Adamawa State CSDA_Draft Report2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PagesExecutive Summary 5 List of Tables 1- Local Government Areas surveyed in the 21 senatorial districts 2- Age distribution of the respondents 253- Educational attainment of households’ income 26 Earners4- Major sources of water available to the 27 households in the communities 5- Ownership of house by the respondents 27 6- Toilet facilities in households 28 7- Primary occupation of the respondents 29 8- Monthly income from primary and secondary 30 Occupation 9- Methods of waste disposal by households 32 10- Membership of community organizations 3311a- Distribution of respondents according to 35 whether differences in education, wealth, landholding, social status and religious beliefs tend to divide people in surveyed communities 11b- Distribution of respondents according to 35 whether differences in political parties, ethnic background, gender and age tend to divide people in surveyed communities 12- Community ways of handling differences 36 13- Participation of respondents in previous 37 collective actions with respect to community development 14- Success of previous collective actions with 38 respect to community development 15- Distribution of respondents according to their 38 responses to participation in their communities 16- Distribution of respondents according to their 38 responses on whether or not they contribute time and money towards common developmental goals 17- Services where respondents are occasionally 39 Denied 18- Reasons why some people are excluded from 39 Services 19- Distribution of respondents on whether they 40 have done the following activities in the last three years 20- Distribution of respondents on whether they 41

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were approached to do the following activities in the last three years

SECTION ONE BACKGROUND INFORMATION1.1 The Community and Social Development Project 111.2 Terms of Reference 121.2.1 Objectives of the Baseline Survey 131.2.2 Scope of the work 14SECTION TWO SURVEY METHODOLOGY2.1 Study Area 192.2 Survey Instruments 192.3 Sample Design and Sampling Procedure 192.4 Training of Enumerators 232.5 Data Collection Process 232.6 Supervision and Quality Control 242.7 Method of Data Analysis 24SECTION THREE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Socioeconomic status of the respondents 253.2 Sanitation and waste management system in the 31

Communities3.3 Membership of Community Based institutions 323.4 Social Exclusion 333.5 Community members methods of handling differences 363.6 Collective Action by community members 363.7 Participation of the respondents in civic duties 39SECTION FOUR DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLED COMMUNITIES4.1 NORTHERN SENATORIAL DISTRICT4.1.1 Madagali Local Government Area 424.1.1.1 Bebel Community 424.1.1.2 Dar Community 454.1.1.3 Dzuel community 484.1.1.4 Gubla Community 514.1.1.5 Humshi (Vizik) community 534.1.1.6 Mayo Wandu 554.1.1.7. Kirchinga Community 574.1.1.8 Vapura (Mildow) Community 604.1.1.9. Wuroganyandi Kuda Community 624.1.1.10. Zhau Community 644.1.2. MUBI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT 664.1.2.1. Bagira Community 664.1.2.2. Bahuli Community 684.1.2.3. Betso Community 704.1.2.4. Kiriya Community 734.1.2.5. Lira Community 754.1.2.6. Mijilu Community 774.1.2.7 Muchalla Community 794.1.2.8. Muva Community 81

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4.1.2.9. Muvur Community 834.1.2.10. Ribawa Community 854.1.3 MUBI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT 864.1.3.1. Dribish Community 864.1.3.2. Duvu Community 894.1.3.3. Gella Community 914.1.3.4. Gude Community 934.1.3.5. Lamurde Community 95 4.1.3.6. Mijara Community 974.1.3.7. Mugulvu Community 1004.1.3.8. Nduku Community 1024.1.3.9. Suburum Community 1054.1.3.10. Sahuda Community 1084.2 SOUTHERN SENATORIAL DISTRICT 1114.2.1 Mayo-Belwa Local Government 1114.2.1.1. Binkola Community 1114.2.1.2. Nassarawo Jereng Community 1134.2.1.3. Sebore Community 1154.2.1.4. Mayo-Farang Community 1174.2.1.5. Sangere Community 1194.2.1.6. Ndiyamjimtobe Community 1214.2.1.7. Yolde Gubudo Community 1234.2.1.8. Chukkol Community 1254.2.1.9 Sindigawo Community 1274.2.1.10. Kaurami Community 1294.2.2 GUYUK LOCAL GOVERNMENT 1314.2.2.1. Walu Community 1314.2.2.2. Bodeno Community 1334.2.2.3. Lokoro Community 1354.2.2.4. Chikila Community 1374.2.2.5. Boshikiri Community 1394.2.2.6. Tudun Guyuk Community 1414.2.2.7 Lakumna Community 1434.2.2.8. Bobini Community 1454.2.2.9 Gugu Community 1474.2.2.10. Pondiwe Community 1494.2.3. DEMSA LOCAL GOVERNMENT

4.2.3.1. Farai Community 1514.2.3.2 Dwam Sakato Community 153 4.2.3.3 Bille Community 1554.2.3.4. Bolon Community 1574.2.3.5. Gejembo Community 1594.2.3.6 Dong Community 1614.2.3.7. Dem Community 1634.2.3.8. Bwashi Community 1654.2.3.9. Old Demsa Community 167

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4.2.3.10. Farabuane Community 1694.3. CENTRAL SENATORIAL DISTRICT4.3.1. GIREI LOCAL GOVERNMENT4.3.1.1. Daneyel Community 1714.3.1.2. Kangling Community 173 4.3.1.3. Dakri Bobbo Community 1754.3.1.4 . Koh Community 1774.3.1.5. Njerenga Community 1794.3.1.6. Jerra Boyo Community 1814.3.1.7. Laide Danfulani Community 183 4.3.1.8. Dakri Alhaji Bakari Community 1854.3.1.9 Bajabure Community 1874.3.1.10 Karewa Community 1894.3.2. GOMBI LOCAL GOVERNMENT4.3.2.1. Gadamaisaje Community 1914.3.2.2. Parijo Community 1934.3.2.3. Mijuwana Community 195 4.3.2.4. Bebe Community 1974.3.2.5. Gudumiya Community 1994.3.2.6. Jau Community 2014.3.2.7. Sabon Gari Community 203 4.3.2.8 Korwa B Community 2054.3.2.9. Kaulewa Community 2074.3.2.10. Barda Community 209 4.3.3. FUFORE LOCAL GOVERNMENT4.3.3.1. Belichiuti Community 2114.3.3.2. Wuro Sham Community 2134.3.3.3. Wuro Ardo Community 2154.3.3.4. Wuro Mallum Community 2174.3.3.5. Dulo Bwatiye Community 2194.3.3.6. Muninga Community 2214.3.3.7. Mayo Sirkan Community 223 4.3.3.8. Wuro Yolde Community 2254.3.3.9. Bengo Community 2274.3.3.10. Wailare Community 229

SECTION FIVEHighlights of Major Findings 231Conclusion 232Recommendations 232 Appendix I 233Appendix II 234

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E x e c u t i v e S u m m a r y

Background

Community and Social Development Project (CSDP) is a scaled up of the pilot Community-

based Poverty Reduction Project (CPRP) and Local Empowerment and Environmental

Management Project (LEEMP). CSDP is therefore an intervention building on the CPRP and

LEEMP structures to effectively target socioeconomic and water resources management

infrastructural projects at the community level as well as improve Local Government Area

(LGA) responsibility to service delivery. The overall goal of the CSDP is to improve access

to services for human development. To enable proper documentation of the project impact,

there is need for baseline study. The baseline study results will serve as an initial measure to

assess the effect of CSDP interventions in Adamawa State. To this end, a Baseline Survey

was done to ascertain the present state of socio-economic development of participating

communities to ensure that at the end of the project, proper and acceptable impact assessment

studies could be carried-out in the state.

