup-scaling.Forexample,inNigertheclusterapproach,workingwithseveralcommunityrepresentativestogetherwho return to continue theworkwith their individual communitieswasdesigned toenableCBAplanningacross30communitiesinparallel,testingpotentialforcost-effectiveCBAplanningatscale.Innovationsweredevelopedinexpandingtheroleofcommunitymonitorsandcommunity-levelinstitutionalarrangementsforCBA. Climate information services and earlywarning systemswere embedded in livelihood decisions andpromotingwomen’sleadershipasaroutetostrengtheningtheiragencyandvoice.IntheALPextension,PSPforecastsandadvisorieswerecloselylinkedtoCAAPs,particularlyinKenya.Thiscoordinationwasmutuallybeneficial,supportingseasonalandlong-termdecisionsandmotivatingcontinuousreviewandre-planningoflivelihoodandriskreductionplans.IncludingagronomicinformationinPSPsinGhanaandlinkingwithPICSAaswellastheCICshashighpotentialfordevelopingintoacoordinatedsetofclimateservicesrespondingtocommunitypriorities.FacilitationofparticipatoryandinclusiveprocesseswasanimportantfocusfortheCBAplanningwork,withagoalofcommunityownershipfromthestart.InthiswaytheGCVCAwasalreadypartoftheplanningprocessandnotlimitedtoastart-upbaselineresearch.TheimplementingteamofALPstaff,partnersandlocalactorsfully engaged and led these processes. This is an important lesson as many resilience programmes arecommissioningconsultantstoimplementCVCAs,whicheffectivelyturnstheexerciseintoextractiveresearchandtheimplementingteamneitherdevelopstheirrelationshipwiththecommunities,nor learnswhatthecoreissuesaredirectly.ThisexperiencefedintowiderALPlearningonknowledgebrokering.

Strengtheningadaptivecapacityandresilience.TheCBAprocessandimplementationofCAAPshasenhancedcommunityadaptivecapacity,butexactlyhowhasnotbeenfullymeasured.TheparticipatoryCBAplanningprocess itself, integration with climate services to allow access to climate information, support toimplementation of adaptation strategies and efforts towards adaptive management through multi-actorlinkages, ongoing CAAP reviews and the PSP and DRR systems all contributed to strengthening adaptivecapacity.However,noexplicitactionsweretargetedtowardssystematicallystrengtheningindividualelementsofadaptivecapacity.AclearvalueofCAAPsinNigerwastheirabilitytocreateaholisticplanwithcoordinatedactivitieswhichcontributedtoeachotherandtoensuringopportunitiesweremaximisedandrisksminimised.Thesechangeshaveimprovedintercommunityrelations,ledtoeffectivelearningaboutadaptationissuestoclimatevariabilityandreducedexclusionofsomewomen'sparticipationincommunityactions.

InGhana,astudyofchanges inadaptivecapacitywascarriedout intwoALPcommunitiesberesearcherSebastiaanSoeters(seeALPpublicationlistinAnnex1forapolicybriefandfullreport).TheactionresearchlookedathowadaptivecapacityhaschangedasaresultofclimatechangeimpactsandadaptationapproachessupportedbyALP,inwhichadaptationactionplanning,VSLAsandclimateservicesplaymajorroles.Itfoundthatcommunitymembers themselveshaddifficulty inattributingtriggers todecisions theyhadmadeandofteninformationthatinformeddecisionsinonelivelihoodstrategydidnotcrossovertoothers.Forexample,therewasstrongmotivationforagro-ecologicalpracticesandenvironmentalprotectiononfarmersownfields,butthisdidnotextendtorentedlandforincomegenerationfromwatermelonproduction.VSLAsandaccesstoinputswerecleardriversforchangeindecisions,whileplanningprocessesdidnotfeaturehighlyorwerenot differentiated from the range of activities ALP supported. For example, the value of the VSLAs wasattributedtotheinstitutionalandsocialcapitaltheyprovideratherthanthefinancialbenefits.Forthepoorestwomen,VSLAswere valued as a safety net and for enabling their inclusion and voice in a group context.Lessonsemergingfromthestudy,whichresonatewithexperiencesinKenyaandNiger,were:

• Takedifferentialvulnerabilityseriouslyinparticipatoryadaptationplanningprocesses.Adaptationplansandstrategiestendtobenefitbetteroffhouseholdsmost.Adaptationplansatcommunitylevelneedtoaccountfordifferentialvulnerabilityandrecognizetheneedfortargetedmeasures,whichprovidesocialprotectionandaddressunderlyingbarrierssuchaslandrights,sothattheysupportinclusionofthemost


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vulnerable men and women to become climate resilient. Integration between adaptation strategies,financialservices,climateinformationandriskearlywarningandactionthroughCBAplanningbuildslocalownershipandadaptivemanagementandshouldbedesignedtostrengtheninclusion,voiceandagency.

• Balance social, economic and environmental benefits and impacts. VSLAs and environmentalmanagementarecriticaldriversandbarriers toclimateresilience.Todiversify risk,householdsneedaportfolioofincomeopportunitieswhicharesynergistic.Economicopportunitiesarealsocriticaldriversofinnovation,decision-makingandabilityofindividualsandhouseholdstoimplementadaptationstrategies.Expandingchoicesareanindicatorofincreasingadaptivecapacityandresilience,butiftheycomeatasocialorenvironmentalcostorimpactonothergroupsorcommunitiestheirpositiveimpactonadaptivecapacitywillbeshort-lived.

• Community-based microfinance such as village level savings and loans (VSLA) groups provide animportantsocialandfinancialplatformthatstrengthenscapacityforimplementinglivelihoodinvestmentandriskmanagementdecisionsmadeduringadaptationplanningprocesses.VSLAgroupsshouldnotbeseenasthemagicbulletforresilience.Theyhavedifferentlimitationsofaccessandvalueforbothbetteroffandmorevulnerablemembersandneedtobesensitivetosocialandwealthdifferentiation,withinandbetweengendergroups.Forexample,whilepoorerwomenarenowmembersofVSLAsthankstotheCBAprocess,theiruseislimitedtosafetynets,whileonlythericherhouseholdsareabletouseVSLAforimprovingtheirlivelihoodstrategies.

• Climateinformeddecisions:learningtoworkwithinformation,riskandtrade-offs.Communitydecisionmaking and attitudes to risk are influenced by a complex range of underlying causes, by culture,opportunities,wealthandbarrierstochange.Adaptationdecisionmakingneedstoworkwiththeinherenttrade-offs involved and understand and communicate current and future implications, positive ornegative,formen,womenandyouthinordertomotivateinnovationandaction.

• Collectiveactionrequiresgoodgovernancesupport.Communityorganisationsandstrongleadershiparekeytoensuringplansturnintoactionwhichisbeneficialtoall.Communityorganisationshavesucceededinlobbyingforpublicserviceswheretheseareprioritisedandrightstoservicesareknown.However,thereare significant cultural, governance and financial barriers to engaging in and sustaining effective localadvocacy,notleastelitecapture.Equallytherearesystemicbarrierstolocalgovernmentservicesbeingfullyresponsivetocommunitypriorities.

• Strengthen governance over natural resource management at community and ecosystem levelcombinedwith climate informed forward-looking planning. This is essential to help ensure long-termclimateresilience.ThereisaneedforastrongerfocusonthiswithintheCBAplanningprocess.

• Migrationisnotalwaysanegativecopingstrategy.MigrationinGhanaisoftenariskyandinsecurecopingstrategy,butitisalsodrivinginnovationandeconomicdevelopmentbackhome.Adaptationprogrammesshouldfindawayofembeddingmigrationpatternsandaimtostrengtheninformeddecisionmakingwhichtakesintoaccountawideningselectionofoptionsathomeandelsewhereforallfamilymembers.

The study reflects the need for further investigation of the drivers and barriers to changing behaviour inresponsetoclimatechangeimpactsandhowthesedifferinrelationtodifferentialvulnerability,culturalnormsandunderlyingcausesofvulnerability.

Focusongenderequalityandwomen’sempowermentCBAworkhasresultedinattitudinalshiftsongenderrelations.Communitymembersandtheirrepresentativestalk about empowering rural communities and changingmind-sets. These have come about through, forexample,creatingincome-generatingactivitiestoempowerandenablewomentocontributetothehouseholdassetbase.Asaresult,menarenowconsultingwomeninhouseholddecisionmaking.Thischangeinattitudebybothempoweringwomenandengagingactivelywithmenappliesalsoatthecommunity-levelwheremorewomencanbefoundinleadershippositions.ALPcollectedevidenceofdifferentialvulnerabilityandgenderdynamics in the GCVCA exercises, while also developing and articulating methods for analysing genderdynamics inaCBAcontext. Improvementsare reported in i)enhancedcommunityparticipation inprojectactivities,andii)genderresponsivenessandtheinvolvementofwomenindecisionmakingatdistrict/county,communityandhouseholdlevels,alongsideimprovementofwomen’saccesstoproductiveresources.These


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includewomenandmen’sengagements inGCVCAprocesses(inGhanaandKenya),VSLAmembershipandmanagement,andinrolesascommunitymonitorsinclimateinformationactivities(Ghana).Specifically,thereisgreateremphasisonnotjustreportingnumberswhenreportingonwomen’sparticipation,buttoencourageinvolvementindecisionmakinginmattersthataffectwomen’sownlivelihoodsintheclimatecontext(e.g.whenundertakingvulnerabilityanalysisduringGCVCAactivities).Theprogrammeputa renewed focusonsensitivitytogenderapproaches,whicharenotonlytransformativeindesign,butalsoensuretoavoidthosewhichmaybeharmfultothewell-beingandinterestsofwomenandmen.Aspecificstrategyforengagingmenpursuedtowardsgender-responsiveCBAinNigerwascalledEcoledesmariés.Ithaspredominantlybeenusedforsexualandreproductivehealthissuesusingmenaschampions.

While results show CBA approaches supported increased gender equality, this did not extend to all thediversity of wealth, despite the inclusion of wealth ranking in the GCVCA process. The complex range ofintersectionalityamongthecommunitieswasnotcapturedindetail intheCAAPs.PoorerwomenandmenbenefiteddifferentlyfromVSLAmembership,implementationofCAAPsanduseofPSPinformation.Usefullearningemergedontheneedtobetterbalancethefocusonsocialsafetynetsandprotectionwithadaptationstrategyinvestment.WithwomenbeingthemajorityofVSLAmembers,thelinkbetweenVSLAandtheCAAPshelpedtoincreasetheirparticipationinandaccesstoimplementationofadaptationstrategiesandtoensureCAAPplansincludedactionstargetedtowardswomenbenefits.Effortsweremadetoreachpoorermembersthroughencouragingbroadermembershipof theVSLAsand inNiger,beneficiaries to thesmall ruminantssystemof‘passonthegoat’,orhabbanyé,wereselectedthroughaparticipatorytargetingprocessofmorevulnerable households. The success of this systemand the positive comments reported fromparticipantsindicatesthatthosewithlittletonomeanscanindeedstillbenefitfromCBAactivitiesandoutcomes.

DevelopmentofintegratedclimatecommunicationsystemsIn all ALP countries, PSPs and their advisories and rainfall records from community rain gauges wereimplementedandcommunicatedusingexistingchannelsidentifiedthroughtheCVCAsandatthePSPs.Atthesame time, PSP is a system that includes feedback loops, which often lack in other channels, to enablecommunitiesandotherstakeholderstocontinuallysharetheirexperiencesandneedsforclimateinformation.InGhanaforexample,theGMETdirectorforUpperWestRegionindicatedthatwhiletheyusedtoonlypresentdataonTVandradio,PSPandtheCICshavegiventhemanopportunityforcloserinteractionwithfarmersandbetter collaboration withMOFA to effectively communicate climate information. In addition, feedback iscritical for assessing content of climate information communicated through various channels to check itsquality and relevance to decision making in different local contexts. Development of integratedcommunicationsystemssupportstrustbuildinginclimateinformationfrombothscientificandlocalsourcesfordecidingclimate-resilientlivelihoodandriskmanagementstrategies.

ClimateinformationsystemssupportingresilientlivelihoodsImproved access, availability and use of climate information to inform smallholder farmers’ agriculturalplanningandactivitiesatthehouseholdlevelhasprovenhighlyimpactful.ALPactivitiessoughttoinfluencetheuseandutilityofclimate informationacrosssectors,andacrosstemporalandspatialscales, toenablebetterdecisionmakingatcommunitylevel.SmallholderfarmerswhohavesecurelandtenureandcontroloverdecisionsonlandusehavebenefitedmostfromtheimpactofPSPs.Thisisevidencedbythemultipleaccountsof increasing demand for climate information by smallholder farmers.Whilemet agency representativescontinuetoreportincreasingphonecallsfromfarmersrequestingthisinformation,farmeraccountssuggestedthat they could no longer proceed with agricultural planning and activities without this information. Bycontributingtobothseasonalforecastsandadvisoriesandbydirectlyobservingthebenefitsoffollowingtheadvisories,farmersfeelliketheyarecontributingtotheirownwellbeing,makingiteasiertomobilizetoresolvetheirownissues.ImprovedharvestsfromuseofseasonalforecastsandadvisoriesasobservedinGhanaandNigershowsthecontributionofoperationalsystemsforcommunicatingclimateinformationtoanincreasednumberofvulnerableindividualsengaginginclimate-resilientlivelihoodsandadaptationstrategies.


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TransformationalchangeandsustainabilityIn Niger, communitieswithmore years of recording rainfall have higher ownership to the use of climateinformationandknowledgeofthefutureofuncertainrainfallpatterns.Womenandmentalkaboutitbeingtransformationalforthemtovarytheirchoicesofcropvarietyaccordingtoseasonalweather information.Their decisions to plant are better coordinated within the community and between communities,demonstratingthatimpactsareincremental,andtimeisneededforadoptionandbenefitsfromnewpractices.Communityawarenessoftherisksofclimatechange,menbecomingmoreacceptingofwomen'sparticipationindecisionmakingandaccesstonewopportunities(includinginICTs)aremotivatingbehaviourandattitudechangestowardstransformingthewayinwhichdecisionsaremadeandactedupon.ParticipationinthefullCBAprocessandinstakeholderplanningandreviewmeetingswithlocalactorshaveallowedcommunitiestofeel fully involved and accountable for CBA actions and to have understanding and ownership of theadaptationstrategiesintheCAAPs,aswellasofnewplansastheyemerge.Aclearprocessapproachwithafocusoninnovation,flexibilityandresponsivenesstocommunitydeterminedneedshasbeenkey.CommunityorganisationsandcommitteesaretakingleadtomanagenaturalresourcessuchasbushfiresinGhanaandgrazingareare-seedinginNiger,andtosustainfinancialservicesthroughumbrellaassociationsforVSLAsandwarrantagewith link to rural banks in all countries. In Ghana, lobbying for public services has had sometransformational impactson livelihoods.Forexample,Takpocommunity isnowconnected to thenationalelectricitygrid.Electricityaccesshasincreasedaccesstocommunicationandtherebyimprovedsecurity.Thecostofrunningthesheanutmillingmachineshasreducedandmorebusinessesarebeingsetup.Peopleareabletosleepintheirroomseveninwarmweathersincetheycanaffordfansandarethuslessexposedtomosquitobites.Studentsareabletostudyatnight.Inshort,vulnerablehouseholdshaveseentheircapacityforpreventionandriskmanagementimprovedandopportunitiesopenupforinnovationandsystemicchange.


CBAapproachespromotedbyALPup-scaledbymainstreamorganizationsandprogrammes,particularlyintheagriculturesector(andDRRandlocalplanning),inALPandotherAfricancountriesOutput2 Indicator2.1 Milestone2016andTarget2017CBAapproachespromotedbyALPup-scaledbymainstreamorganisationsandprogrammes,particularlyintheagriculturesector,inALPandotherAfricancountries

Extenttowhichcommunity-basedclimateinformationservicesareinoperation,promotedbynationalorganisations/programmes,independentlyofALP(e.g.NationalorRegionalMeteorologicalandHydrologicalServices,ministriesofagriculture,disastermanagementauthorities,massmedia)

6nationalorganisations’programmesare:• promotinglocalmulti-stakeholder

interpretation&communicationofseasonalclimateinformation,targetedtowardsvulnerablemenandwomenand

• haveincreasedtheirrangeand/orcoordinationofcommunicationchannelsforshortrangetoseasonalinformationanduncertaintyinresponsetocommunityneeds

Indicator2.2 Milestone2016andTarget2017ExtenttowhichCBAapproachesareintegratedintolocalandnationalorganisations'plansandprogrammes(agriculture,development,disasterriskreduction)andimplementedatscale.

Increasedcapacityofatleast8(cumulative)organisationsandprogrammesintargetsectorsinCBAapproachesinALPandothercountries.11organizations/programmesintargetsectorsusingCBAapproachestoplanandbudgetforintegrationofadaptationatscale.

Output 2 aims at enhancing ALP’s role in promoting community-based and user-led climate informationservices, brokering linkages and facilitating dialogue between climate science producers, users andintermediaryorganisations in the three targetedALPcountriesandacrossAfricaandbuilding capacity forimplementationofpracticalCBAapproachesatscale(bothintermsofwidespreaduseacrossAfricaandforinformingpolicydecisionsatgovernmentlevels).


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Outputindicator2.1–Operationalcommunity-basedclimateinformationservicesatscaleAt programme level, ALP commissioned a study to demonstrate the value and impact of PSP and otherclimateservicesapproachesdevelopedbyALPinGhana,Kenya,Niger,EthiopiaandMalawi.Thestudy,co-fundedbytheWISERENACTSproject,comparedandanalyseddifferences,successfactorsandchallenges,andmade recommendations for further development of good practice for user-based climate informationservices.ThroughthelinktoWISERandpartnershipwiththeInternationalResearchInstituteforClimateandSociety(IRI)ontheENACTsproject,aspecificfocuswasputonunderstandingElNiñocommunicationin2015and2016, includingamediaanalysisof radio,printandTVcoverage inKenyaandTanzania.This linkalsoenabledlearningemergingfromALPCISworktogainbroadercommunicationattheRegionalclimateoutlookforumsinparticularGreaterHornofAfricaRegionalClimateOutlookForums(GHACOF)hostedbytheHornofAfrica Inter Governmental Authority on Development (IGAD) Climate Prediction and Applications Centre(ICPAC)fortheGreaterHornofAfrica,theorganisationsinvolvedinWISER,andBRACEDimplementingNGOconsortiaandKnowledgeManager.ItalsobegantoexplorefuturepotentialforuseofENACTSdata,productsandtoolstoimproveadvisoriesdevelopedinPSPworkshops.ThisledtoasignificantproductbeingdevelopedbyALPtobettercommunicateimportantelementsofclimateservicesreachingtothe‘lastmile’offamersandothersactuallyusingtheinformation.Thedevelopmentofauser-basedclimateservicesknowledgevaluechainisgainingtractionamongotherclimateservices(CS)providersandwasusedbyBRACEDasaframingforanalysingINGOchangingrolesinthisfield.

InKenya,KMDandASDSPcontinued tocollaboratewithother stakeholders to implementPSPduring theMarch-April-May(MAM)andOctober-November-December(OND)rainfallseasonsinall47countiesinKenya,throughwhichadvisoriesweredevelopedtoinformlivelihoodsandDRRdecisionmaking.ALPcontinuedtosupportqualityassuranceandtheinstitutionalisationofthePSPapproach.ALPfacilitatedarangeofactivitiestosupportadoption,capacity,reviewandrefinementoftheprocesswiththekeystakeholders.Theseincludedthefollowingactivities.

PSPcapacitysupport,reviewandrefresherworkshopstoenablereflection,learning,capacitystrengtheningand planning for PSPs, attended by County Directors ofMeteorological Services (CDMS) from the KenyaMeteorologicalDepartment (KMD)andAgricultureSectorDevelopmentSupportProgramme (ASDSP) stafffrom up to 15 counties (Samburu,Wajir, Kakamega, Embu,Meru, Garissa, Trans Nzoia, Baringo, Bomet,Kirinyaga,Murang’a,Busia,ElgeyoMarakwet,Murang’aandKericho).ALPteamsattended13PSPworkshopsacrossthecountryinOND2015inordertoreviewtheprocess,givefeedbackandsupportandinformtheCISimpact assessment. From this experience, ALP identified the need for capacity building in planning andfacilitating the PSP process, ensuring representative and active community participation, and elaboratingadvisoriesto incorporateuncertaintyandrespondtoall livelihoodstrategies.Subsequentreview/refresherworkshopsfocusedontheseissues,supportingcountiestodevelopacorePSPteamtoensuregoodplanningbeforethenextworkshop.ALPalsonotedthattheKMDCDMswereprovidingmorerelevant information,such as rainfall start dates and expected temperatures, which expands the type of advice that can bedeveloped.Thereview/refresherworkshopstookplacetwiceayear,aboutsixweeksbeforetheMAMandONDPSPs.ParticipantsreflectedontheoutcomesofthePSPforthepreviousseason,discussedcriticalissuessuchas improvinggenderbalanceinthePSPsandrelevanceofadvisoriesandenhancedcapacityaheadofimplementingthePSPprocessesintheirrespectivecountiesduringthenextseasonthroughbeforeseasonreviewmeetingswithKMDandASDSP.Learningfromtherefreshershelpstobetterunderstandinnovationsthat are emergingwithin the PSPmodel aswell as cross learning on how to better andmore effectivelyundertake the PSP process.More than 60 partners have undergone the refresher training as ameans ofentrenchingPSPininstitutionalplanning,decisionandfeedbacksystemsthusstrategizingPSPsustainabilityinKenyacounties.

Institutionalisingcounty-levelPSPs.TheNationalDroughtManagementAuthority(NDMA)hasadoptedanEnding Drought Emergencies Common Programme Framework that recognises the importance of climateinformationinsupportingdroughtearlywarningandearlyresponse.Withthisbackingandthecountry-wideimplementationofPSPs,NDMAhavebecomekeyPSPpartnersinthedrylandcountiestheytarget.Countiesarecreatingmulti-stakeholderclimatechangetaskforces,whichbringtogetherKMD,MoALF,NDMA,county


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planners, and other relevant sectors as a new county-level institution. In ASAL counties, NDMA is thetraditionalcoordinatorofsuchcross-sectorialgroupsaswellasthesecretarytotheCountySteeringGroup.TheconstructbeganwiththeGarissaCountyClimateChangeWorkingGroupunderALPandhasspreadwidelyunderKenya’sdevolution.Withinthese,countyCISplansarebeingdevelopedbyKMDwhichincludePSPforseasonal forecast and advisory development. KMD have renamed the PSP workshop as County ClimateOutlookForumsandwasable to further refine theiruse throughtheWISERWesternproject.WithWISERsupportaddedtoALPandotherserviceswork,institutionalisationofPSPinKenyaislookinglikely.ThenextstepistoembedPSPswithintheprocessforCountyIntegratedDevelopmentPlans.

TheNationalSeasonalAgriculturalPlanner(NSAP)hasbeendevelopedasadecisionmakingandplanningtooltoproduceanddisseminateagricultureadvisoriesforeachagro-climateregion.TheNSAPcontinuedforeachoftheMAMandONDseasonsandhasguidedthedevelopmentandimplementationofclimate-resilientagriculturalstrategiesandadvisoriesatthenationalandcountylevels.TheNSAPisnowspearheadedbythenational seasonal planner network led by the Kenya Meteorological Department (KMD) and ICPAC, inpartnershipwithMinistryofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesandtheMinistriesofAgriculture,LivestockandFisheriesincollaborationwithothergovernmentdepartmentsandNon-GovernmentalOrganizations.The2015ONDplannerwaswellattendedbyprivatesectorconcernedtopreparewellfortheElNiñoseasontomaximisebenefitsandlimitlossesfromforexamplefloodedroadsduringharvesttime.The2016MAMseasonseasonalplannerstakeholderforumsawthelargestnumberofparticipants,with41participantsdrawnfromnationalandregionalmetagencies,researchers,academia,CSOsandnetworksandtheprivatesector.AblogontheprocesswasproducedinMarch2016byALPKenya,CCAFSandKMD.Theprivatesectorcontinuedtoplay a key role in the exercise during theOND season,which has since resulted in richer advisories thatincludedmarkets,insuranceandpost-harvesthandlingissues.

AdoptionbytheDFID-fundedFinanceInnovationforClimateChangeFund(FICCF),whichhasastrongfocuson climate-smart agriculture value chains and financial services. Through FICCF with ALP support, PSPworkshopsweretestedsuccessfullyatthecommunitylevelasaplatformwheresmallholderfarmersreceivedclimate information (including agro-advisories) and linkages to the private sector (including markets andinsurance companies). The FICCF implemented PSP workshops in communities in Homabay and Siaya inWesternKenya(twoofthenineWISERWesterncountiesofimplementation).Thismadeconnectionsbetweenclimateservicesatshort-termtimescalesasacorepartoftheFICCF,KenyaCSAandWISERprogrammesandthePSPapproach,andalsolinkedtoICTinnovationsandotherservicessuchasmarketinformation,insuranceandearlywarning.

AdoptionbytheWISERWesternprojectinninewesternKenyacountiesaimedtodownscaleforecastsatthecounty and sub-county levels. The counties participating were Kisumu, Trans Nzoia, Siaya, Kakamenga,Bungoma,Busia,Vihiga,HomabayandMigori.TheWISERprojectbuiltonthealreadyongoingPSPsinitiatedbyALPandplannedtofillgapsidentifiedbyALPandpartners(includingASDSP),forexampleprovidingmoreregular and systematic sub-seasonal and short-term updates that also have advisories. It would alsoincorporateICTsbetterinthedisseminationofclimateinformationandhaveawiderrangeofCISdistributionpartnersincludingatamulti-countylevelandbuildingthecapacityoftheMetDepartment(throughimprovedequipmentandincreasedcapacitytobetterdownscaleforecasts,forexample).Thedepartmentisthusabletoprovidebetterqualityandmore timely forecasts (daily,monthlyand seasonal).CARE's role focusedonfacilitatingreviewsandcollectivelearningforimprovementoftheapproach.

ALP facilitated two training sessions for County Directors of Met on communicating probability anduncertaintyusingcasestudiesandoninterpretationandvalueadditionofdownscaledcountyforecastsonrequestfromtheInstituteforMeteorologicalTrainingandResearch(IMTR)andtheMetOfficeCollege.ThiswaspartofalargertrainingconductedwithintheWISERWesternprojectaswellasIMTR'sworkoncoursedevelopmentunderWISER.

Innovativecommunicationsystems.KMD,ASDSPandseveralsupportingactors inthecountiesarepayingmoreattention to innovative communication systems toensure seasonal forecastsandPSPadvisoriesarereachingdifferenttargeteduserse.g.usingsocialmediaplatformssuchasWhatsapptoreachawidevariety


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of users (government departments, communities, business people, researchers, etc.) in Trans Nzoia andMurang'acounties, carryingout roadshows inElgeyoMarakwetCounty forwider spreadcommunication,usingpictorialstoillustratetheforecastandadvisoriesinWajirCountytoensurethattheinformationisalsounderstood by illiterate people. The innovations in communication channels are demonstrating that thedifferentorganizationsarethinkingabouteffectivelyreachingthetargetedaudienceoftheinformation.Theyaddressthechallengeoflimitednumbersofstafffromdifferentgovernmentdepartmentsandfundingthatisrequiredforface-to-facecommunicationofthe information,althoughcommunitiesstillpreferfacetofaceinformationoverothermedia.Cross-countyexchangeinthePSPrefresherworkshopsallowsforsharingofnewcommunicationmethodsandtheimportanceofplanningthechannelstobeusedwithallparticipantsatthePSPeventstoensurewidecoveragetoallusers.

PSPsustainability.In2016,issuesofsustainabilitywereincreasinglyincludedintherefreshertrainingsasawayof encouragingbetter institutionalisation and resourcing for thePSP approach. To support long-termsustainabilityofPSP,ASDSPestablishedcountyagricultural thematicworkinggroups.KMDaredevelopingcounty CIS plans and many counties have developed climate change task forces as mentioned above.InstitutionalisingPSPatcountylevelisbecomingareality,butgapsremainintermsofcountry-widesupporttocross-countyexchange,mobilizingpolicyandfinancialsupport tothePSPevents,andqualityassuranceonce ALP ends. To address this, in May 2017, ALP hosted a meeting to discuss how to enhance thesustainability of PSPmulti-stakeholder approach and effective communication of advisories and seasonalforecastsacrossKenyawith46participantsfrom13countiesandarangeofnationalactorsfromKMD,ASDSP,theCouncil ofGovernors andNGOs.Participants reflectedon theevolutionof PSPas a coreplatform forlocalised climate services in Kenya and the ongoing adoption by KMD and ASDSP at county level. Theydiscussed possible pathways for embedding the approach nationally and developing sustainable supportsystemsandhigherpolicy levelengagement.Recommendations fromthemeetingwereespeciallycentredaroundintegratingtheapproachintocountyintegrateddevelopmentplans(aswellastheproposedcountyCISplans)andtakingadvantageoftheKenyaClimateChangeAct,whichhelpstodefinestructuresthatcanbeleveragedatnationalandcounty level toensuresustainability.Anational levelmulti-stakeholderPSPtaskforcewasproposedwithKMD,theCouncilofGovernorsandMoALFaskeyactorstogetherwithCARITASandotherNGOsaswellasCARE.ThisisanimportantsteptoexpandingtheresponsibilityforPSPqualityassuranceandnationaladvocacytoamandatedgroupoforganisationsandoutofaoneINGOproject(ALP).

PSPoutcomes.Withthe2015ONDseasonforecastedtobeastrongElNiñoevent,PSPadvisoriesfedintoElNiño preparedness plans developed at county level during that season. The CIS impact assessment studyattendedPSPsinthe2016MAMseasonandtogetherwithamediaanalysisreport,informationwasgatheredonhowtheElNinoforecastaffectedseasonaldecisions.Giventheseriousnessofthe1997ElNino,preparationforfloodswastakenseriously.AcrossmanypartsofKenya,drainageandfloodmanagementplusinvestmentinsuitablecrops–thatrequiregoodrainfall–resultedinpositiveimpactsinagricultureproductivity.Sincethen,thecountryhasexperiencedverylowrainfallsuchthatasattheendoftheprogramme,NorthernKenyais facing serious drought.Overall, feedback on the valueof PSP in Kenya is high andmore information isavailableforbetteranticipatingandplanningforthecomingseason.

InGhana,ALPpartneredwithGMETandMOFAinNorthernGhanainrelationtotheALPdistricts.Extendingthisrelationship,ALPsupportedGMETtowardsitsgoalofwell-capacitatedstaffwhocanbettergenerateandinterpretclimateinformationandhaveastrongworkingpartnershipwithothergovernmentinstitutionsandprivatesectororganizationstogenerate,packageandcommunicateaccurateandtimelyweatherandclimateinformationtomeetvariousneedsofusers.ALPconductedtrainingoftrainers(ToT)onPSPin2016and2017for regional officers of GMET, Department of Agriculture, District PlanningOfficers, the National DisasterManagementOrganisation(NADMO)andCSOs/NGOsinthethreeNorthernregionsofGhana.ThetrainedPSPChampionsfromMOFAco-facilitatedthetrainingforPSPfacilitatorsandGMETprovidedinformationontheforecastfortherainingseasonaspartofthetraining.

The Ghana MET services are promoting PSP across Ghana, providing timely seasonal forecasts with anincreasingrangeofinformation,includingonsetandoffsetdatesandpredictionsofdryspells.GMETfield-basedandnationalstaffarecollaboratingwithNADMOandMOFAatthenationalanddistrictlevelstosupport


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PSPfacilitation,co-generationofclimateinformation,andfarmer-basedraingaugesforrainfallrecording,fordisasterpreparednessandforagricultureextensionplanningrespectively.GMETisnowalsoprovidingdailyforecastbasedondistrict-levelweatherparametersasagainstearlierforecaststhatwerebasedonregionallevelparameters.ESOKOandFarmRadioInternational(FARMRadio)inGhanacontinuetoreceiveseasonalandweeklyanddailyweatherforecastthroughSMSalertsfromGMET.ThisfollowsthenationalroundtablethatALPorganisedin2014,whichbroughttogetherpublicandprivatesectorCISplayerstoimprovequalityofinformationdisseminated.FARMRadiohavetrainedeightradiostationsfromthethreeNorthernregionsattheinitiativeofOxfam.Theseinitiativeshaveimprovedthereachlevelofaccuracyoftheforecast.GMETincollaborationwithdistrictassemblies,MOFAandotherorganisationscontinuetofacilitatePSPinUpperEast,UpperWestandNorthernregions.This is resulting inmore farmers relyingonseasonal forecastsandPSPadvisoriescommunicatedthroughClimateInformationCentrestoplantheirfarmingactivities.

PSPhasbeenincludedinGMET’sorientationprogrammefornewgraduaterecruitsasregionalmeteorologicalofficers. ALP joined with other programmes to contribute towards GMET’s capacity for a wide range ofcoordinated climate services. This created links between PSPs and CICs promoted by ALP and GMET’spartnership with the University of Reading PICSA approach, UK’s National Environment Research Council(NERC)project(BRAVEII)andAfricanInstituteforMathematicalSciences(AIMS)Ghanaprojectstoexploremoreinnovativewaysofmakingclimateinformationavailableandrelevanttovulnerablesmallholderfarmersthroughbuildingsynergybetweenthem.

TheMinistry of Food andAgriculture (MOFA) has recognised PSP as a useful extensionmethodology tosupportdecisionmakingforappropriatefarmingtechnologiesandinputssuitableforclimate-resilientfoodproductionandvaluechains.Thevisionisthatalldepartmentsareequippedwiththerequisiteexpertisetoaccessandusereliableclimateinformation.PSPenablesfarmersknowledgetobeincorporatedandimprovedtrust and confidence between farmers and MOFA. PSP has been mainstreamed into the Medium TermAgriculturalSectorInvestmentPlan(METASIPII),2014-2017whichoperationalisestheFoodandAgricultureSector Development Policy, FASDEP II. ThroughMOFA PSP has been out-scaled across Ghana.MOFA hasadoptedPSPinonedistricteachinCentralRegion,BrongAhafoRegion,SouthernGhanaCSAlearningsitesintheHoWest,Abura-Asebu-Kwamankese,TainandBirimSouthdistrictsofVolta,CentralandEasternregionsrespectively. This is done in the implementation of their component of the World Bank’s West AfricaAgriculturalProductivityProgram(WAAPP).ThisisanewmilestoneinadoptionofPSP,whichALPhasbeenworking towards with MOFA since 2014. The widespread adoption links with MOFA’s Climate-SmartAgriculture national platform and corresponding district platforms, such as the one supported by ALP inNadowliKaleoDistrict,othersareestablished inJirapaandLawradistrictsbytheCouncil forScientificandIndustrialResearch,Ghana (CSIR) inpartnershipwithCCAFS.Ata stakeholdermeeting todevelopclimatesmartagricultureinformationmaterials,theneedfortimelyandaccurateweatherinformationfordecisionmakingatfarmlevel(usingPSP,mobilephonesetc.)washighlighted.Theseplatformschampiongoal13oftheSDGsandtheintegrationofPSPandotherCBAapproachesintorelevantdistrictandnationallevelplans.MOFAisimplementingtheproject‘TransitionTowardsClimateSmartAgricultureFoodSystems’andislookingatmainstreamingPSPintotheCSAplatformsthathavebeenestablisheduponthenearexitofWestAfricanAgricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP) one each in the Brong Ahafo, Volta, Central, Eastern andGreaterAccra regions.MoFA, in collaborationwith research institutions (CSIR/CCAFS)hasestablished fivedistrictlevelCSAplatformslinkedtothenationalCSAplatformtofacilitatecontinuouslearningandadoptionofCSApractices,includingPSP.MoFAandFoodandAgricultureOrganisation(FAO)coordinationoftheCSAplatformshavebeenweakandALPinfluencedthedesignandroll-out.

ALPwithGMEThostedalaunchoftheGhanaEnhancingNationalClimateServices(ENACTS)maproomswhichincludedtrainingof33districtplanning,NADMOandDepartmentofAgricultureofficers,regionalGMETandMoFAstaff,communitymonitors,civilsocietyorganizationsandINGOsonhowtousetheonlinemaproomstoimproveavailability,accessibilityanduseofhistoricalclimateinformationneededforanyperiod,rangingfrominformation/forecastondryspells,floods,rains,winds,stormsamongothers.Userscanaccesspastdataanalysisandgeneratedforecastsspecifictotheirareaofinterest,timescaleandlocation.


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SeveralinitiativesbyotherprojectshavepartneredwithGMETandadoptedPSPs.Thedirectorforresearchat the GMET Head office and a technical partner to the CFTC/CHANGE project in Northern Ghana,independentlysupportedTradeAidIntegratedtoorganizefourPSPsatthecommunitylevelincludingNyariga,Vea,Sumburungu,andYorigaintheBolgatangaMunicipalAssemblyinApril2014.OxfamisalsopromotingPSPatthecommunitylevel.OxfamsponsorsfarmersunderitsClimateResilientAgricultureandFoodSystems(CRAFS)projecttoparticipateinPSPannualworkshopsandhassupportedalocalpartner,PRONET,togainthecapacitytofacilitatePICSA/PSP.TheCAREPATHWAYSprojecthasadoptedPSPandorganizesannualPSPworkshopsforfarmersintheirprojectlocations.PATHWAYSprojectinCAREandalsoOxfamsupportedtheirstaff,stakeholdersfromLambussiedistrictandtheirpartnerstaff(PRUDA)haveorganizedPSPsessionsintheGaru-Tempane,Lambussieandthreeotherdistricts.

TheGhanaAdaptationFundproject,‘IncreasedResiliencetoClimateChangeinNorthernGhanathroughtheManagementofWaterResourcesandDiversificationofLivelihoods’,implementedbyEPAalsoadoptedPSPandthereflectionmethodologydesignedbyALP.Output2.5oftheAFprojectproposestheestablishmentoflearningplatformson systems for integrating climate change related risk into communitymanagementofwaterresourcesandlivelihoodactivitiesinnorthernGhanainstitutionalizedintendistricts.Toachievethisoutput,theproposedactivitiesamongothersaretoorganizeparticipatoryscenarioplanningsessions.

InNiger, at thenational level, theDepartmentofNationalMeteorology has amonopolyonproduction,analysisanddisseminationofmeteorologicaldataandinformation(decisionmakingandforecasting)aswellasattheregional level.AGRHYMETisthespecializedclimatescienceagency inWestAfrica. Informationismadeavailabletodecisionmakers,nationalandinternationalpartners,communitiesthroughvariousnationalandlocalchannels(broadcastmedia,radio,e-mail,newslettersandnewspapers,periodicals,etc.).The2016annualmeetingofregionalforecastingexpertsonclimateinformationresultedinweatherforecastsforthe2016 season togetherwith practical advice on the different scenarios. TheNigerian government formallyapprovedandauthorizedsharingwithruralproducersfollowingacouncilofministersofthegovernment.ALPNigerandBRACEDinitiativeorganized, inclosecollaborationwiththeNationalDirectorateofMeteorology(DMN),anationalworkshoptolaunchthesharingofweatherforecastsforthe2016rainyseasonusingamulti-stakeholderPSPapproach.