Objectives of the Baseline Survey

The broad objective of the survey is to collect and collate baseline information on sampled

communities in Nine (9) of the twenty-one (21) LGAs to be considered in the first instance.

This baseline is to assist in providing opportunities for intervention by the project and also to

provide a basis for impact based comparison of pre and post project situation in the CSDP

communities. The specific objectives of the proposed survey are to establish a baseline for

the socio-economic situation and existence or non-existence of basic infrastructural facilities

across sector. The sectors are education, health, water, transport, rural electrification,

socioeconomic, natural resources/environment and vulnerability/gender.

Scope of work

To achieve the objective of the proposed baseline survey, it would be necessary to obtain all

the relevant details of persons living in project affected area relating to families, resource

use/dependence and infrastructure of the area as specified in the TOR approved by the World

Bank.

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Methodology

Study area and method of data collection

The baseline survey was conducted in ninety (90) selected communities from nine LGAs.

The LGAs are Madagali, Mubi North and Mubi South in the North Senatorial District;

Gombi, Girei and Fufore in theCentral Senatorial District; and Demsa, Guyuk and Mayo

Belwa in the South Senatorial District. Two methods of data collection were adopted. These

were focus group discussion (FGD) and cross-sectional survey (CSS). The FGD was used to

obtain village level information while the CSS was used to obtain information from randomly

selected individuals from the communities. In addition, secondary information was obtained

from the LGA office on the existence of schools, water sources and health facilities.

Information were obtained by means of oral interviews and by the use of well structured

questionnaires.

Socioeconomic characteristics of respondents

Age distribution of respondents

The age category ranges from 10 to over 60 years. The sample of respondents was designed

to capture a wide profile of the people in the communities (the young and the old inclusive).

Educational attainment of the households’ income earners and the Education Sector

The educational qualification of the household heads (as presented in Table 3) shows that

majority (about 34.11%) of the respondents attained the basic primary education. Those with

higher level of education were 42.55 percent of the sampled population. The universal policy

on education makes it compulsory for all to have basic education which runs from primary

one to junior secondary school. As shown in the table only 13.56 percent of the respondents

attained the junior secondary education.

In most of the communities sampled there are primary schools for pupils. Some of the

schools, however, are far from the communities and would require considerable time for

pupils to trek daily. There are also many incidences of high teacher to students ratio in the

schools an indication that most of the schools are understaffed. In many communities these

schools operate from dilapidated structures and occasionally pupils operate from buildings

without roof There are also absence of basic facilities such staff rooms, toilets, water supply,

desks and tables for the pupils and teachers. Instructional materials are in short supply and

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school attendance in some of the remote communities fluctuates remarkably during the

cropping season when children are drafted to do farm chores. The environment of the schools

in many cases are not conducive for learning and teaching.

Occupation of respondents

Occupational prestige is one component of socioeconomic status that encompasses both

income and educational attainment. Occupational status reflects the level of educational

attainment of the respondents. The primary occupations of the respondents include farming,

civil service, petty trading and paid labour among others. Majority of the respondents are

independently employed in the private sector. The occupational distribution of the

respondents reveals that farming is the most important activity in most of the communities

surveyed. The implication of this is that there is need for increased investment in the

agricultural sector in order to ensure its sustainability, growth and development.

Income from primary and secondary occupations

The respondents were predominantly low income earners. In view of the fact that most of

them are farmers, their monthly income distribution shows that they are mainly subsistence

farmers who produce principally for family consumption. Low income families focus on

meeting immediate needs and do not accumulate wealth that could be passed to future

generations, thus increasing income inequality.

Health Sector

The primary health clinics are available in most of the communities; however, these clinics

are not stocked with drugs and other requisite facilities for health care delivery. Also, in some

of the communities there are dispensaries without drugs and the people have to travel long

distances to access health care. The PHC clinics do not have facilities for in-patients. The

PHCs are managed by paramedics.

It takes an appreciable time to get to where health care can be accessed in most of the

communities. In most cases the people have to travel to the local government headquarters to

access health care services.

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Sanitation and waste management system in the communities

In most cases the people dispose waste into vacant plots, rivers/streams/drainage systems.

About 47.1 percent of the respondents dispose waste into vacant plots (empty, undeveloped

plots of land within their neighborhood). The second most common method of waste disposal

in the communities is by disposing solid waste into rivers/streams and drainages.

There are no incinerators in the communities for waste management and waste disposal

system is rudimentary. The people dispose wastes in a fashion that predisposes them to risk

of deadly epidemics.

Water Sector

The major sources of water available to the inhabitants of the sampled communities include

wells, boreholes and streams/rivers. The survey revealed that about 64 percent of the

households have wells as their major source of water for both drinking and domestic

purposes. There are however communities where people scoop water from ditches for

drinking and domestic purposes. People and livestock share same sources of water in many of

the communities. The quality of many of these water sources is suspect as revealed by the

water sample laboratory analysis.

Transport SectorThere are no feeder roads in many of the communities. Most of the roads are seasonal roads

and can only be used during the dry season. There are no bridges as foot paths wind through

river beds, valleys and troughs. Erosion from heavy storm has done devastating damage to

many feeder roads where a number of culverts are cut off; thus rendering the roads very

difficult for vehicular and human movement. People however ply the existing roads in the

course of carrying out daily economic activities.

Rural Electrification Sector

In most of the communities sampled there is no public source of power and households rely

on kerosene lantern. The rural electrification service is not functional in many of the

communities. Small businesses established in the communities include rice milling, grain,

grinding and artisans. Electronic gadgets are not common in most of the communities. People

employ services of generators to be able operate electronics where available.

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Socio-Economic SectorThere are no multipurpose halls in most of the communities sampled but there are market

stalls. The market stalls are temporary structures which are made by posting sticks and

placing thatched roof over. Goods sold in these markets range from agricultural produce to

basic household items such as matches and firewood. There are no skill acquisition centers in

most of the sampled communities for the youth and unemployed. Social activities in the

communities however are very vibrant and this varies from one place to another.

Natural Resources/Environment SectorNo forest reserve or communal forest area was found in the surveyed community clusters

across the nine LGAs, however, illegal deforestation practice is actively going on in all the

LGAs surveyed. Trade in fire wood is fast becoming a booster to the economy of many

households of late. Forest trees and other economic trees are being destroyed at a rate much

faster than trees are planted to regenerate them.

There are no public toilets in the communities. Human waste liters the environment as people

are left with no choice than to freely use the bush and other empty plots of land in the

neighborhoods. There are erosion sites in all the LGAs surveyed. There are no drainages in

the communities.

Organization Density and characteristicsCommunity institutions (sometimes known as community-based organizations) are civil

society that are not profit oriented but operate within a single local community. They are

essentially a subset of the wider group of non-profit organizations that are often run as a

voluntary and self funding basis. There are many local level community- based organisations

across the state. These organisations range from socio-religious to occupational groups. Many

of the people living in these communities are members of these organisations. Their degree of

participation is very high as it is a form of social capital for the people.

Social ExclusionThere is not much of social exclusion. The people talked about harmonious relationship and mutual cooperation and participation in community development process.

Collective ActionCollective action is the pursuit of a goal or set of goals by more than one person.The people

cited instances in the past when they collectively participated in solving some challenges that

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faced their communities. This they did through contribution in cash and materials towards

executing community projects. In all, about 68.11 percent of them have taken part in

community services in the past. This is an indication that the communities can be mobilized

for collective action. The awareness of the relevance of collective action to community

development is already widespread among the people. Decision making by the government

and donor agencies relative to development projects in communities are usually taken in most

cases without any input by the people for whom the projects were planned.

Vulnerability/Gender SectorThere are orphans, widows, physically challenged and other vulnerable children in all the

communities but there are however no orphanages. There are no orphans and vulnerable

children receiving books and other instructional materials as support either from government

or from development partners.

Conclusion and recommendationIn conclusion, it is evident that the sampled communities in the nine LGAs of Adamawa State

selected for the baseline survey are involved in both farming (crop and livestock) and non-

farming activities which constitute their main source of livelihood. More importantly, the

sampled communities are deficient in infrastructural facilities both in terms of available

numbers and adequacy of the existing ones. Similarly, continued exploitation of the fragile

natural resources and poor infrastructural facilities would further reduce agricultural

productivity and increase uncertainties and vulnerability of the rural dwellers to food

insecurity and extreme poverty.

Therefore, it is recommended that CSDP initiative is necessary by bringing sustainable

existing interventions that would address the priority issues in respect of general

infrastructural development and farming and non-farming interventions in all the

participating communities. Focus should be tailored in areas such as: (1) provision of

infrastructural facilities such as additional classroom blocks in schools, renovation of health

centers and supply of necessary facilities, skill acquisition centers, etc (2) empowerment of

the rural poor in all the participating communities to enhance their capacity to generate

income through small-scale activities, (3) strengthening of linkages between relevant

institutions within the participating communities most especially trade associations and

cooperative societies, and (4) full integration of women into the development process is an

important precondition for the sustainability and success of CSDP development efforts.

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Chapter One

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

1.1 The Community and Social Development Project

Community and Social Development Project (CSDP) is a scale up of the pilot Community-

based Poverty Reduction Project (CPRP) and Local Empowerment and Environmental

Management Project (LEEMP). CSDP is therefore an intervention building on the CPRP and

LEEMP structures to effectively target socioeconomic and water resources management,

infrastructural projects at the community level as well as improve Local Government Area

(LGA) responsibility to service delivery. One of the key highlights of the CSDP is that clear-

cut supportive roles and responsibility provided by the key actors in the project cycle.

Community and Social Development Project (CSDP) is generally a new intervention that

would effectively target social and environmental infrastructure at the community level as

well as improve local government area (LGA) responsibility to service delivery. One of the

key highlight of the CSDP is that clear–cut supportive roles and responsibility provided by

the key actors in the project cycle. The overall goal of the CSDP is to improve access to

services for human development. In order to achieve this goal, the project development

objective (PDO) is to support empowerment of communities and LGAs for sustainable

increase access of poor people to improved social and natural resource infrastructure.

To enable proper documentation of the project impact, there is need for baseline study. The

baseline study results will serve as an initial measure to assess the impact of CSDP

interventions in Adamawa State. In addition, the baseline study will be a reference point for

the impact assessment that will document changes in key project indicators that occur as a

result of CSDP interventions. Data from the baseline study also fit directly into the

programmatic decision-making process so as to ensure that interventions target the specific

supply and demand needs of the local context. According to World Bank (2008) the objective

of the Community and Social Development Project for Nigeria is to sustainably increase

access of poor people to social and natural resource infrastructure services. There are three

components to the project.

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The first component is the federal level- coordination and program support. At the federal

level, this component will be supervised by the federal ministry of finance, while the direct

responsibility for implementation will rest with the existing Federal Project Support Unit

(FPSU). The FPSU will be responsible for providing technical backstopping to state agencies

on procurement, financial management, gender, environment, and local government capacity

issues. The unit will organize the appropriate technical assistance based on requests from

state agencies or needs identified by the monitoring and evaluation system.

The second component is the Local Government Authority (LGA)/sectoral ministries

capacity and partnership building. This component will be implemented by the state agency

in all participating states and will provide funding for capacity building, skills training and

hardware types of investments. The objective of this component is to establish and strengthen

a partnership between LGA and communities.

Finally, the third component is the community-driven investment. State agencies will

manage this component. Funding will be provided for Community Development Plans

(CDPs) of selected communities, based on specific criteria, including broad based community

participation in plans formulation, micro-project identification and preparation, and a

matching contribution from communities.

The overall goal of the CSDP is to improve access to services for human development. To

achieve this goal, the Project Development Objective (PDO) is to support empowerment of

communities and LGAs for sustainable increase access of poor people to improved social and

natural resource infrastructure. To enable proper documentation of the project impact, there is

need for baseline study. The baseline study results will serve as an initial measure to assess

the effect of CSDP interventions in Adamawa State. In addition, the baseline study will be a

reference point for the impact assessment that will document changes in key project

indicators that occur as a result of CSDP interventions. Data from the baseline study also feed

directly into the programmatic decision-making process to ensure that interventions target the

specific supply and demand needs of the local context.

1.2 Terms of reference

The Terms of Reference (TOR) for the Baseline Survey defined the objectives of the survey

as well as the scope of the work to be done. These are presented as follows.

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1.2.1 Objectives of the Baseline Survey

The broad objective of the survey is to collect and collate baseline information on sampled

communities in Nine (9) of the twenty-one (21) LGAs to be considered in the first instance.

This baseline is to assist in providing opportunities for intervention by the project and also to

provide a basis for impact based comparison of pre and post project situation in the CSDP

communities. The specific objectives of the proposed survey are to:

1. Provide community level information such as name of LGA and communities,

distance of community to the LGA and State capital, population of community

disaggregated into gender/adult/children/ethnicity/religion, average household size

(family) disaggregated into gender/adult/children, socio-cultural features that

influence community economic development such as market days and frequency,

local festivals and historic events and existing village organizations such as CDAs etc.

2. Access aspects of socio-economic conditions of the project beneficiaries’ households across

sectors.

3. Describe the present status of infrastructural facilities in the selected communities.

4. Identify the vulnerable sections and individuals of the affected population.

5. Collect details of the persons living in project affected area in terms of their

demographic features like age, sex, educational status, occupation, degree of

dependence on local natural resources (that are likely to be affected by the project),

employment status (if self employed, then number of days of employment per year)

and their source of income.

6. Estimate the income consumption and indebtedness of the households.

7. Assess the ownership of land holding pattern and its use related particulars.

8. Estimate the households’ production from the land in the project vicinity.

9. Assess their dependence on local resources other than privately owned land like

forests, water resources, pasture land and other common property resources.

10. Assess the extent of possession of immovable assets like houses, trees, agricultural

land and commercial assets etc.

11. Assess the employment potentials of the area with the help of educational status, skill

levels, unemployed personnel (with education level and skill levels) available for

work.

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1.2.2 Scope of the Work

To achieve the objectives of the baseline survey the research team visited the nine (9) LGAs

and obtained the following general information in respect of all the LGAs and communities.

1. Name of the LGA and communities;

2. Distance of the community to the LGA headquarters and state capital;

3. Population of community disaggregated into ender/adult/children/ethnicity/religion

4. Natural resources features such as land, water and forests;

5. Occupation (cropping pattern, crops, yields, domestic animals such as sheep, goats,

cattle and others)

6. Available infrastructure (schools, health centres and their status, water supply etc);

7. Average household size (family) disaggregated into gender/adult/children;

8. Average household income distribution

9. Sources of household income/economic activities;

10. Socio cultural features that influence community economic development such as

market days and frequency, local festivals and historic events;

11. Existing village organizations such as CDAs, CBOs etc.

The following specific information were also provided:

i. Economic environment of the communities in the LGAs. This included the economic

activities, the social and cultural factors that influence economic development and

sharing of common property resources, sources of livelihood of families and their

income per capita. Specific attention was placed on gender and vulnerable groups

(men, women, youth, and disabled, minorities etc)

ii. Water quality and changes in parameter within the LGA. Water and soil samples were

collected from different sources such as streams, wells, boreholes etc and tested both

at the field and at the laboratory.

iii. Structure of formal and informal institutions and their current roles in community

development activities.

iv. Agricultural production systems, cropping patterns, yields, households income and

constraints to agricultural productivity

v. Identify and assess status of resources (land, forests, water etc) within the LGAs and

identify indicators that could be used to monitor changes

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vi. Availability and quality/condition of infrastructural facilities in all sectors such as

education, health, water, environmental/natural resources, rural electrification,

socioeconomic and transport/ roads. All project types should be covered including

those executed by the government, NGOs, the community or other development

agencies.

vii. Environmental problems of concern to the community and mitigation measures being

adopted

viii.Ranking of communities within LGAs on basis of availability and functionality of

infrastructural facilities

ix. Provide information on how to develop measureable indicators to be used in impact

evaluation for each sector

x. Prepare a comprehensive report on each of the communities by LGAs based on the

above.