TheDepartmentofNationalMeteorology(DMN)isincreasinglysupportingthevariousactorsinstrengtheningtheir capacity to share climate information through channels accessible to grassroots communities (directreadingofraingauges,communityradio,etc.)Thissupportisaguaranteeofsustainabilityevenifthereisadelayintheprovisionofinformationasregardsseasonalforecastsandtheadviceofmeteorologicalexpertstothebenefitofruralproducers.Somestakeholdersreportedalimitontheavailabilityofclimateinformationinthesensethatthereremainssomemistrustofthefarmingandpastoralcommunitiesvis-à-vistheforecasteddataannouncedatthenationallevel.Transposingdatafromtheregionalornationalleveltothecommunitylevelisachallenge.Thereisinadequatemeteorologicalinformationservicesatlocal/communitylevelduetothe lowcoverageofweather stationandequipment to improve the climaticdata throughmeteorologicalstations.CommunityraingaugerecordsandPSPsarebothprovingtobeapproachesthatcanovercomethesechallenges.

TrainingonPSPandPSPworkshopswereimplementedinJuneaheadofthe2015and2016rainfallseasonbyALPincollaborationwiththeRegionalMeteorologicalServicesinTillaberyregionforBRACEDproject,inMaradiforGARICprojectandinDakorowhereALPandtheGEFNAPAprojectsoperate.DMNandAgrhymetparticipatedinthe2015training,providedtheinitialforecastandaresupportiveofPSPs.Therearenowmorethan 3,600 gauges installed nationally not only by the DMN, but also by other projects and programsimplemented by various actors in all regions of Niger. Staff from the ALP partner Association for theRevitalisation of Livestock in Niger (AREN) supported communication of seasonal forecast, scenarios andadvisoriestopastoralistsresultinginlarge-scalelivestockdestockingtomanageriskoflivestocklossduetoforecasted drought. AREN is also supporting the establishment of a community system to communicateinformationonclimateandinnovativestrategiesforlivestockkeeping.In2017thecapacityofmeteorologicalservices was strengthened in the scale-up of climate information through ALP's seasonal forecasting PSP


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workshops,whereinteractionisenabledbetweenfarmers,pastoralists,meteorologicalservicesandtheotherdeconcentratedservicesofthestate(agriculture,livestock,communityplanning/development).PSPisgainingpopularity,butupscalingashasbeendoneinKenyaandGhanaislimitedwithoutcontinuedprojectsupporttobothmetservicesandavailabilityofrelevantinformationatcommunelevel.TheSCAP/RUsystemisbeingadopted inotherpartsofNiger,e.g. throughBRACED inTillabery,but isnotyetnation-wideandnationalresponse to alerts remains weak. From an evaluation of information communicated from PSP in 2016,communitiesintheregionaretakingactiononadvisoriesfromPSPsuchasontherecoveryofdegradedlands(throughtheconstructionofzai,half-moon,bench,etc.)improvedseed,combinationofcrops,useoforganicfertilizer and avoidance of flood-prone areas. Communities want to receive more forecasts on thecharacteristicsoftheseasontosupportpreparednessaction.

BeyondtheALPcountries,interestinPSPcontinuedtoexpandandhavebeenimplementedfollowingtrainingprovidedbyALPinthefollowinglocations.

InEthiopia,PSPwasimplementedinOromia,AfarandSomaliregionsbyCAREEthiopiathroughtheUSAID-fundedPastoralistResilienceImprovementThroughMarketExpansion(PRIME)consortiumproject.PSPinthe2015rainfallseasonresultedinimprovedrangelandmanagement,planningforsaleofanimalsandmobilitypatterns, informedfarming investmentssuchasseedvarietyselectionand fodderproductionaswell jointdecision making between men and women, a culture of saving and improved early warning to managedisasters.PSPhasbeeninstitutionalisedbytheDisasterPrevention&FoodSecurityProgrammeCoordinationOfficeinAfarRegionandtherespectiveDisasterPreventionandPreparednessBureausinBorenaandLibenzones.InKebribeyahandGashamodistricts,SomaliRegion,PSPadvisorieswereintegratedinthedistrictearlywarninginformationpackage.Thisisbeingscaledoutandinstitutionalisedasadisasterriskmanagementtool.TheAfricanClimateChangeResilienceAlliance,ACCRA/OxfamissupportingPSP,workingwiththeMinistryof Agriculture and Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change on climate resilience and greeneconomy (CRGE) planning. A regional-level ToT training for experts of nine regional states and two cityadministrations in two clusters has been conducted. The Red Cross Climate Centre is supporting the PSPapproachforagricultureseasonalplanningintheiroperationalregions.Therehasbeenincreasedgovernmentinvestmentinandresponsivenesstocommunityadaptationneeds.

While it is not possible to attribute changes in government budgeting or actions to PSP definitively,governments are implementing activities (e.g., adaptation planning, fodder production and hay making,rangelandrehabilitation,livestockmanagement,livelihooddiversification)thatPSPsadvisoriesareproposing.TheOromiaRegionDisasterPreventionandPreparednessCommission(DPPC)hasrequestedallnon-PRIMEzonesintheregiontoadoptthePSPmodel.WithdiscussionongoingtointegratePSPingovernmentstructuresonDRR,thePRIMEprojectjoinedwithALPtobring26participantsfromtheEthiopianNMA,governmentDRRstructures at regional to zonal level, CARE and Mercy Corps to Kenya for exchange and learning onimplementationofthePSPapproachatcommunityandcountylevelsandhowtheKenyangovernmenthasinstitutionalizedthePSPprocessintoitsgovernancestructures.ThevisitwascombinedwithalaunchoftheKenya and Ethiopia impact assessment reports. PSP has been written into a USAID Development FoodAssistanceProgram(DFAP)thatis implementedbyaconsortiumcomposedofWorldVision,CAREEthiopiaandORDA(alocalNGO).ThiswillbuildonworkbythePRIMEprojectonintegratingPSPwithnaturalresourcemanagementandsoilandwaterconservation,andsupportscalingofPSPinotherregionsinEthiopia.Inmid-June 2017, with World Vision International (WVI) PSP champions trained by ALP in 2015 trained DFAP/Development Food Security Activity (DFSA) staffworking on climate change adaptation andDRR and keygovernmentstaffonthePSPapproachwiththeaimofcascadingthetrainingandimplementatingPSPin14DFSAoperationalworedas,andinvolvinggovernmentstaffandotherDFSAworkingonagriculture,gender,water and sanitation (WASH), livelihood, value chain and institutional strengthening. ChristianAid,MercyCorpsandFarmAfricahaveadoptedandreplicatedaformofPSPapproachaspartofresilienceandagricultureworkintheirBRACEDprogrammes.EnhancedcollaborationwithNMAisbeingbuiltthroughaMoUthatwilldefinecollaborationwiththevariousstakeholders.

InMalawi,PSPwasimplementedin2015asapilotinKarongaDistrictwithplanstoreplicatetheapproachinmoredistrictsin2016.Withemphasisonsustainability,memberorganisationsoftheCivilSocietyNetworkfor


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Climate Change (CISONECC) continue to organize and promote PSP in collaboration with the EnhancingClimateResilienceProject(ECRP).CISONECCbroughttogetherdifferentorganizations,includingtheMalawiDepartmentofClimateChangeandMeteorologicalServicesand theDepartmentofDisasterManagementAffairs,toformanationalstakeholderplatformtosupport:

• IntegrationofPSPinadaptationandcontingencyplanning,andalldevelopment-relatedprogrammestargetedatimprovedcommunityresilience;

• BuildingcapacitiesattechnicalandcommunitylevelsforimplementingPSPtosupportclimatechangeandlivelihoodsprogrammes;

• Coordination among stakeholders and linkages with national processes and resource leverage toensurewidespreadcommunicationofPSPadvisories.

NationaldialoguehascontributedtotheinclusionofPSP/CISintheMalawinationaldraftmeteorologypolicyandGreenClimateFundprojectonClimateInformationandEarlyWarningsystems,whichwasapprovedin2015.A trainingonPSPwasheld in September2016 for theDepartmentofDisasterManagementAffairs(DODMA),DepartmentofClimateChangeandMeteorologicalServices(DCCMS)andMinistryofAgriculture,andarangeofNGOs.WorkplansweredevelopedfortherespectiveinstitutionstointegrateandimplementPSPintheirprogrammesandperiodicallysharewiththePSPcoordinatingteaminMalawi.Buildingonthis,national stakeholders composed of government departments and CSOs are in the process of forming ataskforce/coreteamthatwillleadPSPimplementationwithintegrationofmulti-stakeholderinterpretationofclimate information intodisaster riskmanagementprocesses. Keyorganisations areCARE International inMalawi,CentreforEnvironmentalPolicy(CEPA),ActAlliance,ChristianAid,EvangelicalAssociationofMalawi(EAM),TotalLandCare(TLC),ChurchesActioninReliefandDevelopment(CARD),WorldVisionInternational(Malawi),Trocaire,ActionAidandCatholicDevelopmentCommission(CADECOM).TheMalawiPSPchampionstrained byALP are planning for a national training of trainers so as increase support and coordination inimplementing PSP. A concept note is being developed for presentation to the Department of DisasterManagementAffairstosupportPSPundertheUNDPGCFproject,whichfocusesonclimateservices.

The programme ‘Developing Innovative Solutions with Communities to Overcome Vulnerability throughEnhanced Resilience’ (DISCOVER) led by Concern Universal and the ‘Lake Chilwa Basin Climate ChangeAdaptationProgramme’,ledbyLeadershipforEnvironmentandDevelopmentforSouthernandEasternAfrica(LEAD-SEA),are implementingPSP linked toearlywarning systems. InNsanjeDistrictandKarongaDistrictpeoplewho received advisories fromPSPwere able tomanage the floods experienced in 2015 and 2016respectively.DISCOVERandECRPplannedandbudgetedforPSPof2016/17.ECRPinMalawiendedinMarch2017.ThereisinterestinCAREMalawitointegratePSPandclimateinformationintootherprojects,e.g.UnitedinBuildingandAdvancingLifeExpectation(UBALE)project.

Zimbabwe.ALPfedintothedevelopmentofanintegratedagriculturemodelbyCAREZimbabweinNovember2015. The trainingwas supportedbyMalawi PSP champions to strengthen their understanding, skills andconfidence in facilitatingPSP.Thetrainingwas immediately followedbyaPSPworkshopwhere local leveladvisoriesweredevelopedandtargetedatpossibleElNiñoimpactsoflowrainfalllevelsduringthe2015/2016rainfallseasoninZimbabwe.PSPhasbeenincludedinanECHO-fundedElNiñoresponseprojectwhereitisaimed at preparing communities for future shocks and supporting community-based disaster riskmanagementsoastoenhanceresiliencebuildingactivitiesineightofthe62districtsinthecountry.19,000estimatedcommunitymembersinfivewardsofGokweSouthDistricthaveaccessedclimateinformationduetoPSP.AfterPSPtraining,CAREfacilitatedtheprintingofseasonalforecastattherequestofMetServices.MetforecastersthendisseminatedtheforecastinthecommunitiesusingtheawarenessgeneratedfromPSPtoincorporateandsharelocallyrelevantforecast.PSPhasalsobeenincorporatedinaUNDPfundedthree-yearresiliencebuildingprojectthatwillbeimplementedbyCAREZimbabweandPLANInternationalintwodistricts.

InBotswana, theNationalClimateChangeNetworkrequestedPSPtrainingtosupportbuildingcommunityresiliencetoclimate.TheaimwasfortheMalawiPSPchampionstosupportthis,astheydidforZimbabwe.


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InMali, theUSAIDfundedHarandeproject implementedbyCAREMali introducedPSP inthe2017rainfallseason in the seven communes where the project is implemented with support from Mali Meteo. ThisfollowedtheCBAandCIStrainingprovidedbyALPinApril2017toalltheMaliDFPAprojectsandothersfromWestAfrica.HarandewillintegratePSPwithENACTSandcommunityraingaugesaspartofclimateservicesworkintheproject,thoughtheyfacesevereconstraintsrelatedtoinsecurityinMoptiregionandfromlimitedcapacityofMaliMeteo.

InBurkinaFaso,followingtheApril2017training,theBRACEDconsortium(composedofWelthungerhilfeandSelfHelfAfrica)trained96technicalgovernmentstafftoapplyPSPinthe2017rainfallseasoninthe32districtscoveredbytheBRACEDproject.InApril,theUnitedKingdomMetOffice(UKMO)plannedabriefonPSPtopresenttoANAM(BurkinaFasoMeteorologicalServices) toraisetheirawarenessonthevalueofPSPandexplorepossibilityofpilotingtheapproachforPSPwithALPsupport,thoughthishasnotyetbeendeveloped.ALPlinkedUKMOandBRACEDBurkinacontactpoints.

InRwanda,UKMOissupportingcapacitybuildingforRwandaMeteowhichincludesPSPapproachforseasonalforecasts.CIAT issupporting implementationofPICSAanduseoftheENACTsmaprooms linkedtoCCAFS.CIATstaffattendedtheALPhostedCBA/CIStraininginKenyainordertolearnmoreonALP'sCISapproachesandgainbetterunderstandingofitscontributiontoadaptationandtowardsintegrationofPSPintheportfolioofservicestheysupport.

InEastAfrica,theAgriculturalClimateResilienceEnhancementInitiative(ACREI),fundedbytheAdaptationFundandimplementedbyFAOandICPACwasapproved.WithPSPwrittenin,theprojecthasthepotentialtoenhancePSPcapacityinKenyaandscaletheworkinUgandaandEthiopia.Itwillbeusefultobringtogetherorganisations implementing PSP in Ethiopia and Uganda for knowledge exchange and also ensuringcollaborationandcoherenceinprinciplesguidingtheirimplementation.

Africa-wide, ALP has been active in the growing dialogue and programme development in climateinformationservices.RelationshipswerestrengthenedwithkeyactorsincludingICPAC,UKMetOffice,GlobalFrameworkforClimateServices(GFCS),FutureClimateforAfrica(FCFA),ClimateChange,AgricultureandFoodSecurity (CCAFS), Reading UniversityWalker Institute, IRI at Columbia University, Stockholm EnvironmentInstitute(SEI),andothers.ALPparticipatedandpresentedintheClimateChangeandDevelopmentinAfricaconferences,CCDAVandCCDAVIin2015and2016,GreaterHornofAfricaRegionalClimateOutlookForum(GHACOF)meetingsfortheMAMandONDseasons,arangeofclimateservicesrelatedsideeventsatUNFCCCCOP21andCOP22andinfivesessionsandthemarketplaceatthe5thInternationalConferenceonClimateServices(ICCS5)inFebruary2017.TheseallowedforwidesharingofALPexperience,learningandresultsinuser-based climate services and scaling up and enabled in-depth face-to-face discussionswith a range ofactors. Discussions focused on how better to fully engage climate information users and intermediaries(farmers, pastoralists, extension officers, adaptation programme staff, etc.) actively in developing,contributingtoandusingclimateinformationservices,howtoensureclimateservicesareembeddedwithinadaptation and resilience decision making processes in an effective way, and exploring collaboration tosupportimprovedlearningamongtheCISprogrammesastheydevelop.Seealsooutput4.1and4.2.

ALPwasapartnerintwoofthequick-startDFID-fundedWeatherandclimateInformationandSERvicesforAfrica(WISER)projectproposals,theWISERWesternprojectwithKMDandUKMetinKenyaandtheWISERENACTsprojectwithIRIColumbia.TheWISERprojectwithIRIalsoledtogreaterengagementwiththeENACTsmaproomsandpotentialforusingthemaproomstoincreasetheinformationusedtodownscaleseasonalforecaststolocallevelwherePSPstakeplace,andtoexploretheiruseforagricultureandDRR.KenyanowhasanENACTSmaproomandtrainingofKMDandotheractors in itsuseholdspromisefor improvedclimateproductdevelopmentforPSPs (seasonal)andothertimescales. InEastAfrica,ALP'sparticipation inWISERcontributedtoexpandingthescopeofPSPandENACTsmaproomsandincreasingsynergiesbetweenthem.WISERprovidedanopportunitytostrengthen linkswithNationalMeteorologicalandHydrologicalServices(NMHS) and ICPACand their engagementwithuser-basedCIS. The2015 to2016ElNiñoprovided stronglearninggroundforimprovingscientificcommunicationsfordecisionmaking.


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TheIGADClimatePredictionandApplicationCentre(ICPAC)hasbeenastrategicALPboundarypartnertoenablescalingoflearningfromALP’sCISwork.ICPAChasreachtonationalmeteorologicalandhydrologicalservices (NMHS) within the Greater Horn of Africa Region, where IGAD works, as well as other regionalorganisations involved inCIS intheregion.TheGreaterHornofAfricaClimateOutlookForums(GHACOFs)were a key entry point for ALP’s work with ICPAC to strengthen the forums as a system for regulardevelopmentofuser-basedclimate information services, informedbyexchangeand learningbetweenCISactorsincludingNMHSintheregion.ALPpresentedpreliminaryresultsfromthePSPimpactassessmentinEthiopiaandKenyaandfromtheElNiñomediaanalysisatthe44thGHACOFinKampalainAugust2016.Thisestablished stronger linkswith ICPAC. Learning from thePSP impact assessmentwas considereduseful ininformingICPAC’sworkintechnicalcoordinationandsupportacrosstheregionforbetteruserengagementinCIS.The lessonsfromthesocial learningapproachused inthePSPs–nownamedCountyClimateOutlookForumsinKenya–havesparkedICPAC’sinteresttoinformthestrengtheningofGHACOFastheyseektorevisittheformatoftheRCOFs.ICPAChasthepotentialtoenhanceregionalcoordination,institutionallinkagesandcross-learningamongthedifferentactorsintheGHAfordevelopmentandsustainabilityofuser-basedclimateinformationservices intheregion.ThisalsoalignswithsupportingICPAC’smandateatanewlydesignatedWMO Regional Climate Centre. Continued support for multi-stakeholder forums for co-developing anddelivering user-based climate information services is planned through the next phase of the WISERprogramme.

AdoptionofPSPacrossAfricaindependentofALPisoccurringthroughacombinationoffactors:

• ThechampionsfromninecountriestrainedbyALPinearly2015havetrainedstakeholdersnationallyandlocally including in new countries such as Zimbabwe. ALP responded to training demand in Ethiopia,Tanzania, Zimbabwe,Malawi,Botswanabydesigning tailored trainings, recruiting trainers fromKenyamet,thechampions,andNMHSinthecountry.ThechampionshavefocussedonintegratingPSPinexistingandupcomingplansandprogrammeswhilesettingupnationalcoordinationteams.

• PSPisrecognisedasaprocessthatsupportsdecisionmakingandclimateresilienceinagriculture,foodsecurityanddisasterriskmanagementsectors.Itdrawsattentionfromtheseactorsasanaffordableandlocalapproachtomeettheirgoalsandthusgoesbeyondastand-aloneCISactivity.

• PSPs have multiple benefits beyond seasonal forecasts. By bringing a range of actors together on aseasonal basis, relationships, trust and confidence grow, development plans become more inclusive,farmers and community members gain a voice and inform local development planning, and localgovernmentsectorplansarebettercoordinated.Theprimarygoaloflocaldownscalingandinterpretingseasonalforecastsprovidesusefulinformationforallofthese.

• PSPisrelativelysimpletoupscaleorinstitutionalizeasthepurposeandactivitiesinvolvedareconcrete,andtheformat isbothreplicableandflexible.PSPcanbe linkedtootherclimateservicesfordifferenttimescales and other services, in particular agriculture, inputs, crop water requirements, andmarketinformation. National dialogue on climate services development systems and integration in resilienceprojectsisgrowing,andPSPprovidesapracticalapproachandalocallevelplatformonwhichtheycanbebuilt.

• PSPhasbeen recognisedasaneffectiveapproach touser-basedclimate informationservices inmanypublications(seepublicationslist),aswellasbeingreferencedinanincreasingnumberofmediaarticlesinthecountrieswhereitisbeingimplemented.

• Regional trainings in Mali and Nairobi in 2017 (see output 2.2) exposed participants to not onlyinterpreting,communicatingandusingseasonalforecaststhroughPSPbutalsotousinghistoricalclimateinformationthroughthePICSAandENACTSapproaches.Trainingsalsolookedatusingcommunityraingaugesandclimate informationcentres for linkswithearlywarningsystemsand localisedshort-rangeinformationforagriculturedecisions.

User engagement and co-development of climate services has proven to be challenge formany climateservicesprojectsandhasbecomea focusofattention,e.g.at ICCS5,and in theGFCS,WISERandBRACEDprogrammes.BasedonlearningfromCISwork,ALPdevelopedauser-basedCISvaluechainaimedatgivingguidanceon targeteduserengagement, essential steps, and the rolesofdifferent actors. Thevalue chain


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providesastructuredwayofinvolvingallactors,inadditiontoNMHS,andcapitalisingontheirdifferentrolestosupportservicedesignanddelivery.ALPpresentedtheframeworkinDFID,atGHACOF44,toseveralWISERevents,atCCDAVIwiththeAfricaClimatePolicyCentre (ACPC),andothers.BRACEDhasdocumented it inrelation to the changing roles of NGOs in climate knowledge brokering and intermediary roles in climateservices (see publication list). Emphasis is placed on themultiplier function that is played by knowledgebrokerssuchasALP,agricultureandotherextensionservices,andNGOsworkingonadaptation/resilienceamongothersto:

• Facilitate linkages between CIS actors, approaches, and timescales of information produced anddecisionmakingprocesses;

• Supporttwo-waycommunication,monitoring,feedbackloopsbetweenallactorsandfunctionsintheCISvaluechain;

• Maintaininstitutionalframeworksandresourceflowstosupportuser-basedCIS;• Sustain multi-stakeholder engagement to enable co-designing of services for a range of goals,

interests,usesandenableconsensus,trustandconfidencebuilding;• Ensure continuous learning from users and across all actors to maintain flexibility and dynamic

evolutionofclimateservicesastheclimatechanges,scienceevolves,anduserdemandgrows.

Withthecurrentglobalfocusonco-developingclimateservices,thevaluechainprovidesguidanceonwhatthisinvolves.Further,thePSPapproachdevelopedbyALPandnowscaledtoseveralcountriesinAfricaandSouth-EastAsiaprovidesagooddemonstrationofhowthisvaluechaincanbeimplementedinpractice.

Need still exists for additional capacity building on CIS approaches, communication and interpretation ofclimaticuncertaintyandbetterlinkagetoclimateinformeddecisionmakingatarangeoftimescales.Workalsoremainstobedonetoensureinstitutionalisationandsustainabilityofuser-basedCISapproaches,withinthe adaptation and resilient development context. The CIS assessment studies conducted by ALP incollaboration with WISER in five countries provide a wealth of learning on how to further improve andelaboratethePSPapproachwhichshouldbetakenintoaccountinfutureprogrammes.Seepublicationlistfortheassessmentreportsandkeyfindings.Thevaluechainisausefulwayofinformingfurtherengagementofstakeholdersinclimateservices,especiallywiththeusers,andindiscussionaroundco-developmentandco-deliveryofclimateservicestomeetevolvingneedsinthedifferentcontexts,andtofeedintobroaderdecision-makingcontexts.Co-developmentofclimateservicesthereforeprovidesopportunityforwidespreadadoptionofmulti-stakeholderanduser-basedCIS.

Output indicator 2.2 – CBA approaches are integrated into local and national organisations' plans andprogrammesALPcountryteamsmappedthestatusofadaptationinterestandadoptionbygovernmentactors,bilateraldonorsandNGO’simplementingprogrammesregionally,nationallyandlocally.Theoutcomemappinglinkedwithoutput3’sfocusonadaptationfinanceastheexpectedsourceoffuturefundingforsuchprojectsandthedevelopmentofNationalAdaptationPlans.Alearningandcapacitybuildingstrategywasdevelopedfromtheoutcomemappingwork andelaborated in roadmaps thatweredeveloped inmid-2016.ALP continued toreceiverequestsforcapacitysupportandopportunitiestoworkalongsidemainstreamgovernmentsystemsandservicestosupportintegrationofadaptation.Outputs2and3dependlargelyonchangingbehaviourofactors engaged in implementing adaptation, deciding policy direction and systems, or influencing both ofthese.BoundarypartnerswhoALPworkedwithinthethreecountriesandwhoseroleenablesthemtodirectlyinfluenceadoptionandintegrationofadaptationinprioritysectors(agriculture,planning,DRR)wereamixof:

• National(andsomelocal)government:agriculture,metservices,environmentministriesresponsibleforclimatechangeandNAPs,anddisasterordroughtmanagementauthorities;

• Civilsocietyorganisations(CSOs):ALPpartnersforinfluenceandadvocacyinoutput3andrelatedCSOnetworks,membershipassociationswhichreachfromgrassrootstonationallevelsuchaspeasantfarmersassociationsinGhanaandNigerandthepastoralistassociation,AREN,inNiger.


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InKenya, theGenderandClimateChangeWorkingGroup(GCCWG),anetworkhostedbythe InstituteforEnvironmentandWater(IEWM)andthepartnerfortheCISU-fundedadvocacyworkinoutput3(AdaptationLearning and Advocacy Project, (ALAP)), conducted a trainingwith ALP facilitation on gender and CBA tosupporttheirmembersinCBAimplementationandknowledgeofgoodpracticetoinformadvocacymessages.The35participantscamefromawiderangeofnationalCSOs,networksandinstitutesengagedincommunityagriculture,DRRoradaptationprogrammes,climatechangeresearch,adaptationadvocacy,andanumberoflocal government serviceproviders fromKMDandASDSP,whohavebeenengagedwithPSPsbut requirebroaderknowledgeonadaptationpractice.Participants identifiedcapacityneedsandgapswithregardstoadaptation.Afollowupworkshopwasheld in2016todevelopaCSOstrategyonadvocacywithaspecificfocusongenderandadaptation.ThestrategywasfinalisedandvalidatedinOctober2016withparticipationfromtheKenyaNationalClimateChangeDirectorate.

In 2017, ALP Kenya conducted a four-day CBA capacity building workshop for ten dryland counties withpartnersfromNDMA,KMD,ASDSP,membersofanetworkpromotingagro-ecologicalpractices,PELUMandcountydepartmentsof livestockandagriculture.WithKenya'sdevolution rollingout,ALP strategywas tosupportcoordinationbetweengovernmentsectorsandCSOactorsbystrengtheningthecapacityofagroupof government andNGO organisations from each county such that theywill be able towork together inplanning and implementing adaptation going forward. The trainingwas structuredaround theAdaptationGoodPractice (AGP)checklist (seebelow).Theaimwas tobuildstronger linkageswithin thecountiesandbetween participating counties and to influence these counties towards well informed integration ofadaptationintheirCountyIntegratedDevelopmentPlans(CIDPs).ALPdevelopedlinkswiththeKenyaCouncilofGovernors,whichprovidesoversightandsupporttothecountygovernments,inparticulartheexecutivesleadingagricultureandenvironment.TheprocessesleadingtothereviewofCIDPsforthe2018-2022periodaswellasthe3rdMediumTermDevelopmentPlanstooperationalisethenationalVision2030developmentdocumentprovidedanopportunityforpromotingCBAandPSPandtheirinclusioninthenationalandcountydevelopment plans. ALP ended before these processes had progressed far. The Agriculture SectorDevelopmentSupportProgramme(ASDSP)ofMoALFcompleteddesignofitsphase2toincludeacontinuationofsupporttocounty-levelPSPsasastrategyforclimate-resilientagricultureoverthenextfouryears.

ContactsmadewithkeypotentialcapacitybuildingpartnersincludetheKenyaCouncilofGovernorsforlinkingwithcounty leadership,whereadaptationactionneedstooccur; theUSAIDPlanning forResilience inEastAfricathroughPolicy,Adaptation,ResearchandEconomicDevelopment(PREPARED)project,whichsupportscapacityfortheEastAfricaCommunity(EAC)climatechangefocalpointsandengagedALPtocollaborateinprovidingtraininginearly2016;andtheKenyaSchoolofGovernmentwhichtookpartinthetestingoftheAdaptationGoodPracticechecklistandworkswithUNDPandKenya’sClimateChangeDirectoratetopreparetrainingcurricula.

ALPCBAmessagesweretakenintoaccountinthedevelopmentandfinalisationoftheKenyaNationalClimateSmartAgriculture(CSA)FrameworkProgramme.Thesefocusedongenderanddifferentialvulnerabilityissuesinagriculturevaluechains,payingattentiontoagro-ecologyasameansofsustainable,productiveandresilientagriculture. They also focused on strengthening farmers’ adaptive capacity to better manage risk anduncertainty,organizelinkswithmarkets,andmakeinformeddecisionsforintegratedDRR–allcontributingtoadaptationgoodpractices.ALPinputstotheseframeworkswasdevelopedincollaborationwithCARE’sAfrica-wide engagement in the Africa Climate Smart Agriculture Alliance (ACSAA) and development of CARE’spositions,whicharealsoinformedbyALPlearning.

ALPparticipatedinthelaterdevelopmentofanationalconceptnotebytheCSAAllianceofKenya(comprisingCARE Kenya,World Vision Kenya, The Nature Conservancy, Catholic Relief Services, ConcernWorldwide,OxfamandCIAT).ALPpushed for the inclusionofprocessesandcapacitybuilding inaddition tohardware(irrigationequipment,seeds,equipmentandinfrastructureforgreenenergy,etc.)intheproposal,whichwaspresentedtopotentialdonorsataconferenceinRome,ItalyandtoaWorldBankmeetingonclimate-smartagriculturein2016.TheWorldBankisfundingCSAinKenya.


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InGhana,capacitybuildingtosupportimplementationofCBAasanintegratedpartofongoingprogrammescontinuedtobeprovidedthroughtrainingandtechnicalsupporttothreeCAREprojects:WAWASH,Pathways,and PROMISE. The trainings focused on CVCAs, CAAP and CBA design process in preparation forimplementationintencommunitiesintheLambussie-Karni.CARE’sPathwaysprojecttrainedandsupportedthepartnershipforruraldevelopment(PRUDA)todevelop15CAAPSintheLambrusieDistrictandsupportedanother 15 communities in theGaru-TempaneDistrict to develop their CAAPs. Pathways programmehasadoptedthefullrangeofCBAapproaches,includingCVCA,CAAPs,VSLAs,agro-ecologypracticesandsupporttodistrict-levelPSPforcommunitymembersintheLambussieandGaru-Tempanedistricts.

LocalNGOs–PRONET,CDA,FRI,andCAPECS–havebeentrainedonCVCA,CBAdesign,CAAPdevelopment,andPSPandareusingtheseskillsintheirprograms.CDAforinstanceisimplementingaWASHprojectfundedbyUNICEFinsixdistrictsintheUpperWestRegionwheretheyadoptedtheCAAPprocessandtweakedittosuittheirCommunityLedTotalSanitation(CLTS)methodology.ThegendertooldevelopedinALPhelpedCDAtounderstandchallengesfacedbymenandwomeninthecommunitieswithregardtoOpenDefecation(OD)anddesignactivitiesappropriately.WiththeirknowledgeoftheCBAdesignprocess,CDAwasabletoadviseUNDP and Ghana’s Environment Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct feasibility analysis of proposedadaptationinitiativesundertheAdaptationFundaimedatpreservingthewaterinfrastructuresintheprojectdistricts. Farm Radio International (FRI) adopted the ALP CVCA tools to independently conduct formativeresearchwithfarmersin16communitiestowardsdevelopingcontentofclimatechangeprogramsforradiobroadcast at radio stations they engage. CAPECS has introduced backyard dry season gardening in thelivelihoodprojectcalledGreaterRuralOpportunityforWomen(GROW),learningfromtheCVCA/CBAtraininganddesignworkshops.Theyhavealsointroducedearlymaturingvarietiesofsoyabeans(JangumaandAfayak)toover2,000womenfarmersworkingin57communitiesintheWaWestdistrictintheUpperWestRegionandlinkedthemwithESOKOclimateservices.Through131VSLAgroups,theyintroducedotheradaptationand livelihood initiatives of soyaproduction, conservation agriculturenotably composting and zero tillagetechnology.Consequently,mechanizedtraction isonthedecline intheWaWestdistrict.ThegendertoolslearnedunderCVCAenabledCAPECStobettertargettheirsupportforwomen.NandomDeaneryintegratedRural Development Program (NANDRIDEP) through the facilitation and training byOxfam developed nineCAAPSforninecommunitiesincludingDRRplansanddistrictfoodsecurityactionplans,ofwhichfiveplansareintegratedintotheNandomDistictplans.

TheGhanaAdaptationFundproject,‘IncreasedResiliencetoClimateChangeinNorthernGhanathroughtheManagementofWaterResourcesandDiversificationofLivelihoods’,adoptedCBAapproachesincludingPSPandVSLA.Thelarge-scaleadoptionofPSPandVSLAisattributabletotheirsimplicityinapplication,relevanceandprovisionofimmediatesolutionstothelivelihoodsoftheusersandthefactthattheyareveryeasytotweakbyadopterstomeettheirspecificneeds.

By relating climate change to disaster risk reduction, the ALP supported communities develop a disasterpreparednessplan.Abottom-upapproachisusedinthedevelopmentofdisasterriskreduction,whichhasbeen adopted by NADMO. MOFA’s Ghana Agricultural Sector Investment Programme (GASIP) has anadaptationcomponentwhichconductsvulnerabilityanalysisasthebasistodesigningadaptationinitiatives.

InNiger,theannualnationaladaptationstakeholderslearningmeetingcontinuedeachyear,bringingtogetherparticipants from all regions of Niger to share best practice and learning and establish synergy acrossinterventions.ALPNigerhostedthekeyconsultativeactorsinvolvedinclimatechangetoshareexperiences,buildcapacityanddeveloplessonsandbestpracticesforCBA.Participantsreflectedonhowtocapitalizeonandcommunicatenationalexperiencesinthefieldofadaptation;strengthentheframeworkfordialogueonadaptationanddiscussCBAasamethodforcommunityresiliencetoclimatechange;andidentifyandsharebest practices, lessons learned and tools related to the CBA approach. Meetings were attended bygovernment, civil society and donors. Key themes were the use of agro-met information, livelihooddiversification, tools and approaches for local adaptation planning, gender and adaptation, advocacy,monitoringandevaluation,andadaptationfinance.ALPledsessionsonadvocacy,agro-metinformationandfinance, sharing experiences of implementing PSP and innovativeM&E systems. The output of the 2015meetingwas a draft action plan framework, underwhich several ALP activities are outlined including co-


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hostingacapacitybuildingworkshopwiththeNigerNationalAdaptationPlanofAction(NAPA)andtheGlobalEnvironmentFacility(GEF)UNDPCBAproject.Thethemeofgenderandadaptationandadvocacyemergedaskey for future plans. ALPwill share good adaptation practices and successful experiences on gender andadvocacyinthecontextofaddressingadaptationandclimatechangeissuesingeneral.

ThreeCBAtrainingoffacilitatorsworkshopswereconductedinNiameyandZinderforpractitionersandCSOswitha focusonsharing lessons from implementationexperience.The latestoneused theALPAdaptationGoodPracticechecklistforsystematiccoverageoftopics.TheCBAregionalizationproject(implementedbythe NAPA Program in Dakoro) draws on ALP CBA approaches in several ways in its interventions in theidentification of strategies and support to communities in implementation,monitoring and evaluation. InrelationtoachievingCBAatscale,ALPNigeridentifiedtheNationalCouncilofEnvironmentforSustainableDevelopment (CNEDD), which is in charge of all climate changematters, and theMinistry of CommunityDevelopment&Planning(M/DC/AT)aspartnersforinfluencingupdatedplanningguidelinesin2016,whenNigerdevelopeditsfive-yeardevelopmentplansnationallyandlocally.ALPs’collaborationwithCNEDDintheNAPAproject inDakorosince2011providedagoodplatformforensuringthatadaptationwas integrated.Manycommunedevelopmentplanshavedonesowithsupportfromvariousprogrammes.However,CNEDDdidnotupdatethenationalguidelinesfordevelopmentplanningaccordingly.

The community-based adaptation approach has been adopted in Niger by several project and programstakeholders,whoimplementitwithorwithoutthesupportofALPintheirrespectiveareasofinterventionoradministrative entities. As above, at the commune level, the commune development plans increasinglyintegrateclimaterisksandtake intoaccountCAAPsresultingfromtheCBAapproach.ThemostsuccessfuladoptionisbythePRESENCEprojectofBRACEDalsoimplementedbyCARENigerintheregionofTillabéry.ThisprojectwasdesignedentirelyonthebasisoftheALPapproachandusesCVCAandCBAplanningtools.ThePRESENCEprojectisscalingupCBAinthecommunesoftheregionofTillabéryincludingtheinnovationofusingaclusterapproach,whichmakesitpossibletoregroupasetofcommunitieswithsimilarlandusesandachieveefficienciesofplanningandreach.TheCBAregionalizationprojectimplementedbythePANAPrograminDakoroiscurrentlytheonlydedicatedCBAprojectinNigerbeyondALPandBRACED.However,severallocalnon-governmental organizations have incorporated CBA into their respective strategic plans and areimplementing CBA micro-projects. This is the case of DEMI-E in the Zinder region, the NGO LeadershipChallengeinMaradi,AGIRinDakoro,ARENinMaradi,andISCVinKonni.

Atprogrammelevel,ALPcontributeditsexperiencesinmainstreamingsuccessfulCBAapproaches–PSPandintegrating adaptation into local development planning – towards the World Resources Institute (WRI)adaptationscalingframework,whichWRIthendevelopedintoatrainingmodulefortheirroleinGCFreadinesscapacitybuildingwithUNDPandUNEP.ALPhasshareditslearningonhowtoachievescalewithPSPinKenyaatatwo-dayWorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)conferenceinIndia,aWRIsideeventatCOP21,attheCCDAVconferenceandattheclimateservicesconference, ICCS5.Asaconsequence,ALP joinedwithWRIandtheClimate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) in Kenya to support capacity building of proposaldevelopmentteamsforGCF.DemandforcapacitybuildingandCBAadoptioncontinued.Forinstance,CAREBeninrequestedsupporttodeveloptheirlinkswiththeAgricultureMinistrycapabilitybuildingonadaptation.CARE Chad has adopted the ALP CBA planning approach. An ACSAA concept note in Zambia, Kenya andTanzaniaincludedapproachestocommunity-basedadaptationdevelopedbyALP.TheAdaptationFundEastAfricaACREIprojectincludesPSPandclimatefieldschools.

RegionalCBAandCIStrainings.ALPcontributedtoandhostedaseriesofregionalCBAandCIStrainings.ALPwasaco-trainerwithGCAPinanEastAfricaadaptationtrainingunderthePREPAREDprogrammewithEastAfricaCommunity(EAC)tostrengthenthecapacityofEACstakeholderstodesign,coordinateandimplementcross-sectoral climate resilientplansand strategies. TheAfricanCentre forTechnologyStudies (ACTS)andUniversityofNairobihostedatrainingontheGreenClimateFund(GCF)forEastAfricanparticipants,inwhichALPprovidedthetrainingsessionsonadaptation.