The following sectoral indicators were considered in the development of survey instruments

for baseline survey:

Education Sector

Existence or non-existence of primary/secondary school/classrooms and their physical

state in the community.

Average time/distance traversed to the nearest primary/secondary school in the

community.

Number of school age children (male/female) currently enrolled in existing

primary/secondary school in the community; and anticipated enrolment

(disaggregated into male/female) in the event of establishing new school or building

extra classroom blocks.

Average school attendance by gender (male/female)

Availability/non-availability of instructional materials, desks etc. in existing

community school.

Existence or non-existence of teachers’ quarters in community primary/ secondary

school and their physical state in community.

Number of teachers (disaggregated by gender & qualification) teaching in existing

community school.

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General environmental condition (conducive for learning; toilet facility) around

existing school in community.

Health Sector

Existence or otherwise of health facility in the community and its physical state in the

community.

Type of health facility in community and Source of supply of drugs.

Number of surrounding communities and estimated population using existing health

facility.

Number of current in-patients/out-patients (disaggregated by gender and age range) in

attendance in existing community facility.

Estimate time/distance to access existing health centre from the nearest and farthest

distance in the community.

Common ailments afflicting community members.

Number of health workers (types and qualifications) posted in existing community

health facility.

Existence or otherwise of incinerator and toilets and other forms of waste disposal

facilities existing in community health facility.

Source of water in-use in community health facility.

Water Sector

Community source of water (motorized borehole/hand pumps well/concrete

well/rainwater harvest facility) or otherwise.

Quality of existing water source.

Cost/distance/time spent to access nearest water source in community.

Number of cases/types of water borne diseases reported in the community.

General personal hygiene in community.

Transport Sector

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Existence or non-existence of feeder road/bridge/culvert and their physical state in the

community.

Average time/distance spent commuting from one point to another in the community.

Number of persons/vehicles plying existing community road per week.

Rural Electrification Sector

Establish existence or non-existence of electricity and its functionality in the

community.

Number of households in community connected to electricity and using electronic

gadgets.

Number of small scale businesses established in community because of electricity.

Types of social activities in community.

Socio-Economic Sector

Existence or non-existence of multi-purpose community centre/market stall/skill

acquisition centre/security post etc. and their physical state in the community.

Number of social activities in community.

Number and variety of goods sold in the market.

Number of persons trained and utilizing skill acquisition acquired skills.

Number of enterprises established.

Natural Resources/Environment Sector

Existence or non-existence of public toilet/incinerator in health facility,

school/erosion, flood sites/forest reserve/communal forest area/water catchment area,

and their physical state in the community.

Number of people using public toilets

Number of people defecating in bushes, open plots and river banks.

Number of reported cases of environmentally induced ill health

(children/male/female).

Current sanitation practices in community.

Number and length of drainages constructed.

Hectares of wind breaks/shelterbelt/on-farm tree planting and type of trees

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Organisation Density and characteristics

Membership of CBOs and CDAs

Degree of participation in the CBOs and CDAs.

Exclusion

Differences that exist between the different groups of people

Reasons for exclusion

Collective Action

Previous collective action

Decision making process at community level

Decision making relative to development projects

Contributions in form of time and materials towards community projects

Vulnerability/Gender Sector

Existence or non-existence of orphanage/skill acquisition centre/leprosy

colony/charity homes in the community and their physical state in the community.

Number of orphans sheltered (by gender) in orphanage in the community.

Number of persons trained and utilizing skills.

Number of vulnerable children receiving free food/books/uniform/health services.

Number and type of socio-economic engagement by vulnerable.

Number of vulnerable individuals benefiting from fee waiver/scholarship or other

support interventions children enrolled/attending schools who are fed/provided

books/uniforms.

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Section Two

SURVEY METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study area

The baseline was conducted in nine local government areas of Adamawa State (latitude 7o

and 11o N of the equator and longitude 11o and 14o E of Greenwich Meridian). The state

shares boundary with Taraba State to the south and west, Gombe State to its Northwest and

Borno to the North. The state has an international boundary with the Cameroun republic

along its eastern end. The state has a land area of about 38,741 square kilometers.

Administratively, Adamawa State consists of 21 local government areas (LGAs). Each LGA

is further divided into a number of state development areas. The state was created in 1991

from the defunct Gongola State and has been governed by both military and civilian

administrators at different times. The state government has the three arms namely the

executive, the legislative and the judiciary. Each local government administration is presided

over by a chairman and councilors. The total population of Adamawa State is 3,168,101

according to the 2006 National Census figures.

2.2 Survey Instruments

Two main instruments were designed for use during the survey. They included the

Household Questionnaire and the Community Interviewer’s Checklist. The Household

Questionnaire served as the main data collection instrument and captured the minimum

information that allowed for identification of basic welfare indicators for measuring poverty

and information which measure access, utilization and satisfaction of services. Both the

Household Questionnaire and Community Interviewer’s checklist served as instructional

materials during the training of field staff. The Interviewer’s manual documented the survey

design, data collection techniques, the role of the field staff during the fieldwork and how to

complete the questionnaire. The Supervisor’s manual, additionally, documented the roles of

the supervisors and field edit check procedures.

2.3 Sample Design and Sampling procedure

The survey covered nine Local Government Areas in the state. The nine LGAs comprised

three LGAs each from each of the three Senatorial Districts. All the nine Local Government

Areas were canvassed with the coverage cutting across both the urban and rural areas. The

19

survey was designed with the Local Government Area (LGA) serving as the reporting

domain. Data were then aggregated to derive estimates at Local Government Area level and

Senatorial District level.

Basically, a 2-stage cluster sample design was adopted in each LGA. Enumeration Areas

(EAs) formed the 1st stage or Primary Sampling Units (PSUs) while Housing Units (HUs)

formed the 2nd stage or Ultimate Sampling Units (USUs). The EAs as demarcated by the

National Population Commission (NPC) for the 2006 Population Census served as the

sampling frame for the selection of 1st stage sample units. In each LGA, a systematic

selection of 10 EAs was made. A complete listing of Housing Units (and of Households

within Housing Units) was done prior to the second stage selection at each of the selected 1 st

stage units. These lists provided the frames for the second stage selection. Ten (10) HUs

were then systematically selected per EA and all households in the selected HUs were

interviewed.

The projected sample size was 100 HUs at the Local Government Area level. Table 1 shows

the overall sample drawn. The baseline survey was conducted in selected communities from

the participating 9 LGAs that have established Local Government Review Committee

(LGRSs) which is a required condition to participate in the project. A two-stage sampling

procedure was employed in selecting the sample. The LGAs Demsa, Guyuk, Mayo-Belwa,

Fufore, Girei, Gombi, Madagali, Mubi South and Mubi North constituted the sample frame.

From the list of communities obtained from the Local Government Review Committee

(LGRSs) office in each of the 9 local governments random sampling was used to select 90

communities for the survey. These LGAs cover the three senatorial zones of the state. Table 1

shows the list of communities that were selected for the survey. Ten communities were

randomly selected for inclusion in the survey from each of the LGAs bringing the total

number of communities to 90. From each community 10 households were randomly selected

and questionnaires were administered to them. Thus the total number of households sampled

was 900 across the 9 LGAs in the tree Senatorial districts.

20

Table 1: Local Government Areas surveyed in the Senatorial Districts, the communities that

were visited and the number of households sampled with the FGDs

S/N Senatorial District Selected LGAs Communities covered by the survey

Number of households sampled

Number of FGDs held

1. Northern Senatorial District

Madagali Zhau 30 3

Mayo wandu 30 3Dzuel 30 3Vizik 30 3Wurongayandi-kuda 30 3Lumadu 30 3Bebel 30 3Kirchinga 30 3Vapura mildow 30 3Dar 30 3

Mubi North Bagira 30 3Muchalla 30 3Lira 30 3Sahuda 30 3Muva 30 3Bahuli 30 3Ribawa 30 3Mijulu 30 3Kirya 30 3Betso 30 3

Mubi South Gella 30 3Gude 30 3Duvu 30 3Mijara 30 3Dribishi 30 3Suburum 30 3Lamorde 30 3MugulvuNdukuSahuda

303030

333

2. Central Senatorial District

Gombi Gudumya 30 3

Sabongari 30 3Kaulewa 30 3Bebe 30 3Mijuwana 30 3Barda 30 3Jau 30 3GadamaisajeParijoKorwa B

303030

333

Girei Dakri Bobbo 30 3Kangling 30 3Koh 30 3Daneyel 30 3Karewa 30 3Jerra Boyo 30 3Laide Danfulani 30 3Njerenga 30 3Dakri Alhaji Bakari 30 3

21

Bajabure 30 3S/N Senatorial District Selected LGAs Communities covered by the

surveyNumber of households sampled

Number of FGDs held

Fufore Muninga 30 3Wuro Yolde 30 3Wuro Mallum 30 3Wuro Ardo 30 3Dulo Bwatiye 30 3Mayo Sirkan 30 3Wuro sham 30 3Wailare 30 3Bengo 30 3Belichiuti 30 3

3. Southern Senatorial District

Guyuk Bobini 30 3

Bodeno 30 3Gugu 30 3Boshikiri 30 3Lokoro 30 3Lakumna 30 3Tudun Guyuk 30 3Pondiwe 30 3Walu 30 3Chikila 30 3

Demsa Farai 30 3Dwam 30 3Farabuare 30 3Dwam sakato 30 3Old Demsa 30 3Gejembo 30 3Bolon 30 3Dong 30 3Bile 30 3Bwashi 30 3

Mayo Belwa Yolde Gubudo 30 3Nasarawo Jereng 30 3Sebore 30 3Chukkol 30 3Kaurami 30 3Sindigawo 30 3Sangere 30 3Ndiyamjintobe 30 3Mayo Farang 30 3Binkola 30 3

Total 900 270

22

Training of Enumerators

A total of 39 officers were trained comprising 30 enumerators and 9 field supervisors on the

application of the survey instrument. The training was for one day. The training exercise was

intensive to ensure that enumerators and field supervisors did a thorough job in the field.

Thereafter; there was a field trial of the instrument. The objective of the field trial was to ( i)

ascertain the ability of the enumerators and supervisors to use the survey instrument

adequately, (ii) use the findings of the trial to fine tune the training process and to make up

for any observed gaps and (iii) cross-check the adequacy of field arrangements and logistics.

2.5 Data Collection Process

Data collection was done by three teams of field enumerators. Each team was composed of

ten enumerators and three supervisors. The teams covered three local government areas each.

Ten EAs were surveyed per local government area. From each EA ten households were

interviewed thus bringing the total number of households covered in the 9 LGAs during the

survey to 900. Data collection process lasted for 9 days.

Two methods of data collection were adopted. These are focus group discussion (FGD) and

cross-sectional survey (CSS). The FGD was used to obtain village level information while the

CSS was used to obtain information from randomly selected members of the communities.

Simple random sampling technique was adopted. However, at least 15 respondents were

randomly selected in each community. A total of 900 households were used for the CSS.

Data was obtained from the households by means of well structured questionnaire. These

include disaggregated information on village population size and structure, economic

activities, the social and cultural factors that influence economic development and sharing of

common property resources, sources of livelihood of families and their income per capita

with specific attention on gender and vulnerable group consideration (men, women, youth,

disabled, minorities, etc). Other relevant information collected include educational and health

status of households in the community, availability and quality/condition of infrastructural

facilities in all sectors such as education, health, water, environment/natural resources, rural

electrification, transport/roads. In addition, information on agricultural production systems,

cropping pattern, yields, household income and constraints to agricultural productivity were

collected. Finally, information on the status of resources (land, forest, water, etc) within the

23

community were also collected. Laboratory analysis of water samples were conducted on the

samples collected from the sampled communities.

2.6 Supervision and Quality Control

A number of measures were put in place to ensure that the Baseline Survey data were of good

and acceptable quality. The planning, training of enumerators/supervisors and execution of

the survey was done in collaboration with staff of the Adamawa State ADP. Secondly, a

customized Questionnaire was employed as the data collection instrument. Thirdly, a

supervisor was attached to each team to observe interviews and confirm the pre-selected

households and to verify and edit completed questionnaires. A monitoring team went to the

field for spot assessment of the quality of work from commencement to end of the survey.

2.7 Method of Data Analysis

The method of data analysis employed was basically descriptive statistics. This analytical

tool involved the use of frequency tables and percentages to describe and draw inferences on

the parameters studied.

24

Chapter Three

Results and Discussion

3.1 Socioeconomic status of the respondents

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an economic and sociological combination of total measure of

a person's work experience and of an individual's or family’s economic and social position

relative to others, based on income, education and occupation. When analyzing a family’s

SES, the household income earners' education and occupation were examined, as well as

other characteristics such as age of the household members. Socioeconomic status is typically

broken into three categories, high SES, middle SES, and low SES to describe the three areas

a family or an individual may fall into. When placing a family or individual into one of these

categories any or all of the three variables (income, education, and occupation) can be

assessed.

Age distribution of respondents

The age distribution of the respondents is shown in Table 2. The age category ranges from 10

to over 60 years. The sample of respondents was designed to capture a wide profile of the

people in the communities (the young and the old inclusive). The Table shows that out of the

900 respondents about 102 (11.33%) were between ages 10 and 29 years. The age category

with the highest number of respondents was the 40-49 years category (31.7%) while the age

30 – 39 years was the next highest.

Table 2: Age Distribution of Respondents

Age category (yrs) No. Of respondents Percentage (%)10 - 19 17 1.8920 - 29 85 9.4430 - 39 252 28.040 - 49 286 31.7850 - 59 144 16.0

>60 116 12.89Total 900 100

Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

25

Educational attainment of the households’ income earners

Educational attainment is a term commonly used by statisticians to refer to the highest degree

of education an individual has completed. Socioeconomic status strongly influences the

varying perspectives of people on the value and attainability of higher education. The

probability of students attending schools of higher education is more likely in students from

higher socio-economic backgrounds. Education can increase opportunities for income and job

security. One's level of education can also be an indicator of socioeconomic status.

Socioeconomic status is based on income, but too often is connected to race as well.

Individuals with lower incomes and less education have higher death rates than better

educated, wealthier people, and the differences between these groups are increasing.