CARE is implementinga largeUSAIDDFAPprogramme inMali,Harande, focusingonpastoralist resilience.BasedontheirrequestforcapacitybuildingandALPgoalsofregionaloutreach,ALPdeliveredawebinarto


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introduce themain concepts, afterwhich ALP and the Harande project partnered to host a francophonetraininginMaliforWestAfrican,mainlySahelian,countriesonadaptationandclimateresilienceinpracticeincludingCBAandCIS.ParticipantsweredrawnfromalltheUSAIDDFAPprogrammesinMali;theCanadianInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre(IDRC)CARIAAconsortiumprogramme,ASSAR,whichresearchesdrylandadaptation;CCAFSandENACTsinMali;BRACEDprogrammesinMaliandBurkinaFaso;CAREinIvoryCoast;IeDAfriqueinSenegalandothersfromBeninandCameroon.CommitmentsweremadetoimplementCBAandPSP (seeoutput2.1countryPSPadoption).TheWestAfrica trainingprovided themomentumtodevelopafour-and-a-half-daytrainingcurriculumwithdetailedsessionplans,powerpointsandexercisesandwithinputscommissionedfromrelatedprogrammesbeyondALP.HenceASSARsharedavulnerabilitywalkgamedevelopedfromtheRedCrossClimateCentreandsharedontheirparticipatoryscenariodevelopmentand transformative adaptation work; ENACTs map rooms were explained by partners of IRI; and twoparticipantssharedtheirworkwithadaptationfinance.ThesametrainingdesignandcontentwasdeliveredbyALP inanAnglophone training forEast,HornofAfrica,WestandSouthernAfricancountries,alsowithASSARandENACTsinputsaswellassessionsfromCCAFS,ICPACandCAREEthiopia’ssocialanalysisandactiontool.ThisallowedforthetrainingmaterialsandsessionplanstobefurtherelaboratedandproducedinEnglishaswellasFrench.Seepublicationlistforlinkstothecurriculumandmaterials.

BothtrainingswereadvertisedwidelyacrosstheAfricaregionandwereoversubscribed.Participantswereselectedfromtheinformationtheyprovidedintheregistrationformstoensureagroupwhichwasmotivatedtolearnandneededtheinformationintheirworkcontext.Fromthetwotrainings,atotalof60participantsfrom19Africancountriesenhancedtheirconceptualunderstandingandknowledgeofpracticalapproachestowardsachievingclimate-resilientdevelopment,adaptationgoodpractices,andtheroleofclimateservicesin adaptation decision making. The USAID DFAP projects in Mali, BRACED programmes, CARE countryprogrammesinfoodandnutritionsecurityandresilience,andarangeofother,mainly INGOandresearch(CGIAR), organisations appreciated the interactive training approach and content based on ALP learningcombinedwithstandardadaptationknowledge.Participantevaluationsinbothtrainingswerehighlypositive.Participantshavecontinuedcommunicating fromtheEnglish trainingthroughaWhatsAppgroup.BRACEDBurkinaFasoandtheWWFAfricaAdaptationInitiativeareadoptingtoolstoimprovecapacityandresponsestodifferentialvulnerability.TheCAREparticipantshavebeenlinkedtoCARE'sSouthernAfricalearninggrouponclimateresilienceagriculturetomaintainmomentumandsupportmainstreamingofCBAandCISinCARE’sworkinthisregion.

AdaptationGoodPracticeChecklist(AGP)development.In2016ALPidentifiedtheneedformorestructuredbreakdownofadaptationinpracticewhichappliestoalltypesofadaptation–whether‘mainstream’,CBAorecosystemsbased–tobettercommunicateandincreaseunderstandinganduseofcoreadaptationconcepts,principlesandpractices.ALP’spracticallearningandevidence,theresultsofcost-benefitanalysisdoneinALPphase 1, and learning from several other programmes, including ACCRA and BRACED, has shown thatadaptationsuccessdependsasmuchon‘software’processessuchasriskandvulnerabilityanalysis,adaptivecapacitystrengthening,anddecisionmakingandinformationsystemsasitdoeson‘hardware’interventionsoradaptationstrategieswhicharedevelopmentsector-specificorDRR-related.However,manyadaptationprogrammedesignsandNationalAdaptationPlanscontinuetopredetermineadaptationstrategiesandunder-resourcesupporttoflexibleandanticipatory,locallydeterminedmulti-stakeholderdecisionmaking.

ALP developed an Adaptation Good Practice checklist (AGP) towards multiple purposes to help guideadaptation finance, proposal design, screen adaptation interventions, mainstream climate resilience intosectorprogrammes,supporttrainingcontentandcurriculumdesign,andoveralltoprovideasynthesisofallof ALP’s practical adaptation learning over seven years of implementation. The checklist was developedthroughconsultationwithALP’sstrategicregionalpartnersandKenyanationalcollaboratorsandanalysisofawiderangeofexistingframeworksanddocumentsincludingadaptationpracticefromALPandothers,UNEPadaptationgapreports,theParisAgreement,andexistingguidelinesforAdaptationFundandGCF.TheAGPchecklistconsistsofninegoodpractices,eachwiththreetofourcriteria,whichtogetherpresentacoherentsetofpeople-centredprocesses,whichwillensureaprojecthasfullyconsideredthenecessaryelementsforachievingadaptationandclimateresilience(seeALPPublicationList inAnnex1).TheAGPsweretestedin


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KenyaandusedtoinformtrainingsinNiger,Kenyaandthetworegionaltrainings,allofwhichprovidedusefulfeedback for improving their presentation, guiding their use, and identifying the aspectsmost in need offurther attention. For example, adaptive management is a critical requirement to ensure ongoing andresponsive action, but there is limited information on its practical application. As noted by the 2017 ALPevaluation,‘TheAGPsholdgoodpromise,althoughanenhancedcommunicationeffortisrequiredtoensureuptakeandthattheirapplicationunfoldsasALPintended’.ALPembarkedonanelaborationtounpackeachpracticeandcriteriaandlinkthemtopracticaltoolsandapproachesaswellastoadaptationfinanceguidance.There were insufficient time and resources to complete this work before ALP closed. However, the AGPchecklistasitstandshaspotentialforwidedisseminationofcoreadaptationpracticesinashortandrelativelysimpledocument. In this regard, it haspotential to influence adoptionof improvedquality adaptationbyprogrammesandothers(seealsooutput3).

Analysisofresultsandkeylessonsforoutput2ALPconductedasurveyonCBAadoptionandcapacityin2016.Of69surveyrespondents,thehighestnumberofCBAadopterswereamongpeoplewhoserolefocusesprimarilyonagricultureandfoodsecurity,followedbyecosystemsrelatedwork,adaptationandresilience,planning,disaster risk reduction,and lastlygenderequality.NGOsareleadingamongtherespondentsadoptingCBAfollowedbygovernmentinstitutionswiththemostadoptedCBAapproachesbeingPSP,CVCA,CBAplanningandgenderinCBA.37oftherespondentsgavedetailsofprojectswhereCBAapproachesareused,reportingatotalof3,209,542beneficiaries,ofwhich57%werewomen,fromprojectsinBenin,Cameroun,Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya,Uganda,Zimbabwe,Tanzania,Lesotho,Malawi,Mozambique,Niger,andZambia.Thetypeofadaptationbenefitsmostcitedforarangeoflivestock keepers, farmers and small-scale entrepreneurs primarily in dryland areas were increasedparticipationinplanninganddecisionmaking,accesstonewvarietiesandinputsforagricultureandlivestock,andhighercropyields/livestockproduction/health.96%oftherespondentssaidthatattendingALPcapacitybuilding and learningeventswasuseful or veryuseful andhad led touseful knowledge/learning/insights,changedunderstandingandcommitmenttoadaptation,andpracticingwhattheylearntonadaptation.MostimportantremainingcapacityneedswereforCVCAanalysis,DRR,genderanalysisinadaptation,earlywarningusing climate information, integrating DRR and livelihoods, PSP and participatory community adaptationactionplanning.SeeAnnex3forasummaryofthesurveyfindings.

Promotionandscalingofcommunity-basedadaptationandclimateinformationservicesALPpaidattentiontoraisingvisibilityandcapacityforupscalingofCBAthroughparallelactivities,whichworktogether.TrainingandmentoringofpartnersandotherorganizationsinvolvedinadaptationworkinAfricacontributedtobuildingthebodyofexpertiseneeded.InstitutionalizingCBAapproachesthroughcollaborativeengagements from the startwith theactors suchas local governmentsprovided thebasis for subsequentmainstreamingand integration intopolicy.Collaborationand joint curriculumdevelopmentwithpotentialtraininginstitutionsintheregionwouldensuresustainableaccesstoadaptationlearningfrompractice–seeoutput4formoreonthis.Keytosuccessfulscalingisafocusonestablishingatscalesystemsforinformationaccessandco-generationofknowledgewherelocalknowledgehasaroletoplayinmulti-stakeholderdecisionmakingprocesses.

InstrengtheningCBAatscale,ALPfocusedprimarilyonscale-outandscale-upofclimateinformationservices,andonprovidingcapacitybuilding.ThemostsuccessfulexamplesofPSPscale-upcomefromKenya,MalawiandZimbabwewherePSPhasbeensuccessfullyscaledbothoutandup.Intotal,itwouldappearthatthereispotentialforCBAactivitiestobeongoinginatleast17countriesacrossAfricaasaresultofALP’sefforts.PSPhasbeenadoptedbydifferentorganisationsandinstitutionsinseveralcountries.Ensuringgoodandsustainedqualityofclimateinformationservicescontinuestobeachallenge,especiallygiventherapidspreadanduseof the PSP approach. In Kenya, ALP changed its role fromdirect PSP facilitation and technical support tofacilitatingreviewworkshopswheretherangeofPSPpractitionersareabletoreflectandlearntogetherongoodpractice,newinnovation,assessmentofparticipation,genderresponsiveness,cascadingbenefitsacrossgeographicalscope,andonharderchallengessuchassustainablefundingforPSPsandinstitutionalisationoflocalgovernment-ledmulti-stakeholder forums.ALP’scontributionhasevolved fromdirect support inALPcountriestotrainingoftrainers,tofacilitationofreview,reflectionandrefinementoftheapproach,todesign


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andmentoringofPSPchampionstoconducttrainings,andtoanimpactassessmentstudytoinformfutureimprovements.AsmoreorganisationsandinstitutionsadoptPSP,thefocusofworkisonensuringlong-termsustainabilityoftheapproachthroughintegrationintosectoral,developmentandadaptationplanningandpoliciesatdistrict,county,nationalandregionallevels.ALPisencouragingotherstostartusingPSPandlookingtowardsIGADClimatePredictionandApplicationCentre(ICPAC)andAGRHYMETaspotentialorganisationsformaintaining quality and dynamic evolution of PSPwithin the landscape of CIS development. LearningeventsinGhanasharingthepracticalrelevanceofALPCBAmodelsandstrategiesledtorequestsforhelpwiththeir institutionalizationandupscaling.FAOinGhanahasadoptedtheALPCommunity InformationCentre(CIC)modelandmodifieditasVillageInformationCentres(VICs)toenableMOFAintheircommunicationofCSAstrategiestofarmers.

Overall, investments in trainingandmulti-stakeholderengagementprocesses resulted ina renewed focusamongstnationalandcountystakeholdersandpartnersindevelopingfurthertheutilityofclimateinformationservicesacrosstheprogrammeareas.Akeyoutcomeofthishasbeenthecontinuedreviewandlearningfromdiverseexperiencesacrosscountiesandenhancedspreadofrelevantclimateadvisoriestolowergeographicallevels.Inlinewiththeobjectiveofscaling,ALPsupportedpartnerinstitutionswhoarealreadymainstreamingCBA, for examplePSPsnation-widebyKMDandASDSP inKenya, to consolidate, deepenand continue toensurequality,learningcapacityandimprovementintheirapplicationoftheapproaches,aswellasensuringevidenceoftheirvalueandimpactisgenerated.

Withthecurrentglobalattentiononimprovingclimateinformationservicestobettersupportadaptationandresilientdevelopment(e.g.DFID-supportedWISERandBRACEDprojects,ACPCandAMCOMETevents,USAIDClimateServicesforResilientDevelopmentandGlobalFrameworkforClimateServices),evidencefromtheimpactassessmentwillbeusefulfor influencingfurtherscalingofgoodpractice inuser-responsiveclimateinformationservicesfromALP’sexperiencesandlearning.


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PSPadoptioninDecember2016NB.In2017,PSPhasalsobeenadoptedinBurkinaFaso.

ALPalsohasaroleinensuringaclearfocusonusersandtheirneedsandcapacitiesforCIS.Climateinformationservices is not just a matter of participation but also representation in terms of whose interests andperspectives are served by climate information services. For example, how to design climate informationservices inagender-sensitivewaywillcontinuetobeakeyareaof focus.Theuser-basedclimateservicesknowledgevaluechainhaspotentialtoinfluenceclimateserviceswhichreachthe‘lastmile’andenableactiveparticipation,ownershipanddecisionmakingbycommunitymembersandlocalsectorserviceprovidersinthecontextofco-developingclimateservices.

DemonstratingtheutilityofCBAandPSPatthelocallevelandhowthishasbenefittedcommunitiesandthentranslatingandshowingthistobothregionalandnationalbodieshasbeenextremelyeffectiveinrealisingtheadoption and recognition of these approaches. ALP developed a good reputation which enabled theprogramme to receive requests for capacity support and opportunities to work alongside mainstreamgovernmentsystemsandservicestosupportintegrationofadaptation.

Climateresilienceinsectordevelopment.ALPmadeeffortstointegrateitslearningintothegrowingbodyofworkonclimateresilience.OneofthereasonsALPremainedrelevantwasitsabilitytoadapttothechangingnarrativearoundclimatechangeandstayatthevanguardofapproacheswhiledemonstratingtheirusefulness.ALP learningonadaptivecapacity, itsunpacking into the fiveelementsdevelopedbyACCRAand focusonadapting in the face of continuous change and uncertainty influenced CARE’s framing on smallholderagriculture and climate resilience. With its learning and people-centred focus, ALP aimed to articulateconceptsandchanges inadaptive capacity as simplyas feasibleandat the same time show the linksandimportance of embedding absorptive, anticipatory and transformative capacities as promoted by CARE’sframework and by for example the BRACED programme. Learning on the relationship between adaptive


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capacity,decisionmakingforaction,localownership,andlong-termresilienceiswidelydocumentedbyALPfromCBA experiences in each country. Bringing this learning into specific sector programmes has been achallenge,thoughtherehasbeensomesuccesswithCSAprogrammesinKenyaandGhanaandDRRsystemsinNigerandGhana.Thereisarealriskthatthecontributionofadaptationtoresilienceisreducedtoclimateinformationandtechnicalinterventions,whichmustbecounteredbyevidencefromandeconomicbenefitsofsocialmulti-stakeholderprocessesandstrengtheningofcapacities.

Climateknowledgebrokering.Initsfacilitation,capacitybuildingandupscalingofCBAandCISALPrecognizedacriticalcapacitygapthatrequiresfurtherattentioninadaptationandresiliencebuildingprogrammesandpolicyframeworks.Climateknowledgebrokeringencompassesallaspectsoflearning,evidence,informationprovision,linkagesacrossactorswhichenablesmulti-stakeholderengagement,decisionmaking,andactiononanongoingbasis.Theconsciousroleandskillofaknowledgebroker–whomaybefromanyandalltheinstitutions involved – is a determinant of the success of adaptationplanningprocesses, climate services,vertical and horizontal linkages, shaping of the enabling environment, relevance and appropriateness ofcontentofnationalpolicy,NAPsandadaptation financeproposals.Goodknowledgebrokeringwillensurewell-informeddecisionsatalltheselevelswithunderstandingoftheimportanceandpracticalimplicationsofinclusiveactioncentredonthemostvulnerablepeople.OverthesevenyearsofALP,theALPteamsdevelopedskillsinworkshopfacilitationandtrainingusinginnovativeandparticipatorytechniques,whichwerefurtherenhanced in the ALP retreat in 2016 (see output 4.1). ALP developed a relationship with the ClimateKnowledgeBrokersgrouptohelpbringthisaspectintothelimelightandstarttoelaboratewaysinwhichitcanbebettertakenintoaccount(seeoutput4.2ontheALFAevent).


Access,allocationanduseofadaptationfinanceisinfluencedinsupportofCBAinALPcountriesandregionsOutput3 Indicator3.1 Milestone2016andTarget2017

Access,allocationanduseofadaptationfinanceisinfluencedinsupportofCBAinALPcountriesandregions

3.1ExtenttowhichbudgetallocationsareinfluencedtoincludeCBAapproacheswithdirectaccessbylocallevelandnon-governmentorganisations,inALPcountries(byAF/GCF/CIF/LDCFimplementingentities/NDAsandnationalgovernmentbudgetdecisionmakersfordevelopmentandDRR)

2016:KnowledgeandcapacitybuiltforincludingCBAapproachesinadaptationfinanceallocationsbyAF/GCFimplementingentities/NDAsandnationalgovernmentbudgetdecisionmakersfordevelopmentandDRR2017:CBAapproachesanddirectaccessincludedinnationalcriteriaandimplementingguidelinesforadaptationfinanceinALPcountries

Indicator3.2 Milestone2016andTarget2017

3.2Extenttowhichcivilsocietyorganisationsadvocatinglocallyandnationallyforaccountable,transparentandeffectiveallocationanduseoffundsinsupportofcommunity-basedadaptationactions

2016:3CSOnetworkswithmechanismsdevelopedfortrackingadaptationfinanceallocationandflowsandanalysisofinclusionofCBAapproachesinALPcountries2017:CSOtrackingofadaptationfinancehasinfluencedtransparencyandaccountabilityofflowstovulnerablepeopleinatleast3countries

Indicator3.3 Milestone2016andTarget2017

3.3ExtenttowhichglobalcivilsocietyorganisationsareadvocatingintheUNFCCCagreementprocessforanenablingenvironmentforinclusionofCBAprinciplesinadaptationfinancecommitments,mechanismsandcriteria

2016:CSOpromotionofCBAapproachesanddirectengagementinnegotiationsatCOP21inParisandforGCFandAFguidelines2017:CoordinatedandsustainedCSOadvocacyformeetingadaptationfinancecommitmentsthatareinformedbyCBAanddirectaccessprinciples.

ALPcountriesareatverydifferentlevelsofnationalaccreditationanddirectaccesstothemainclimatefunds,i.e.theAdaptationFund(AF)andtheGreenClimateFund(GCF).ALPoutput3aimedtoinfluenceGhana,Niger,Kenya and potentially other African countries to ensure that adaptation finance is accessed and used insupportofeffectiveandwell-informedclimateresilientdevelopmentforthosewhoaremostvulnerableto


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theimpactsanduncertaintyofclimatechange.Thismeansnotonlyengagingdirectlyinthefinanceprocessesbutalsointhesurroundingpolicyenvironment,whichdeterminespriorities,suchastheINDCssubmittedtoUNFCCCinadvanceoftheParisCOP21andtheprocessofdevelopingNationalAdaptationPlans(NAP).Wheretheseareagreed,thoseresponsibleforimplementationarestillinneedofcapacityandresourcestoact,aswellasconvincingevidenceofsuccessofgoodadaptation(andCBA)practicesandprinciples.Aspectssuchasthe need to resource adaptive capacity as a pre-condition to success of ‘hardware’ interventions underchangingclimaticconditions,theroleofplanningatalocallevel,andensuringthatclimatefinancereachesthemostvulnerableneedtoreinforced.BasiccapacityonhowtoapplyCBAisneeded.Assuringtransparencyand accountability in the governance of adaptation finance requires civil society organisations to play awatchdogrolenationallyandlocally.Thetargetsforoutputs2and3aredifferent,butinterrelated–successfulpracticalup-scalinginoutput2providesasupplyofCBA,whilepolicyandfinanceinfluenceinoutput3createsademandfortargetedfinanceforup-scalingofCBAunderoutput2.ALP’sstrategywastobuildonitsexistingrelationswithadaptationfinanceactors,relevantnetworksandabilitytoengageatall levels fromlocaltoglobal.

FormalpartnershipsweredevelopedwiththreenationalCSOnetworks(oneineachALPcountry)andwithPACJAregionallytoensurethatALPadvocacyandpolicyengagementwerefullygroundedin,supportedandlearnedfromAfricanCSOinitiatives.Thisinitiative,dubbedALAP(AdaptationLearningandAdvocacyProject,thechannelfordeliveringoutput3)wassupportedbytheDanishClimateandEnvironmentFundunderCISU.The CSO networks were the key vehicle through which country-specific results were achieved. ALPstrengthened their national advocacy capacity for accountable, transparent and effective use of funds tosupport gender-responsive CBA. ALAP’s support to the development of advocacy strategies contributedsignificantlytoresultsaccruedongender-responsiveCBA(Kenya),andinnovativeclimatefinance(Niger).Thenational CSO partners demonstrated dexterity and determination to achieve national recognition andcontributetoinfluencingnationaldecisionsinNAPsandadaptationfinance.

ThesecondmajorcontributiontoALP’sabilitytoinfluenceadaptationfinanceatdifferentstagesofreadiness,design, proposal development, implementation planning and monitoring was the development of theAdaptationGoodPracticeChecklist(AGP)asdescribedinoutput2.2.TheAGPchecklistisintendedforusebyall actors involved inprojectdevelopment and implementationwhen consideringhow toplanandactonprioritiesforadaptationproposalsandNAPs.Thechecklistguidessystematicandpracticalreviewofconcepts,proposals,workplansandadaptationinitiativesatallstagesofdevelopmentandimplementationtoensurethatadaptationhasbeenmainstreamedcomprehensively.Thesetofpracticesincorporatecorerequirementslaiddown in theNAPguidelinesandGCFconceptguidancenote, thoughthiscouldbemoreexplicit.TheycomplementtheJointPrinciplesofAdaptation(JPAs)developedbytheSouthernVoicesprogramme,whichsupportsCSOadvocacyonaccountabilityandtransparencyaswellaskeypolicymessagesfordecisionmakerstofocusoninclusionandvulnerablegroups.

Outputindicator3.1–BudgetallocationsareinfluencedtoincludeCBAapproachesInKenya ALP initiated itsengagement in adaptation finance byhosting abreakfast roundtable for policymakers,donorsandCSOsonclimatefinanceinJune2015tointerrogatethecurrentstatusofclimatefinancebudgetingonwhatandforwhomandemphasiseinclusionofthemostvulnerableandCBAprinciplesintheapproaches undertaken. The National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the Adaptation Fund, the NationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority(NEMA),andtheGCFNationalDesignatedAuthority(NDA),theNationalTreasury,sharedtheirperspectiveswhileALPsharedgoodCBApractices.Fromthisstart,ALPengagedovertheextensionphasewithclimatefinancereadinessactorssuchasUNDP,UNE,CDKN,andWRIinarangeofactivities.TheseincludedanationalpreparednessprocesstodevelopindicatorsforclimatechangeplansandbudgetsintheCountyIntegratedDevelopmentPlans(CIDP);providingcommentsontheDraftClimateFinancePolicy;contributingadaptationsessionstotheGCFreadinesstrainingco-hostedbytheTreasury,CDKNandWRI;andsupporting theClimateChangeDirectorate (CCD)adaptationteam inassessing theNAPtowardspracticalrollout.


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In February2016, theNationalAdaptation FundProgrammemanagedbyNEMAwas launched inNairobi.NEMAexpressedaninterestinusingCVCAsforthebaselineforalltheelevenimplementinginstitutionsandALP finally supported this for theCoastalDevelopmentAuthority-ledproject.NEMAwasaccreditedas anAccredited Entity (AE) by theGCF board through the fast track process, having already gone through theaccreditationprocessundertheAF.TheGCFNDA(Treasury)andAE(NEMA)developedGCFproposals.WhileALPcontributedtotheinceptionandinitialtraining,thegovernmentdecisionforparticipationinprioritisationandproposaldevelopmentteamsexcludednon-stateactorsfromtheprocess.Nofurtheropportunitiesweregained to influence theproposals,whichwerealleventually rejectedby theGCF.Anoption toassess theagricultureproposalagainsttheAGPchecklistwasproposed,butbythistimeALPwasalreadyclosing.

AGPtestingforNAProllout.ALPsharedthecontentoftheAGPsandtheirkeymessagesonadaptationinpractice,suchasensuringabalancebetweenhardwareandsoftware,investinginlong-termprocessesthatensureongoingplanninginformedbyriskanalysis,gender-responsivefinancing,andensuringtheengagementandinputfromtheaffectedcommunities.Thiswasdoneintwoevents:i)aworkshoptopresenttheAGPsandtestthemagainsttwosectionsoftheKenyaNAP(livestockandvulnerablegroups)withparticipationofkeystakeholdersatthenationallevel,includingtheclimatechangedirectorate,MoALFincludinglivestock,NEMA,the Treasury, the Kenya School of Governors, CDKN, and others, and ii) at a Kenya pre-UNFCCC COP22workshopco-hostedbyALPtostrengthenthecapacityofnegotiatorsandCSOstoengageintheclimatetalkswithregardtoadaptationandadaptationfinance.AsaresultofthetwoeventsandfeedbackfromtheClimateChangeDirectorate(CCD),theKenyagovernmentlogofeaturesinthefinalAGPpublicationasacollaboratorintheirproduction.Buildingonthis,ALPco-hostedasideeventatCOP22withNEMAandCCDdiscussingthevalue of theAGPs in the context of Kenya’sNAP and adaptation finance intentions, followingwhich theyexpressedinteresttotestitfurther.

Twofurtherpre-COP22meetingswereheldwiththeclimatefinancegovernancenetwork,CARE’sSouthernVoicesonAdaptationprogramme,and theKenyaClimateChangeDirectorateonkeyagenda itemsat theCOP22includingtransparencyandaccountabilityintheUNFCCCagreements.ALPandtheCCDco-hostedthepre-Bonnstrategymeetingtobuildcapacityfornegotiatorstobemoreeffectiveonadaptation,agricultureandgenderintheBonnintersessionaltalksinMay2016.ALPworkedwiththenationalgovernmenttoreviewtheunsuccessfuldraftdecisionpresentedbytheAfricaGroupofNegotiators(AGN)inDecember2016attheCOP22inMarrakech.ThediscussionsatthemeetingfedintotheAGNdraftdecision,whichwasadoptedbyGroupof77andre-introducedintheBonn2017talksonagriculture.

TheKenyaClimateChangeActpassedbyparliament inMay2016 isaprogressivebillwhich incorporatesadaptationprinciplesandpracticeswhichsupportCBAasamainstreamapproachparticularlyatcountylevel.ALPparticipatedinthecountyawarenessraisingeventsandcontributedtothenationallevelconsultations,withGCCWGandACTs.ThroughtheprocesstodevelopthenextroundofCountyIntegratedDevelopmentPlansandMTP3inthecontextofcountydevolutionandtheClimateChangeAct,interestisgrowinginKenyato see climate finance reaching the county level. The challenge remains to ensure that finance is used tosupportclimateresilientdevelopment.Forthis,moreattentionandeffortisneededincountylevelcapacitybuilding.TheexecutiveforenvironmentinKenya’sCouncilofGovernorsattendedtheAfricaLearningForumonAdaptation(ALFA2017) learningevent(seeoutput4) togetherwithNEMA,ACTsandothers,addingtotheirexposure,buy-in,capacityandmotivationtopromotehighqualityadaptation.TheClimateFinancePolicyandKenyaClimateChangeFundareinprocessofbeingagreedandwillcontainguidelines.

Asaresultofthelong-termworkingrelationshipbuiltwithgovernmentdepartments(includingCCD)workingonclimatechange,ALPKenyawasinvitedtojoinanationalleveladaptationcommitteebeingformedbytheGovernmentofKenyatoprovidetechnicalsupporttotheoverallNAProll-outinKenya.ALPengagementandposition inthenationaladaptationcommitteehaspotential to influencethe inclusionofCBAwithinthesepoliciesifCAREKenyamaintainsthelink.MoreactiveadvocacywillbeneededtoensuretheJointPrinciplesonAdaptation(JPA)andtheAGPpracticesareusedforadvocatingonprogrammaticandtechnicalfinancedecisions.


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InGhana, atpolicy level, CBA has been included intoGhana’s 10-yearNational Climate Change LearningStrategy(NCCLS,2016-2025)developedbyEPAandsubmittedtoUNFCCCinJanuary2016andtheMediumTerm Agricultural Sector Investment Plan (METASIP II). The National Development Planning Commission(NDPC) launched a 40-year development planning framework for 2018-2057, which includes resilientdevelopment. Increased capacity by government institutions on CBA approaches and climate finance isobserved to be a key influencer in the budgetary decisions and allocations for CBA interventions. Acomparativeanalysisofthe2010-13MTDPsagainstthe2014-17MTDPsofthethreeALP-supporteddistrictsclearly reveals thatan increase in theknowledgeandskillsof theDistrictPlanningandCoordinatingUnits(DPCUs)resultedineffectiveintegrationofCBAapproachesintotheirMTDPsandanincreaseinallocationoffunds in their plans and budgets for CBA initiatives. This is attributed to ALP’s influence on the MTDPsguidelines and nation-wide capacity building of the MMDAs in collaboration with NDPC prior to thedevelopmentofthe2014MediumTermDevelopmentPlan(MTDP).Findingsfromastudyconductedin2015onclimatechangefinanceinGhanabytheOverseasDevelopmentInstitute(ODI)andInstituteforStatistic,SocialandEconomicResearch(ISSER)showedthattheNDPCguidebookfortheMTDPrepresentsasignificantpolicyinstrumentintermsofclimatechangemainstreamingatdistrictlevel(ODI/ISSER2015,pagevii).

Climatefinance. Implementationof theUS$8,293,972AdaptationFundprojecton 'IncreasedResiliencetoClimate Change in Northern Ghana through the Management of Water Resources and Diversification ofLivelihoods' in ten districts and 40 communities in NorthernGhana provided an opportunity to influenceadoption of CBA approaches. PSP and dry season gardening have been taken up. ALP supported a localstakeholder review workshop to bring together chiefs, district assemblies and local NGOs with theimplementingagency,EPA,toensureverticallinkagesfromthestart.

TheAFprojectisimplementedbyUNDPasGhanadoesnotyethaveanAFNIE.TheMinistryofFinance(MoF)hasbeenappointedtheGCFNDAbutdoesnothaveaccesstotheGCF.AccreditationoftheappointedAEs(EcobankandSocial InvestmentFund) iscontinuouslydelayed,althoughtheprocess ismovingahead.TheMinistryofFinancehavecommittedtoaddressclimatechangeintheirbudgetanddevelopedatrackingtoolto identify climate change-related expenditures. In readiness for the GCF, ALP developed links with theMinistryofFinanceandincludedthemintheLearningRoute(seebelow).

TheMinistryofEnvironment,Science,Technologyand Innovation (MESTI)andMoFhave takensignificantstepstowardsmeetingcivilsocietydemands,suchasopeninguptheselectionofAccreditedEntities(AEs)forGCFtocompetitiveandtransparentprocess,timelyinformationsharingontheselectedAE(ECOBANKGhana),andensuringaccessibilitytorelevantofficialclimatedocumentationbygeneralpublic.Furtherstepstowardspublic transparency include the introduction of the Ghana Climate Data Hub(http://www.climatedatahubgh.com). Under the UNDP GCF Readiness programme,MoF has developed aClimate Change Tracking Tool. The tool builds on the UNDP Classification of Climate Relevant ActivitiesApproachlinkedtothegenericClimatePublicExpendituresandInstitutionalReview(CPEIR)tool.ThetrackingtoolinformedanewsetofguidelinesbyMoFandMESTItoaccountforclimatechangeexpendituresinthe2016nationalbudget.Itincludesclimatechangespecificbudgetcodestoenablemonitoringofquantitiesandflowofclimatechangeresourcesat levelofcentralgovernment.Theyalsodevelopedaprioritizationtool,accordingtowhichGCFproposalsaredevelopedandselectedaccordingtocriteriaalignedwiththeNationalClimateChangePolicy,atemplatetorecordsuccessfulprojects,andaguidefortheoperationalizationoftheGCFTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee.

ALPinfluence.ALPprovidedfeedbackonthesetoolsandmanualsusingandpromotingtheAdaptationGoodPracticeChecklistandJointPrinciplesofAdaptationthroughCSOs,includingtheGhanaALAPorganisationalpartner,ABANTU.ALPhelpedinbridgingthespacebetweentheNDA,NIEandcivilsocietyandintablingtheneed forEnhancedDirectAccess.Thiswasdone inmeetingsbetweengovernmentandCSO (see3.2)andthroughtargetedlobbyingoftheMoFGCFSecretariat,andthroughinvolvementofkeydonorssuchasUNDP,EU,andtheFrenchEmbassy.

AkeymeansofinfluencewasaPolicyLearningRoute,organisedbyALPinJune2016.KeyactorsincludingtheMinistryofFinance(GCFNDA),theEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA,whichsupervisestheGhanaAF


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project),theGhanaAgriculturalSectorInvestmentProgram(GASIPhostedbyMOFA),NADMO,GMET,NDPC,and FAO participated. The learning route gave participants a practical learning experience on CBAinterventionsintheALPcommunityofTarigangainGaru-TempaneDistrict.Thelearningvisitprovidedaspacefor exchange of experiences between District Planning Officers and District Chief Executives of theparticipatingALPdistricts.TheNadowli-KaleoDistrictChiefExecutive,HonJohnBoscoBomansaang,approvedbudgets for the constructionof fourdry seasonvegetable gardensafterhaving learnt first-hand from theexperiencesinTariganga.ThetripwasanopportunityforAccra-basedpolicycoordinatorstobetterappreciatecommunity-drivenproblemsolving.Manynotedtheimpactofcommunallybuiltwellsandgranaries.Throughcriticaldebates,thevisitorsalsoprovidedusefulfeedbacktotheALPteam,suchastheneedtocostmodelsorelementsofCBAforbetteruptake.

InNiger,collectivelearningfromALPandtheUNDPNAPAprojectjoinedtogethertoinfluencetheNigerNDC,which (as in other francophone West African countries) was heavily weighted towards mitigation whileadaptationwas linked to sustainable natural resourcemanagement. ALP and UNDP pushed for a holisticapproach to adaptation incorporating the soft aspects (planning processes, DRR, local adaptive capacity,climateinformation,etc.),adaptedtotheSaheliancontext,butthiswasnotentirelysuccessful.ALPuseditslearningonearlywarning,climateinformation,andlocaladaptivecapacitytoinfluencethedesignofariskmanagementandresilienceprogrammebythenationalHighCommissionfortheNiger‘3N’initiative,whichfocuses on achieving and sustaining food security in Niger. The final draft programme document has anadaptation component, which incorporates core CBA principles, including adaptive capacity building foranalysisandanticipationofcrises.

ALP Niger continued to have a direct relationwith CNEDD (Conseil National de l'Environnement pour unDéveloppementDurable) and to support CSOparticipation in the CNEDD technical committees. CNEDD isresponsible for issuesofvariabilityandclimatechangeand isaccreditedas theNigerNationalDesignatedAuthority (NDA) for the GCF and currently directly manages all adaptation funds, e.g. for the NAPAimplementation.However,adaptationfinancemechanismsandcapacityinNigerremainataverylowlevel.Discussions are underway for the Agricultural Bank of Niger (BAGRI) to be an AE for the GCF. BAGRIparticipatedinCOP22inordertoparticipateinthenegotiationsbetweenNigerandtheotherpartnersandreinforcethelinkwiththeGCFandparticipatedintheALPhostedALFAevent(seeoutput4).

IntegratingtheclimatechangedimensionintonationalplansandprogrammesisaclearcommitmentoftheNigerian government towards taking into account the concernsofmore vulnerablepeople. Integrationofclimatechangeintolocal,regionalandnationalplanninginhealthandlivestocksectorsaretakenintoaccountintheNationalDeterminedContribution(NDC).Inotherrespects,NigerisslowtodevelopitsNAPandaccesstoadaptationfinance.

The National Assembly of Niger has guaranteed to pass a law through the network of NigerianparliamentariansondevelopingaNationalClimateChangeAdaptationfundandhaveitpromulgatedbythecompetent authorities. A draft law is available basedon the influenceof theCSOPlatform (see 3.2). Thecreationofthisfundwill,amongotherthings,involvethesocialandsocietalresponsibilityofcompaniesthatpollute the environment in the process of self-financing of actions to adapt to climate change. Lack ofadequatefinancialresourceslimitstheadaptabilityandresilienceofNigerianpopulations.TheNigerClimateFundisintendedasatoolandmechanismtoassistNigerindirectingfundingforcommunity-basedadaptationandclimatechangeprojectsandprogrammesinaccordancewithnationalpriorities.AstudyintoopportunitiesforclimatefinanceandthedraftlawdevelopedbytheCSOplatformwasformallysubmittedtotheMinistryof the Environment and Sustainable Development (the umbrella ministry for CNEDD) in June 2017. Thisresultedintheresponsethattheministry‘commitstobringingforwardtheproposalforalawinitiatedbythePlatformwithregardtothecreationandoperationalizationof thenationalclimatefundforthebenefitofother countries in the sub-region’. It is hoped that this will prompt increased momentum by the Nigergovernmentmovefasteronfinancingadaptation.

At the local level, authorities are working to integrate climate change adaptation issues into municipaldevelopment plans (PDCs) and regional development plans (PDRs). The latter systematically integrate


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community-basedadaptationprinciplesat the timeof theirelaborationand/or revisionwith finance fromstateprojects,aswellasnationalandinternationalNGOs(CARE,Oxfam,CRS,andothers).

Output indicator3.2–CSOsadvocating locallyandnationally foraccountable, transparentandeffectiveallocationanduseoffundsinsupportofCBATheactivitiesdescribedinthissectionweresupportedbyALPteamsandledbytheCSOnetworksthatALPhaspartneredwith.MoUs,workplansandsub-grantagreementswereputinplacewiththefourpartnerswithsubsequentfundsdisbursementsandreportingforagreedactivities.Anadvocacycapacityassessmenttoolwasdevelopedandself-appliedtoassesstheCSOnetworkactivitiesandcapacities.

Climatefinancetracking.ALPcollaboratedwithPACJAandTransparencyInternational(TI)todevelopajointfinanceaccountabilitytrackingtoolthatdrawsonthedrafttrackingtoolsoriginallydevelopedseparatelybyTIandPACJAaswellas learning fromALPonCBA.The tracking tool is currentlybeingpopulatedand it isexpected to be launched in the course of 2017,with testing to follow in Kenya. It has taken longer thanexpectedtodevelopthetoolduetothecomplexityofclimatefinancemodalitiesandthedifficultyofatoolbeingrelevantindifferentcountrycontexts.ItwillbehostedontheTIwebsite.IntheALPcountries,withintheir adaptation advocacywork, national CSOs and networks have followed climate financemechanisms,budgetallocationsandfundflowsinavarietyofwaysasdescribedbelow.

InKenya,ALPpartneredwiththeInstituteforEnvironmentandWaterManagement(IEWM),whichhoststhenetwork,GenderandClimateChangeWorkingGroup(GCCWG).ALPstrengthenedthecapacityofGCCWGanditsmembersformorecoordinatedadvocacyanddialogueonCBA,clearerandjointlydevelopedadvocacymessaging on CBA and climate finance, as well as gender-sensitive, flexible, transparent and inclusiveadaptation planning processes. From 2015 to 2017, the network strategized on integration of gender,identified CBA capacity gaps, developed and implemented CBA capacity building plans and developed atargetedGCCWGgenderandclimatechangeadvocacystrategy.50membersappliedtheself-assessmenttooltoidentifycapacitybuildingneedsforadvocacywhichfedintothis.Thestrategytargetsspecificgovernmentactorsandidentifiedallies,includingtheClimateFinanceGovernanceNetwork,TransparencyInternational,Kenya Climate Change Directorate, Kenya Met Department, and the National Gender and EqualityCommission, whose chair is a lead negotiator on gender in the UNFCCC. The strategy was finalised andvalidated inOctober2016withparticipationfromtheKenyaNationalClimateChangeDirectorate: Ithelpsensuring that themessages reach decisionmakers and contribute to improved coordination of advocacyeffortsatthenationallevel.TheCBAtrainingreportedinoutput2strengthenedlinkagesbetweenCSOsandcounty-levelgovernments,whichisimportantforcontinuedcollaborationandaccountabilitytracking.

GCCWG worked with PACJA and Transparency International’s Climate Finance and Governance Network(KCFGN)tohostanationalCSOstrategyworkshop,inwhichKenyanationalCSOnetworksjointlyidentifiedareasofcollaborationininfluencingpolicymakersonclimatefinance.ThiswasaimedatdraftinganationalCSOadvocacystrategyandcommonadvocacymessages.ThemainconcernofALP’sKenyapartnernetworkhasbeentobringmanyCSO’sandtheirnetworks‘onthesamepage’inthepreparationofajointadvocacystrategy.Asasteptowardsthat,thesenetworkstogetherwithPracticalActionformedabroadernational-levelCSOnetworkdubbedtheCOP21CSOMomentumforChangeCommitteeforjointinfluencingofclimatepositions and policies favouring Kenya’s most climate vulnerable groups. Following COP21 in Paris, theMomentumforChangeinitiativehascontinuedtobringthevariousCSOnetworkstogetheronadvocacyissuesparticularlyrelatingtoaccountabilityandtransparency,butithasnotdevelopedfurtherasacommonCSOvoice. ALP Kenya continued to partner with and to support links with GCCWG, the Climate Finance andGovernance Network, and the Youth Network on Climate Change to push for participatory, flexible,transparent, accountable, and gender sensitive adaptation processes in the country, supporting theimplementationoftheGCCWGadvocacystrategywithitsfocusongenderandadaptation.

GCCWG co-hosted a pre-COP22 workshop on gender issues in COP22 in collaboration with the NationalGenderandEqualityCommissionandtheKenyaClimateChangeDirectorate.KeymessagesweresharedwithnetworkmemberstoenablethemengagingmoreeffectivelyinthegendernegotiationsattheCOP.


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GCCWGorganizedafirstreviewworkshopfornetworkmemberstosharetheprogressofimplementationofthegenderandclimatechangeadvocacystrategyandplans,discussissuesofcapacitybuildingandfinancingaswell as shareavailableopportunities forpartnerships, collaboration, andadvocacy. Fiveprioritieswereagreed:

• Documentation and reporting of practical stories and case studies of change to share membersfeedbackandreportsonadvocacystrategyimplementation;

• Heightenmoneymobilization;• Continuetoaddresscapacitygaps–inasmuchasnetworkmembershavebasicknowledgeofgender

andclimatechange,tailor-madetrainingbasedonmemberorganizationneedsonthenexusbetweenclimatechangeandgenderatdifferentlevels,community,andcountygovernmentisstillneeded;

• Strengthenpartnershipsamongnetworkmembers;• Designaconvincingadvocacycampaignwhichwouldbestrategicforanationalwideengagementon

genderandclimatechangeagenda.

In response, the GCCWG network members finalised documentation of five case studies on good CBApractices,which are compiled in an adaptation case studies compendium, to helppromote goodpracticeamongst key decision makers among practitioners and policy makers. The case studies link to the AGPchecklist,theKenya2016ClimateChangeActandNAP,aswellastheGCFproposaldevelopmentprocesses.Thecasestudiesfocusonlivelihoods,energyandenvironment,ecosystemconservation,andwaterissues.Aresource mobilization training workshop was conducted. Some of the GCCWGmembers trained in 2016following the capacity assessmentprovided further training to their ownorganisations, communities, anddecision makers on gender and climate change, showing positive progress in knowledge transfer andinformation flow among the network members working together and also becoming trainer of trainers.GCCWGnowhavegreatervisibilityamongnationaladaptationactors,havingidentifiedprofilingandraisingvisibilityaskeyactionpointsintheiradvocacystrategy.ItalsohasadeeperunderstandingofadaptationissuesandpolicyprocessesinKenyaandclarityonwhototargetforinfluencing.

GCCWGcontinuedtoengagewithNEMAontheAFprojectandorganisedavisitofNGOandUNDPmembersof the network and county representatives to one AF project site implemented by a community-basedorganisation in Kajiado. The learning visit raised awareness on community realities and adaptation needsamongtheparticipatingnationaladvocacyinstitutionsandwasanopportunityforthecommunitiestogivefeedbackontheirAFexperience.Aclearlessonwastheneedforcommunityprioritiestobebetterincludedand reflected in climate change project proposals. This should involve technical support to communityorganizationsownanalysis,planningandarticulatingprioritiessothattheirneedsarecapturedinwaysthatalsomeetprojectproposalandfundingcriteria.

InGhana,ALPpartneredwithABANTU,whichhoststheGenderActiononClimateChangeforEqualityandEnvironmental Sustainability (GACCES) network that champions gender equality and climate adaptationacrossvariouspolicysectors.InlightoftheircontributionofthegenderchaptertoGhana’sNationalClimateChange Adaptation Strategy, ABANTU secured itself a reputation. Consequently, it holds a seat on theTechnicalSteeringCommitteeoftheImplementationCommitteeoftheNationalClimateChangePolicyasaNGOrepresentative,thusinfluencingtheinclusionofCBAandgenderintheNDC.MostrecentlyGACCEShasengageddirectlywiththeTechnicalAdvisoryCommittee(TAC)oftheNationallyDesignatedAuthority(NDA)to the GCF advocating for gender parity among the committeemembers. In addition to ALP and PACJA,ABANTUalsoworkwithOxfamIBISonprivatesectorfinancingofclimateadaptation.

ClimatefinancecapacitywithAGPandJPA.ALPhostedalearningeventwiththeGhanaClimateAdaptationNetwork(CAN),GACCES,andGhanaClimateChangeCoalition(GCCC,thenationalPACJAchapter)todeepenknowledge andmessage targeting on CBA and adaptation finance andprepare towards CSOs involving intrackingclimateresources.ABANTUpartnerswithALPandCARE’sSouthernVoicesonAdaptationprogramme,promotedtheuseoftheJointPrinciplesforAdaptation(JPA)andAdaptationGoodPractice(AGP)principlesamongstgovernmentinstitutionsandcivilsocietyinGhanawiththeaimtoensurethatnationalpoliciesandplansmeettheneedsandfulfiltherightsofthemostvulnerablepeopleforadaptationtoclimatechange.ALP


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supportedABANTUintrainingof102districtplanningofficers,CSOs,andALPstaffintheNorthern,UpperEastandUpperWestregionsontheJPAandAGP.Thetrainingoutlinedtheprinciples,checklistandcriteriaforappraising developmental plans and proposals to ensure that they are adaptation-compliant. To ensuregreater impact,ABANTUalsotargetedCSOnetworkssuchastheWomen’sManifestoCoalitionandGhanaCAN,whoweretrainedontheJPAandadaptationpolicyimplicationsoftheNDC.

AdaptationFundProject.SomeGACCESmembersareonthenationalM&EcommitteeforimplementationofGhana’s single Adaptation Fund (AF) project and have tracked the implementation of the AF from workplanning onwards. ABANTU, together with CSOs such as CDA, demanded more transparency in theimplementationoflocalAFprojectactivities.Specificasksincludedinformedandexplicitcommunityconsent,andforallocationofmorefinancialresourcesforMDAstoaddresslocalclimatechangeadaptationchallengesandopportunities.Advocacyforaccountable,transparentandeffectiveallocationanduseoffundsinsupportofCBAactionsresultedinthepubliclydeclaredrevisionoftheNationalAdvisoryCommittee(NAC)operationalmanualtoincludeanadditionalCSOrepresentativeongenderinterests.Thisfolloweddirectlobbyingandapressreleasetodecrywhatwasconsideredlackofaccountability.

Budgetanalysis.ABANTUcommissionedaconsultanttoanalysetheGhananationalbudgetstatementsfrom2014-2016 froma climate changeandgenderperspective. The reportpresenteda track recordofbudgetallocations and expenditure by key ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs) on climate changeadaptation and gender issues at a workshop of CSOs and media. The report acted as an accountabilitymechanismforensuringthatMDAsincreasetheirexpenditureonadaptationactivities.Majorsectorssuchasroadsandhousing,mining,andtradeandindustries,whichhavehighpotentialofimpactingnegativelyontheenvironment,hadlowbudgetallocationsforaddressingclimatechangeissues.ABANTUwereabletoraisetheissuethatgovernmentinstitutionsappeartobemoreclimateinsensitiveintheirbudgetingascomparedtotwoyearsearlier.

CivilSocietyAdvocacy.TheGACCESadvocacystrategy laysouthowtrackingofadaptation financewillbedoneusingaJPA-adaptedscorecardinwhichdistrictofficialswillbetrained,inadditiontotrainingonthemore recent AGPs. GACCES held a validation workshop on its advocacy strategy with other projects andnetworks,atwhichtheysharedexperiencesonadvocacywithTransparencyInternationalKenya,whichhoststheKenyafinanceandgovernancenetwork(seeabove).ALPandPACJAsupportedthisopportunityforcross-countryCSO-sharingofexpertiseandknowledge.

An SDG13 (‘Climate Action’) CSO Platform has been set up by ALP Ghanawith the Kasa Climate ChangeWorkingGroupaschair.TheplatformisanopenforumforknowledgesharingwithpotentialforreachingouttobroadercivilsocietyinrelationtorolesintheGCF.GACCES,GCCC,GhanaCAN,andKasaClimateChangeWorking Group are all members, which provided an intentional opportunity for continued cross-CSOcoordinationandlearningalsowithaviewtosecuringthesustainabilityoftheclimateadvocacyoutcomesunderALP.

ABANTUandGACCESencouragedtheMinisterforGender,ChildrenandSocialProtection(MoGCSP)totakean interest in the climate change discussions and influence decisions from a gender perspective and berepresentedontheNationalImplementationStrategyTeam(NIST)fortheGH-NDCs.

In Niger, ALP supported the National CSO Platform for Climate Change and Sustainable Development(National Plateforme de la Société Civile sur le Changement Climatique et le Développement Durable,PFSC/CC/DD).TheCSOplatformemergedfromthreepreviousnetworkstoallowforaCSOnetworkdedicatedtoadaptation.Thenetworkconductedarapidadvocacyassessmentworkshopin2015,raisinganeedformoreopencommunicationandresponsivenessofthenetworktomembers.Theymadeplansforareorganizationofitsstructure,buthavecontinuedtofacechallengesinmobilizingmembersofthenetworkforplanningofactivities.Theplatform isclosely linkedtoPACJAandtoyouthnetworksacrossAfrica.Forsometime, theplatformfocusedonitsinternalnetworkissues,whichledtodevelopmentofitsadvocacystrategyaroundtheissueofclimatefinance.ThePlatformAdvocacystrategywasdevelopedandfinalizedandvalidatedwithastrategicplaninJanuary2017.ALPandtheCSOPlatformfacilitatedatwo-dayworkshopandtrainingfortheir


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memberson the JointPrinciples forAdaptation (JPA)andCBA.TheplatformpromotedCBA in thesecondnationalyouthforumasakeyissueforyouthanddevelopment.

TheCivilSocietyPlatformonClimateChangeandSustainableDevelopment(PFSC/CC/DD)drovetheinitiativeinNigertocreateaNationalClimateFund,i.e.theFondsClimatNiger(FCN).Thisisaninnovativefinancingmechanismtosupportclimatechange-relatedactivitiesthatreachthelocallevel.Theobjectivewastobringthegovernmentandpolicymakerstogethertotakechargeofadaptationthroughthenationalbudgetandtocreatenationalownershipofclimatefinance.Theideaforthecreationofthisfundwasstronglyinspiredbyargumentsandevidencefromthecommunity-basedadaptationapproach(CBA),whichwasusedtopersuadethe Nigerian parliamentarians to accept and vote for the law establishing the Niger climate fund. It willultimatelybepromulgatedbythepresidentofNiger.AdvocacywiththeNationalAssemblyofNiger,CNEDD,andtheMinistryofEnvironmentwereneeded.

Toachievethisandimplementingtheirstrategy,theCivilSocietyPlatformembarkedonaseriesofactions:

• Conducted a feasibility study to set up an innovative financingmechanism for actions to combatclimatechangeinNiger(resultedintheNationalClimateFund).ItstudiedhowclimatefinancecouldbebetterreflectedinthenationalbudgetandpotentialmechanismsoffinanceunderthenationalFund.Thestudywassharedwiththetechnicaladvisorstothegovernmentparliamentarycommitteeonenvironment,DRRandclimatechange.

• HostedoneparliamentariantoattendCOP22andadinnerhostedbytheSouthernVoicesprogrammeinMarrakech.ThisexposurehelpedinthesuccessfulorganizationofaparliamentarydayinNiameyduring which the AGP and JPA were shared, discussions were held with the parliamentariancommissiononDRR,andmeetingstookplacewithministersforensuringbudgetsreachtolocallevel.

• Promoted the fund idea through theparliamentarycommitteeat thesametimeashostingmediadebatesoncommunityradiosandtelevisionforwidecoverage.

• DraftedthebillwithsupportfromparliamentariansandhostedavalidationworkshopwherethedraftbillwasformallysubmittedtotheMinistryofEnvironmentandSustainableDevelopment.Theeventwasgivencoveragebynationalmedia.Theministryconfirmedtheirenthusiasticinteresttopresentthedraft to thenational assembly,which is already conversant throughearlierengagementswithparliamentarians.

Theprocessofconsultationandfinalformalsubmissionhasincreasedthegovernmentrespectforcivilsocietyengagement.ChallengescontinuetoconstraintheeffectivenessoftheCSOPlatformintheiradvocacyforthefinancingofcommunity-basedadaptationtoclimatechangeatlocalandnationallevel.Thenetworkcapacityisstillweakintermsofbringingtogethertheconstituentnetworksandorganisationalmembersintoasinglestructure,andfundingfortheiractivities is low.CARENiger istheonlytechnicalandfinancialpartnerthataccompaniesthestructurethroughcapacitybuildingonadvocacy,community-basedadaptation,etc.Withtheseconstraintsand lackofnationalprogressonactualclimate finance, theplatformhasnotengaged intrackingfinanceflowsordemandingaccountability.However,thesuccesswiththeNationalClimateChangeFundandgoodwillamongotheractorsopensthewayforcivilsocietytoprogressonimprovingadaptationfinanceandfollowingdirectaccessandadaptationgoodpracticeprinciples.

OutputIndicator3.3–GlobalcivilsocietyorganisationsadvocatingintheUNFCCCagreementprocessforCBAALPandCSOpartnersparticipatedinarangeofwaysatUNFCCCCOP21inParisandCOP22inMarrakech.AfricanCSOs,governmentsandinternationalagencies,includingALP,focusedenergyonensuringapositiveoutcomeintheParisAgreement,i.e.afair,equitable,sustainableandambitiousclimateagreementthatmeetstheneedsofthemostvulnerablepeopleinAfrica.ALP’sstrategyinboththeCOPsandtheBonnintersessionalmeetingswastoengagei)atalllevels,nationally,regionally,andglobally;ii)directlyasaninternationalNGOthroughCARE,andthroughsupporttoCSOactivism;iii)inthenegotiationsthemselvesonadaptation-relatedtextand issueswithkeyAfricanpartners (finance,capacity,Article2,NairobiWorkProgramme,theAfricaNegotiatorsGroup,agriculture,gender,etc.);and iv)chairingandpresentingatawide rangeof themanysessionsandsideeventsinseveralbuild-upworkshopsandattheCOPevents.


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PACJAcontinuedtodemonstrateitspositionasaleaderandconveneramongAfricanCSOnetworksleadingupto,duringandaftertheCOPs.InformationsharingandconsultationshavebeenenhancedamongPACJAnetworkmembers including the ALP CSO partner networks. PACJA continued to lobby regionally throughworkingonadaptationfinancetrackingtool,participatingasanobserveratGCFboardmeetings,preparingCSOpositionpapersaheadofAMCENandtheCOPs,andhostingsideeventswithCSOsatstrategicevents.In2016,thosesupportedbyALPwereCCDAVinZimbabwe,AMCENinCairo,CSOpre-workshopandCCDAVIinEthiopia,andCOP22.PACJA's2016-2020StrategicPlanwasendorsedandadoptedduring2016AMCEN inCairo by the PACJA Assembly including a component on holding governments accountable by trackingadaptation funds. PACJA’s strategy focuses on support to national-level CSO networks and national-levelPACJAmemberstoenabletheiradvocacyandbudgettracking.AttheClimateChangeandDevelopmentinAfricaconference–CCDAVandCCDAVI–PACJAfocusedonadaptationadvocacyattheregionallevelincludingCBAmessagesinthepresentationsmadeduringaPre-CCDAconsultativeworkshopjointlyorganizedbyPACJAandWorldResourcesInstitutetodevelopkeymessagesonadaptationandadaptationfinance,andagainatthe CCDA conference sessions. PACJA participated in pre-COP meetings in Kenya and partners attendednationalonesintheircountries,wheretheydevelopedkeymessagesandhadacapacitybuildingandstrategydevelopmentsession.ALPalsoparticipatedaskeyresource.AtCOP22,PACJAheldmediaconferences,pushingfor finance to be fair and sufficient, especially for adaptation, demonstrating the deficit in financialcommitmentstoadaptation,inadditiontoaddressingotherkeytechnical,capacitybuildingandtransparencyissues.ALPsupporttoPACJAwasinthedevelopmentoftheadaptationsectionofthenationalCSOpositionpaperandanalysisof thenationalKenyagovernmentpositionpaperaspresentedby theClimateChangeDirectorateaheadofboththeAMCENandCOP22.

PACJA convened the African regional civil society post-COP22 and pre-Bonn UNFCCC-SB46 consultativeworkshopinKampala,UgandainApril2017,aimingto:

• Interrogate the COP22 outcomes, implementation of individual countries’ NDCs and challengesthereof, emerging geopolitical obstacles and their interfacewith the agenda of the Bonn climatechangeconference.

• To deeply examine, identify and define the action agenda for different stakeholders towards theUNFCCC SBI/SBSTA 46 and in the build-up to COP23. This was done for policy makers(parliamentarians), civil society, and government negotiators to build a strong andunifiedAfricanvoicemovingforward.

• ToformulateconcreterecommendationsfortheAfricanGroupofNegotiatorsasinputtotheAfricanpositiontotheBonnclimatechangeconference.Adiscussionpaperonkeyprovisionsof theParisAgreementwas developed and shared among potential participants ahead of theworkshop. CSOmessagesemphasisedtheneedforincreasedcommitmentandfinancetoadaptation,implementationandreviewmodalitiesoftheParisAgreement,NationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs),andtheAdaptation goal. Policy messages on Adaptation finance were to provide the required capacitybuildingsupporttoassistdevelopingcountrypartiestomeettheirNDCsadaptationcommitmentsintheagreement(Article11oftheParisAgreement),strongeradaptationcommunicationsandNAPs,andthat‘theAdaptationFundshouldcontinuetoservetheParisAgreement’.Messagingwastargetedat thedevelopmentof theParisRuleBook,whichwill ultimatelydetermine the standardsagainstwhich implementationandperformanceoftheParisAgreementaresetandjudged.ThemessagesinformedtheAfricanCSOsrecommendationsandpositiontotheMay2017BonnUNFCCC-SBI46,theAfricanGroupofNegotiators(AGN)attheSB46,andCOP23.PACJAparticipatedandsupportedotherCSOs to join in global level discussions, the GCF-CSO listserve and coordination calls, which feeddirectlyintotheCSOpositionattheGCFBoardmeetings.

PACJA members across Africa have integrated community-based adaptation through the PACJA nationalplatformsaspartoftheirmessagesonadaptationstrategies.TheALP/ALAPnationalCSOpartnerssharedtheircommunityandnationalexperiencesintheseplatforms.StrengthenedlinksbetweenPACJA,SouthernVoices,TransparencyInternational,andthroughtheGCFCSOReadinessprojectalsowithCISONECCandENDA,and


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theircommonagendaofadaptationfinanceaccessandgovernancearestrengtheningthecollectivevoiceofCSOsacrossAfrica.

NationalCSOactiontowardsUNFCCCCOPs.ALPsupporteddelegationsinALPcountriesinadvanceoftheCOPs,togetherwithPACJAandnationalCSOs.Buildingonpastyearsengagement,ALPstaffwereaccreditedasofficialdelegatesinKenyaandNiger.CSOnetworkpartnersinallthreecountriesalsogainedaccreditationeither as government officials or through PACJA as CSO observers to the negotiations. This gave themincreasedaccesstodialogueinpreparingpositionsinthebuild-uptoParis.

InKenya,ALPinputssupportedthedevelopmentoftheKenyaCSOCOP21positionpaper,theKenyanationalpositionpaper,andensured thatCBAmessagingongenderandaccountableand transparent finance thatreachesthemostvulnerablewasincludedinalldocuments.ALPsupportedtwomembersfromtheclimatechangesecretariattoattendCOP21andCOP22,whichincreasedvoiceandleveragefortheCBAmessages.In2016,ALPCBAmessagesongenderandadaptationfinancingwereincludedintheKenyaCSOpositionpaper,theKenyanationalpositionpaper,andtheCARECOP22expectations,briefingandpositionpapers.ALPKenyasupportedtwoKenyapre-COPworkshopsonadaptationandfinance. Italsoparticipated inthreemoreonagriculture, gender, and general strategic planning to raise awareness and improve the capacity of CSOpartners toengage in theUNFCCCprocess.TheGCCWGNetworkmembersparticipated in the2017Bonnintersessionalmeetingfollowinggenderandclimateadaptationagendas, financeandtechnologyandkeptothernetworkmembersinformedthroughtheGCCWGGoogleGroupandWhatsapp.Thesecommunicationmechanismsreachallmembersinaninteractivewayandareagoodincentiveformaintainingmomentumofadvocacy action.GCCWGarebecomingexperienced inCBA,which also informed their advocacy strategy.HencethemessagesbroughttotheKenyanegotiationteamandtotheUNFCCCmeetingsareinformedbyCBAknowledgeandevidence.

InGhana,ABANTUarebuildingthecapacityofotherCSOsinMali,BurkinaFaso,etc.ABANTUwroteachapterinandgaveinputstothedevelopmentofabookonclimatefinancing,whichincludeslessonsdrawnfromtheirCBA work and advocacy. ABANTU hosts the national PACJA platform in Ghana through which they havedisseminatedCBAlearningandmessagesforadvocacy.ABANTUorganisedapre-COPeventincollaborationwiththeInstituteofEnvironmentandSanitationStudies(IESS)oftheUniversityofGhana,theMediaPlatformonEnvironmentandClimateChange(MPECGhana),andtheFrenchEmbassy.ParticipantsweredrawnfromGACCES,GCCC,theGhana-CANnetwork,themedia,andacademia.Criticalissuessuchasthepromotionofinclusiveness in terms of adaptation and gender particularly in the INDCs were discussed by seasonedresearchersandnegotiators.

InNiger,theCOP21build-upprovidedanopportunitytoprofiletheworkofALPandcontinuetheprocessofpoliticaldialogueandnetworkingwithkeyinstitutionsinNiger.Nigerpre-COPworkshopswereheldjointlywiththegovernmentandtheCSOPlatformin2015and2016,withtheplatformasofficialsecretary,reflectingongoingrecognitionoftheplatformbythegovernment.Theplatformisincreasinglysoughtbysub-regional,regional(ECOWAS),andsomeinternationalbodiesforsharingtheirexperienceonadvocatingforthecreationofanationalNigerClimateChangeFund.

Africa regional preparation towards COP21 and COP22. ALP supported the formulation of key regionaladvocacymessagesonadaptationbasedonevidenceandpracticalapproachesfromnationalALPandCSOexperiencesandAfricanCSOpositions.TheseinturninfluencedinternationalCSOpositionsandtheAfricandelegations.ALPsupportedparticipation in thesecondAfricanCSOWinterSchoolontheAdHocWorkingGroup of theDurban Platform (ADP) co-hosted byHeinrich Böll Foundation and PACJA in South Africa inSeptember2015.InOctober,theACPC-hostedCCDAVfocusedspecificallyonArticle2oftheproposedclimateagreement.AfricanCSOsdevelopedpositions on adaptation finance anddeveloped consensusonpriorityareasintheagreementforAfrica,suchasequalfocusonmitigationandadaptation,LossandDamageasastand-alone article, emphasis on the means of implementation for adaption (finance, capacity building,technology transfer, etc.), and inclusion of gender. Also discussed at the events was how to achieve anambitiousdealatCOP21thatdeliversonthese.


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TherelationshipbetweenCSOsandtheAfricanGroupofNegotiators(AGN)hasstrengthened.TheAGNhasbecomemoreengagedandopentoCSOinputs.ItismorewillingtoparticipateinCSOeventsandincludeCSOsonofficialdelegationstoshareintelligenceonnegotiationstatus,expectationsoncontentiousissuesacrossthenegotiatingblocks,howbesttopackagemessagesandwhatchannelstouseinordertohavethemostimpactininfluencingthenegotiations.AheadoftheCOP22,ALPgavetechnicalsupporttotheAfricanGroupofNegotiatorsExpertGrouponthedevelopmentofadraftdecisiononagriculture.ALP’scontributionfocusedonensuringgenderconsiderationsanddifferentialvulnerability inagriculture, the inclusionofsmallholderfarmers’ needs and priorities, as well as ensuring people-centred approaches in addition to technology-focusedones.TheresultingdecisionprovidedthebasisfortheAGNonagriculturenegotiationsinCOP22.ALPcontributedtotheAfricanworkinggroupongenderinadvanceofandatCOP22,elaboratingdemandsandworkingwiththeco-chairoftheglobalgendernegotiations.Keymessageswerereflectedinthediscussions,includingatlearningforumsforwomennegotiatorsaswellasgenderspecificreportingfromcountriesintheirnationalcommunications.ALPattendedthepre-BonnmeetingoftheregionalAGNandtheirexpertgroup(AGNES) to review and update positions following COP22. At the CCDAV conference, ALP presented CBAmessages on integration into planning, climate information services, and gender equality to the range ofdelegates.AttheCCDAVIconference,ALPpresentedonclimateservices.

ParticipationinCOP21andCOP22ALPandCSOpartnerrepresentativesparticipatedasofficialdelegatesandobservers inCOP21andCOP22.ALPparticipatedasapartoftheglobalCAREUNFCCCteam.ALPsupportedparticipationofCSOsfromallALPcountriesandothersinvolvedintheGCFCSOReadinessprojectfromMalawiandTheDemocraticRepublicoftheCongo.Theyfollowednegotiationsintheareasofadaptation,climatefinance,andgenderandinteractedwiththeAfricaGroup,G77+China,andLDCs.

ALPhostedthreesideeventsatCOP21attheAfricaPavilion,theEUpavilion(withPACJA),andtheGenerationSpaceforCSOevents.Allhadtheemphasisonhowadaptationfinancecanreachthosemostvulnerabletoclimatechangethroughgoodadaptationpractice.ALPspoke inarangeofothersideeventshostedattheGeneration Space, Global Landscape Forum, and Development and Climate Days particularly on scalingadaptation, gender equality in CBA, climate information services, climate finance, and gender issueswithCCAFS,PACJA,WRI,CARE,KenyaClimateChangeDirectorate,andothers.FollowingtheParisAgreement,thefocusatCOP22wasonensuringfairandeffectiveimplementationoftheadaptation-relatedcommitments.

AtCOP22,ALPlaunchedtheAdaptationGoodPracticeChecklist(AGP)intwosideevents,oneofwhichwasconductedwiththeKenyanGovernment.ALPalsohaddiscussionswiththeGCFandAFabouttheapplicationof the checklist by accredited entities and implementing partners. ALP shared learning and evidence aspanellistsinothereventsincludingtheDevelopmentandClimateDaysandsideeventshostedbyCCAFSandUKMet.Here,ALPsharedongenderintegrationinCBA,adaptationplanning,andclimateinformationservices.ALPhascontinuedtocontributelearningandevidencetocallsforsubmissionstotheAdaptationCommittee,most recently on livelihoods and economic diversification, adaptation M&E, and gender. Key messagesincluded in these submissionswere on the value of CBA as an essential approach in achieving resilience,helping to influence the strategic focus and direction of Adaptation Committee and the content of thetechnicalsupportandguidancetheyprovidetoparties.ALPCSOpartnersattheCOPspromotedCBAgoalsandsuccessfulapproachestoabroadaudienceusinglessonsfromtheirnationalcontexts.Forexample,IEWM,TI and PACJA worked together with ALP on the Kenya agenda and pan-African issues of accountability,transparencyandclimatefinancetracking.LessonsonCBAforinclusivedevelopmentweresharedbyABANTUandtheirmember,CDA,duringsideeventsandotherbilateralandmultilateralplatformsduringCOP21.Tenpeople from the Niger CSO Platform attended COP22 and followed issues of gender, loss and damage,technology,finance,andyouth,workingcloselywithPACJA.TheplatformhostedaNigerienparliamentarianat COP22 to participate inmeetings and negotiations, a side event organized by Nigerwhere adaptationprojectswerepresented,andinaSouthernVoicesmeeting.ThroughthepresenceofALPintheCOPs,relationsweremadeorstrengthenedwithdirectopportunitiestoshareexperiencesfromvulnerablepeopleinAfricaand influence high-level delegates on CBA and gender equality, inclusion, CBA planning, and adaptationstrategies.


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TheCOPsprovideopportunitiesforAfricanCSOstonetwork,buildinglinksacrossPACJA,ALPandSouthernVoices,learnfromtheirpeersandfromsideevents,andbuildtheircapacityandconfidencetounderstandandinfluencethecontentandprocessoftheUNFCCCagreement.SeeAnnex4fordetailsofALPcontributiontoCOPsideeventsandnegotiations.

CSOengagementgloballywithAFandGCF.InresponsetotheGCFobserverguidelines,CAREwithinputfromALPsubmittedthe‘JointCSOSubmissiononIssuestobeAddressedandImprovedinaComprehensiveReviewoftheParticipationofObserversintheActivitiesoftheGCFBoard’petitionforconsiderationbytheGCFBoard.ThisworkwasdonetogetherwithCANInternationalandledbyHeinrichBöllFoundationUSandFriendsoftheEarthUS.ThesubmissioncallsformorefundedparticipationofSouthernCSOobserverorganisationstothe GCF, and more transparency in GCF Board decision making processes, including timely access toinformation by observers. Among others, PACJA and three Ghanaian CSOs have now been accredited asobservers to the GCF, two of which are GACCES members. ALP had some dialogue with GCF readinessprogrammesmanagedbyWorldResourcesInstitute,WRI,CDKN,theAfricaClimateChangeFund(ACCF)ofAfDB,andtheemergingcommunityofpracticeofAfricanaccreditedentitiesforAFandGCFwiththeaimtointroduce and use the Adaptation Good Practice checklist and assist the community of practice to startfocusingonqualityadaptationprogrammes.TheAFandGCFBoardsecretariatsacknowledgedatCOP22thatthereisagapinqualityandeffectivenessastheimpacttodatehasbeenonfiduciaryprocedures.

WithALPsupport,CAREsucceededinaccessingnewfundingforsupporttoCSOsinAfrica,implementedbyCAREandGermanWatch,PACJAAfrica-wideandnationalCSOsforlobbyingonGCFandadaptationprioritiesin Kenya, Ghana and Malawi. The approach to strengthening civil society advocacy on climate finance,particularlyundertheGCFbuildsonALP’swork.An inceptionmeetingwasheldatCOP22andtheprojectstartedupin2017.

Analysisofresultsandkeylessonsforoutput3Directaccesstoadaptationfinance.ImplementationofadaptationprojectsinKenya,GhanaandNigerfundedthroughglobalclimatefinanceisinearlyphases.ALP’sexperiencehasshownthatitispossibletoinfluenceinitial implementationphasesofmajoradaptationprojectssuchthatthey integrateCBAapproaches,eventhough these features may have been absent at the design and approval stage. ALP has had significantinfluenceonnationalclimatepolicyprocessesincludingNAPsandadaptationproposalstoAFandGCF.KenyaistheonlyALPcountrybenefitingfromdirectaccess,althoughatasmallscale.Influencingfinancingfordirectandenhanceddirectaccess,whichresultsinimplementationofCBA,inwhichcommunitiesparticipateanddecide their action plans,was not possible. The countries and the financial flows fromGCF have not yetreachedthisstageandhavenotbeenfullyopentotheparadigmshiftneededtobringdecisionstothelowestpossiblelevel.SectorsilosandthefactthatNAPsareencouragedtorelatetosectorialdevelopmentplansaddtotheproblem.WhiletheAGPsweretestedandappreciatedinallALPcountriesandatCOP22,ALPwasnotable to move forward to using the checklist in the context of NAP roll out, GCF readiness, proposaldevelopment,orGCFproposal reviews.Thiswasa factorof theAFandGCFnotyetbeing ready forgoodpractice-basedcriteriaforproposalquality,andinsufficienttimeandreducedstaffcapacityasALPcametoanendtobothelaboratetheAGPandengageintheongoingAFandGCFprocessesin-country.TheGCFandAFarenaisalsohighlycomplexandcrowdedwithreadinessandproceduralcompliancesupport.ALPandtheCSOpartnersnationallyfocusednationaladvocacyeffortsonpolicydialogue,NAPsandUNFCCCprocesseswiththeintentionofinfluencingnationalpolicyandplans.Opportunitiesusedtoovercometheseissuesweretolinkwithsub-nationaldevelopmentplanningandclimateservices,wheremulti-stakeholderandcross-sectorplatformsarefeasible.Therhetoricisincreasinglytowardsmulti-stakeholderactionforadaptationandclimateresilience, using climate services to support the nexus between development, DRR, and humanitarianresponse.However,nationalgovernmentbudgetinginthecontextoftheGCF’sadaptationfocusareashasnotextendedyettotheneededresourcingofflexibleandanticipatorydecision-makingprocesses.

The achievement of the Paris Agreement and the positive focus of a goal on adaptation and on limitingtemperatureincreaseto1.5°CamongstotherissueswerearesultofcollectiveeffortfromtheCSOs,parties,


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media,andcreationofawarenessandmessagingthroughsideevents.InMarrakech,CSOsbuiltonthesuccessofCOP21andtheserelationshipsandengagement inthenegotiationstopushforprincipleswhichupholdgender equality and rights of smallholder farmers, fair and accountable implementation of the ParisAgreement,andincreasedcommitmentstofinancingadaptationandLossandDamage.Inaddition,gainsweremade in ensuring CSO representation at the highest decisionmaking levels of UNFCCC and GCF. CARE isrespectedforitscontributiontotheinterfacebetweenadaptation,foodsecurity,andgenderequality.CARE’smessagesintheCOPsfocusedontheimportanceofempowermentthroughadaptivecapacitybuildinglinkedto concrete adaptation livelihood strategies (in agriculture, financial services, water, etc.) and to riskmanagement.

ALP strengthened CSOs to promote enhanced transparency and accountability in the governance ofadaptationfinancebyworkingwithCSOsandnetworksandsupportingthemtoplayawatchdogrolenationallyandlocally.Overall,thenationalCSOnetworksdemonstratedthevalueofjointadvocacycampaigningandlobbyingwithinandamongnetworkstoachievegreater influence.AllnetworksfoundanadvantageintheincreasedaccesstotheinformationandknowledgetheygainedfromnetworkingandfromtheirrelationshipswithALP,otherINGOs,andtheUNFCCCprocess,whichreinforcecredibilityandvoicebackhome.AchallengeinthepasthasbeeninconsistentparticipationofCSOmembersinregionalandinternationalevents.SupportfromPACJAandALP,andPACJA’swidelinkshasenablednationalCSOstovoicetheirconcernsandcontributetointernationalpolicyprocessesrelatedtoclimatechangeathomeandthroughregionalengagementandtoshare their learning with a wide-ranging audience. Participation in international events has also allowednationalorganisationstoestablishlinkageswithinternationalnetworkslikeWEDOandCANInternationalformembership andengagementon international issues related to gender and climate change. InternationalexposureandparticipationatUNFCCChasalsostrengthenedrespectandrelationshipsbetweenCSOsandnationalgovernment.

InALPcountries,onelearningwasthatwhilenationalCSOscansuccessfullyinfluencepolicy,implementationandfinance,ontheotherhand,requireonthegroundmonitoring.TheCSOnetworkswith localmembershaveanadvantageinthis,butoftentheylackcapacityandaccesstoinformationtofullytrackfinancialflowsandworkcollectivelywithnationalpartners.Therewillbeaneedtodeveloprelationships,toolsandmandatesforthis,whichcanbuildontheongoinginitiativesfornationalclimatefundsinNigerandKenya.Workingwiththe CSO networks also raised the need for a flexible and responsive advocacy strategy, which canaccommodate new developments from the UNFCCC, national policy and programmes, the widening ornarrowingspacegiventoCSOsinpublicforumsandpolicyprocesses,andnew,changinganddiverseCSOgoalsandcapacities.InGhanaandKenya,CSOshavefacedchallengesinbringingtogetherthemultiplenetworksandplatforms. Inthesecountries,governmentshavereachedoutto includeCAREand/orCSOs innationalcommitteesandcoordinationforadaptation.


Learning,evidenceandcapacitysupportiscontributingtoadoptionofCBAinpolicyandpracticeinAfricaOutput4 Indicator4.1 MilestoneDecember2015Learning,evidenceandcapacitysupportiscontributingtoadoptionofCBAinpolicyandpracticeinAfrica

ExtenttowhichlearningeventsandstudiesdemonstratevalueofCBAinachievingresilientdevelopmentandriskmanagementinAfricandrylands,particularlyforwomen.

2016:Co-generatedlearningandevidencewithnationalandAfricaregionalgovernment,NGOs,researchandprivatesectordemonstratesvalueofCBAprinciplesandreflectsimpactsfromALPlearningeventsandstudies.2017:EvidenceofCBAprinciplesandapproachesbeingreferencedindialogue,publicationsandprogrammesintheWestandEastAfrican(SahelandHornofAfrica)regiononadaptation,droughtresilience,DRRand/orclimatesmartagriculture.

Indicator4.2


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Opportunitiesarecreatedandtestedforon-goingCBAlearningandcapacitydevelopmentaccessibletoadaptationpractitionersinAfrica.

2016:2traininginstitutionswithplansinplacetoincorporateCBAintotrainingcurricularelevantforadaptationpractitionersandpolicymakers.1Scopingstudyonpotentialforalearningandinnovationhub2017:Learningandinnovationhub/initiativedesignedwithAfricanlearninginstitutions,communitiesofpracticeandotherinterestedstakeholders

Output4focusedonmakingCBAlearningandevidenceaccessibletostakeholdersinAfricaandglobally.ALPused a strategy of brokering linkages and facilitating dialogue between practitioners, research and policydecisionmakers,andbetweenclimatescienceproducers,usersandintermediaryorganisationsinthethreetargeted ALP countries, and across Africa to foster a culture of learning. Efforts were made to promoteadaptationlearningandclimateknowledgebrokeringascentralandcriticaltosuccessfulresilienceoutcomes,recognizingtheneedforongoingadaptationtoanuncertainfutureclimate.