The educational qualification of the household heads (income earners) is presented in Table

3. This table shows that the majority (about 34.11%) of the respondents attained the basic

primary education. Those with higher level of education were 42.55 percent of the sampled

population. The universal basic policy stipulates that basic education which runs from

primary one to junior secondary school is compulsory for all. As shown in the table only

about 13.56 percent of the respondents attained the junior secondary education.

Table 3: Educational attainment of household’s income earners

Level of Education No. Of respondents

Percentage (%)

None 210 23.33Primary school 307 34.11JSS 122 13.56SS 163 18.11OND 76 8.44HND/Degree 22 2.44Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

Water sources in the communities

Table 4 shows the major sources of water available to the peoples. They include water sellers,

wells, boreholes, public taps and streams/rivers. The table shows that about 64 percent of the

households have wells as their major source of water for both drinking and other domestic

purposes. This is the situation in all the rural communities that were surveyed. Well is also

very popular in some of the semi-urban settlements that were surveyed. The next most used

sources of water were boreholes and streams/rivers in that order. Public taps was not a very

26

popular source of water. Only about 1 percent of the households utilised the services of water

sellers regularly. This could be a reflection of the economic status of the households.

Table 4: Major sources of water available to the households in the communities.

Water source Frequency PercentageWater sellers 11 1.22Well 575 63.89Boreholes 134 14.89Public tap 59 6.56Streams/rivers 121 13.44Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

Ownership of house and structure of house

Table 5 shows the distribution of the respondents according to ownership of house. About

73.89 percent of the respondents live in their own family houses. The houses are mainly

constructed with mud and have thatched roofs. They are poorly ventilated in most cases since

they have very small windows. The floor of the houses are rarely cemented Also it can be

seen that about 23.67 percent live in owner occupier houses. Renting of accommodation is

not popular among the respondents across the communities. Rather than expend money on

paying rent the respondents would rather put such monies, where available, to some other

uses.

Table 5: Ownership of house by the respondents.

Type of ownership Frequency PercentageRented 24 2.67Family house 665 73.89Owner occupier house 213 23.67Others 6 0.67Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

Availability of toilet facilities in the houses

In Table 6 it can be seen that the toilet facilities used by the respondents included pit toilet,

water cistern and bucket type latrines. About 60.3 percent of the households use pit toilets

while about 4 percent use shallow pit toilets. The use of bush was the next popular way of

disposal of human waste in the communities that were surveyed with about 23.7 percent. This

27

has implication on the state of sanitation and personal hygiene in these communities. This

situation can pose a veritable source of risk to the health and wellbeing of the people.

Table 6: Toilet facilities in households

Type of facility Frequency PercentageWater cistern 14 1.56Pit toilet 624 69.33Bucket type 11 1.22Shallow pit 36 4.0Bush 214 23.78Others 1 0.11Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

Occupation of respondents

Occupational prestige as one component of SES, encompasses both income and educational

attainments. Occupational status reflects the educational attainment required to obtain the job

and income levels that vary with different jobs and within ranks of occupations. Additionally,

it shows achievement in skills required for the job. Occupational status measures social

position by describing job characteristics, decision making ability and control, and

psychological demands on the job. Occupation is the most difficult factor to measure because

so many exist, and there are so many competing scales. Many scales rank occupations based

on the level of skill involved, from unskilled to skilled manual labor to professional, or use a

combined measure using the education level needed and income involved.

The primary and secondary occupations of the respondents were surveyed and presented in

Table 7. The primary occupations included farming, civil service, trading and business

among others. About 60.67 percent of the respondents are mainly farmers. Also, about 17

percent are civil servants. The respondents that are employees in private companies are only

about 1 percent of the population. The table shows that about 18.45 percent of the

respondents are into paid employment as primary occupation. This implies that majority of

the respondents are independently employed in the private sector.

28

Table 7: Primary occupation of the respondents

Primary occupation Secondary occupationType of occupation Frequency Percentage Frequency PercentageFarming 546 60.67 354 39.33Fishing 9 1.0 38 4.22Trading 73 8.11 181 20.11Civil service 152 16.89 55 6.11Technician/artisan 22 2.44 81 9.0Business/contractor 61 6.78 63 7.0Employee in a private company

5 0.56 10 1.11

Others 23 2.56 94 10.44Total 900 100.0 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

The table shows that about 39.33 percent of the respondents had farming as their secondary

occupation. This is followed by trading. Those in paid employment are about 6.22 percent of

the respondents. The result shows that majority of the respondents have farming as both their

primary and secondary occupations. This occupational distribution of the respondents reveals

that farming is the most important activity in most of the communities that were surveyed.

The implication of this situation is that there is need for increased investment in the

development of the agricultural sector in order to make for increased sustainability and

growth in that sector. Not many of the people are technicians, businessmen and employees of

private companies. It is clear that the agricultural sector is the highest employer of labour in

these communities. This fact underscores the dire need for rural community development in

the state.

Income from primary and secondary occupations

Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity within a specified

time frame, which is generally expressed in monetary terms. It refers to wages, salaries,

profits, rents, and any flow of earnings received. Income can also come in the form of

unemployment or workers compensation, social security, pensions, interests or dividends,

royalties, trusts, alimony, or other governmental, public, or family financial assistance.

However, for households and individuals, "income is the sum of all the wages, salaries,

profits, interest payments, rents and other forms of earnings received in a given period of

time”. In the field of public economics, it may refer to the accumulation of both monetary and

non-monetary consumption ability, the former being used as a proxy for total income.

29

Low income families focus on meeting immediate needs and do not accumulate wealth that

could be passed on to future generations, thus increasing inequality. Families with higher and

expendable income can accumulate wealth and focus on meeting immediate needs while

being able to consume and enjoy luxuries and weather crises.

Table 8 shows the monthly income of the respondents from primary occupation and

secondary occupation respectively. The income has been categorized and the frequency

counts and percentages are shown on the table. The majority of the respondents earn about

10, 000 naira monthly from both the primary and secondary occupations. Those that earn

above 20, 000 naira are about 13.78 percent for primary occupation and about 10.45 percent

from secondary occupation respectively; while the remaining earned less than 20, 000 naira

per month. This shows that the respondents were predominantly low income earners. In view

of the fact that most of the respondents are farmers their monthly incomes as shown on

Tables 7 and 8 reveal that these people are mainly subsistence farmers who produce

principally for family consumption.

Table 8: Monthly income from primary and secondary occupations

income from primary occupation

income from secondary occupation

Income range (Naira) Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage<1000 80 8.89 142 15.781, 000-10, 000 470 52.22 502 55.7811, 000-20, 000 226 25.11 162 18.021, 000-30, 000 56 6.22 51 5.6731, 000-40, 000 27 3.0 6 0.6741, 000-50, 000 18 2.0 11 1.2251, 000-60, 000 5 0.56 8 0.8961, 000-70, 000 5 0.56 5 0.56>70, 000 13 1.44 13 1.44Total 900 100.0 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

Education also plays a role in income. Median earnings increase with each level of education.

The highest degrees, professional and doctoral degrees, make the highest weekly earnings

while those without a high school diploma are financially penalized. Higher levels of

education are associated with better economic and psychological outcomes (i.e.: more

income, more control, and greater social support and networking).

3.2 Sanitation and waste management system in the communities

30

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact

with the hazards of wastes. Hazards can be physical, microbiological, biological or chemical

agents of disease. Wastes that can cause health problems are human and animal feces, solid

wastes, domestic waste water (sewage, sullage, greywater), industrial wastes, and agricultural

wastes. Hygienic means of prevention can be by using engineering solutions (e.g. sewerage

and wastewater treatment), simple technologies (e.g. latrines, septic tanks), or even by

personal hygiene practices (e.g. simple hand washing with soap).