Outputindicator4.1–LearningandevidencedemonstratesvalueofCBAinachievingresilientdevelopmentandriskmanagementinAfricandrylands,particularlyforwomen

OutcomemappingandmonitoringALPusedanoutcomemappingapproachtodesignandplantheALPextension,buildingonthefindingsandrecommendations from the ALP final evaluation, and an initial programme mapping exercise. This wasfollowedbyin-countrymappingofactorsandthelinksandroutesofinfluencebetweenthemconductedbytheALPteamsandcoreexistingorexpectedpartners.Outcomemappingwasmosthelpfulforoutputs2and3,whichhadtheaimtoinfluenceadoptionofCBAbyotheractorsatscale,inprogrammes,policy,andfinancedecisions. Boundary partners were selected for these outputs in each country, who were subsequentlyengagedinALPactivitiesandALPplanning,monitoringandreflectionmeetings.OutcomemappingassistedtheteamstolinktheobjectivesoftheALPextensiontothechangesthatwouldbeneededamongthesekeystakeholdersfromlocaltogloballevel.Output1stakeholdersbroadlyworktogethertoimpactoncommunitybeneficiaries.Outcomemappingforoutput4generateda listofpotential institutionsandprogrammesforfurtherexploration.Outcomemappingalsohelpedidentifyrolesofindividuals,groupsandorganizationsandthetypesofactivitiesnecessarytoinfluencethechangerequiredtoachieveALP’soverallgoalandpurpose.This guided strategicplanning fordeveloping relationships,partnershipsandactionsat theabove countrylevel.Foroutput1,theGCVCAexerciseswereusedtoproducenewbaselinedatafornewcommunitiesandlocal government areas with collection of some additional baseline information for new indicators andmilestones.

ALPbuiltonthemonitoringsystemsdevelopedinthefirstfiveyearsofALPandelaboratedtheminlinewiththeoutcomemappingapproachandtherevisedlogframe.ReportingtemplatesandaccompanyingguidanceformonitoringtheALPextensionlogframeweredevelopedandusedbythecountryteams.TheALPguidelinesforregularstakeholderreflectionmeetingsandaccompanyingM&Equestionsweremodifiedtoincorporatedialogueonprogresstowardsdesiredchangesamongboundarypartners.Guidelines forannualevaluativeexercises,whichmonitorchangesinknowledge,attitudeandpracticewerealsoupdated.ALPattemptedtoalso use thematicwork streams to encourage exchange between the three countries aswell aswith theprogrammecoordinationteam.However,thisprovedtobedemandingonstafftimeanddidnotleadtotheexpected added value. The coordination team therefore continued to lead the strategic direction atprogrammelevelandtoholddiscussionsandvisitswitheachcountrytobringthemintoplayatcountrylevel.

LearningandevidencegenerationALPhasdevelopedalearning,evidenceandcapacitybuildingstrategytoguidestrategicdecisionsandplansin relation to learning, capacitybuilding,monitoring, evidence, anddocumentation for theextension. Thestrategyoutlinedapproachestolearningoneffectivecapacitybuildingapproachessuchthattrainingeventsformedonlyoneofarangeofactivitiesthatincludedlearningbydoingandsociallearningopportunities.Thestrategy included a documentation plan with programme-wide learning themes, target audiences and


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documentationprioritiesforthematicknowledgeproducts.Itlaidouttheapproachforlinkingwithtraininginstitutes and conducting CBA trainings and learning events including scoping out potential for Africaadaptationlearningcoordination.TheALPmid-yearretreatin2016focusedonteamlearningandreflectionon the underlying requirements for CBA practitioners to be successful, in particular facilitation skills,facilitation of learning, leading change, and decision making. This retreat theme emerged from ALPexperiencessupportingscalingupofCBAapproachessuchasCAAPandPSP,whereitwasclearthatsuccessfuloutcomeswerehighlydependentontheskillofthefacilitatoroftheplanning,climateservicesanddecision-making processes involved. ALP realised the need to ensure these skills are visible, recognised as key toachievingqualityofadaptationapproaches,andconsciouslyacquired.ALPevolveditssociallearningapproachsince2011whenCCAFSelaboratedthisinrelationtoclimatechange.Sincethen,allALPeventsandfacilitationoflearninghavefollowedthisapproach.Co-productionorco-developmenthavebecomeincreasinglypopularparticularly terms in the climate services space, and ALP experiences with social learning in PSPs are anexcellentexample.Thechoiceofoutcomemappingwaspartlyduetoitsabilitytostructureinteractivemulti-stakeholderprocesses.Thediscussionsattheretreatshapedthestrategyforlearningandtrainingtoincludea clearer climate knowledge brokering focus bringing social learning, facilitation of CBA processes,documentation and evidence together (see output 4.2) At the same retreat, strategic roadmaps for eachoutputandforthelearningandcapacitybuildingstrategyforthefinalyearofALPweredeveloped.TheALPannualmeeting in late2016reinforcedandadaptedtheroadmapsanddevelopedplansfortheremainingperiodoftheextension.TheannualmeetingsharedlearningacrosstheALPprogrammeonprogressineachcountry inCBAinnovation(output1)andscalingthroughmainstreaming,capacitybuildingandinfluencing(outputs2and3).ProgresswaslinkedtotheAGPchecklist,theresultsofaCBAadoptionsurveyandplannedcapacityandlearningevents.TheteamplannedforsecuringALP’slegacyandlinkingALPlearningtofutureopportunitiesdevelopment.HeldinNiger,theALPteamsvisitedtheBRACEDNigerprojecttolearnfirst-handhowCBAapproacheshavebeenadoptedandadaptedfromALP.

Collaborativeresearch.InadditiontoALPusingasocialandexperientiallearningapproachwheremultiplestakeholderslearnfromandwitheachotherinordertodevelopnewknowledgetogether,italsoimplementedplans to generate knowledge and evidence from more conventional research-based learning. Based onrecommendationsoftheALPfinalevaluationanddiscussionsaroundevidenceneeds,whichwouldreinforcethecaseforadaptationgoodpracticesandpromotetheadoptionandup-scalingofCBAapproaches,threestudieswereundertaken:i)anassessmentofvalueandimpactofthePSPsandclimateinformationservicespromotedbyALP(reportedunderoutput2.1);ii)exploringthevalueandcontributionofadaptivecapacityforresilientdevelopmentinGhana(reportedunderoutput1analysisofresults);andiii)afollow-uponlinesurveyonCBAadoptionanditsimpactbyparticipantsinALPlearningeventsupto2016(reportedunderoutput2analysisofresults).

ALP developed collaborativeworkwith a number of research entities. In Ghana, ALP partneredwith theUniversityofUtrecht,whichconductedresearchinALPsitesinNorthernGhana,usingALPCBAapproachesasbasisofanalysisanddrawingreferencesfromtheALPpublicationsanddocumentations.ResearchersfromthesestudiesconductedtheALPcommissionedadaptivecapacitystudytobuildonthelocalknowledgetheyalreadyhadandstrengthenthe link toauniversity.ALPalsocollaboratedwith theWalker Instituteof theUniversityofReadinginglobalclimateservicesdialogueandonthegroundinGhanawithGMETandthewaterresourcesinstituteinaNERCresearchproject,‘BuildingunderstandingofclimatevariabilityintotheplanningofgroundwatersuppliesfromlowstorageaquifersinAfrica’(BRAVE2),andinrelationtoPICSAledbyReadingaspartoftheCCAFSflagshiponclimateservices.CCAFScontinuedtobeakeypartneratregionalandgloballevel.ALPclimateservicesworkandthelinktoWISERledtostronglinkswithUKMetOfficeandIRIColumbiaUniversity.ALPinfluencedBRACEDthinkinginclimateservicesandreviewedareportproducedbyODIonthechanging role ofNGO’s in supporting climate services,whichunderscores the valueof climate services inachievingresilienceinAfricaand,moreimportantly,theroleof‘brokers’likeALP.

CommunicatingALPlearningTheadoptionsurveyreportsummarizescapacitybuildingdemandandimpactsofALPcapacitybuildingfrom2010to2016asreportedunder2.2andinAnnex3.Beyondcapacitybuildingandtrainingevents,from2015,


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ALPhostedandparticipatedinarangeofnationaltogloballearningeventssharingALPadaptation,resilienceandclimateserviceslearningandpublicationswithAfricanandglobalaudiences:

RegionaltoGloballearningevents1. ALPhostedtwotrainingsonadaptationandclimateresilienceinpracticeforfrancophoneWestAfrica

andforEast,Southern,HornofAfricaandWestAfricaAnglophonecountries(seeoutput2.2).2. ALPhostedtheAfricaLearningForumonAdaptation(ALFA2017)withIDRC,CKB,ENDAandothers(see

output4.2).3. IIED CBA10 and CBA 11 conferences. ALP shared learning on adaptive capacity in context of urban

resilienceandco-hostedasessiononclimateinfoservicesin2016andsharedfindingsfromtheGhanaadaptivecapacitystudyin2017,relatingCBAandEcosystemsbasedAdaptation(EbA)approaches.

4. CAREHornofAfricaLearningEventonResilienceattendedbyCAREstafffromtheAfricaregionaloffice,Somalia, South Sudan, Ethiopia and Kenya, and a regional CARE enhancing pastoralists’ resilienceworkshopondefiningandprioritisingpastoralistvaluechainsandmarketsystemsintheHornofAfrica.ALPexhibiteditsKenyaworkinthemarketplace,facilitatedsessionsonCBA,providedtechnicalsupportonadaptationanddevelopmentofapastoralistcausalmodelforCARE’sworkintheHornofAfrica.

5. ALPdeliveredthreelearningsessionsforDFIDandkeyexternalstakeholdersoni)achievingadaptationat scale through localdevelopmentand sectoralplanning:how toensuregoodpracticeandaccess tofinance ii) learningabout learning:whyeffective learningandknowledgemanagement isessential forclimateresilience,andiii)makingsureusersgettheclimateinformationtheyneedfordecisionmaking:bridgingthegapindemanddrivenuser-basedclimateinformationservices.

6. ALPpresentedatAdaptationFuturesConference2016inRotterdamonCBAapproachesandCAAPs.7. AtCOP21andCOP22,ALPpresentedlearningonCBAinseveralsideeventsandtheDevelopmentand

Climate Days, teaming up with IDRC, UK Met Office, BRACED, CDKN, CCAFS, IFAD, and the Kenyagovernment(seeoutput3.3andAnnex4fordetails).

8. ALPpresentedclimate informationservicesworkanduser-basedknowledgevaluechain toDFIDataGFCSlearningevent,GHACOF44inUganda,theAfricaClimatePolicyCentre(ACPC)hostedCCDAVandCCDAV1conferences,theNationalClimateInformationServiceProvidersStocktake,ElNiñoconference2015, COP22, WISER strategic and knowledge management workshops with ICPAC and ACPC, in thecurriculumofanIMTRtrainingforKenyaNMHS,andattheInternationalConferenceonClimateServices5 in 2017. Events focusing on climate information are increasing and with an increasing range ofstakeholdersandnon-climatesciencestakeholderswithfocusonuserneedsandtheroleofbrokers(seeoutput2.1).

9. DialogueonALPapproachesinBRACEDlearningeventsandwithclimateservicesprovidersintheSahel.

Nationallearningevents1. LearningeventsinKenyabroughtfarmersfromEmbutoMakueniandGCCWGmemberstocommunities

inKajiado,inbothcaseshighlightingtheclimatechangeimpactsbeingexperiencedandtheadaptationactionsprioritisedandbeingtakentoaddressthem.

2. ALPGhanaorganizedapolicylearningroutetotheCBAsitesintheGaru-TempaneDistrict(seeoutput3.1).

3. TheNorthernGhanainteragencygroupofNGOsandadaptationprogrammeshostedbyALPwithOxfamand GIZ continued to hold meetings to receive updates on climate finance from the MOF (NDA),developmentsinclimateinformation,anddiscusshowtolocaliseSDGstothedistrictlevel.

4. InNiger,ALPandBRACEDjoinedtogethertohostaRoundTableonthetheme,‘CommunityStrategiesforResiliencetoClimateVulnerabilities:Successes,LimitsandProposalsforImprovement’.Theeventaimedtostrengthenthe interventionstrategiesofBRACED-PRESENCESandotherresilience initiativescarriedoutbythesector'skeystakeholdersatthenational level.AGRYHMET,DMN,staffofALPandBRACED,communerepresentatives,CBAprojectstaff fromCNEDD,ENDA,M/DC/AT,Oxfam,AREN,and IDEEDubaraattended.

ALP documentation has deepened the evidence base, learning and credibility of the CBA approach,demonstratinganddisseminatingadaptationgoodpracticeanditscontributiontoresilientoutcomesacross


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Africa. Documented learning and evidence provides lasting contributions to the body of knowledge oneffective adaptation and helped to respond to increasing demands for capacity building resources and toconvinceadaptationfinanceandpolicydecisionmakersonwhattoprioritise.Annex1providesthecompletelistofALPpublicationsfromJuly2015toJuly2017,includingthoseproducedbyALPandthoseproducedbyotherswhichfeatureALP.ALPfocusedontwotypesofpublication,PractitionerBriefstosharepracticalhow-toguidanceandLearningReports to shareevidenceofwhatworks, changesand impacts.TheAdaptationGoodPracticechecklistprovidesanumbrella to these. In regard topracticalguidance,ALPcontributed tootherinitiativesaswell,suchasdevelopingCARE'sglobalstrategiesforfoodandnutritionsecurity,resilienceandgenderequalityascoreapproachestobemainstreamedinallCARE'swork;WorldBank/FAO/IFADGenderinclimate-smartagriculturesourcebook;andagenderbriefingnoteandcasestudiescommissionedbyGGCAandCIFORrespectivelyforthegenderpavilionattheGlobalLandscapesForumduringCOP21.Adetailedhow-toguideforimplementingthePSPapproachisundercompletion.ThecontentofthepublicationsdrawsfromALPexperience,evidenceandlearningwithotherssince2010.

ThepublicationsweredesignedandpublishedandmanyofthemprintedintimefordisseminatingatthekeyeventsatwhichALPpresentedduringthetwo-yearperiod,aslistedabove.TrainingmaterialsandlinkstoALPpublicationsarehostedonthetworegionaltrainingwebsitesforeasyaccessbyparticipantsandothers,andontheALFAwebsite.ALPestablishedapageontheWeADAPTplatformtoenableaccesstoALPpublications.FromanalyticssharedbyWeADAPTin2017,fourpublicationshadover100views,andtwoofthese(theAGPchecklistandthegenderandadaptationlearningreport)hadover200views.ALPpublicationshavehelpedtodrawattention to the importanceofworking on gender in the context of climate change and integratingclimate services into resiliencework, and in positioningALP andCARE as the go-to organization for goodpracticeapproachesintheseareas.

TheALPevaluationfound17publicationswhereALPpublicationsarereferenced,sixofthempeer-reviewed,inresearchreports,books,onlineportals,organisationwebsiteresourcepages,UNFCCCcasestudies,etc.ThepractitionerbriefsandthetwoCISbriefsonPSPand‘FacingUncertainty’aremostwidelyreferenced.IntheALPextension,ALPcontributedtoeightothernon-ALP/non-CAREpublicationsfromtheWorldBank,CIFOR,GlobalGenderClimateAlliance(GGCA),AdaptationCommittee,UNFCCC,ODI,IDRC/CARIAA,andothers.ALPCBA approaches, in particular CVCA, CAAPs and PSP are included in numerous Africa-specific project andprogrammedocuments,threeAFandGCFproposaldocuments,CAREcountryprogrammesonresilience,DRRandagriculture,USAIDDFAPprogrammesinEthiopiaandMali,BRACEDNiger.AtleasteightINGOprojectandprogramme documents (STORRE, Harande, BRACED Niger, PRIME, CARE Uganda, CARE/PLAN Zimbabwe,EthiopiaDFAP,andEthiopiaRedCross)containCBAapproaches.TheASDSPPhase2programmedocumentintheKenyaMinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheriesisfinancingPSPinall47countiesforanotherfiveyearsfrom2017.TwoWISERquick-starts(WISERWesternandENACTS)incorporatedrefinementandimpactassessment of PSPs for early warning and agriculture decision making. See Annex 1 for the full list ofpublications.

Output indicator 4.2 – Opportunities are created for on-going CBA learning and capacity developmentaccessibletoadaptationpractitionersinAfricaALPhasconsolidatedandup-scaled learningoncommunity-basedadaptation inAfrica ina rangeofareasrelatedtoDFID’sengagementinclimatechangeadaptation,climateinformationandresilience.ALPusedtwokey activities to strengthen sustainable access to capacity for adaptation goodpractice including skills forfacilitatinglearningandclimateknowledgebrokering:1)throughlinkingwithtraininginstitutionsdevelopingcurriculaforadaptation,and2)throughscopinginterestinestablishingacoordinationmechanismorlearningexchangehubforAfricanactorsfrompractitioner,research,training,andpolicyandfinancedecisionmakingorganisations.Thelearningeventsandpublicationsreportedin4.1andthecapacitybuildingandtrainingledbyALPinoutput2werekeyinputstothesetwoactivities.

Trainingmaterials.TheAGPchecklist (seeoutputs2.2and3.3)haspotentialasa foundationresource fortrainingandcurriculumdevelopment.ItsuseforthiswastestedintheKenyaCBApractitionerstrainingcoursefor government staff andCSOpartners, trainings inGhanaandNiger, and the two regional trainings. The


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checklistprovidesausefulsummaryfortraineestorefertoandtesttheirknowledgewith,butdoesnoteasilytranslate intoa trainingstructure.TheoriginalCBAframeworkandtheadaptivecapacity frameworkwerefound to bemore user-friendly for participatory training purposes.Newuses emerged at theALP annualmeeting forCAAPsscreeninganddevelopingcommunications targetedtocommunities (e.g. translate intoHausaandotherlocallanguages),andformonitoringandevaluatingadaptationprojects.Astartwasmade,butfurtherworkisneededtoelaboratetheAGPchecklistforpracticalandtraininguseandlinkitwithspecificapproaches,practitionerguidesandtrainingmanualsfromCAREandelsewhere.Thetworegionaltrainingsestablishedasetofusefultrainingmaterialsandpowerpointpresentations,whichareopenaccess.Theyareinusebysomeparticipantorganisationsbutnotyetwithinatrainingcurriculum.TheUNCCLearnMOOCsonadaptationforexampledevelopedwithFAOonNAPsandagriculturehaveusedmaterialfromALPpublicationsintheirresourceslists.

Collaborationwithtraininginstitutes.AmatrixofCBAcapacityneedsandpotentialprovidersinALPcountriesand Africa-wide was developed as part of the outcome mapping process. Understanding the potentiallandscapeandinstitutionalinterestwashelpedbyarangeofdiscussionswithAfricanandwiderinstitutionsattheAfricanandgloballearningevents,particularlyatCCDAV,CBA10,andtheCOPs.Attemptsweremadetoestablishstrategicpartnershipswithregional training institutions indevelopingtailor-madecurriculaonCBAapproaches.DiscussionstookplacewithACTS,MSArusha, theKenya InstituteofClimateChangeandAdaptationintheUniversityofNairobi,theInstituteofLocalGovernmentStudies(ILGS)attheUniversityofDevelopmentStudiesinGhana,ENDAEnergie(WestAfrica),andtheUniversityofMaradiinNigertoscopeinterest in collaboration and links to ALP practical learning in their curricula. ALPwas also invited to jointrainingdevelopmenteffortsbyotherinstitutes,whichprovedtobemoresuccessful.OtherinstituteswerenotabletodedicatetheirowntimeandresourcestoworkingwithALP.Theywerenotprioritisingadaptationorpreferredtocontinuewithtraditionalacademicapproachesunlessadditionalfinancecouldbesourced.

Inthis light,ALPKenyawas invitedbythenationalClimateChangeDirectoratetoparticipate intheKenyaSchoolofGovernment’sdevelopmentofacurriculumforintegratingadaptationintolocaldevelopmentplansat the county and other sub-national levels. TheAfrican Centre for Technology Studies started a regionaltrainingontheGreenClimateFundandinvitedALPtobepartofthedesignandtodevelopanddelivertheadaptationsession inthefirsttraining.ACTScontinuedtopartnerwithALPatALFA2017and isoneof13International Network of Climate Change Centres of Excellence and Think Tanks for Capacity Building(INCCCETT-4CB).TheUniversityofNairobiInstituteofClimateChangeandAdaptation(ICCA)isdevelopingarangeofshortandpostgraduatecoursesandhaveaninteresttoincorporateALP'sknowledgeandlearningonadaptation.

InGhana,theUniversityforDevelopmentStudies(UDS)invitedALPtodiscussareasofcollaborationandbuildCBA into their new academic program and department on climate change. CARE will participate in thedevelopmentanddesignoftwonewgraduatecourses,onefocusedonclimateinformationservicesandtheother on climate change and sustainable development. TheWa and Nyamkpala campuses of UDS wroteformally to CARE Ghana requesting partnership in climate course development and the use of ALPdocumentedresources,whichtheyareusingforresearchandteaching.UDSalsosentstudentsonplacementstoALPsitecommunitiesfortheirthirdtrimesterfieldwork.TheInstituteofLocalGovernmentStudies(ILGS)agreedtopartnerwithALPtoreviewALPknowledgeproductsonCBAandintegratethemintheircurriculum.However,itbecameclearthatILGSmotivationandfinancesweretoolimitedtoproceed.Ghanahasanationalclimate change learning strategy, which envisions a climate resilient nation by 2025, characterized by apopulationequippedwithclimatechangeknowledgeandadaptationskills,resultingfromenhancedpublicawareness,publicparticipationandanenhancededucationsystem.ALP’seffortstoembedclimateadaptationandCBAevidenceintouniversitycurriculawillhelpdeliveronGhana’sambitionsonclimatechangelearning.

CoordinatingadaptationlearninginAfricathroughALFA2017. Informalscopingdiscussionsfora learninghub were held with WRI, CDKN, GCAP, the BRACED Knowledge Manager, ACPC, and several climateinformationactorslookedatopportunitiesforcoordinatedlearning,knowledgemanagementandbrokeringfor sustained learning and innovation on climate change adaptation. ALP attended an Africa ClimateKnowledgeBrokersworkshopinAddisfromwhichdiscussionswithCKBhostedunderCDKNcontinued.Rather


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thancommissionastudy,itwasagreedtohostaneventatwhichparticipantscouldalreadyexperiencethevalueof learningexchangeanddiscusstheimportanceofsocial learningforrealisingqualityandimpactfuladaptation and climate resilience in Africa. The aim was to bring together relevant learning institutes,practitioners and adaptation finance bodies across Africa to allow for a co-generation of ideas and crossexchangetosupportthefoundationforcoordinationoffuturelearningonadaptationinAfrica.Conveninganeventaimedtoenablebothco-creationandAfricanownershipoftheoutcome.Thiscollectivescopingandengagementwouldbemorelikelytoleadtofurtheractionaswellascreatinglinkagesacrossdisciplinesandbetter knowledgeofwhereandhow to sourceAfricanexpertise.Asnotedabove,universitiesarealreadystartingtocoordinate.TheAfricanNIEsfortheAFandAEsfortheGCF–mostofwhichoverlap–havealsoinitiatedacommunityofpracticewithsupportfromWRIandAfDB,asreferredinoutput3.3.Theyplantodeveloparosterofexpertsandenablecross-learningamongthemselvestoimprovetheirsuccesswithdirectaccesstothefunds.Themissingpiecewastolinkthesetwodisciplineswitheachotherandwithpractitionerssuchthatexistingpracticallearningandevidencecouldalsoinformresearch,trainingandfinancedecisions.

TheAfricaLearningForumonAdaptation(ALFA2017)washeldinMarch2017todiscussoptionsforsustainedlearningandknowledgebrokeringonadaptationinAfrica.ThecollectivelyagreedALFA2017objectiveswere:

Tosupportcontinuousadaptationlearning,towards…

1. Adaptationknowledgeintoaction:drawingfromsuccessfuladaptationinitiatives,knowledgeandevidence,andanalysisofdriversandbarriers.

2. AnAfricancadreofexperts:exchangeonadaptationlearning,capacitybuildingandtrainingopportunitiesinAfrica,theircurrentandfuturepotentialforsustainabilityandup-scaling.

3. Anenablingenvironment:exploringideasforimprovedcoordination,continuouslearning,knowledgebrokeringandexchangerelatingtoadaptationdecisions,capacitybuildingandaction.

ALFAwascofundedbyALP,IDRC,ENDAEnergiefromtheBRACEDKM,andCDKN.ItwasorganisedbyALP,incollaborationwithIDRC,ENDAEnergie,CDKN,CKB,MakerereUniversity,theAfricanCentreforTechnologicalStudies(ACTS),andCCAFS.ENDAEnergiehostedthemeetinginSaly,Senegal.Thisgroupoforganisationsandthree recruited facilitators formed a core design team in order to create a social learning space and aninteractive participant-led event which met the purpose. The core group worked together to selectparticipants from the over 200 who registered interest, using criteria based on achieving a balance ofcountries,French/Englishspeakers,gender,andthetargeteddisciplines.Theeventwasplannedtoexplicitlyenable cross-exchange between francophone and Anglophone speakers. CDKNworkedwith CARE on theeventcommunications.

76 participants from 52 adaptation policy, finance, practice, capacity building and research organisationsacross23countriesinAfricaattendedthelearningforum.DeliberationsfocusedonhowtherealityofclimatechangeposesasignificantthreattoAfrica’ssustainabledevelopmenteffortsandwhatcanbedonetorespondeffectivelytothedynamicanduncertainimpactsonvulnerablecommunities.Strengtheningofongoingandmulti-actorlearningstructuresandknowledgebrokeringmechanismsonadaptationemergedasanessentialpre-condition to achieving climate resilient development in Africa. ALFA 2017 created a momentum for‘continued knowledge brokering between disciplines, sectors, government and non-government actors toensure that adaptation initiatives, plans and financing have access to the quality knowledge, services,approaches and capacityneeded to realise a climate resilient future forAfrica’. Participants resolved thatestablishinganopenandcollaborativenetworkofpractitioners,policyandfinanciers,andstrengtheningtherole and capacity of knowledge brokers is a critical step toward addressing African adaptation. The ALFAcommuniquepledgescommitmenttoadaptationgoodpractice,relevantandeffectivefinanceandknowledgebrokeringforresults.ALFAwebsitelink:https://sites.google.com/site/adaptationlearningforum2017/home.

MembersoftheAfricanclimatefinanceNIEandAEcommunityofpracticeandAfricanDevelopmentBankparticipatedinALFA2017andconvenedasidemeetingofapproximately40participantstoshareinformationonthecommunityofpracticeandprogresstowardsdirectandenhanceddirectaccesstotheGCF/AF.Interestwas expressed in linking the ALFA core group with capacity building plans and development of trainingmodulesoneffectiveadaptationfortheaccreditedinstitutions.


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ImmediatelyaftertheALFAworkshop,agroupof15participatingorganisationsmettodiscusshowtotakeforwardtheinterestcreatedbyALFAandworktowardsdevelopinganAfricanlearninghubforcross-exchangebetweenpolicy,finance,practice,research,training,andstrengtheningofknowledgebrokeringcapacity.Thisgroupworkedtogethertoprepareacommuniqueforpublicisingtheoutcomesandcommunicatingfivecoremessages on adaptation learning, knowledge brokering and finance. The communique was shared byMakerere University at CBA11. Some discussions were held on linking the ALFA outcomes with LDCUniversitiesConsortiumonClimateChange(LUCCC)andtheNIE/AEcommunityofpractice.ALFAparticipantsattendedtheregionaltrainingshostedbyALP.TheALFAwebsiteandmailinglisthassincebeenmaintainedbyCAREandCDKN.

ALFAalsostrengthenedrelationsbetweenkeyactorsinALPcountries,forexamplefromKenyaNEMA(theAFNIE and GCF AE), UNDP Kenya (GCF readiness), the Council of Governors executive commissioner forenvironment,theKenyaInstituteforPublicPolicyResearch&Analysis(KIPPRA),ACTS,CCAFS,andCARE.Theseactorshad theopportunity todiscuss taking forward cross-disciplinary learning inKenya. TheWestAfricaGrainsNetwork based inGhana,NADMO, and theHeadof Strategy of theGhana-basedAfrica ResilienceCollaborativeCentre,whichsupportsBusiness-UniversityPartnershipsforSustainableDevelopmentinAfrica,attended.Thelattercontributedtothedevelopmentofthecommunique,lendinganewangletopotentiallinkswithprivatesector.

SinceALFAtookplace,severalinitiativestocoordinateresearchanduniversityactiononclimatechangehaveemerged.ACTS is hosting theAfrican SustainabilityHubwith STEPSandSEI,whichwill play apan-Africanconvening role for research users, enabling them to articulate priority research needs. The LUCCC waslaunchedatCBA11tosupportexchangebetweenthem,withMakerereUniversityandEduardoMondlaneUniversitytakingleadrolesinAfrica.SARUAiscoordinatingsevenuniversitiesacrossSouthernAfrica.Theseinitiatives emerged in the last six months of ALP and were shared during and after ALFA, but withoutopportunitytobuildonthem.

Analysisofresultsandkeylessonsforoutput4Learningandknowledgebrokering.ALPsetupstructurestoensureadaptationfinanceandprogramminginAfrica can benefit from regional research and on-the-ground experience. ALFA 2017 validated levels ofcommitmenttocollectiveactiontosustainlearningandknowledgebrokering.AnumberofparticipatingNGOsandresearch instituteswereunanimous in theirwillingness to findasustainablewayofcollaborationanddiscussions continue. Appreciation of the role of learning and knowledge brokering as an essential andcontinuouscomponentofadaptationandclimateresiliencehasgrown,ashasdemandforcrossdisciplinaryexchange.ALFAoutcomesareevidenceofgrowingrecognitionthatthecorevaluesandpracticesofCBAandknowledge brokering are mainstream adaptation actions that should be resourced in any adaptationprogramme.ThegoalofanAfricaLearningHubwasambitious,andALPintendedtokickstartrelationsanddialogue towards this,enablingnewwaysofcollectiveknowledgegeneration.Thestage is set tobuildonthesefoundationsbothamongAfricanorganisations,whocouldplayaleadrole,andamongpotentialsourcesoffuturefundingsuchasCARE,IDRC,CDKN,andBRACED.ALPprepareda‘ClimateLearningAfrica’conceptnotewithinputsfromanumberoftheALFAcoregrouporganisations,whichhasbeensubmittedbyCAREtotheAustriaDevelopmentAgency,sharedwithDFID,andkeyelementsincorporatedintoCAREDenmark’snewDanida-funded programme. In the meantime, relations built at ALFA continue to be strengthenedindependentlyofALPandCARE,asnewinitiativeslikeLUCCareestablished.However,theALFAplatformhascreatedthepossibilitytoensurethatCBApractitionerscansharelessonsandinformfutureimplementationofclimateadaptationmeasures.Newfundingwouldbeneededtoavoidtheriskthattheselinksandlessonslearnedcouldbelost.

Linkedevidenceandlearning.BeyondALFA,ALPexperienceshowsthatwell-facilitatedsociallearningeventshavebeenkeytoraisingknowledgeanduseofALPlearningandpublicationsbyawiderangeoforganisations,and to co-generatingknowledge that isdocumentedbyALPandothers. Forexample,ALPengagement indiscourseonCBAandclimateservicesthroughglobalforumsliketheInternationalCBAconferencesandICCS5in2017 influencedALP thinkingand laterdevelopmentofapproaches.CAREhasbecomeknown forhigh-


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qualitypeople-centredadaptationandclimateservices.CAREwasamongthefirstINGOstoengageinclimateservicesandislookedtoforinformationonpracticalwaystoreachthelastmile.CoordinationofknowledgemanagementinclimateservicesundertheGlobalFrameworkforClimateServices(GFCS),AfricanMinisterialConferenceonMeteorology(AMCOMET),andACPC,andsupportfromWISERprovideapotentialopportunitytobuildonexistingcollaboration.ALFAadds theopportunity for cross-disciplinary learningexchangewithcommunity-levelimpactsandvulnerabilitiesatthecentre.

To achieve this, ALP andpartners needed tobecomebetter facilitators of change andof developmentofchangeleadersatcommunityandlocaltonationallevel,whichwasaddressedatthe2016retreat.ALPfocusedenergy in publishing reports and policy briefs to inform stakeholders both on ALP activities and also onmethodologiesaroundCBAapproaches,usingthetwo-yearextensiontocaptureandsharelearningfromsixyearsofworkfrom2010.

5. Developmentofimportantassumptionsandrisks

ALPcontinuedtopayattentiontorisksandassumptionsthatcouldordidaffecttheprogramme,mitigatingthesewherepossible.ArecordofhowtheseplayedoutintheextensionphasewithdetailsofthedevelopmentinrisksandassumptionsareprovidedinAnnex5.

6. ReflectionsandprioritiesforadaptationlearninginAfrica

Thissectionbuildsontheoutputspecificanalysisofresultsandkeylessonsprovidedattheendofsub-sections4.1to4.4. Itpresentssomeoverarchingreflections,whichcouldbeusedtoshapefutureprogrammingbyCAREandotheragencies,bothinrelationtoadaptationandalsolearningprogrammesmoregenerally.ALPhasworkedatmultiplelevelsandwithawiderangeofactorstowardsthegoalofvulnerablecommunitiesbecomingclimate-resilientoverthelongterm.AkeyvalueaddedofALPwasitsabilitytolearnatalllevelsfromcommunity innovationandevidence tonational andglobal civil society andpolicy engagement. Thelearninggeneratedfromtheseven-yearprogrammehascontributedtoglobalknowledgeofcommunity-basedadaptationapproachesandtheir importance formainstreamadaptation.ALP’sunderstanding,approachesand activities evolvedover the seven years alongside the evolution in thinking that tookplacewithin thedevelopment, climate change adaptation, and risk response sectors. In particular, ALP accompanied andcontributedtothemovetowardsclimateresilienceandclimateservicesascriticalissuesandapproachesforsuccessful adaptation. ALP’s core messages on reaching the most vulnerable through empowering theiragencyandorganisationandthroughincreasingequalityaswellasadaptivecapacitydidnotchangeovertime,but were enhanced with other messages which were finally captured in the Adaptation Good Practicechecklist. ALP put a spotlight on the need to work with the reality of climate uncertainty and to enablecommunities and sector services tomake better informed decisions in the face of uncertainty, using riskanalysisandscenariosandflexibilityindecisionmaking.ALPpromotedandfacilitatedmulti-level,multi-actorrelationshipswhichbridgesectorsilosandthenexusofdevelopment,riskreductionandhumanitarianaction.Thesehaveallbeenbetteracknowledged,buttop-downandpredeterminedsolutionsarestillthenormindevelopment funding and in Green Climate Fund (GCF) approved projects. As recommended by the ALPevaluation, CARE’s new Climate Change Resilience Platform (CCRP) will build on ALP products andachievementsandensurethatthesuccessfulapproachesaremainstreamedandadoptedinthedesignandimplementationofthenumerousprojectsthatCAREworksacrosstheworld.Thisisalreadyhappeninginmanycountrieswherecommunity-basedadaptation(CBA)planningandparticipatoryscenarioplanning(PSP)arebecominggotoapproaches.Somefinalthoughtsatthecloseoftheprogrammefollow.

Community-basedadaptationrevisitedStrengtheningadaptivecapacityhasnooneblueprint foractionbut requiressynergybetween facilitatingdecision-making processes and supporting tangible interventions that are prioritised. Strengtheningcommunityownership, systemsand institutionswith supportiveengagement from local governments and


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agenciesisnecessaryforbuildinglong-termadaptivecapacity,achievingsustainableoutcomes,andcreatingtransformativechange.Localgovernments,ormeso-levelinstitutions,haveemergedaskeyactorswithpolicymandatesforclimatechangeadaptationbutoftenhavelimitedfundingandlackexpertiseinbuildingadaptivecapacity.Thisisanareaforcontinuedengagementandout-scalingforCAREandotheragencies.

Strengtheningofcommunities’adaptivecapacityanddecision-makingprocesseslieattheheartofaneffectiveapproachtoclimateresilience.ALP’spracticalapproachesallworktowardsthis,focusingonsoftwareasthedriver to hardware choices. Learning fromALPhas shaped thinking on the capacities needed for resilientdevelopment, inparticularhowtostrengthenadaptivecapacityandanticipatorycapacity inthecontextofintegratedlivelihoodandriskmanagementactions.

Manyopportunitiesandquestionsremainunanswered.Adaptivecapacity ischaracterisedbytheabilitytomakeandactoninformeddecisionsbutislocationandgenderspecificandisinfluencedbymanydifferentfactors.Thus, it isextremelyhardto identify, letalonemeasure,what ischangingandwhat isdriving thischange. Despite these difficulties, testimonies from communities, women and men in all ALP countriesreported the critical importance of capacity to organise and plan together, access new information andresources, innovatewith new technologies, have a stronger voice for decisions, and demand change andservices.Howtheyacquiredthesestrengthenedcapacitiesappearstobefromthecombinationofplanningprocesses,earlywarningsystems,andadaptationstrategies.Villagesavingsandloanshasproventobeonestrategy, which ticks many boxes including being versatile in supporting safety nets, social solidarity fordialogueandplanning,investmentinlivelihoodactivities,andincomegeneration.

Reachingthemostvulnerablegroupsasagentsofchangeanddecisionmakers,andnotasvictims,isstillamessagethatismoreheardthanactedupon.ALPdemonstratedthepowerofthis,amongwomeninNiger,yet most programmes, including ALP, continue to struggle with developing the right relationships andidentifying and incorporating needed adjustments in strategic support to ensure that those who areparticularlyvulnerableareabletoshape,participateandbenefitfromprogrammes.Supportingpeoplewithdisabilities, youth-headed households, and older people means addressing their particular needs inprogrammedesignandimplementation.Climatevulnerabilityandcapacityassessment(CVCA)exercisesareuseful for understanding someof thedynamics at play, but the information they generateondifferentialvulnerabilityisrarelycarriedforwardintothenextstepsoftheplanningprocess.Ensuringthatthesestartupactivitiesareasparticipatoryandcommunity-ownedas thenextstepsand feed into them increativeandlocally appropriate ways requires more attention. Supporting long-term resilience for all remains a hugechallengeandmoreworkisneededtodevelopadaptationapproachesthatareinclusiveofthemostresource-poorpeopleandhouseholds.

Adaptivemanagementandecosystems.Thescaleofclimatechangeuncertaintiesandimpactsissuchthatsupport to adaptation and adaptive capacity building must go beyond the single story of homogenouscommunitieswithinanarrowgeography.Evenintheremotestplacesthisrarelyholdstrue.People’slivesaremoreconnectedanddiversethaneveranddependonacomplexwebofresources,ecosystems,knowledge,mobility, communication, socio-economicandculturalvalues,andaccess toopportunitieswhich feed intoindividual and family decisions. ALP’s CBA approach was holistic and facilitated bottom-up analysis andplanning, but still did notmanage to work at the broader level to support adaptivemanagement acrosscommunitieswiththedifferentandsometimescompetinglandusesandlandscapesinvolved(e.g.farmers,agro-pastoralists, andpastoralists).Nor didALP fully appreciate the reality of extended families and theircontribution of income and innovation emerging through domesticmigration and remittances frommoredistantfamilymembersinrelationtotheroletheyplayinadaptiveandabsorptivecapacity.Improvementsare possible from incorporating insights from ecosystem based adaptation with the CBA approach asrecommended though theAdaptationGoodPracticesand takingamainstreamapproach toadaptation inwhichbothpeopleandenvironmentmatter.