Basic sanitation- refers to the management of human feces at the household level. This

terminology is the indicator used to describe the target of the Millennium Development Goals

on sanitation. Many of the houses did not have proper system for human waste disposal and

management.

On-site sanitation - the collection and treatment of waste is done where it is deposited.

Examples are the use of pit latrines, septic tanks, and imhoff tanks.

Food sanitation - refers to the hygienic measures for ensuring food safety.

Environmental sanitation- the control of environmental factors that form links in disease

transmission. Subsets of this category are solid waste management, water and wastewater

treatment, industrial waste treatment and noise and pollution control.

On the other hand waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or

disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced

by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the

environment or aesthetics. Waste management is also carried out to recover resources from it.

Waste management can involve solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances, with

different methods and fields of expertise for each.

Waste management practices differ for developed and developing nations, for urban and rural

areas, and for residential and industrial producers. Management for non-hazardous residential

and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is usually the responsibility of local government

authorities, while management for non-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually

the responsibility of the generator

31

Table 9 shows the methods of waste disposal used by the people in the surveyed

communities. In most cases the people throw waste into vacant plots, rivers/streams/drainage

systems. About 47.1 percent of the respondents throw waste into vacant plots (undeveloped

plots of land within their neighborhood). The second most used method of waste disposal is

the throwing of solid waste into rivers and streams and drainages. This method of waste

disposal can prove to be hazardous to the environment and to humans who use these streams

and rivers as sources of drinking water and other domestic purposes. There are no on-site

sanitation facilities in the communities. There is need for enhancement in the environmental

sanitation

Table 9: Methods of waste disposal by households

Method Frequency PercentagePublic waste system 135 15.0Private waste system 91 10.11Throw in vacant plot 424 47.11Throw in rivers/streams/drainage/roadside 159 17.67Others 91 10.11Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

3.3 Membership of Community Based institutions

Institutions are structures and mechanisms of social order and cooperation governing the

behavior of a set of individuals within a given human collectivity. Institutions are identified

with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions,

and with the making and enforcing of rules governing cooperative human behavior. The term

"institution" is commonly applied to customs and behavior patterns important to a society, as

well as to particular formal organizations of government and public service. As structures and

mechanisms of social order among humans, Institutions are also a central concern for law, the

formal mechanism for political rule-making and enforcement

Community institutions (sometimes known as community-based organizations) are civil

society non-profits that operate within a single, local community. They are essentially a

subset of the wider group of nonprofit organizations and agencies. Like other nonprofit

organizations they are often run on a voluntary basis and are self funding. Within community

organizations there are many variations in terms of size and organizational structure. Some

are formally incorporated, with a written constitution and a board of directors (also known as

32

a committee), while others are much smaller and are more informal. The recent evolution of

community organizations, especially in developing countries, has strengthened the view that

these "bottom-up" organizations are more effective addressing local needs than larger

charitable organizations. Typical community organizations fall into the following categories:

community-service and action, health, educational, personal growth and improvement, social

welfare and self-help for the disadvantaged

Table 10: Membership of community organizations

Response Frequency PercentageYes 640 71.11No 260 28.89Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline survey, 2010.

The membership of the respondents in associations and local level institutions is shown on

Table 10. About 71 percent of the respondents were members of local level institutions.

These institutions (associations) include social, occupational, religious, community service

groups. These associations which are mainly community based organisations are present in

all the communities. They serve as a rallying point for the people both for self expression and

community service. These organisations can also serve as links between the people and

government in the development process.

3.4 Social Exclusion

Social exclusion is a multidimensional process of progressive social rupture, detaching

groups and individuals from social relations and institutions and preventing them from full

participation in the normal, normatively prescribed activities of the society in which they live.

They are outcomes of multiple deprivations that prevent individuals or groups from

participating fully in the economic, social, and political life of the society in which they live.

Social exclusion is evident in deprived communities; it is harder for people to engage fully in

society. In such communities, weak social networking limits the circulation of information

about jobs, political activities, and community events. But many social workers believe that

exclusion in the countryside is as great as, if not greater than, that in cities. In rural areas

there is less access to goods, services and facilities, making life difficult in many respects.

33

Social exclusion relates to the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within a

society. It is often connected to a person's social class, educational status, relationships in

childhood and living standards and how these might affect access to various opportunities. It

also applies to some degree to people with a disability, to minority men and women of all

races, to the elderly, and to youth (Youth Exclusion).

Tables 11a and 11b show a number of social variables that can be a source of difference

among community members. They include education, landholding, social status, possession

of material resources, religious and political background, differences due to gender and age.

These can result to detachment of individuals from relations and preventing them from full

participation in the normal activities of the society.

34

Table 11a: Distribution of respondents according to whether differences in education, wealth, landholding,

social status and religious beliefs tend to divide people in the surveyed communities.

differences

in education

differences

in wealth/material

possessions

Differences in

landholding

Social status Differences in religious

belief

Respondents F % F % F % F % F %

Not at all 749 83.22 726 80.67 756 84.0 726 80.67 794 88.22

Somewhat 103 11.44 108 12.0 84 9.33 108 12.0 76 8.44

Very much 48 5.33 66 7.33 60 6.67 66 7.33 30 3.33

Total 900 100.0 900 100.0 900 100.0 900 100.0 900 100.0

Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

Table 11b: Distribution of respondents according to whether differences in political parties, ethnic background,

gender and age tend to divide people in the surveyed communities.

Political parties Ethnic background Differences between

men and women

between younger and

older generations

Respondents F % F % F % F %

Not at all 440 48.89 793 88.11 730 81.11 726 80.67

Somewhat 221 24.56 79 8.78 94 10.44 99 11.0

Very much 239 26.56 28 3.11 76 8.44 75 8.33

Total 900 100.0 900 100.0 900 100.0 900 100.0

Source:Baseline Survey, 2010

35

3.5 Community members’ methods of handling differences.

When the community members have differences among themselves a number of approaches

are usually adopted to find solution to such differences. In Table 12 the approaches adopted

included interpersonal, family members, intervention by neighbours, mediation by

community leaders, religious leaders and mediation by judicial officers. The responses given

by the people show that 68.78 percent of the communities worked out their differences

themselves. Mediation by community leaders is the second most used approach and this is

followed by judicial leaders and family members in that order.

Table 12: Community ways of handling differences

Yes No Total %No. Of respondents

% No. Of respondents

%

People work it out themselves

592 68.78 308 34.22 100.0

Family/household members intervene

338 37.56 562 62.44 100.0

Neighbours intervene

253 28.11 647 71.89 100.0

Community leaders mediate

482 53.56 418 46.44 100.0

Religious leaders mediate

359 39.89 541 60.11 100.0

Judicial leaders mediate

364 40.44 536 59.56 100.0

Source :Baseline Survey, 2010

3.6 Collective Action by community members

Collective action is the pursuit of a goal or set of goals by more than one person. It is a term

which has formulations and theories in many areas of the social sciences. As an explanation

of social movements, an inquiry into collective action involves examining those factors that

cause the setting of standards of social integration, as well as those factors which lead to

standards of deviance and conflict. An explanation of a collective action in sociology will

involve the explanation of those things which are similar or dissimilar to collective actions at

different times and in different places. Theories of collective action emphasise how group

behavior can, in some sense, be linked to social institutions

36

The economic theory of collective action is concerned with the provision of public goods

(and other collective consumption) through the collaboration of two or more individuals, and

the impact of externalities on group behavior. It is more commonly referred to as Public

Choice.