Transformational change. Equally the scale of climate change impacts over time calls for going beyondadaptationofcurrentlivelihoodstowardsmoretransformationalchangeinthepowerstructuresandrelationsthatunderliedecisionmaking,expandingtheportfoliooflivelihoodstrategiesbeyondcontinuingtorelyona


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threatenednaturalresourcebase.ScenariodevelopmentcouldbeincludedwithintheCBAplanningprocesstoallowforvisioningtogobeyondthisbusinessasusualandconsideractionsandcapacitiesneededwhenconditionsdemandaradicalchangeoflivelihoods.Moreattentiontogovernance,rightsandinfluenceoverdecisionmakingwould allow for addressing power dynamicswithin andbetween communities andotheractors.Onlybyenablingcommunitiestohaveagenuinevoiceinplanninganddecisionsthataffecttheirabilitytoadaptwilltheybeabletoachievethetransformationalchange,whichwillsustaintheirabilitytoadaptandrealiselastingandresilientimpact.

Improving synergyand coherencebetweendevelopment, riskmanagement, andhumanitarianemergencyresponsetoensurecapacityandcoordinationbetweenthemandlong-termresilienceoutcomesrequiresaparadigmshiftinthewaytheseactorsatalllevelsoperateandrelate.ALP’sclimateservicesworkcontributestothisspace,inwhichknowledgeandactioncanbetakenearliertoprotectlivelihoods,andnewapproachestoforecast-basedearlywarningandadaptivesocialprotection,forexample,areemerging.ManydiscussionstookplaceduringALPlearningeventsandinparticularattheAfricaLearningForumonAdaptation(ALFA2017)abouttheneedforastepchangeintherelationbetweendonorfunding,implementers,andbeneficiaries,andbetweenpolicydecisionmakers,research,andpractitioners,whichcouldallowforgreatertrustinallowinglocally-determinedandmoreflexiblesolutions.

UserbasedclimateservicesClimate information is growing as an asset for adaptation decisions. At the same time,multi-stakeholderforumsforaccessingandusingtheinformationprovidevaluableincentivesandopportunitiesforcontinueddialogue on trends, risks, uncertainties, and collective planning. Important progress is being made indevelopingscience-basedclimateproductsthatinformonclimatechangeatalltimescalesandincreasinglydownscaledgeographies.Asthepopularityofclimateservicesgrows,thereisariskthattheybecomeanewsilo, driven by climate science producers. ALPworked at the interface between adaptation and resilienceprogrammes on one hand and climate services development on the other. ALP experience in this spacedemonstrated theneed fordeveloping climate serviceswith clearer rolesandmandates forall theactorsinvolved,where theusers and their useof the information inform the service asmuchas thedevelopingscientificproducts.Climateservicescannotbedrivenbythemetservicesalonebutneedtobeembeddedwithin the broader goals of climate resilience, NAPs, early warning systems, and sectoral planning.Understandingandcommunicatinguserneeds,movingfromusefultousableinformation,betterappreciationofthevalueofcollectiveinterpretation,co-productionofservices,andfindingcommunicationchannelsthatwork–withtrust,confidenceandincentivetousetheinformation–continuetobechallengingareasthatclimateservicesareworkingon.

Inthislight,ALPdevelopedauser-basedclimateservicesknowledgevaluechaintoraiseawarenessonthemultipleactorsandstepsinvolved.TheIRIENACTSmaproomsareanexampleofwhereclimateinformationisbecomingmoreaccessibletosectordepartmentsinhealthandagriculture.ClimateChangeAgricultureandFood Security (CCAFS) has generated important learning in relation to climate services for agriculture.StrengtheningClimateInformationPartnerships(SCIPEA)isanotherprojectthatisalsoreachingouttospecificusers. TheWISERprojectprovides someopportunity fordevelopinguser-basedand co-developed climateservices.Theyprovideanexampleofthewayforward,butmoreworkisneededtorampupinformeddemandforclimateinformationandservices.AnimportantaspecthighlightedbyALPworkandtheknowledgevaluechainmentionedaboveisthecriticalroleofknowledgebrokerstoenablethelinkagesandfeedbackloopsthatwillensureunderstandingandimpactofclimateservicesandtheirupandout-scaling.Climateserviceswillneedtoincludededicatedresourcesforknowledgebrokering.

Continuouscapacitybuilding,learningandclimateknowledgebrokeringStrengtheningtheroleoflearningandknowledgebrokeringiscritical.Innovativeapproachestofacilitation,decisionmakingprocesses,learning,andknowledgesharingareneededtoensuretheverticalandhorizontallinkages and synergies needed for effective adaptation decision making. Equally adaptation and climateresilience is not a one-off task. As change continues, responses require capacity to continually adapt andtransform at all levels. Learning needs to be a critical and continual part of adaptation and resilience


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programming, and more needs to be done on systematising this learning. ALP worked with the ClimateKnowledgeBrokers(CKB)programmetohighlighttheneedforimprovedskills inknowledgebrokeringandfacilitationatall levels.ALP’s initiatives in facilitating social learningandcapacitybuildingamongactors–leading to co-developing new and improved approaches – provide important learning on how to createlearning impactanduse learningasaprogrammaticapproachbeyondaprojectM&Efunction.Knowledgebrokeringcanhelpresearchersandpractitionerstocollectivelydevelopdynamicandparticipatorydecision-makingpathwayswhichfacilitatelocallydetermined,forward-lookingactionsandservices,andincludeandrespondtodiverseandchangingvulnerabilitiesandaspirations.

Learning linkages between research and practice are increasing. CCAFS, IDRC CARIAA programme, andBRACEDareallgoodexamples.Researchneedsarealsoincreasingfromfeedbackfrompracticalexperience.This should not reduce the urgency for committing resources to practical programmes, which includeinnovationandlearningbydoingforthepurposeofdeliveringgreaterclimateresilienceamongvulnerablecommunities.

Capacitybuildingonadaptation,climateresilience,andclimatefinanceisgrowingatmultiplelevels.Actorsproviding adaptation and adaptation finance capacity building –whether climate knowledge brokers andtrainersexplicitlyorpeoplefromagencies,governmentdepartments,donors,civilsociety,andresearch–relyontheirexperienceandexistingguidanceandmaterials,towhichALPhascontributed.TheAdaptationGoodPractice(AGP)checklisthasthepotentialtoensurecapacitybuildinginadaptationincludesthevital‘software’processesandcapacitystrengthening,whichALPexperienceandmostresilienceframeworkshaveshowntobeessentialtoachievelong-lastingimpact.Morethought,resourcesandopportunitiesfortestingtheAGPchecklist are needed to further develop and elaborate it, alongside developing the training and capacitybuildingmaterialsALPproducedintoacoherentpackage.Facilitationofongoingmulti-actorinterdisciplinaryand regular learning platforms, prioritising participatory research for science that meets real needs, andworkingtowardsacollaborativenetworkofknowledgeandinformationsharingwillallhelp.

SystemsandservicesforscalingupandoutDesignforscale.ALP,andinparticulartheextension,wasdesignedtosupportadaptationactivitiestoshiftfromone-off,small-scaleactivitiestothosethatbenefitmorepeopleandinformpolicy.ALP’sscalingstrategywaspremisedontheunderstandingthatasuccesstravelseitherverticallyorhorizontallyacrosslocal,national,andregional levelsonapathway.Horizontal scalingoccurswhenanapproachorproject replicatesacrosspeopleandgeographiesforalllevelsofscaling.Verticalscalingcomesaboutthroughchangesinpoliciesandlegislationoradoptionintomainstreamsystemsatthenational,regional,or local level.ALPachievedbothtypesofscaling indifferentcontexts, themostnotablebeingPSPsand integrationofadaptation into localgovernment planning. A key learningwas thatprocesses, principles and good practice capacities can bescaled,whileadaptationstrategiesandinterventionsarecontext-specificandneedtobelocallydetermined.Thishasimplicationsforprogrammedesignandbudgetingtoallowflexibilityinsupporttoimplementationofspecificinterventionsastheyaredecided,ratherthanpredeterminingtheseinadvance.

ALPdemonstratedthe importanceofdesigningforscalewithattentiontohorizontalandvertical linkages,drawing from knowledge and practice on the ground to engage and influence stakeholders and decisionmakersatalllevels,enablingthemtoadoptandtakegoodapproachestoscalebeyondtheboundariesofaparticularproject.Thisinvolvedbeingengagedwithmainstreamactorsandpolicyprocessesandcollaboratingwithgovernmentactorslocallytobuildexamplesandevidenceofsuccess.Examplesofup-scaleincludeCBAapproaches being integrated in the medium-term development plans of the ALP districts in Ghana withtechnical support fromALPand theNationalDevelopmentPlanningCommission (NDPC).OxfamandCFTCadaptationprojects inGhanaareexamplesofadoptionandreplicationofCBAapproachescontributing tohorizontalscaling.Anextstepistobemoredeliberateinhowthechangesgeneratedthroughverticalscalingthrough policy uptake, etc. can support and benefit other programmes and interventions of otherNGOs,agencies,governmentdepartments,andworkcollectivelytowardsthis. InKenya,theuseofPSPto informclimate-relatedadvisorieshasbeenscaledandiscurrentlyinuseinall47counties,albeitwithvaryingdegreesofinnovationandquality.Insomecounties,advisoriesarenowdevolvedtosub-countylevels,indicatingscale


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athorizontalandverticallevels.TheengagementofincreasednumbersofinstitutionsintheplanningprocesshasalsoresultedinacriticalmassofactorsinvolvedinthePSPprocess.

GenderresponsiveClimateVulnerabilityandCapacityAssessments(GCVCA),inclusiveCommunityAdaptationActionPlans (CAAP),ParticipatoryScenarioPlanning (PSP) forseasonalclimateserviceshavebeenthekeyareas of success and adoption by others at community and local government levels and could be furtheradopted, refined and upscaled. However, it remains a challenge how to scale up community-based andgender-sensitiveapproachestargetingthemostvulnerableinwaysthatareaffordableandsustainablesothatthey may be integrated in mainstream local and national systems as well as in the context of nationaladaptationplansandprogrammes.Thisismainlyduetolong-standingcapacityandresourcegapsatthelocallevel,wheretheall-importantengagementwithcommunitiestakesplace,andbusinessasusualsectorsilos.Improvedcoordinationamongactors,understandingofthevalueaddedofadaptationasacross-sectoralandbottom-upapproach,andtheadventofclimatefinancedowntothelocallevelwillallhelp.

Henceinvestmentsinstrengtheningsystemsandservicesrequiredforeffectivedecisionmakingarekeyforbuildingeffectiveadaptivecapacityandensuringtheseprocessesareembeddedinmainstreamsystemssuchasdevelopmentplanningcycleswhereadaptationisacross-cuttingissuetobeintegratedinsectoralandlocaldevelopmentplans.GoodfacilitationandintegrationofadaptationintomainstreamsectordevelopmentiscriticalforensuringqualityoftheCBAapproachesbeingadoptedandtheirresultinginresilienceoutcomes.The brokering role required for effective scale up of CBA approaches needs to be valued and properlyresourced.CountryNAPsinsomecasesfollowasectorstructure,whichcanhelpstrengthenembeddingofCBA in processes for sector planning as long as critical elements – such as thenineAGPs – are included.Integration canensure implementation at scalebut impactwill alsodependon cross-sector coordination,whichadaptationandclimateservicescanalsohelptopromote.

Strategicpartnershipsandcapacitybuildingarecritical foreffectivescalingandweretherationalefortheregionalcapacitybuildingandALFAevents.ALP’spresenceacrosscountriesandabilitytoworkwithmultiplepartners was an advantage in facilitating scaling particularly of CBA ‘software’ approaches, which gainedtractionandledtothedemandforcapacitybuilding.Thecurrenttrendofdeliveringresiliencethroughlargeconsortia programmes can strengthen cross-disciplinary partnerships, as long as internal programmecomplianceandotherorganisationalbarriers(e.g. internalpolitics,focusonnarrowexpertiseareas,powerrelationships,andmore)doesnotdivertattentionfromtheoverallgoalstobeachievedandneedforwiderrelationshipsbeyondtheprogramme.

Adaptationfinancequality,accountabilityandtransparencyALPsgoalwastoensurethatclimatefinancestructuresprioritisetheresourcingofadaptationinitiativesthatpromoteinnovation,inclusivedecision-makingprocessesandsustainablesystemsforrespondingflexiblytochange.Climatefinancestructures,NAPsandnationalbudgetswouldworktogethertosupportintegrationofadaptationinsectorandlocaldevelopment,andriskmanagement.Theywouldenablecontext-specific,multi-actor, local-level and coordinateddecisionmakingandactionwithoutpredetermined solutionsandonanongoingbasis. Indoingthis, financewouldalsosupportknowledgebrokeringactivities throughoutprojectlifecycles.Achievingthisgoalremainsanimportantaspiration,whichwascapturedintheALFAcommuniqué.The global architecture for climate finance is still in development and has become highly complex andprocedurally challenging for direct access or enhanced direct access. There is an opportunity to supportnationalclimatefundstoovercomethesechallengesaswellastolobbytheGCFinparticulartobemoreopentotheurgency,realitiesandcriteriaforsuccessfuladaptation.ALPlearnedthatbetterunderstandingofthepolitical economy aspect of climate finance and other national and international processes is needed forsuccessful influence of financial flows. This would also enable improved targeting of messaging on coreprinciplesandgoodpractices. Importantworkbyotherglobalagencies isalreadyshowingprogress in thisarea,whichwouldbeimportantforfutureCAREprogrammingtoengagewith.

Civilsocietyhasacriticalroletoplaylocally,nationallyandgloballytoachievepolicychangeandaccountableandeffective finance flows. This requires resources, capacity andbetter coordination tobeeffective.ALPlearning and capacities developed with the civil society organisation partners is continuing through the


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SouthernVoicesprogrammeandGCFCSOReadinessprojectwithGermanWatchandCAREGermany.Itwillbeimportanttoensurethatpracticallearningandevidencecontinuetobeacorepartofthis,inadditiontoCSOcapacitystrengtheningfortargetedandinformedpolicyadvocacy.CSOandpractitionerprogrammesareimportantactorsinpromotinguseofevidenceandexperiencefrominnovation,implementationandresearchtoinformfinancingdecisionsanddevelopingguidelines,minimumstandards,andsupportonadaptationgoodpractice.

DesigningimpactfuladaptivelearningprogrammesALP programme design and organisational structure allowed for a coherent and multifaceted approachworkingacrosslevelsandactors,whichcombinedevidencefromcommunitylevel,engagementinlocalandnational government policy processes, support to civil society advocacy, and cross-learning and capacitybuilding with all actors. The learning and collaborative approach taken over the seven years of ALPimplementationincludedflexibilityandresponsivenesstoevidence,demandandopportunitiesemergingovertimethatenabledALP’sabilitytoremainrelevantandhavemeaningfulimpactamongthetargetgroups.Thisprogrammaticcoherencewas instrumental inachievingALP’sresultsandabilityto influenceclimatepolicyandfinancefromaninformedfoundation.ALPexperiencemadecleartheimportanceofflexibilityandsociallearning,especially incontextsofclimaticuncertainty.Whileasingleprogrammeshouldnotendeavourtoachieveeverything,theoptionfordevelopingverticalandhorizontallinkages,whicharenotpredetermined,anembeddedlearningfunction,andaprogrammeframework,whichallowedtheteamtokeepaneyeontheoverarchinggoal andwork towards itwith flexibility, areattributes thatwouldbenefitotherprogrammesfocusingoncreatinglastingpositivechange.

5. Annexes

Annex1 ALPpublicationslist2015to2017Annex2 ALPachievementsagainstindicators,milestonesandtargetsAnnex3 Summaryof2016CBAadoptionsurveyresultsAnnex4 ALPatUNFCCCCOP21andCOP22Annex5 TableofassumptionsandrisksAnnex6 Acronymlist

Annex1

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Annex1.ALPdocumentationandpublicationlist–July2015toJune2017

ThislistsummarisesthekeypublishedproductsdocumentingALPworkandlearningbothproducedbyALPandotherorganisationsandprogrammesintheALPextensionphaseJuly2015toJune2017.

ALPpublicationsarehere

http://careclimatechange.org/our-work/alp/

http://careclimatechange.org/publications/

https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/adaptation-learning-programme

ALPprogrammepublications

Programmereports

NottawasagaInstitute(2015)ALPFinalEvaluationReport:https://www.care.dk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/15-08-ALP-final-evaluation-full-report.pdfandhttps://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-200658/documents

DFIDandCAREmanagementresponsestotheALPFinalEvaluationReport(2015):https://devtracker.dfid.gov.uk/projects/GB-1-200658/documentsandhttps://www.care.dk/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/15-10-15-CARE-management-response-to-ALP-evaluation-2015.pdf

ALP(2015)ALPContactCardandFoldableBusinessCard:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/ALP-Contact-Card-2015.pdf

Percy,Fetal,(Dec2015)ALPResults,OutcomesandImpacts–Jan2010–June2015:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/ALP-2010-15-Report.pdf

ESSAteam(July2017):FinalEvaluationoftheAdaptationLearningProgrammeforAfricaExtensionPeriod(2015–2017)(https://www.care.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/170713_ESSA_Final_Report_ALP_Evaluation_FINAL.pdf)

CAREmanagementresponse(September2017)toFinalEvaluationofALP2015to2017:https://www.care.dk/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/CARE-management-response-to-final-evaluation-of-ALP-extension.pdf

PractitionerBriefs

PercyF,andOyoo,P(Oct2016),AdaptationGoodPracticeChecklist:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Adaptation-Good-Practice-Checklist.pdf

Dazé,A,Percy,F,Ward,N.(2015)PractitionerBrief1:AdaptationPlanningwithCommunities:http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/CBA_Planning_Brief.pdf

Otzelberger,A(March2016)PractitionerBrief2:Integratingdisasterriskreductionandadaptationtoclimatechange:Community-basedearlywarningsystemsinDakoro,Nigerhttp://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/CBA-and-DRR-Brief.pdf

Otzelberger,A(March2016)PractitionerBrief3:UnderstandingGenderinCommunityBasedAdaptationhttp://careclimatechange.org/publications/cba-and-gender-analysis/

Otzelberger,A(Sept,2016)PractitionerBrief4:StrengtheningAdaptiveCapacitytoClimateChangehttp://careclimatechange.org/publications/adaptive-capacity-practitioner-brief/

ALFA2017Communique:TowardsaClimateResilientAfrica(May2017)https://sites.google.com/site/adaptationlearningforum2017/meeting-outcome-documents

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LearningReports

Webb,J(Nov,2015)Genderdynamicsinachangingclimate:Howgenderandadaptivecapacityaffectresilience:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Gender-and-Adaptation-Learning-Brief.pdf

Wagner,R.Ward,N.Percy,F(Dec,2015)AdaptationStrategiesCompendium:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Adaptation-Strategies-Compendium.pdf

Otzelberger,A(May2017),AdaptationPlanningwithCommunities:learningfrompracticeinEmbucountyKenyaandCommunityAdaptationActionPlanninginEmbuCounty:findingsonvulnerabilitytoclimatechangeandcommunityadaptationplanninginIria-Itune,Kamarandi,Mutwabare,Ntharawecommunities,2015-2016,bothathttp://careclimatechange.org/publications/adaptation-planning-communities-learning-practice-embu-county-kenya/

Soeters,S(May2017):ActionResearchonLocalAdaptiveCapacityinALPCommunitiesinNorthernGhana,http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ALP-Adaptive-Capacity-Research-Report-web.pdf

Ward,NandPercy,F(June2017),Howadaptivecapacityenablesresilience:insightsfromtwocommunitiesinnorthernGhana,http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/ALP-Adaptive-Capacity-Policy-brief-web.pdf

Amadou,SandLeko,I(November2014,finalversionandEnglishtranslation2017)AreferencestudyforsafeguardingtheTarkaValley,undertakenwithaviewtodevelopingalandmanagementscheme.

Climateservices

Ambani,MandPercy,F(May2017)ParticipatoryScenarioPlanningforClimateForecastsatScaleinAfrica:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/PSP-ALP-Brief-2017.pdf

Ambani,MandPercy,F(May2017)ClimateInformationCentres:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Climate-Info-Centres-ALP-Brief.pdf

Ambani,MandPercy,F(May2017)CommunityRainGaugesForBuildingClimateResilienceinNiger:http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Community-Rain-Gauge-ALP-Brief-2017.pdf

DrGlwadysGbetibouo,CourtneyHill,DrAnthonyMills,DirkSnyman,OnnoHuyserandRenéSchieritzetal,June2017,Regionalimpactassessmentonclimateinformationservicesforcommunity-basedadaptationtoclimatechange,Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya,MalawiandNiger.

DrGlwadysGbetibouoetal,May2017EthiopiaCountryReport:ImpactAssessmentonClimateInformationServicesforCommunityBasedAdaptationtoClimateChangehttp://careclimatechange.org/publications/alp-ethiopia-climate-information-services-country-report

DrGlwadysGbetibouoetal,May2017,KenyaCountryReport:ImpactAssessmentonClimateInformationServicesforCommunityBasedAdaptationtoClimateChange(http://careclimatechange.org/publications/kenya-climate-information-services-country-report/)

DrGlwadysGbetibouoetal,June2017,Ghana,MalawiandNigerCountryReports:ImpactAssessmentonClimateInformationServicesforCommunityBasedAdaptationtoClimateChange(http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Ghana-Climate-Services-Country-Report.pdf,http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Malawi-Climate-Services-Country-Report.pdf,http://careclimatechange.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Niger-Climate-Information-Services-Country-Report.pdf)

Ambani,Metal,(2017),Climateinformationforresilientagriculturaldecision-makingandplanning:apracticalguidetoParticipatoryScenarioPlanning(forthcoming)

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ExternalpublicationswithALPcontributionsorfeaturingALP

Genderrelated

WorldBank/FAO/IFAD(2015)Genderinclimatesmartagriculture:module18forthegenderinclimatechangesourcebook(GenderInclusiontoolboxp.11,CVCAp.20,PSPp.54)http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2015/10/09/090224b083134419/1_0/Rendered/PDF/Gender0in0clim0riculture0sourcebook.pdf

GGCA(Dec2015)FromConcepttoAction:StoriesofClimateChangeandGender–aCaseStudiesbooklet.ALPinput:Ward,N.,VillageSavingsandLoansAssociations:buildingresilienceandempoweringwomen,casestudypage13:https://portals.iucn.org/union/sites/union/files/doc/ggca_case_studies_booklet_-_16_pgs_-_low_res_update_11-11.pdf

CIFOR(2016)GenderandClimateChange:evidenceandexperience:SetofBriefsproducedfortheGenderPavilionattheGlobalLandscapesForumatCOP21.ALPinput,Brief2:Ward,N(Dec2015)Changingtheclimate:whygendermatterstoachievingequitablesustainabledevelopment.http://www.cifor.org/gender/gender-and-climate-change/

GreatInsightsMagazine:SheDrivesChange,Volume6Issue2(May/June2017).ALPinput:Harmeling,S,andBowa,E.‘Genderequalityessentialtoconfrontclimatechangeimpacts’http://ecdpm.org/wp-content/uploads/Great-Vol6-Issue2-May-June-2016-1.pdf

Soeters,S.andZoomers,A.(2017)ConsolidatingContestationandConflictthroughCommunityBasedAdaptation(CBA).JournalofGeoscienceandEnvironmentProtection,5,174-193.https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2017.511013Seealso:Micro-financeandWomenInclusioninNorthernGhanaV.Contihttp://www.adaptationlandscapes.org/village-saving-and-loans-associations-as-a-tool-for-adaptation-in-northern-ghana/

NAP-AgMOOCUNCCLearnandFAO(2017):Casestudy:Gender-responsiveparticipatoryresearchandanalysistoenableandempowerwomenandmentotakeactiononadaptation:thecaseoftheAdaptationLearningProgramme(ALP),Garissa,Experts:CatherineHill,SibylNelson(ExcerptedandadaptedfromAngieDazé.2015.ClimatechangevulnerabilityandadaptivecapacityinGarissa,Kenya.CAREInternational)

Adaptationandresiliencerelated

JonathanPorter(2015)ShrinkingmobilityinsoaringtemperaturesUnderstandingtheimpactofchangesinmobilityonhouseholdadaptivecapacityinsemi-aridruralnorthernGhana.UniversiteitUtrechtMasterThesis.https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/320518andSeasonalMigrationinNorthernGhanahttp://www.adaptationlandscapes.org/seasonal-migration-in-northern-ghana/

AdaptationCommitteeExpertmeetingonlivelihoodsandeconomicdiversification(September2015)Shortcasestudy:Achievingtheoptimalmixoflivelihoodsdiversificationinpastoralcommunities:CAREInternational–AdaptationLearningProgrammeforAfrica(ALP)https://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/application/pdf/201509_care_africa_led.pdf

AdaptationCommittee,UNFCCC,AC/2016/6(2016)Prosandconsofdiversificationforeffectivedevelopment(2016).Reportontheexpertmeetingonpromotinglivelihoodsandeconomicdiversificationtobuildresilienceinthecontextofplanning,prioritizingandimplementingadaptation.TenthmeetingoftheAdaptationCommitteeBonn,Germany,13-16September2016.http://unfccc.int/files/adaptation/groups_committees/adaptation_committee/application/pdf/ac10_5c_report_led.pdfseeALPincasestudiesonpage7.

LeMasson,V.,Lim,S.,Budimir,M.,SelinPodboj,J.(Nov2016)ODIWorkingPaper:Disastersandviolenceagainstwomenandgirls:candisastersshakesocialnormsandpowerrelations?https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/11113.pdf

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SoetersS.(2016)BuildingBondsandBreakingBridges:CommunityBasedAdaptation(CBA)asaSourceofConflictinaNorthernGhanaianLandscape.In:YaroJ.,HesselbergJ.(eds)AdaptationtoClimateChangeandVariabilityinRuralWestAfrica.Springer,Cham.https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-31499-0_7Alsosee:Dry-SeasonWatermelonFarminginNorthernGhanaByS.Soeters&R.Stamhttp://www.adaptationlandscapes.org/ghana/

JotoAfrikaIssue20(April2017).NationalandCountyGovernmentResponsestoClimateChange,ALParticle:BowaE,‘AdaptationGoodPracticeChecklist’http://www.alin.net/Joto%20Afrika

Climateservices

ASDSPandKenyagovernment:ShadrackKipkemoi,BenjaminNdegwa,CalistusWachana,MauriceOpondo,VeronicaKirogo,DanielKipleel,MaryNduru,JosephineMogere,(2014)PARTICIPATORYSCENARIOPLANNINGFORCLIMATERESILIENTAGRICULTURALLIVELIHOODS:BESTPRACTICESANDSUCCESSSTORIES.StoriesbyCountyEnvironmentalResilienceandSocialInclusionOfficershttp://asdsp.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/PSP-Success-Stories-Magazine.pdf

Nurye,A.(2016),BlendingScienceandCommunityVoicesforMulti-ScaleDisasterRiskReductionandClimateResilience:AParticipatoryScenarioPlanningApproach.Preprints2016,2016080105(doi:0.20944/preprints201608.0105.v1).https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201608.0105/v1

Singh,C,Urquhart,P.&Kituyi,E.(2016).Frompilotstosystems:Barriersandenablerstoscalinguptheuseofclimateinformationservicesinsmallholderfarmingcommunities.CARIAAWorkingPaperNo.3.InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre,Ottawa,CanadaandUKAid,London,UnitedKingdom.http://idl-bnc.idrc.ca/dspace/bitstream/10625/55485/1/IDL-55485.pdfALPcontributionsatCBA9andreviewoftheworkingpaper

Jones,L.,Harvey,B.,Goodfrey-Wood,R,.ODI(2016).TheChangingRoleofNGO’sinsupportingClimateInformation(figure1page3adaptedfromALPandBox3casestudypage13):https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/10885.pdf

JotoAfrikaIssue21(2017).RoleofScienceandInnovationinClimateChangeResponse,ALParticle:PercyFandAmbaniM,‘StrengtheningMulti-StakeholderAdaptationPlanningforResilientDevelopment’http://www.alin.net/Joto%20Afrika

Blogs,interviewsandvideos

Ward,N(Dec,2015)Alittlelessconversation,alittlemoreactionatCOP21:http://careclimatechange.org/little_more_action_at_cop21/

Percy,F(Dec,2015)HowtheParisClimateAgreementwillincreasemomentumonadaptation:http://careclimatechange.org/climate-agreement-increases-adaptation-momentum/

Kudom-Agyemang,A(2015)“ALPpartnersadvocatetheuseofclimateadaptationfinanceforcommunity-basedefforts”.TheFinder,Ghana:http://www.thefinderonline.com/Editorial/alp-partners-advocate-the-use-of-climate-adaptation-finance-for-community-based-efforts.html

CAREInternationalinGhana(2015)“ALPHumanInterestStory”https://www.facebook.com/careinghana#

Ababale,S(Feb,2016)LinkingClimateChangeAdaptationwithEarlyWarningSystems:http://careclimatechange.org/early-warning-systems/

Maina,J(April,2016)ElNiñoin1997and2015–learningfromthepast:http://careclimatechange.org/el-nino-kenya/

Percy F. (April 2016). Is people power the key to urban resilience in a changing climate? Bloghttp://careclimatechange.org/is-people-power-the-key-to-urban-resilience/

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Bowa,E.(Nov2016)GenderintheMarrakeshClimateTalks:http://careclimatechange.org/gender-marrakech-climate-talks/

Percy,F.(Nov2016)LaunchoftheAdaptationGoodPracticeChecklistissettingthesceneforeffectiveimplementationoftheParisAgreement:http://careclimatechange.org/launch-adaptation-good-practice-agp-checklist-setting-scene-effective-implementation-paris-agreement-cop22/

AmadouDanKouré(Nov2016)Niger:Whereclimatechangeisadailyreality:http://careclimatechange.org/niger-climate-change-daily-reality/

Mitscherlich,J.(December2016)VillagevsDesert:ClimateChangeStoriesfromNiger:http://careclimatechange.org/village-vs-desert-climate-change-stories-niger/

Ambani,M(March2017):Courtingcomplexityinclimateservices:lessonsfromparticipatoryscenarioplanning:http://careclimatechange.org/courting-complexity-climate-services-lessons-participatory-scenario-planning/

Adem,A.(June2017),ClimateServicesandParticipatoryScenarioPlanning(PSP)KnowledgeExchange,Kenya&Ethiopia:http://careclimatechange.org/climate-services-participatory-scenario-planning-psp-knowledge-exchange-kenya-ethiopia/

MichaelSchmidtOlsen,Danida,CAREDenmarkCandoFilmProduction(2017).Twoshortmoviestellingthestoryoftwofarmers,oneawoman,oneaman,whohaveimprovedtheirresilienceandadaptivecapacitythroughsupportfromALP.Lucy’sStory:https://vimeo.com/224293043Poko’sStoryhttps://vimeo.com/224292819.ThefilmswillformpartofeducationalmaterialsinDanishforusein“gymnasiums"(highschools).

Selectedpresentations

CompilationoffullsetofALPCBAandClimateservicestrainingmaterialsdevelopedforregional

trainingsin2017

English:https://sites.google.com/site/eastafricacbatraining/meeting-outcome-documents

French:https://sites.google.com/site/adaptationclimateresilience/ressources-de-formation

PresentedattheFifthInternationalConferenceonClimateServicesICCS5conferenceinCapeTown

2017

Ambani,M(March2017)ParticipatoryScenarioPlanningforco-productionofseasonalclimateinformationservices:https://www.slideshare.net/fionapercy/participatory-scenario-planning-for-coproduction-of-seasonal-climate-information-services

Percy,F(March2017),Scalingupclimateservices:https://www.slideshare.net/fionapercy/scaling-up-climate-services-in-africa

Percy,FandAmbani,M(March2017),Connectivityandco-developmentofclimateservices:https://www.slideshare.net/fionapercy/connectivity-and-codevelopment-of-climate-services

Annex2

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Annex2.Achievementagainstindicators,milestonesand2017targets

1.ProgressinGoalandPurpose

Goal:CapacityofvulnerablepeopleinSub-SaharanAfricatoadapttoclimatevariabilityandchangeincreased.

Purpose:Community-basedadaptation(CBA)approachesforvulnerablecommunitiesincorporatedintodevelopmentpoliciesandprogrammesinGhana,KenyaandNiger,andreplicationongoinginothercountriesinAfrica.

Indicator Milestonesandtargets Statusasof30June2017G1.#ofpeoplebenefittingfrominvestmentinCBAthroughpost-2012adaptationfinancing.

2020targetis10million AdaptationFundProjectsapprovedsince2012andwhichincludeCBAcomponentsincludeprojectsinGhana(8,060,000beneficiaries),Kenya,Uganda,Niger,Morocco,Mali,SouthAfrica,Rwanda,EgyptandDjiboutiwithabeneficiariesnumberof13.7millionbeneficiariesinAfricawherethisisprovided.Additional400,000BRACEDbeneficiaries+334,723inNigerGEFNAPA/PANAproject=14,434,723totalbeneficiaries.GCFapprovedprojectsforadaptationincludeafurther2.1millionbeneficiariesinMalawiScalingUpofModernizedClimateInformationandEarlyWarningSystems,includinginfluenceonclimateservicesfromALP.AgriculturalClimateResilienceEnhancementInitiative(ACREI)AFprojectapprovedwith90kbeneficiaries.Total:16,624,723(ACREIandMalawiGCFbeneficiariesadded).Nofurthercalculationsdone,targetmet.

G2.Policy&implementationguidanceforinternationaladaptationfinanceenableinvestmentinCBA.

Milestone2017:Guidelinesforadaptationfinancinginstruments(AF/GCF,CIF,LDCF)includeprincipleswhichsupportCBAanddirectaccess

NeitherAFnorGCFhaveyetdevelopedguidelineswhichexplicitlytargetqualityadaptation.TheGCFConceptnoteusersguidehassomeprinciplesandparadigmshiftswhichsupportgoodpractice.ALPhasdevelopedanAdaptationGoodPracticechecklistaimedatinfluencingdesignandevaluationofadaptationfinanceprojectsandrolloutofNAPs.Directaccessislaggingbehindinternationallyaccreditedentities.Directandenhanceddirectaccessarebeingencouragedthroughthereadinessfunds.AdaptationFundisfinancingCBAactivitiesinKenyathroughnationalgovernmentandsubnationalauthoritiesandinGhanaandregionallyinEastAfricathroughinternationalbodies.GCFisfinancingCBAinMalawithroughnationalgovernment.EffortsunderwaytosupportdirectandenhanceddirectaccessthroughLOCALandGCFreadinesssupport.

P1:CBAapproachesintegratedintopolicies,nationalplans(e.g.NAPs)andsectoralplansinGhana,KenyaandNiger.

2016milestone:Seven(cumulative)relevantpolicies/plansinclimate-sensitivesectorsintegrateCBAacrosstheALPcountries

Kenya:2newplans(CCBillandNAP)+2old=4Ghana:2newpolicy/plans(NationalClimateChangeLearningStrategyandMediumTermAgriculturalSectorInvestmentPlanMETASIPII,2014-2017)+3old=5Total:9(4newand5ongoing)

Target2017:FiverelevantplansandpoliciesinALPcountriesareoperationalanddemonstrateCBAapproaches

Kenya:3plansoperational:ClimateChangeActandtheKenyaNationalAdaptationPlan(NAP)andCSAprogramme+2old=5Ghana:2newpolicy/plansundertheextension(NationalClimateChangeLearningStrategyandMediumTermAgriculturalSectorInvestmentPlanMETASIPII,2014-2017)+3old=5.Operationalplans=2AFandMETASIP/WAAP/FASDEPIITotaloperationalplans:5

P2:#ofclimatevulnerable

Target2017:Additionaltobaseline:G=290,000N=210,000,K=164,000,

Non-ALPAfricancountries:AsreportedinDecember2016,1,094,055peoplearebenefitingfromCBAapproachesimplementedinprojectsin

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Indicator Milestonesandtargets Statusasof30June2017individualsbenefittingfromadoptionofCBAapproachesandstrategiespromotedbyALP(fromALPcommunitiesanddistricts,otherCBAworkinALPcountriesandnonALPAfricancountries).

Othercountries=100,000T=764,000additional,TOTALby2017=2,356,640

10sub-SaharanAfricacountries,from2016ALPCBAadoptionsurveyprojectdetails.Nochange.Kenya:Cumulatively,716,634personsnowreachedwithclimateadvisories.Plus230000benefitingfromCBAasin2016.Total:946,634Ghana:Total:1,732,651.BenefittingfromadoptionofCBAapproachesandstrategiespromotedbyALPasofOctober2016=594,217.1,065,936additionalpeoplewillbenefitfromtheAFprojectandtheALPsurveyrecordedbeneficiariesinGhanaNiger:Total:369,918individualsbenefittingfromadoptionofCBAapproach.27,562vulnerabletoclimatechangeindividualsbenefitfromtheadoptionoftheCBAapproachandstrategiespromotedbyALPatthecommunitylevelintheprojectimplementationareaofthedepartmentofDakoro.Anadditional342.356individualsincommunitiesinMaradi,Zinder,TahouaandTillaberyinvolvedinotherCAREprojects(GARIC,BRACED,ISCV,DEMI-E,LeadershipChallenge)andnon-CAREprojectsinDakoro(PANA)arebenefittingfromtheimplementationofCBA.Total:5,763,946basedontheJune2017updatesabove.4,143,258plusbaselineof1,620,688.

P3:Africanregionaland/ornon-targetcountrypolicyframeworksandplansincludecommunity-basedadaptation.

Milestone2016:Continuedengagementinatleast3ongoingpolicies/plansfrom2015andthreeadditionalonesexposedtoCBA.

6regional:EAC(EastAfricaCommunity)AMCEN(AfricanMinisterialConferenceontheEnvironment)Malawi,PSPmetpolicyAfricaCSAAlliance(ACSAA)ECOWASBRACEDprojectsinNiger,Ethiopia,Kenyaandothers

Target2017:6(cumulative)regionalornon-targetnationalpolicies/plansincludeCBA

7regional:AsaboveplusACREIAFprojectwithWMOinKenya,UgandaandEthiopia

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2.Progressoutputlevelagainst2016milestonesand2017targets

Indicator 2016milestoneand2017target

Statusasof30June2017

Output1:Communitybasedadaptationinnovation,includingclimateinformationservices(CIS)isincreasingadaptivecapacity,resilienceandgenderequalityforthemostvulnerableintargetareas1.1#ofvulnerableindividuals(men/women)engagedinclimateresilientlivelihoods/adaptationstrategiesinformedbyCBA

December2016reportonTarget2017:Additionaltobaseline2015-2017:DirectG=2350,K=600,N=1770,T=4,720DirectwithfamiliesG=5,734N=4,956,K=3,000T=13,6902010to2017T=42,325

Kenya:837(M=334,F=503),Ghana:3,617(M=542F=3,075)Niger:6,378(M=2,882F=3,496)Totaldirect:10,664(M=3,671,F=6,993)Kenya=5,022,Ghana=15,198,Niger=20,174Totaldirectwithfamiliesadditionalin2015to2016:40,3942010-2017totaldirectwithfamilies+baseline:28,635+40,394=69,029

June2017reportonTarget2017:Additionaltobaseline2015-2017:DirectG=2350,K=600,N=1770,T=4,720DirectwithfamiliesG=5,734,N=4,956,K=3,000T=13,690.2010to2017T=42,325

Kenya,nochange:837(M=334,F=503)Ghana:increasedto3,659(M=553F=3,106)Niger:7468(M=3,349F=4,119),Totaldirect=11,964(M=4,236,F=7,728)Totaldirectwithfamiliesadditional1:43,783(K=5,022,G=15,318,N=23,443)2010-2017totaldirectwithfamilies+baseline:28,635+43,783=72,418

1.2Increasedparticipationbywomenincommunityorganisationsandlocalplanningrelatedtoadaptationandclimateresilientfarmingsystems.

2016milestone:Women’sgroupsaremembersandwomenareleadersofumbrellaassociationsorlocallevelcommitteesinALPsites

Kenya:Womenhold44%ofleadershippositionsGhana:Womenhold67%oftheleadershiproleswithincommunitygroupsandumbrellaorganisations,risingto85%forleadersofVSLAgroups.ByJune201774%oftheexecutiveleadersoftheApexandClusterlevelVSLAbodiesarewomen.Niger:55%ofallpeopleinvolvedinCVCAandCBAplanningprocesseswithhigherleadershipofgroupsimplementingCAAPs.

2017target:35%ofwomeninALPsitesrecordincreasedaccesstoadditionalresourcesthroughtheirparticipationincommunityorganizations.

Kenya:AmainoutcomeoftheCAAPsandgroupcapacitybuildingisincreasedaccesstoresourcesforfarmingandtowaterwhicharenotdependentonALP.Anestimateof40%ofwomentargetedisrealistic.Ghana:GiventhesuccessoftheVSLAsandaccessthroughtheirgroupstoagricultureinputsandclimateinformation,fromsourcesbeyondALP,anestimateofatleast50%ofwomenwouldrecordincreasedaccesstoresources.Niger:3,044women(73.9%oftargetgroup)reportedthattheyhadsignificantlyincreasedtheiraccesstoresourcestheyhadnotpreviouslyaccessed,throughtheirparticipationincommunityorganizations.Aswomenobservethepositiveimpactsforthosewhoareingroups,itstimulatestheirinteresttojoin,causingaknock-oneffectwithofanincreaseinnumbersparticipatinginCBOs.Evidenceisalsoseenintheinitiativestakenbywomengroupsthemselves,therangeofeconomicactivitiestheyareengagedinandfeedbackonthepositiveimpactsgained.

1KenyaHHsize=6,notethatmanymenliveawayinurbanareassonodoublecounting.GhanaHHsize=6,womeninmajority,potentialdoublecountingmanagedbymultiplyingdirectwomenby6anddeductingdirectmalebeneficiariesfromthetotalincasetheyarehusbands.NigerHHsize=7,potentialdoublecountingmanagedbymultiplyingdirectmenby7.

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1.3Numberofadaptationplansdeveloped&implementedbycommunitygroups&localgovernmentwhichintegratelivelihoodstrategiesandriskmanagement&reflecttheaspirations&prioritiesofwomen,men&youth

2016milestone:20additionaladaptationplans(communities,localgovernmentdevelopmentandDRRplansandagriculturesector)underwayinALPsites

Kenya:4communityCAAPsGhana:6communityCAAPsNiger:36communityadaptationplansplus4communeplansTotal:50plans

2017targetis30adaptationplanscreatedbetween2015to2017areoperationalandstrengtheningadaptivecapacity.

NochangeinnumberofCAAPs:Kenya:4communityCAAPs,Ghana:6communityCAAPs,Niger:36communityadaptationplansplus4communeplans.Total:50plansprepared,validatedandoperationalKenya:OneCAAPreviewmeetingwith74participantsfromthe4ALPsiteswasorganizedtovalidateandreviewtheCAAPdocuments.Ghana:the6CAAPshavebeenreviewedandupdatedtoreflectcurrentdevelopmentalandadaptationissuesandintegratelivelihoodsanddisasterriskreduction.TheyhavebeenconsideredbytheNadowliKaleodistrictassemblyandsomeplanssupportedbylocalgovernmentindependentlyofALP.Niger:TheCommunityAdaptationActionPlansdevelopedinalltheALPcommunitieshavebeentakenintoaccountduringthepreparationoftheannualcommune/municipalplanningandtheAnnualInvestmentPlan(PIA)fortheyear2017.LinksbetweenCAAPs,PSPsandadaptationstrategiescreatepositivesynergiesandreinforceadaptivecapacity.

1.4Extenttowhichoperationalsystemsareinplaceforimprovedaccesstoanduseofclimateandotherrelevantinformationfordecidinglivelihoodandriskmanagementstrategies,particularlybywomen.

2016milestone:Communitybasedmonitoringandlocallevelinformationsystems/servicesoperational,linkedandsupportingdecisionmakinginALPsites

Kenya:1thematicworkinggroup(TWG)onthePSPs(Countyclimateoutlookforums).1countysteeringgroup(CSG)holdingregularmeetingsmonthlyoreverytwomonthsandwhichmanagecrisesanddisasters.Majorityoftargetcommunity(73%)arereceivingadvisories/forecastmainlythroughPSP,radio,twitter,SMS,chief’sbaraza,churchgatherings,internet,newspapersandtraditionalforecaster.Ghana:1.Communityraingaugemonitoringimprovedthroughvisualpresentationofrainfalldataongraphsbyraingaugemonitorstomakemoremeaningtofarmers.2.AdvisoriesfromPSPsessionsarecommunicatedthroughthelocalCommunity-basedclimateinformationcentres.3.CommunitybasedmonitoringrevealedthatsmallholderfarmersareaccessingClimateinformationfromserviceprovidersnamelyradiostationsandCICs,GMET,esoko,ignitia.Niger:30Communityraingaugesand60monitorswith30mobilephones

2017targetis60%targetedwomenandmeninALPsitesreportthattheyhavebenefitedfromincreasedaccessanduseofclimateandotherinformation

Kenya:75%oftargetedcommunitiesreportedhavingreceivedPSPadvisoriesmainlythroughPSP,radio,twitter,SMS,chief’sbaraza,churchgatherings,internet,newspapersandtraditionalforecaster.Ghana:83%of118farmersinterviewed(i.e.98,f=26,m=72)reportedtheyhaveaccessedandusedclimateinformationfromserviceprovidersondailyand/orseasonalclimateinformationthroughthewiderangeofchannelsused(radiostations,VSLA,CICs,PSP,PICSA,rainguages,ESOKO,IGNITIAandGMET)andusingittomakelivelihoodandriskmanagementdecisionsandactions.Niger:TheraingaugesystemandPSPadvisoriesaredesignedsuchthatalltargetmenandwomenandtheirgroupshaverapidaccesstotheinformationasitisproduced,andknowhowtheinformationwasgenerated.100%ofmenand100%ofwomensurveyedsaidtheyhadaccessandincreasedtheuseofclimateinformation(PSPworkshopandcommunityradiobroadcasting)andthosefromcommunityraingaugesforplantingdecisionsandearlywarningsinparticular,alongsidetheotherALPinterventions-whichitisdifficulttoseparatefrom.

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Output2:CBAapproachespromotedbyALPup-scaledbymainstreamorganisationsandprogrammes,particularlyintheagriculturesector,inALPandotherAfricancountries2.1Extenttowhichcommunitybasedclimateinformationservicesareinoperation,promotedbynationalorganisations/programmes,independentlyofALP

2016milestone:6Nationalorganisations/programmesarepromotinglocalmulti-stakeholderinterpretation&communicationofseasonalclimateinformation(egthroughPSPs),targetedtowardsvulnerablemenandwomen.

Regional:6institutions/projectsdoingPSPinNon-ALPcountries:ECRP,DISCOVERandLEAD-SEAinMalawi,PRIMEEthiopia,ACCRA/OxfamwiththeEthiopianGovernmentCRGEstrategyandECHOElNinoZimbabwe.Kenya:3nationalOrganizations-KMS(KenyaMetServices),ASDSP(AgricultureSectorDevelopmentSupportProgramme)andNDMA(NationalDroughtManagementAuthority)aretakingleadonclimateinformationandDRRinall47counties.Ghana:3nationalorganizations(GMET(GhanaMetServices),MOFA(Ministryoffoodandagriculture)&OXFAMand2programmesnamelyPATHWAYS&theAdaptationfundprojectarepromotingPSPs.Niger:2AgrhymetandDNMTotal:16nationalorganisations/programmes

Target2017:6Nationalorganisationshaveincreasedtheirrangeand/orcoordinationoforcommunicationchannelsforshortrangetoseasonalinformationanduncertaintyinresponsetocommunityneeds(egEWS,farmplanning,communityradio)

Regional:5institutions/projectsincreasingscope/scaleofCIS/PSPinNon-ALPcountries:Ethiopia:NMA/PRIME/RedCross/DFAPPSPforDRR;Malawi:GCFproject;Mali:HarandeandotherDFAPprojects;Burkina:BRACEDWelthungerlifeproject;EastAfrica:ICPACwithCCAFS,IRI/ENACTsandPSPincludinginthenewACREIAFprojectKenya:2-KenyaMetDepartmentnationalandcountylevel;MinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisheries.DiverserangeofCountylevelinnovationandcommunicationchannels,coordinatedcrosssectortaskforcesandaction.Ghana:2-GMETandMOFA.TherangeofclimateservicesandcoordinationamongthemhasgreatlyincreasedinNorthernGhana.PSPprovidesadistrictlevelforumforplanningandenhancingawarenessontheshortertimescaleservices.WithENACTSmaproomsprovidingdownscaledlongtermhistoricalinformation,PSPprovidingseasonaladvisories,PICSAsupportingfarmersinbudgetingandplanninganddailyforecastsfromGMET,ESOKOandothers,climateservicesisalmostreachingtothedesired'seamlesssuite'oftimescalesinNorthernGhana.Niger:2-NationalMetservices/DakoroDepartmentmetservicesandAgrhymetlinkedtoradioandmobilephonesforagriculturedecisionsandearlywarningthroughcommunitybasedDRRsystems.Total:11nationalorganisations/programmeshavegonebeyondPSPandareeitheraddingmoreclimateservicesand/orimprovedtheircoordinationandscaleofoperationand/orincreasedthecommunicationchannelsandtimescalesforclimateinformation.

2.2ExtenttowhichCBAapproachesareintegratedintolocalandnationalorganisations'plansandprogrammes(agriculture,development,disasterriskreduction)and

2016milestone:Increasedcapacityofatleast8(cumulative)organisationsandprogrammesintargetsectorsinCBAapproachesinALPandothercountries.(Nigerandbeyond:BRACED,Ghana:MOFA,NADMOKenya:MoALF,NDMAEWEA/resilience/adaptationprogrammesinAfrica)

Regionallevel:5(GCFreadinessprogrammesupportagency,WRI;CAREBenin,CAREChad,ACSAAZambia,KenyaandTanzania,FAO.Ghana:7(GMET,PRONET,CentrefortheAlleviationofPoverty,theEnvironmentandChildSupport(CAPECS),CAREPATHWAYSWomeninagricultureproject,NandomDeaneryintegratedRuralDevelopmentProgram(NANDRIDEP),PartnershipforRuraldevelopment(PRUDA)FarmRadioInternational(FRI)Kenya:3organisations:GCCWGnetworkmembers,NDMA,PELUMandothersfrom10counties.1CSAFrameworkdocumentNiger:3ProjectsPANA,BRACEDPRESENCEandGARIC,3OSCpartenairesdemiseenœuvredeALP(AGIR,AREN,PFPN),auxquelless'ajoutentdesOSClocalesàZinder(DEMI-E),LeadershipChallenge(Maradi),ISCV(Tahoua)Total:17Total:26cumulative2010to2016

6



implementedatscale.

Target2017:11organizations/programmesintargetsectorsusingCBAapproachestoplanandbudgetforintegrationofadaptationatscale.

Regionallevel:2-WWFAfricaAdaptationInitiative,ACREIAFproject.Othercountries:4-BRACEDBurkinaFaso,MaliUSAIDDFAPprojects,CARE(Benin,Chad,Somalia,Pathways),ACSAAZambia,Kenya:3-IndividualCountyplansandcapacitytointegrateadaptationinCountyIntegratedDevelopmentPlans;CouncilofGovernors;ASDSPofMoALFGhana:3-CBAadoptionatscale:GMET,MOFA,theGhanaAdaptationFundProjectNiger:2-PANA,BRACEDPRESENCE,5NGOs:DEMI-EintheZinderregion,theNGOLeadershipchallengeinMaradi,AGIRinDakoro,ARENinMaradi,ISCVinKonni.Total:14organizations/programmesintargetsectorsusingCBAapproachestoplanandbudgetforintegrationofadaptationatscale.

Output3:Access,allocationanduseofadaptationfinanceisinfluencedinsupportofCBAinALPcountriesandregions.3.1:ExtenttowhichbudgetallocationsareinfluencedtoincludeCBAapproacheswithdirectaccessbylocallevelandnon-governmentorganisations,inALPcountries.(ByAF/GCF/CIF/LDCFimplementingentities/NDAsandnationalgovernmentbudgetdecisionmakersfordevelopmentandDRR.)

2016milestone:KnowledgeandcapacitybuiltforincludingCBAapproachesinadaptationfinanceallocationsbyAF/GCFimplementingentities/NDAsandnationalgovernmentbudgetdecisionmakersfordevelopmentandDRR.

Regional:ALPhasdevelopedanAdaptationGoodPractice(AGP)checklisttoguideadaptationfinanceproposaldesign,screenadaptationinterventionsandtomainstreamclimateresilienceintosectorprogrammes.ItwaslaunchedatCOP22.Kenya:InfluencedNEMAAFprojectimplementationandGCFproposaldevelopment.AdaptationGoodPractice(AGP)checklistdevelopedandtestedwithgovernmentstakeholderstoassessvalueandrelevancefortheNationalAdaptationPlanandtosupportbudgetcodingforGCF/AF.FurthertestingisplannedforNAProlloutandwiththeGCFproposalspreparedwithCDKNsupport,ifchallengesrelatingto'politicalownership'oftheGCFproposalprocesscanbeovercome.Ghana:2organizationsbudgetsallocationsinfluencedbyCBAapproaches:EPAadaptationfundprojectactionplanincludesPSP,TheMOFA/GASIPprojecthasadaptationcomponentwhichconductsvulnerabilityanalysisasbasistodesigningadaptationinitiatives.2ALPDistrictshaveincludedCBAapproaches/DRRinplansandwithbudgetaryallocations:Garu-TempaneMTDPandEastMamprusiMTDPandthe3rdNadowli-KaleoDistrictAssemblyestablished4dryseasonvegetablegardens.Niger:3NandupcomingNigerCCFund

Target2017:CBAapproachesanddirectaccessincludedinnationalcriteriaandimplementingguidelinesforadaptationfinanceinALPcountries

Kenya:TheNAPandCCActincludesomeCBAprinciples.CountyIntegratedDevelopmentPlansarebeingsupportedtointegrateadaptation.TheClimateFinancePolicyandKenyaClimateChangeFundareinprocessofbeingagreedandwillcontainguidelines,yettoknowtheextenttowhichALPengagementandpositioninNationaladaptationcommitteewillinfluencetheinclusionofCBA.Ghana'spolicyframeworkforadaptationincludeskeyprinciplesofCBAandgenderequality.Specificcriteriaandguidelinesforclimatefinanceareyettobedeveloped,butearlyworktowardsthesethroughtheGCFreadinesssupportfromUNDPisinclusiveofnon-stateactorinputs.Niger:NonationalcriteriaorguidelinesdevelopedinNiger

3.2Extenttowhichcivilsocietyorganisationsadvocatinglocallyandnationallyforaccountable,transparentandeffective

2016milestone:3CSOnetworkswithmechanismsdevelopedfortrackingadaptationfinanceallocationandflowsandanalysisofinclusionofCBAapproachesinALPcountries.

Kenya:2-theGenderandCCworkinggroup(GCCWG)/IWEMNetwork,PACJAandTI;3meetingsoftheKCFGN(KenyaClimateFinanceGovernanceNetwork)Ghana:1CSO(ABANTUfordevelopment)anditsregionalbasedCSOnetworksaremonitoringandtrackingtheimplementationoftheGhanaAdaptationfundproject,advocatingformoreallocationoffinancialresourcesbytheMDAstoclimatechangeadaptationissuesNiger:1-ALPcontinuestostrengthenthenationalClimateChangeCSOplatform’sinternalcapacityandadvocacystrategy.Total:4-Kenya’sGCCWG,PACJA/TIKenya;Abantu,Ghana;NigernationalCSOplatform

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allocationanduseoffundsinsupportofcommunitybasedadaptationactions

Target2017:CSOtrackingofadaptationfinancehasinfluencedtransparencyandaccountabilityofflowstovulnerablepeopleinatleast3countries

Kenya:Financetrackingtoolunderdevelopment,tobetestedinKenyainsecondhalfof2017bytheKenyaClimateFinanceandGovernanceNetworkandGCCWG.ParticipationofTIandGCCWGmembersatAFmeetingsandvisittoonerecipientoftheAFcreatespressureforaccountabilitybyNEMA.Ghana:BudgetanalysisandAFtrackingbyABANTUandotherCSOshaspressuredgovernmenttoreleaseinformationonimplementationprogressandbudgetallocations.CSOinclusionintheNACandinclimatefinancerelatedmeetingsandincreasedcapacityonadaptationpracticesprovidethebasisforsustainingpressureforaccountableandwelltargetedfinance.Tooearlytoachievetarget.

3.3ExtenttowhichGlobalCivilsocietyorganisationsareadvocatingintheUNFCCCagreementprocessforanenablingenvironmentforinclusionofCBAprinciplesinadaptationfinancecommitments,mechanismsandcriteria

Milestone2016:CSOpromotionofCBAapproachesanddirectengagementinnegotiationsatCOP21inParisandforGCFandAFguidelines

Regional:1CSOnetwork(PACJA–PanAfricaClimateJusticeAlliance)workingonadaptationfinancetrackingtool.PACJAstrategyfocusesonsupporttonationallevelCSOnetworks(andnationallevelPACJAmembers)toimproveadvocacyandbudgettrackingwork.InfluenceofPACJAandALPin:COP21andCOP22,AMCEN2016,CCDAVI,AfricaGroupofNegotiatorsExpertGrouponAgricultureKenya:(PACJA/TI,Ghana(ABANTU)andNiger(CSOPlatform)allhadofficialdelegatesandinfluenceinCOP21andCOP22,alsowiththeNIEforAF/GCFinKenyaandGhana

Target2017:CoordinatedandsustainedCSOadvocacyformeetingadaptationfinancecommitmentsthatareinformedbyCBAanddirectaccessprinciples.

Regional:PACJAisleadingAfricawideCSOadvocacyinthecontextofUNFCCCandhasincreaseditsrangeandcapacityofmembernationalCSOnetworksandregionalorganisations,linkedtoINGOssuchasCARE,GermanWatchandHBF.JointPrinciplesforAdaptationandtheAGPchecklistareprovidingguidancetoCSOmessages.Themainmessagesarestilltopleveloncommitmenttoadaptationandincreasedandtransparentfinance.MoreactiveadvocacywillbeneededtoensuretheJPAsandAGPpracticesareusedforadvocatingonprogrammatic/technicalfinancedecisions.Kenya:GCCWGadvocacystrategyisactivelyimplementedandreviewed,andinformedbyCBA.AdvocacyforimprovementstotheAFproposalapprovalprocessforenhanceddirectaccessisafollowontothevisittoanAFrecipient.GCCWGisparticipatingintheGCFCSOproject.Ghana:ABANTUandCSOsinGhana'sregionsaswellaslocalgovernmentacrossNorthernGhanahaveknowledge,capacityandtoolstosustaintheiradvocacyasclimatefinanceisrolledoutinGhana.Directandenhanceddirectaccessareyettobedeveloped.ABANTUisparticipatingintheGCFCSOprojectanddirectlyinfluencesGhana’sinputstotheUNFCCC.Niger:PlatformadvocacyinNigerforaccesstoclimatefinancethroughaNationalClimateFund

Output4:Learning,evidenceandcapacitysupportiscontributingtoadoptionofCBAinpolicyandpracticeinAfrica4.1ExtenttowhichlearningeventsandstudiesdemonstratevalueofCBAinachievingresilientdevelopmentandriskmanagementinAfricandrylands,

2016milestone:Co-generatedlearningandevidencewithnationalandAfricaregionalgovernment,NGOs,researchandprivatesectordemonstratesvalueofCBAprinciplesandreflectsimpactsfromALPlearningeventsandstudies.

Regional:ALPhassharedCBAlearningandevidenceatthefollowingeventsin2016:CBA10/IIED–adaptivecapacityinurbancontext+CIS,DFIDLearningsessions–adaptationatscale,valueoflearningandCIS.COP22–sessionsonAGP’s+CISwithIDRC,UKMet,BRACED,CDKN,CCAFS,IFAD,KenyanGovGHACOF44–initialfindingsfromALPCISstudy,GFCSLearningEvent–CISworkAdaptationFutures,RotterdamonCBAapproaches,ACPCCCDAVI–CIS.CAREHoAResiliencelearningeventandRegionalLeadershipTeammeeting.Internal:ALPRetreat+AnnualMeeting.ALPhasworkedonfollowingstudies/publicationsin2016:CISstudyin3ALPcountriesand2outreachcountries–almostcomplete3morepractitionerbriefsproduced(Gender+CBA,integratedDRR+CBA,adaptivecapacity)=4totalAdaptationGoodPracticeChecklistpublication+promotionalcard

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particularlyforwomen.

InputintoODIthinkpieces–roleofNGO’sinclimateservicesandgenderanddisastersAdaptiveCapacitystudyandFinalEvaluationToR’sunderdevelopmentGhana:1.ALPandtheUniversityofUtrechtisco-generatinglearningevidencesonpossibleconflictsandcooperationarisingfromadaptationinterventionundertheon-goingCOCOONprojectsponsoredbyDFID.2.ALPandUniversityofReading-UKundertheBRAVE2andCCAFSflagshipproject.3LearningfromthepolicyrouteorganizedbyALP.

2017target:-EvidenceofCBAprinciplesandapproachesbeingreferencedindialogue,publicationsandprogrammesintheWestandEastAfrican(SahelandHornofAfrica)regiononadaptation,droughtresilience,DRRand/orclimatesmartagriculture.

25publicationswithALPcontributions3AF/GCFprojectdocumentsincludeCBAandCISapproacheswithreferencetoALPAtleast8INGOproject/programmedocuments(STORRE,Harande,BRACEDNiger,PRIME,CAREUganda,CARE/PLANZimbabwe,EthiopiaDFAPandEthiopiaRedCross)containCBAapproachesASDSPPhase2programmedocumentKenyaMinistryofAgricultureLivestockandFisherieswillfinancePSPinall47countiesforanother5years.TwoWISERquickstarts(WISERWesternandENACTS)incorporatedrefinementandimpactassessmentofPSPsforearlywarningandagriculturedecisionmaking

4.2Opportunitiesarecreatedandtestedforon-goingCBAlearningandcapacitydevelopmentaccessibletoadaptationpractitionersinAfrica.

Milestone2016:2traininginstitutionswithplansinplacetoincorporateCBAintotrainingcurricularelevantforadaptationpractitionersandpolicymakers1Scopingstudyonpotentialforalearningandinnovationhub.

Regional:AGPchecklistusetosupporttrainingdesignandcurriculatestedinaCBApractitionertrainingcourseinKenyaforGovMinistrystaff+CSOpartners.CollaborationwithtraininginstitutesdiscussioninprogresswithENDAEnergie(WestAfrica)andACTS(EastAfrica).Scopingoflearninghubwithinplanningforaregionallearningeventin2017(ALFA2017)withco-organizersteamincludingIDRC,ENDAEnergie,ACTS,CKBandCCAFS.Ghana:2campuses(WA&NyamakpalainTamale)ofUniversityfordevelopmentstudiessubmittedanexpressioninteresttocollaboratewithALPtoinstitutionalizeCBAintotheiracademiccurriculum

2017targetislearningandinnovationhub/initiativedesignedwithAfricanlearninginstitutions,communitiesofpracticeandotherinterestedstakeholders.

Regional:ALFAcommuniquepledgescommitmenttoadaptationgoodpractice,relevantandeffectivefinanceandknowledgebrokeringforresults.15organisationsinterestedtoengageindevelopingacollectiveAfricanlearninghubforcrossexchangebetweenpolicy/finance,practiceandresearch/trainingandstrengtheningofknowledgebrokeringcapacity.Ghana:ALPstrengthenedlinksbetweenpracticaladaptationprogrammesanduniversityresearchandtrainingintheUniversityofDevelopmentStudiesinGhana.

9

3.BreakdownofnumbersforP2andG1

P2indicatornumbersasofJune2017 Impact/reach

Kenya:Cumulatively,716,634personsnowreachedwithclimateadvisories.Plus230,000benefitingfromCBAasin2016.Total:946,634

946,634

Ghana:TotalcoverageofPSPandadvisoriesdisseminationis333,466individualsin5newdistrictsNamelyNadowli-Kaleo(NKD),Daffiama-Bussie-Issah(DBI),Jirapa,NandomandLambussie-Karni(LKD)districts.(NKD=63,141,DBI=29,857,LKD=50,896,Jirapa=87,308,Wamunicipal=102,264,WaWestdistrict=81,348,WaEastdistrict=72,074,andLawradistrict=100,929andFarmRadioInt.CISprojectwithGIZ/MOFA=6,400.

594,217

1,065,936additionalpeoplebenefitfromtheAFprojectnotincludingNorthernGhanawhereoverlapwithALPandALPimpacttootherprojectscannotbecontrolledfor.

1,065,936

ALPsurveyrecordedbeneficiariesinGhanainNGhananon-ALP. 72,498

Niger:Totalof369,918individualsbenefittingfromadoptionofCBAapproach.27562vulnerabletoclimatechangeindividualsbenefitfromtheadoptionoftheCBAapproachandstrategiespromotedbyALPatthecommunitylevelintheprojectimplementationareaofthedepartmentofDakoro.Anadditional342.356individualsincommunitiesinMaradi,Zinder,TahouaandTillaberyinvolvedinotherCAREprojects(GARIC,BRACED,ISCV,DEMI-E,LeadershipChallenge)andnon-CAREprojectsinDakoro(PANA)arebenefittingfromtheimplementationofCBA.

369,918

RegionalacrossAfricafromstudiesonCBAadoption:1,094,055peoplein10countriesinAfricanotincludingALPcountries

1,094,055

Baseline:2010to2015withnooverlapwith2015to2017 1,620,688

Total 5,763,946

G1IndicatorasofJune2017 Impact/reach

AdaptationFundProjectsapprovedsince2012andwhichincludeCBAcomponentsincludeprojectsinGhana(8,060,000beneficiaries),Kenya,Uganda,Niger,Morocco,Mali,SouthAfrica,Rwanda,EgyptandDjiboutiwithabeneficiariesnumberof13.7millionbeneficiariesinAfricawherethisisprovided.Additional400,000BRACEDbeneficiaries+334,723inNigerGEFNAPA/PANAproject=14,434,723totalbeneficiaries.

14,434,723

GCFapprovedprojectsforadaptationincludeafurther2.1millionbeneficiariesinMalawiScalingUpofModernizedClimateInformationandEarlyWarningSystems,includinginfluenceonclimateservicesfromALP.

2,100,000

AgriculturalClimateResilienceEnhancementInitiative(ACREI)AFprojectapprovedwith90kbeneficiaries.

90,000

Total 16,624,723

Annex3

1

Annex3:SummaryresultsofALPsurveyonCBAadoptionandlearning,2016Targeted audience: participants at ALP-hosted capacity building and learning events and other keyengagementsacrossAfrica.AlsoopentoAfricamembersofclimateadaptationandclimatesmartagriculturemailinglists.ResultsarepresentedonadoptionofCBA,capacitytoimplementadaptationandimpactofALPpublicationsandlearningevents.

1. AdoptionofCBA• 69respondentsbasedin13countriesinAfrica(includingALPcountries)providedfeedbackinthesurvey.

56ofthesereportedadoptionofCBAapproachespromotedbyALP.• 37 of the respondents gave details of projects where CBA approaches are used, reporting a total of

3,209,542beneficiariesfromprojectsinBenin,Cameroun,Ethiopia,Ghana,Kenya,Uganda,Zimbabwe,Tanzania,Lesotho,Malawi,Mozambique,Niger,Zambia.Ofthese,1,082,726areinGhana,1,030,311inKenya,450 inNigerand1,094,055 intheothercountries.Noneofthesebeneficiariesare inALPsites.Genderbreakdownprovided:men:1,375,876,women:1,829,638,non-categorised:4,028.

• The type of adaptation benefits most cited were: increased participation in planning and decisionmaking,accesstonewvarietiesandinputsforagricultureandlivestockandhighercropyields/livestockproduction/health.

• TopadoptedCBAapproacheswerePSP,CVCA,CBAPlanningandGenderinCBA.• Differenttypesofbeneficiariesarereached.Ofthe37projects,7workwithpastoralists,14withlivestock

keepers,19withagro-pastoralists,23withdrylandfarmers,30withhighpotentialfarmers,22withsmallscaleentrepreneursand5withothercategories.Overall,mostoftheprojectsengagewithcommunitieswhoselivelihoodsdependondrylands.

Key:Orange–ALPcountriesPurple–WestAfrica,Black-HoA,Blue-EastAfrica,Green–SouthernAfrica

2

Numberofprojectswherebeneficiarynumberswereprovided:Ghana:12,Kenya:6,Niger:1,Ethiopia:1,SouthernAfrica:6,restofWestAfrica:2,restofEastAfrica2

65

360

450

500

1.780

28.500

87.850

105.000

120.000

300.000

450.000

1.030.311

1.082.726

0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000

Kenya,Malawi.Uganda,ZambiaandZimbabwe

Lesotho

Niger

Zambia

Kenya,TanzaniaandEthiopia

Cameroun

Benin

Malawi

KenyaandEA

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Kenya

Ghana

Beneficiariesnumbersbycountries

70%

14%

13% 4%

0,12% %oftotalbeneficiariesbylocation

ALPCountries HOASouthERNAfricanCountries OtherWestAfricanCountriesOtherEastAfricanCountries

3

RespondentsreportedwhichCBAapproachestheyareadopting.Thetablebelowpresentsthemosttoleastadoptedapproaches,inrelationtothetotalnumberofrespondentclicksperapproach.

Key:AdaptationplanningandAdaptivecapacity Climateinformationservices Riskmanagement Adaptationstrategies

TheCBApracticesmostsuccessfullyappliedormainstreamedwere(inorder):1. Participatoryplanningapproachesandmethods2. Women’sempowermentapproaches3. Adaptivecapacitybuildingforcommunities/vulnerablegroups4. Genderresponsiveapproaches5. Institutionalarrangementsandlinkagestosupportadaptation6. Multi-stakeholderdialogueforclimateinformationandplanning/decisionmaking

TheCBApracticesthatwerenotappliedorappliedwithdifficultywere:1. Supporttoongoingadaptivemanagementbycommunitiesandlocalactors2. ParticipatoryTechnologydevelopment3. Communityorganization/systemsforplanning,communicating&monitoringadaptation

strategies4. Ownership/agencyofadaptationplans,workingwithpowerdynamicsandleadership5. Linkingcommunityadaptationplanstolocaldevelopmentplans6. Usingknowledgeofuncertainty,risk&probabilitiesfordecisionmaking

4

7. Accessanduseofclimateinformation/forecastsbyvulnerablepeopleintheirlivelihoodsandDRRdecisionmaking

AreaofworkofthesurveyrespondentswhohaveadoptedCBAThisdemonstratestherangeofsectorsinwhichadaptationisbeingaddressedandimplemented,andthosemostrelatedtoALPandALPCBAapproaches.

Note:Respondentsselecteduptothreesectorsfromthefollowingfulllist:

1. Resilience,Climatechangeadaptation,Financialservices2. Genderequality,Women’srightsandempowerment3. Disasterriskreduction/management,Socialprotection/safetynets,Humanitarianresponse,

Nutrition,Health4. Agriculture,Livestock/pastoralism,Communitydevelopment/sustainablelivelihoods,Foodsecurity5. Planning:Climateinformationservices,Meteorological,hydrologicalandclimateservices,Climate

finance,policyorjustice,Governance,institutional/organizationaldevelopment6. Ecosystems:Environment/naturalresourcemanagement/conservation,Forestry/agroforestry,Land

rights,Landuseplanning/management,Waterresourcemanagement,Renewableenergy,Climatechangemitigation

7. Media8. Infrastructure

5

DriversandBarrierstoAdoptionofCBAEnablingfactorsforCBAapproachesadoption

ü Relevanceofwhatispromotedforadoptionwiththeadoptinginstitutions’strategicobjectives,priorities,workfocusandcapacitybuildingplans

ü Climatechangeadaptationandresiliencebuildingbeingamongtheorganizationstrategicobjectivesandmainstreamedinorganizationalactivities.

ü CCissuesincludedaspartofstaffperformanceindicators.ü OrganizationalbuyinandcommitmenttoissuesofCC.ü CCbeingconsideredacrosscuttingissueintheorganizationü CCadaptationbeingakeyareaofinterestinorganizationresearch,teaching,consultancyand

servicedelivery.ü Adoption/integrated/mainstreamingadaptationbeingprioritizedatdesigning,Planning,

implementation,MonitoringandEvaluationoftheproject/programme.ü Adaptationbeingoneoforganization’skeymessagesü Organization’sstaffbeinggivenopportunitytoattendadaptationworkshopsandtrainingevents

whenevertheyarise.ü ExposuretoCCrealities-Workingwithruralsmallscalefarmersandrealizingtheimpactofclimate

changeonagriculture.ü Organizationoperationalareasbeingprone/vulnerabletoCCdisasters/hazardslikefloods,drought.

WorkinginCChotspotsü Demandforcapacitybuildingeg.Organizationusuallybeingcalledupontoprovidecapacitybuilding

inclimatechangeadaptation.ü Participationintrainingprogrammes/eventsonCCadaptation.ü HavingagricultureandotherCCvulnerablesectorsasfocussectorsoftheorganization.E.g.

Agricultureandfoodsecurity.ü Levelofawareness/consciousnesstoCCadaptationmeasurestosupportreducingCCrisklevels.ü Organizationalpolicyonaddressingissuestoadaptationtoclimatechange.

32%

45%

7%

16%

Respondentsbytype

Governmentinstitution NGO/civilsocietyorganisation(CSO)

Privatesector Researchorscientificinstitution

6

Challenges/barriersinCBAadoptionµ Mainchallengecitedislackoforlimitedfinancialsupporttoindependentlyplanandimplement

CCAprogrammes.Someinitiativesrelyonlocalminimumsupportandmembercontributions.Thereforetheplansarewelldonebutimplementationbecomeachallenge.

µ Climatechangeadaptationnotbeingconsideredacoreissueinorganizationalactivities.Itisonlyincorporatedintoproject/programmeactivitiesasanaddedadvantagetosmallholderfarmersinruralcommunities.

µ Takingtoomuchtimeondatacollectionotherthanimplementationµ Lackofadequateplanningatthenationalandregionallevels.µ CCAcapacityandresourcesgapthathinderadaptationissuesµ WeakornocommitmentbyleadershiptoallocateresourcestocarryoutCCadaptation

activities.2. RespondentCapacityinAdaptationCapacityneedsforadoptingCBA

Key:AdaptationplanningandAdaptivecapacity Climateinformationservices Riskmanagement Adaptationstrategies

7

RespondentSelf-assessmentofCapacitytofacilitateadaptationapproaches

3. ImpactsofALPPublicationsandLearningeventsThepublicationsratedmostusefularelistedhere,mostusefulfirst:1.CBAbrief:Communitybasedadaptation:anempoweringapproachforclimateresilientdevelopmentandriskreduction2.ParticipatoryScenarioPlanningbrief.Decision-makingforclimateresilientlivelihoodsandriskreduction:AParticipatoryScenarioPlanningapproach3.Buildingmulti-stakeholderprocessesforclimatechangeadaptationinsub-SaharanAfrica(C4Dcasestudy)4.Climatechangevulnerabilityandadaptivecapacity–synthesisandlessonsfromGhana,KenyaandNiger.5.AdaptationPlanningwithcommunities(PractitionerBrief1)6.FacingUncertainty–thevalueofclimateinformationforadaptation,riskreductionandresilienceinAfrica

Animportantfactortoconsiderintheresponses,ishowwidelythesepublicationsweredisseminated.HoweveroneofthethingsthattheresponsesdoshowisthatthepublicationsthatfocusonpracticalguidanceonCBAapproachesappeartobemorepopularthanthemoreconceptualpublications.ThiscorrelateswithfiguresfordownloadsofALPpublications.ThisconclusionisbackedupbytheresponsefrompeopleaboutwhattheylikedbestabouttheALPpublicationssummarisedbelow.

AskedaboutwhattheylikeaboutALPpublications,therespondentshadthefollowingtosay• Itenhancedmyskillsandknowledgeinadaptation.• ThroughJotoAfrican,weareinformedoftheactivitiesonresilience• It’sausefulreferenceforplanningprograms• TheupdatedinformationfromacrossdifferentplayersinclimatechangeandfreeaccesstoALPonline

publication• Contentofeachpublicationisgood.• Thetellingofrealsuccessstories• Informationdisseminationandexchangeofideas.Documentationforfuturereferencesandadaptation• Thecontentsarebasedonthepracticalexperiences• Itprovidesinsightsandanup-to-datewealthofinformationforprogramminganddecisionmakingby

policymakersinthecountry• ItserveasaresourceinformationforOrganizationsandpolicymakersinplanningcurrentfuture

programmes• TheexcellentqualityofanalysesinformedbypracticeisakeystrengthofmostALPpublications.• Theyarepractical.Theycanbereplicated.Easytofollowandapply,readandunderstand• Theyhavesomecommunitypracticalreflections• Theyhelppromotelearning

8

• CBA:CommunitybasedAdaptation:anapproachofempowermentforclimateresilientdevelopmentandriskreduction

AskedwhattheydonotlikeaboutALPpublications,mostrespondentsdidnotrespondbutforthefewwhodidthefollowingweretheresponses• HardcopiesnotsubmittedtogovernmentagenciesietheEastMamprusiDistrictAssembly.• SomepublicationsareinEnglish,I'mFrenchIhavetroubleunderstandingsomepartsthefactthatidon't

receivedirectly.Emailforinstance• Theclarityandtechnicalityoftheissuesrelatingtolocalcontext• Sometimesthecontributionsofconsultantsarenotmuchacknowledged.• Sometimestheyprovidetoomuchdetailandmayconfuse• OthersarecountryspecificthatmaynotapplytoMalawiagroecologicalzones• CommunityDigitalStoryTellingGuidelines• Theinformationistooadvancedtobesharedwiththecommunitybeneficiaries

ImpactandvalueofALPLearningEvents2011to2016

Highesttolowestnumberofrespondentscitingtheeventasveryusefuloruseful:1. East,SouthernAfricaCBAResiliencelearningevent2014,&CCAFS,Ethiopia2. PSPTrainingoftrainersforE.S.AfricaandGhanaMarch2015,Kenya3. WestAfricaLearningEvent(WALE) September2013,&CCAFSBenin4. GenderandCBALearningworkshopSeptember2011,Ghana5. GhanapolicymakersstudytourtoALPcommunities,2016,NorthernGhana6. LearningtourGhanaCBA,WaWASHBurkinaFaso,May2015,Ghana7. CBAandGendertrainingforIEWM,GCCWG,ALAPpartners2015,Kenya8. PSPfacilitationtraining2015,Niger9. PSPandCBApractitionertraining2013,Kenya.10. PSPfacilitationtraininginGhana 2012,Ghana11. PSPfacilitationtrainingCAREprogrammes2014,Tanzania12. Climatecommunication training,KenyaMetDepartment 2013,ALP,KMD,Kenya13. CBAtraining,ALPKenyaDecember2011,Kenya14. CBAtrainingsforWaWASHprogramme,2013,Ghana15. CBAtrainingsandrefresher,CFTC2014,NorthernGhana16. HornofAfricaResilienceLearningEventMay2016,CARE/ALP,SilverSpringsNairobi,Kenya17. AdaptationAcademy,EAC,PREPAREDJanuary2016,GCAP,ALP,Kisumu,Kenya18. EastAfricanPolicyMakersLearningroute2013&2014Kenya,ALPCCAFS,Procasur19. PSPfacilitationtrainingforASDSP 2014,ALP,Naivasha,Kenya20. PSPtrainingPRIME June2014,ALP,Ethiopia21. PSPfacilitationtrainingCISONECC2014,ALP,BlantyreMalawi22. CBATrainingofCSOFacilitators2016,ALP,Niamey,Niger23. PSPtrainingCAREZimbabweprogrammes2015,ALP/CISONEC,ZimbabweOverall96%oftheresponsesselecteduseful(39%)andveryuseful(57%)whileonly4%ofresponseswerefornotuseful.Popularityisskewedinrelationtoattendanceratesoftheparticipantsinthesurvey.Ofthe96%ofresponses,34%relatedtoPSPtrainings,whichwerealsothemostnumerous,basedonpopulardemand,with10separateevents.

Annex4

1

Annex4.ALPatUNFCCCCOP21,2015andCOP22,2016

ALPparticipationinUNFCCCCOP21inParisALP and the African CSO delegates worked together at COP21 on both the negotiations and thenumeroussideevents.ALPalsojoinedwiththelargerteamfromCAREInternationalandtheSouthernVoicesforAdaptationteams.ThroughthesecoordinatedeffortsandtheabilityofALPandCSOofficialdelegatestoparticipateinspecificaspectsofthenegotiationsthemselves,discusswiththeirnationaldelegations,workwiththeAGNtosupporttheinclusionofAfricapositions,directofficialdelegatesto important issues, aswell as side events, itwas possible to have some influence over the finaloutcome,withparticularsuccessaroundthecampaignforemissionsreductionstolimittemperaturerisetoa1.5degreestarget,financeflowsandfinanceforadaptation,climate-resilientdevelopment,andthestand-alonegoalforadaptationintheParisagreementandaccompanyingdecisionrelatingtopre-2020actionspresented toPartiesat theendofCOP21.Usingappropriatechannels topassmessages tonegotiators andholdingbilateralmeetingswith strategic delegationsmade sure thatcriticalissueswerehighlightedanddiscussedbyparties.

ALP, national networks and PACJA also promoted CBA goals in side events and via bilateral andmultilateral platforms. Two sessions were hosted by ALP, one in the Africa Pavilion early in thenegotiationsdrewover100participants,mainlyfromAfrica:• Makingadaptationfinancecount inAfrica:Applyinggoodadaptationprinciplesandpractices.

AfricaPavilion,ALPhost,panellistsfromALP,ABANTU,Kenyaclimatechangesecretariat,KenyaNEMA.

• Reaching the most vulnerable: Approaches to support gender equitable community-basedadaptation.ClimateGenerationsArea.ALPhost,interactivesessionwithpanellistsofCSOs/ALPfromNiger,Ghana,Kenya,Uganda,Vietnam,plusPracticalActionandCAREonAsiaexperiences.

ALPcontributiontosideeventsatCOP211. Gender, climatechangeandsustainabledevelopment inAfrica:Challengesandopportunities

post-2015agreements.AfricaPavilion,hostedbyClimateChangeandPeaceBuildingFocalPointwithCCAFS,withALPpanellist.

2. GreenClimateFund:Howtoaddresstheadaptationneedsofthemostvulnerable?EUPavilion,PACJAhost,ALPpanellist.

3. ScalingUpGoodAdaptationAction,ClimateGenerationsArea.WorldResourcesInstitute(WRI)host,ALPpanellist.

4. Climate change and gender: Turning the double injustice into an opportunity. ClimateGenerationsArea,CoordinationSUDSpace,CAREhost,ALPparticipation.

5. Genderandadaptationdiscussion.GlobalLandscapesForum,GenderPavilion.CAREexhibitionboothwithtalksbyALP.GLFpublicationwithALPcasestudy.

6. Development and Climate Days. Red Cross/Red Crescent Climate Centre and IIED hosts, ALPpanellists inaparallel sessiononclimate informationservicesanda lightning talkonadaptivecapacityintheSahel.

7. Shapingequitableadaptationpolicies:JointPrinciplesforAdaptation.SouthernVoiceshostwithAfricanCSOs.

8. SouthernVoicesevening:LessonslearnedbyCSOnetworksworkingwiththeJointPrinciplesforAdaptation.SVhost,ALPandALPCSOpartnersparticipation

2

ParticipationinUNFCCCCOP22inMarrakechALPtooktheopportunityatCOP22toraisetheprofileofitsworkoncommunitybasedadaptationandclimateinformationservices.ALPhostedtwosideeventstolaunchandpromotetheAdaptationGoodPracticechecklist,oneintheAfricaPavilioninvolvingadiscussiononthelinksbetweenNAPs,adaptationfinanceandgoodpracticefromtheKenyagovernmentperspective.ALPspokeatanumberof side events organised by CCAFS, UK Met Office, CDKN /ODI and Southern Voices and at theDevelopment and Climate Days. Topics focused on adaptation for resilience, financial inclusion,gender equality and youth engagement in climate smart agriculture, on the value of climateinformationforadaptationdecisionmakingandonadaptationadvocacyforCSOs.Seelistbelow.ALPcontinuedtostrengthen its relationshipswithkeystakeholders fromtheKenyanandNigeriengovernments, aswell aswith actors from other adaptation learning and knowledgemanagementinitiativesincludingCDKN’sClimateKnowledgeBrokersInitiative,theAfricanCentreforTechnologyStudies(ACTS)wholaunchedabookoncommunitybasedadaptation,UKmetofficeandCanada’sIDRC CARIAA programme. Engagementwith adaptation finance readinessworkwas strengthenedthroughdiscussionswithWorld Resources Institute, theAfricanDevelopmentBankAfrica ClimateChangeFund,theAdaptationFundandtheemergingcommunityofpracticeofAfricangovernmentaccreditedentitiestoAFandtheGreenClimateFundinrelationtosupportingtheirlinkstocapacitysupportforadaptationgoodpractice. ALPengaged inthefollowingthemes: agricultureandfoodsecurity,gender,climateservices,adaptationandadaptationfinance.

ALPandtheUNFCCCCOP22negotiations.ALPattendedthemainnegotiationsattheCOPandworkedcloselywiththeagricultureandgendernegotiators,someofwhomwereKenyannegotiatorswithwhomALPhasbuiltrelationshipsovertheyears.

Agriculture.ALP,havingbeeninvolvedinthedevelopingofthedraftdecisionsinceOctober2016totheendofthenegotiationsattheCOP,gainedinsightsintosomeofthemainactorsinclimatesmart/resilientagricultureattheregionalandinternationallevels.Unfortunately,theagriculturetalksfailedatCOP22.

Gendernegotiationshadmorepositiveoutcomes,withtheextensionoftheLimaworkprogrammeforthreemoreyears.TherewillbeworkshopstodevelopthegenderactionplanwhereALP,mainlythroughpartners,willseektocontributetotheprioritisationofkeyagendaissueswithintheclimatechangesphere.http://careclimatechange.org/gender-marrakech-climate-talks/

AdaptationfinancenegotiationsmadesomeprogresswiththekeyhighlightsincludingtheagreementthatwasreachedtohavetheAdaptationFundservetheParisAgreement(giventhatitwasformedundertheKyotoProtocol,beforetheParisAgreement).TheAFalsometitsfundraisingtargetofUSD80million,followingpledgedfromseveralcountries.

ALPcontributiontoSideeventsatCOP22

A. Adaptationlearning1. CARE’sAdaptationLearningProgrammeforAfrica(ALP)launchedtheAdaptationGood

PracticeChecklistatCOP22ClimateStudioinMorocco.Topic:HowcanweensurethatadaptationundertheParisAgreementresultsinclimateresilienceforthevulnerablecommunities?PresentationofthechecklistanditsninepracticestosupportqualityandeffectivenessinimplementationofNDCs,NAPsandadaptationfinance.

2. AfricaPavilion,GovernmentofKenya/CARE:LinkingtheParisAgreementtotheNDCs:EffectiveClimateFinanceforSuccessfulAdaptationattheNationalandLocalLevels.ALPmoderatedthesessionandpresentedontheAdaptationGoodPracticeChecklistvalueforNAPs,AFandGCF.TheKenyagovernmentspokeontheKenyapolicyenvironmentinparticulartheNAPandtheaccreditationprocessforbothAdaptationFundandGreenClimateFund.

3

3. CCAFS/IFAD/CARE:BuildingWomen’sResiliencetoClimateChange:Lessonsfromsmallholderfarmers.ALPtopic:Strengtheningadaptivecapacityandgenderequality

4. SouthernVoices:NAPsandtheJPAs.ALPtopic:theKenyanexperienceindevelopingtheNAPandusingtheJPAsforCSOadvocacy

5. CBA9booklaunch,withACTsandIDRC.ACTslaunchedthisbookwhichhasbeendevelopedfromtheoutcomeofthe9thinternationalCBAconference.ThebookwaspresentedandspeechesmadebyseveralauthorsincludingFionaPercyandPeterWithfromCARE,thesponsors,Canada’sIDRCandSaleemHuqofIIED,explainingtheimportanceofCBA.

6. Development&ClimateDays,inIDRCsessiononAmbition,CommitmentandAction!PerspectivesonimplementationtowardtheParisagreement.IDRChostedapaneldiscussionandWorldCafégroupsession.ALPtopic:Climateresilientcommunities–whatdoesittake?FionaandEmmadescribedALP’sCBAworkatcommunitylevelandthetransformationsCBAprocessesarehavingamongmenandwomenintermsofgreateranticipation,adaptivecapacity,anddiversificationoflivelihoodsintegratedwithdisasterriskreductionwithexamplesfromNigerandKenya.

7. CCAFS:YouthengagementinClimateSmartAgriculture.ALPtopic:Motivatingyouththroughcommunitybasedadaptation

8. CDKN/ODI/BRACED:tailoringpro-poorfinancialservicesforadaptationandresilience.CAREtopic:VSLAandotherfinancialservicesforclimateresilienceinNiger

SeetheblogforoutcomesofthediscussionsatALPhostedeventsatCOP22:http://careclimatechange.org/launch-adaptation-good-practice-agp-checklist-setting-scene-effective-implementation-paris-agreement-cop22/

B. Climateservices9. UKMetofficeFutureClimateforAfrica(FCFA)sideevent:‘Fromsciencetoservices:improving

climateresilienceinAfrica’,Thurs,17November2016.ThiseventlookedathowinnovativeclimatescienceandservicescanhelppeopleacrossadiverserangeofAfricancontextstomanageclimaterisks.CAREpresentedontheuserbasedclimateservicesknowledgevaluechainframeworkthathasbeendevelopedfromALP’sPSPandotherexperiences.

C. AdaptationfinanceandcivilsocietyactionTheGCFCSOreadinessprojecthostedapartners’meetingwhere25participantsfromCameroon,Ghana,Kenya,Morocco,Senegal,Tanzania,andZambiaattended;aswellasCAREandGermanWatch,whoareleadsintheproject;andENDA,PACJA,AEVSTMorocco,whoaretheimplementingpartnersintheproject.ThepurposeoftheworkshopwastogatherAfricancivilsocietyrepresentatives,practitionersandadvocatesinvolvedinorinterestedaboutclimatefinance,especiallyattheGCFlevel,andprovidethemwiththeopportunitytosharetheirnationalexperiencewitheachother,exchangeideasandbestpracticesrelatedtoCSOsinvolvementinlocalGCFstateofplayand/orGCFprojects.

Annex5

1

Annex5.Developmentinassumptionsandrisks2015to2017Table1.Assumptions

Assumption Statusin2017Governments,regionalorganizationandNGOsthroughoutAfricaarewillingandabletochange/reviewpolicies,plansandadoptCBAapproaches,whereappropriateandincludingintheirapprovedprojectsforAF/GCF

Ghana:GhanagovernmenthasnominatedtheMinistryofFinance(MOF)asNationalDesignatedAuthority(NDA)fortheGreenClimateFund(GCF).Apartfromthis,CSOandgovernmenthavebeensensitisedontheGCFbyUNDPandWaterResourcesInstitute(WRI).MOFisopenedtocollaboratewithCSOindevelopingproposaltoaccessthesefundingstreams.ECOWASdevelopedaframeworkforClimateSmartAgricultureinWestAfricatoguidetheimplementationoftheRegionalAgriculturalpolicyforWestAfrica(ECOWAP/CAADP).Kenya:Thereisgeneralpoliticalgoodwilltoimprovepoliciesandplans-thechallengeisinensuringsufficientfundingandeffectiveimplementation.Niger:Beaucoupdeprogrèsaétédéjàfaitpourlapriseencomptedel'adaptationdanslespolitiques/stratégiesetProgrammesdel'Etat,aveclesactionsdeplaidoyerappuyerparALPauniveaunational.CeteffortdeALPsepoursuitaveclaPFSC/CC/DDquiàtraverslesactionsprévuescontinueracequiaétéentreprisdanscesens.Unchangementderégime(électionslégislativesetprésidentiellesàvenir)peutéventuellementfreinercetélandeplaidoyerdelasociétéCivile.

AdaptationfundsareavailabletoGovernments,regionalorganizationandNGOsthroughoutAfrica

Ghana:TheAdaptationfundisavailableforallgovernmentsandNGOs.GhanahassourcedfundsfromtheAdaptationFunds(AF)amountingtoUS$800,293,972.19.TheGCFispotentialsourceoffundsforallgovernmentsandNGOsinAfricatosupportCBAworks.TheriskhoweveristheseeminglyweakcapacityofgovernmentinstitutionsandsomeNGOstotakeadvantagethesefundingwindows.Transparentandaccountablemanagementofthesefundsisalsoanotherrisk.Kenya:Therearelimitedfundsavailableforadaptationfundingbutitisdifficulttokeeptrackofthefunds(especiallyfrombilateralsources)aswellasinthenationalbudget.ALPseekingtoinfluencetheclimatefinancepolicytoaddresssomeofthechallenges;ALPworkingwithPACJAandTItotrackfundsandaclimatefinancestudywasconductedinKenyatohelpunderstandtheactualsituationoffinance.Niger:AuNiger,lesfondsd'adaptationsonttimidementallouésparcertainsbailleursdefondsetsontgérésdirectementparl'EtatàtraversleCNEDD.

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Assumption Statusin2017Adaptationstrategiesareadoptedbymenandwomenandaresustainableandincreasingadaptivecapacityandresilience

Ghana:IntheALPphaseonecommunitiestestedadaptationstrategiesarebeingadoptedbymenandwomenandareincreasingthelivelihoodresilienceofthehouseholdsinvolvedandtheiradaptivecapacity.Climateuncertaintiesandgenderimbalancescontinuetobeachallenge.Kenya:Adaptationstrategiesarebeingadoptedbybothmenandwomen.Thereisevidenceofincreasingadaptivecapacityandresilience.Niger:Leprocessusd'analysedelacapacitéetdelavulnérabilitéclimatiquepermetd'identifierdesstratégiesaveclescommunautésetparlescommunautés;cesstratégiessontmisesenœuvreavecl'appuiduprojetetdesautresacteurs.L'implémentationdecesstratégiesfaciliteconsidérablementl'adaptationdespopulationsvulnérablesauxeffetsnéfastesdesvariabilitésetdeschangementsclimatiquesetamélioreducoupleurrésilience.Lessécheressesrépétitivesetl'insuffisancedemoyenspeuventnuireàcetteadaptativecapacitédespopulations.

LocalgovernmentauthoritieshavethemandateandarewillingtocollaborateonCBA,includingondisasterpreparednessplanningwithcommunities.

Ghana:DistrictAssembliesandDecentraliseddepartmentsinbothALPphaseoneandtwoDistrictsinGhanahavethemandatetoandhaveintegratedCBAprinciplespertheMediumTermDevelopmentGuidelinesissuedbyNationalDevelopmentplanningCommissioninGhana.DistrictassembliesarewillingtocollaborateandarecollaboratingwiththeALPandotherprojectsworkingonclimatechange.TheriskhoweveristheinstitutionalisationoftheCBAprinciplesduetothefrequenttransferofstaff.AlsopooroperationalisationofDisasterRiskplansduetoinadequateresources.Kenya:ThereisgeneralpoliticalgoodwilltolearnmoreandstrengthenCBA-ALPisreceivingrequeststosupportcapacitybuildingofgovernmentpartnersattheCountyandnationallevelsNiger:Lesplansdedéveloppementcommunauxintègredeplusenplusl'ABCaveclesanalysesdesrisquesquiysontfaitesaucoursdel'intégrationdeladimensionchangementclimatiquesetdesPACA.

Womenaregivenspaceandopportunitiestoparticipateindecisions

Ghana:Womenareparticipatinginbothhouseholdsandcommunityleveldecisionmaking.Theyalsoengageindiversifiedeconomicactivitiesinthecommunities.Womenaremoreintodryseasonfarming,rearingandowninganimalsinsomecommunitiesasmendo.Theriskliesonthelimitedcontroloverproductiveresourceaswellashouseholdsandcommunityassetsbywomen.Kenya:WomenholdpositionsofpowerandhavethemandatetomakedecisionsinthegroupsselectedbyALP,howeverbarriersanddriversofwomen'sdecisionmakingarecomplex.UnderstandingandrespondingtothiswaspartoftheworkALPimplemented.Niger:LesfemmesparticipentactivementàtouteslesdiscussionsfaitesaucoursduprocessusCBAetdéfendentvaillammentleurspointdevuequisontprisesencomptesdanslesprisesdedécisionauniveaucommunautaire

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Assumption Statusin2017Localandnationalorganizationswillingandabletoallocateadaptationresourcesinlinewiththeprioritiesofclimate-affectedcommunities.

Ghana:DistrictsAssemblies(DA)havebudgetedforandreceivedfundsfromtheCentralGovernmentinGhanathroughtheDistrictAssemblies'CommonFund(DACF)andotherdonoragenciesfortheimplementationofdevelopmentprojectsinclimatevulnerablecommunities.EPAandMOFAthroughtheAFprojectandGASIPrespectivelyareallocatingfundsfortheimplementationofadaptationprojectsinNorthernGhanawhereclimatechangeimpactsaremorepronounced.Theriskispoormonitoring/trackingofadaptationresourcesallocatedbynationalgovernmenttolocalgovernmententities.Niger:Deplusenplus,lesorganisationsprennentencomptel'Adaptationdansleursprogrammesetparconséquentconçoiventdesprogrammesquiadressentleschangementsclimatiquesetlespréoccupationsdescommunautés.

Metservicescontinuetogenerateandavailtimelyclimateinformationandexpressinterestinrespondingtouserneedsandknowledge

Ghana:Metservicescontinuetogenerateanddisseminateclimateforecast.Thatapart,theyarealsosupportingcommunitiesinthegenerationofrainfalldatausingraingaugesanddistributionoftheinformationthroughmediaplatformsincludingradiostations,SMSalertsthroughcommunicationnetworks,andtheCICs.Apartfromgovernmentmetservice,privatesectororganisationsincludingIgnitia,FarmRadio,ESOKOalsoengageinthegenerationandthedisseminationofclimateinformation.GMETfurthersupportannualfacilitationofPSPsatthedistrictlevel.However,thepackagingandchannelsofdistributiontosmallholderfarmersforinstances,needstobeimprovedforusers.Theriskhereislowconfidencelevelofsmallholderfarmersontheuseofclimateinformationduetounreliableandtimelydisseminationofclimate/weatherforecast.Kenya:TheMetservicesarecollaborativeandwillingtoimproveCIS,andhaveadoptedPSPatcountylevelasonewayforclimateservicestoreachusersNiger:LesdiscussionssontengagéesaveclesservicesdelamétéorologieauniveaunationalpourlamiseàdispositiondesprévisionsàtempsetlaparticipationdescadresdecesservicesauxateliersPSP.Jusqu'icicesservicesdelamétéorologieauniveaurégionaletlocalparticipentauxPSP,maislesdonnéessontcellesgénéréesparlePRESAOauniveaurégional

GCF/AFimplementingentitiesandimplementingagencieswillassignthenecessaryresourcestoimplementprojectactivities.

Ghana:UNDPisprovidingresourcesfromtheAdaptationFundtosupportMESTI/EPAintheimplementationofthe"IncreasedResiliencetoClimateChangeinNorthernGhanathroughtheManagementofWaterResourcesandDiversificationofLivelihoodsproject'.UNDPandtheWaterResourcesInstitutearefurtherprovingfundstosensitisegovernmentinstitutionsandCSOsonGCFreadiness.Theriskispoormonitoring/trackingandtransparencymechanismstoensurethefundsreachthetargetedclimatevulnerablecommunitiesandhouseholds.Kenya:Financialflowstoapprovedprojectsareslow,butgainingmomentum.Directaccessislaggingbehindinternationallyaccreditedentities.Directandenhanceddirectaccessarebeingencouragedthroughthereadinessfunds.Niger:Auniveau,lesfondsd'adaptationsonttimidementallouésparcertainsbailleursdefondsetsontgérésdirectementparl'EtatàtraversleCNEDD.

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Assumption Statusin2017CivilsocietyclimatenetworksarecommittedtopromotingCBAapproachesandmodelsinnationalandregionaladaptationpolicyandimplementation.NetworksandindividualpartnerswillintegrateCBAlearningandmodelsintheiradvocacywork.

Ghana:TheAbantufordevelopment,TheGhanaClimateChangeAdaptationNetwork(CAN)andtheInterAgencyNetworkonClimateChangeinNorthernGhanaandmanyotherclimatechangeinclinedNGOsareaccessingfundsandpromotingCBAstrategiesandaswelladvocatingfortheintegrationofCBAstrategiesintoDistrictsandNationalpolicies,plansandsectoralprogrammes.DwindlingdonorsupporttoCSOscouldunderminetheircapacitytoadvocate.Kenya:CSOsareactiveandnetworkscametogetherunderaMomentumforChangecampaign.ThereisageneralinterestandanadvocacystrategyNiger:Lepland'actiondelaPlateformedelaSociétéCivileprendencomptelerenforcementdescapacitésetlapromotiondel'ABCauniveaudesmembresderéseauxquiàleurtourlesintégrerontdansleursdifférentsplansdeplaidoyer.

PartiesandnationalgovernmentshostingCOPsgivespaceforCSOstoadvocate.

Ghana:CSOsreceiveaccreditationfromtheCOPsorganisersandnationalgovernmenttoattendandparticipateinCOPsproceedings/negotiations.CSOsorganisesideeventsaspartoftheCOPtoshareknowledgewithothersasanadvocacystrategy.DwindlingdonorfundingandthedifficultyassociatedwithCSOsacquiringaccreditationtoparticipateinCOPscanunderminethenumberandlevelofadvocacy.Kenya:ThespaceexistsandCSOsareabletovoiceandchanneltheirissues.However,theCSOissues/recommendationsarenotalwaystakenup,mainlyduetopoliticalreasons.OngoingcapacitybuildinganddialoguetoexpandthespaceandCSOengagementNiger:LesOSCàtraverslaPlateformeserontsuffisammentreprésentéàlaCOP21oùellesferontleplaidoyerpourplusd'allocationdesfondsd'adaptation.

National,localgovernments,NIEsandNDAswillingandabletoadoptCBAapproachesandintegrateintotheirprogrammes..

Ghana:MOFtheNDAforGhanaisshowinginterestandwillingtointegrateCBAintonationalprogrammesandpolicies.ThatapartMOFisaboundarypartnerforALPandparticipatedintheALPGhanaplanningprocessforextensionphasewithhighenthusiasm.TheriskislackofimplementationofplansandpoliciesbyrelevantgovernmentinstitutionsandagenciesduetostructuralchallengeswhichundermineMOFdirectoversightandsupervisoryresponsibilitiesoverthoseimplementinginstitutions.Niger:Beaucoupd'effortsestfaitparlegouvernentauniveaunationaleetlocalpourintégrerl'ABCdanslesprogrammesetplans.

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Assumption Statusin2017Alladaptationrelatedstakeholderswillingtocollaboratewithandlearntogether.

Ghana:NGOsimplementingadaptationprojectsareformingnetworksandorganizingplatformsforlearningandsharingclimaterelatedinformation.AnexampleistheInterAgencyNetworkinitiatedbyALPwhichprovidesplatformforCSOsinNorthernGhanatolearnandsharebestpracticesandlessonsaswellasmethodologiesonongoingadaptationprojects.ABANTU/GACCESmembershipincludingGhanaCANareadvocatingforintegrationofCBAprinciplesintoGovernmentpoliciesandprogrammmesandnationalbudgets.Thereispartnershipbetweennationalandlocalgovernmententitiesaswellascommunitiesintheplanningandimplementationofadaptationinitiativesaswellaslearninglessonsemanatingfromtheseinitiatives.Niger:Auniveaunational,lecadredeconcertationdesacteursquiinterviennentdansl'ABCconstitularéférencedecollaborationetdesynergiedesintervenants;c'estaussiuncadredepartageetd'échanged'expériencequiestopérationneletseréuniannuellement.

DemandforCBAlearningcontinuestogrow

Ghana:TheEPAhasdevelopedandNationalclimatechangelearningstrategybuildneededcapacitiesfortheimplementationoftheNationalClimateChangePolicy(NCCP).Again,nationalandlocalgovernmentinstitutionsparticipatedinaCBAlearningrouteorganizedbyALPinMarch2016.AssemblymembersafterbeingintroducedtoclimatechangeconceptsaskedformorecapacitybuildingonCBA.LocalgovernmentAgencies,anddistrictAssembliesdecentraliseddepartmentsNGOsandprojectsareinterestedandwillingtoparticipateandsupportCSOscarryoutCBAapproaches.Theyarealsodemandingjointorganizationsofsuchlearningplatforms.ForinstancetheInterAgencymeetingbyINGOsinNorthernGhana.ABANTU,MediaPlatformonEnvironmentandClimatechange,Ghana(MPECGHANA),andtheInstituteofEnvironmentandSanitationStudies(IESS),oftheUniversityofGhana,Legon,areorganizingjointlyorganizingPre-COPformediapractitionersandgovernmentdelegatestoParis.ThereisalsoanincreasingdemandwithintheWestAfricansubregiontofacilitatelearningonCBAamongNGOsandGovernmentalactors.AnexampleistheECOWASConferenceClimateSmartAgriculture(CSA)heldinBamakoinApril2015.Kenya:severalrequestsforcapacitybuildingbytheCDA(executingentity)COG,NDMA,PELUMandtheGCCWGnetworkNiger:Certainspays(Tchad,Benin-Togo)etpartenairesauniveaunational(INRAN-ICRAF/CCAFs)demandentdesappuisdeALPsurleprocessusABC,ALFA2017demonstratedgrowingdemandformulti-stakeholderlearning

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Table2:Risks

Risk Developmentsinriskslevelsin2017Naturaldisasterscausedbyclimatehazardsderailadaptationefforts.

Ghana:Ghanaexperiencedanumberoffloodand,windstormsthatdestroyedlivesandproperty.Kenya:Tosomeextent-naturaldisastersalsoprovideanopportunitytousenewlygainedadaptationknowledgeandskills.GiventheheavyrainsduetotheElNinophenomenonin2015OND,thereweregoodharvestsandminimalrisksinALPcommunitiesaswellasinCountiesinwhichALPpartneredstronglywithNDMA.However,2016hasbeenaLaNinayearcharacterizedbypoorerrainsandpoorharvests.ThereisariskoffoodinsecurityinsomeareasNiger:LescrisesnaturellesenlienaveclesrisquesclimatiquessontlégionsauNigeroupresqueuneannéesurdeuxestaffectée(faiblespluviométrie,mauvaiserépartitiondansletempsetdansl'espacequicausentdemauvaisesproductionsagricolesetpastorales)

Nationalelectionaffectingprogrammeimplementationactivities

Ghana:ElectionstookplacesmoothlyKenya:The2017Kenyanelectionsexperiencedunrestinspecifichotspots,notALPsites.

Security/conflict Ghana:Ghanarecordedsomeethnicclashesthatledtothedestructionsofhouseholdsandcommunityassets.ThereisalsoatrendofFulanipastoralistsandfarmersconflictsoverscarewaterresources.Kenya:GiventhepoliticalvolatilityinneighboringcountriesincludingS.Sudan,andthefoodcrisisincountriessuchasEthiopia,theremaybeaninfluxofrefugees.ResourcebasedconflictsarealsolikelytooccurasfamiliesandcommunitiessearchforwaterandpasturefortheirfamiliesandanimalsNiger:Lazoneduprojetestrelativementexemptéedesconflitsetdel'insécurité

Duplicationbyotherorganisations/programmeswithconflictingapproachestoadaptation

Ghana:TherearemanyNGOsimplementingclimatechangeadaptationprojectsusingsimilarmethodologiesandpartnersasALP.Theriskofcompetingforvisibilityandduplicationofapproachesisreal.Kenya:Needtokeeptrackanduptodatewithsimilarinitiativestoensurecomplementarity-institutionalanalysisishelpful;forastart.OtherchannelssuchasattendinglaunchesandstrategymeetingshelpsustokeeptrackofupcominginitiativesandensurecomplementarityNiger:Ilexisteunemultituded'organisationquimettentenœuvrel'ABCavecdesoutilsetméthodesdifférents,maiscelan'entacheenrienl'approchedeCAREaveclesoutilsCVCAetlaméthodologiedelaconduitedel'analyse.

Foodinsecurity/famine/outmigration

Ghana:Foodinsecurityisanorm.householdsuseoutmigrationfromonepartofthecountrytootherpartsinsearchofmenialjobsasacopingstrategies.Kenya:2017hasseendroughtandhungerinNorthernKenyaandneighbouringcountries,withassociatedresourcebasedconflictsacommunitiessearchforwaterandpasturefortheirfamiliesandanimalsNiger:Lescrisesactuellessontvitecirconscritesparlesinterventionsdesdiversacteursetattenueslesdépartsmassifsenexodedespopulationsaffectées.

Annex6

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Annex6:AcronymlistABANTU NameofgenderandpolicyadvocacyNGOinGhana,notanacronymACPC AfricaClimatePolicyCentreACCRA AfricanClimateChangeResilienceAllianceACTS TheAfricanCentreforTechnologyStudiesADA AustrianDevelopmentAgencyAE AccreditedEntities(toGCF)AF AdaptationFundAGIR GlobalAllianceforResilience,SahelAGN AfricangroupofnegotiatorsAGP AdaptationGoodPracticeALAP AdaptationLearningandAdvocacyProjectALFA AfricaLearningForumonAdaptationALP AdaptationLearningProgramforAfricaAMCEN AfricanMinisterialConferenceontheEnvironmentAMCOMET AfricanMinisterialConferenceonMeteorologyAREN AssociationfortheRevitalisationofLivestockinNigerASDSP AgricultureSectorDevelopmentSupportProgramme,KenyaASSAR AdaptationatScaleinSemi-AridRegionsBRACED BuildingResilienceandAdaptationtoClimateExtremesandDisastersCAN ClimateActionNetworkCAP CommunityAdvocacyPlansCAPECS CentrefortheAlleviationofPoverty,theEnvironmentandChildSupport,GhanaCAAPs CommunityAdaptationActionPlansCARIAA ClimateAdaptationResearchInitiative,IDRCCBA Community-BasedAdaptationCBEWS Community-basedEarlyWarningSystemCBOs CommunityBasedOrganizationsCC ClimatechangeCCA ClimatechangeadaptationCCAFS ClimateChangeAgricultureandFoodSecurity(CGIARresearchprogramme)CCCF CountyClimateChangeFund,KenyaCCD ClimateChangeDirectorate,KenyaCCDA ClimateChangeandDevelopmentinAfricaconferencesCCRP CARE’sClimateChangeResiliencePlatformCDKN ClimateDevelopmentandKnowledgeNetworkCFS ClimateFieldSchoolsCHC CommunityHealthCommitteesCGIAR ConsultativeGrouponInternationalAgriculturalResearchCICs ClimateinformationCentresCIDP CountyIntegratedDevelopmentProgramme,KenyaCIF ClimateInvestmentFundCIS ClimateInformationServicesCISONECC CivilSocietyNetworkonClimateChange,MalawiCISU CivilSocietyinDevelopment,DanidaClimateandEnvironmentFundCFS ClimateFieldSchoolsCKB ClimateKnowledgeBrokersCM Communitymonitor

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CNEDD ConseilNationaldel’EnvironnementpourunDéveloppementDurable,NigerCOP ConferenceofPartiesCSA Climate-SmartAgricultureCSIR CouncilforScientificandIndustrialResearch,GhanaCSOs CivilSocietyOrganizationsCVCA ClimateVulnerabilityandCapacityAssessmentDanida MinistryofForeignAffairsofDenmarkDDF DistrictDevelopmentFundDFID UKAid,UnitedKingdomDepartmentforInternationaldevelopmentDFAP USAIDDevelopmentFoodAssistanceProgramDFSA DevelopmentFoodSecurityActivityDRR DisasterRiskReductionEAC EastAfricaCommunityEbA Ecosystem-basedAdaptationENACTS EnhancingNationalClimateServices,IRIColumbiaUniversityECOWAS EconomicCommunityofWestAfricanStatesENDAEnergie Energie-Environnement-Développement(NGO)EPA Ghana’sEnvironmentProtectionAgencyESA EastandSouthernAfricaESOKO Companyprovidingsmallholderswithaccesstoinformation,inputsandfinanceEWS EarlyWarningSystemsFAO FoodandAgricultureOrganisation,UNFCFA FutureClimateforAfricaGACCES GenderandClimateChangeNetwork,GhanaGASIP GhanaAgriculturalSectorInvestmentProgrammeGCAP GlobalClimateAdaptationPartnershipGCCWG GenderandClimateChangeWorkingGroup,KenyaGCF GreenClimateFundGDCA GhanaDevelopingCommunitiesAssociationGFCS GlobalFrameworkforClimateServicesGMET GhanaMeteorologicalAgencyGCVCA GenderClimateVulnerabilityandCapacityAnalysisGEF GlobalEnvironmentFacilityGFCS GlobalFrameworkforClimateServices,WMOGGCA GlobalGenderandClimateAllianceGHACOF GreaterHornofAfricaRegionalClimateOutlookForumGMET GhanaMetrologicalAgencyHoA HornofAfricaICCS InternationalConferenceonClimateServicesICPAC IGADClimatePredictionandApplicationCentreIDRC InternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre,CanadaIEWM InstituteofEnvironmentandWaterManagement,KenyaIGAD IntergovernmentalAuthorityonDevelopmentIGNITIA Companyprovidinghyper-localweatherupdates,viaSMS,basedonGPSlocation.IIED InternationalInstituteofEnvironmentandDevelopment,UKIISD InternationalInstituteofSustainableDevelopment,CanadaILGS InstituteforLocalGovernmentStudiesGhana(I)NDC (Intended)NationallyDeterminedContributionINGO InternationalNon-GovernmentalOrganizationIRI InternationalResearchInstituteforClimateandSociety,ColumbiaUniversity

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JPA JointPrinciplesforAdaptationKCFGN KenyaClimateFinanceandGovernanceNetworkKII KeyInformantInterviewKMD KenyaMeteorologicalDepartmentLAC LocalAdaptiveCapacityLDC LeastDevelopedCountryLDCF LeastDevelopedCountriesFund(Climate)LoCAL LocalClimateAdaptiveLivingFacilityM&E Monitoring&evaluationM/DC/AT MinistryofCommunityDevelopment&Planning,NigerMAM March-April-MayseasonMEL MonitoringandLearningMESTI MinistryofEnvironment,Science,TechnologyandInnovation,GhanaMoALF MinistryofAgriculture,LivestockandFisheries,KenyaMOFA MinistryOfFoodandAgriculture,GhanaMTDP MediumTermDevelopmentPlanMUCCRI MakerereUniversityClimateChangeResearchandInnovationinitiativeNADMO NationalDisasterManagementOrganization,GhanaNAP NationalAdaptationPlanNAPA NationalAdaptationPlanofActionNCCAS NationalClimateChangeAdaptationStrategy,GhanaNCCP NationalClimateChangePolicyNDA NationalDesignatedAuthorityNDMA NationalDroughtManagementAuthority,KenyaNDPC NationalDevelopmentPlanningCommission,GhanaNEMA NationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority,KenyaNMHS NationalMeteorologicalandHydrologicalServicesNGO Non-GovernmentalOrganizationNIE NationalImplementingEntityoftheAFODI OverseasDevelopmentInstitute,UKOECDDAC OrganizationsfortheEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment,DevelopmentAidCriteriaOND October-November-DecemberseasonOSV Communevulnerabilityobservers,NigerOXFAM OxfordCommitteeforFamineReliefPACJA PanAfricanClimateJusticeAlliancePCT ALPProgrammeCoordinationTeamPDC PlandedéveloppementCommunal,NigerPELUM ParticipatoryEcologicalLandUseManagementPICSA ParticipatoryIntegratedClimateServicesforAgriculture)PREPARED PlanningforResilienceinEastAfricathroughPolicy,Adaptation,ResearchandEconomic

Development,USAIDprojectinEastAfricaPRIME PastoralistResilienceProgrammePSCN-CCDD PlateformedelaSociétéCivileNigériennesurlesChangementsClimatiquesetle

DéveloppementDurablePSP ParticipatoryScenarioPlanningSARI SavannahAgricultureResearchInstitute,GhanaSBI/SBSTA UNFCCCSubsidiaryBodyforImplementationandSubsidiaryBodyforScientificand

TechnologicalAdviceSCAP/RU Communitymonitorsforearlywarningandemergencyresponse,NigerSCIPEA StrengtheningClimateInformationPartnerships-EastAfrica,UKMetofficeproject

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SDPI PlanningandInfrastructureDistrictServices,GhanaSSN SouthSouthNorth(CapeTown)SVA SouthernVoicesforAdaptationprojectTI TransparencyInternationalUCT UniversityofCapeTownUDS UniversityofDevelopmentStudies,GhanaUKAid UKAid(DepartmentforInternationalDevelopment)UKMO UnitedKingdomMetOfficeUNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramUNEP UnitedNationsEnvironmentUNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChangeUNITAR UnitedNationsInstituteforTrainingandResearchUSAID UnitedStatesAgencyforInternationalDevelopmentVSLA VillageSavingsandLoansAssociationWISER WeatherandclimateInformationandSERvicesforAfrica(DFIDprogramme)WRI WorldResourcesInstituteWWF WorldWildlifeFund

Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP) - CARE ...

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