Table 13 shows the participation of the respondents in collective actions with respect to

community development. About 44.56 percent of the respondents have participated a couple

of times while 11 percent have done so frequently. In all about 68.11 percent of them have

taken part in community service in the past. This is an indication that the communities can be

mobilized for collective action. The awareness of the relevance of collective action to

community development is already widespread among the people.

Table 13: Participation of respondents in previous collective actions with respect to

community development

Response Frequency Percentage

Never 287 31.89

Once 109 12.11

Couple of times 401 44.56

Frequently 103 11.44

Total 900 100.0

Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

Table 14 shows the rate of success of previous collection actions embarked upon by the

people in the communities for community development. The responses were mainly

subjective opinions of the respondents and they range from all were successful to none was

successful. The success rate would be determined by a number of factors including the degree

of social cohesion

37

Table 14: Success of previous collective actions with respect to community development

Response Frequency Percentage

Yes, all were successful 92 10.22

Not all were successful 188 20.89

None was successful 620 68.89

Total 900 100.0

Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

The people’s level of participation in community activities is shown on Table 15. The levels

ranged from very low to very high. About 37.7 percent reported high participation level while

4.33 reported very low participation in community activities in the past three years.

Table 15: Distribution of respondents according to their responses to participation in their communitiesResponse Frequency PercentageVery low 39 4.33Low 67 7.44Average 192 21.33High 340 37.78Very high 262 29.11Total 900 100.0

Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

Table 16 shows the contribution the respondents have made in terms of time and money.

Generally, inhabitants in the sampled communities have contributed to some extent, although

about 24.22 percent have contributed little of nothing in the past three years.

Table 16: Distribution of respondents according to their responses on whether or not they

contribute time and money toward common developmental goals

Response Frequency PercentageThey contribute some 682 75.78They contribute very little or nothing

218 24.22

Total 900 100.0Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

Table 17 shows services where respondents are occasionally denied. They included

education, health services, housing assistance, and agricultural extension among others. The

responses recorded in the table are multiple responses. The responses show that only a very

38

small proportion of the people have been denied social services in the past for various

reasons. Table 18 shows the reasons why some of the respondents were excluded from some

of these services in the past. The reasons included age education, social status, occupation

and language among others. However, these are exceptional cases.

Table 17: Services where respondents are occasionally deniedType of services Yes(%) No.(%)Education/schools 43 (4.78) 857(95.22)Health services/clinic 51(5.67) 849(44.31)Housing assistance 34(3.78) 866(91.32)Job training/employment 78(8.67) 822(91.32)Credit/finance 73(8.11) 827(91.89)Transportation 103(11.44) 797(88.56)Water distribution 111(12.33) 789(87.67)Sanitation services 44(4.89) 856(95.11)Agricultural extension 57(6.32) 843(93.67)Justice/conflict resolution 179(19.89) 72(80.11)Security/police service 61(6.78) 839(93.22)Source: BaselineSurvey, 2010

Table 18: Reasons why some people are excluded from services Yes (%) No (%)

Income 83(9.22) 817(90.78)Occupation 63(7..0) 837(93)Social status 88(9.87) 812(90.22)Age 46(5.11) 854(94.89)Gender 68(7.56) 832(92.44)Race/ethnicity 24(2.67) 876(97.33)Language 31(3.44) 869(96.56)Religious beliefs 136(15.11) 764(84.89)Political affiliation 92(10.22) 808(89.78)Lack of education 83(9.22) 817(90.78)Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

3.7 Participation of the respondents in civic duties

Table 19 shows the distribution of the respondents according to their participation in civic

duties in the past three years. It can be seen that most of the people have participated in most

of these duties. The people are politically and socially active since they have voted in

election, participated in associations, and taken part in election campaign. The respondents

are people that have made effort to identify and to find solutions to their community

problems in the past.

39

Table 19: Distribution of respondents on whether they have done the following activities in

the last three years.

Civic duty Yes (%) Never (%)Voted in the election 780(86.67) 120(13.33)Actively participated in an association

652(72.44) 248(27.56)

Made a personal contact with influential person

498(55.33) 402(44.67)

Made the media interested in a problem

165(18.33) 735(81.67)

Actively participated in an information campaign

417(46.33) 483(53.67)

Actively participated in a election campaign

495(55) 405(45)

Contacted your elected representative

468(52) 432(48)

Talked with other people in your area about a problem

578(64.22) 322(35.78)

Notified the court or police about a problem

194(21.55) 706(78.44)

Made a monetary or in-kind donation

698(77.56) 202(22.44)

Volunteered for a charitable organization

543(60.35) 357(39.67)

Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

Table 20 shows the distribution of the respondents according to whether they have been

approached by someone to take part in some civic duties in the past three years. It can be seen

that there has been a high level of interactions among the people. The people are generally

aware of their civic duties and have built a measure of social capital already which can be

harnessed for collective social actions in their respective communities.

40

Table 20: Distribution of respondents on whether they were approached to do the following

activities in the last 3 years.

Civic duty Yes (%) Never (%)Voted in the election 679(75.44) 221(24.56)Actively participated in an association

382(42.44) 518(57.56)

Made a personal contact with influential person

336(37.33) 564(62.67)

Made the media interested in a problem

307(34.11) 593(65.89)

Actively participated in an information campaign

398(44.22) 502(55.78)

Taken part in a protest march or demonstration

462(51.32) 438(48.67)

Actively participated in a election campaign

124(13.78) 776(86.22)

Contacted your elected representative

347(38.56) 553(61.44)

Talked with other people in your area about a problem

359(39.89) 541(60.11)

Notified the court or police about a problem

114(12.67) 786(87.33)

Made a monetary or in-kind donation

596(66.22) 304(33.78)

Volunteered for a charitable organization

543(60.35) 357(39.67)

Source: Baseline Survey, 2010

41

Chapter Four

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

OF SAMPLED COMMUNITIES

4.1 NORTHERN SENATORIAL DISTRICT

4.1.1 MADAGALI LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

Madagali local government area is about 250 kilometers from the state capital Yola. The

LGA is largely dominated by Marghi ethnic group. Other ethnic groups in the area are the

Higgi, Fulani and Matakam people. The following communities were sampled in the local

government:Bebel, Dar, Dzuel, Gubla Kirchinga, MayoWandu, Vapura-mildow, Vizik,

Wurongayandi-kuda and Zhau.

4.1.1.1. Bebel Community

The community is 40km and 229km to the local government and state headquarters

respectively. The community is dominated by Marghi ethnic group. Men constitute 60% of

the average household population while 40% are women. Also 55% and 45% of the residents

are above 18 years and below 18 years of age respectively. The community is headed by a

village head. The members of the community spearhead decision in the community in

consultation with the elders

Leadership and Governance

The traditional head (village head) is the leader of the community. Leadership in the

community is through inheritance and election while decisions are made by the members of

the community in consultation with the elders and religious leaders.

Community Institutions

Religious groups, Fadama III user groups, Haramu, Bamako, Kwachidama exist in the

community. Among these groups, FADAMA III is the most active and contributes to the

well-being of the community members. Fadama III is government initiated and leaders are

selected by election. Leadership is stable and follows a normal progressive change and it is

generally harmonious.

Market

There is a market in the community. The market day is on Saturdays. The market is about 0.5

km to the village head’s house and 25km to Madagali market.

42

Transportation

Motorcycle is the main means of transportation in the community. Motorcar/bus and pickup

vans are also used; bicycles are rarely used while canoe, engine boat and heavy duty haulage

vans are not used. Road is earth and in a very bad condition. The length of the road is 25km

from Madagali and takes one and a half hours to travel. Average number of vehicles plying

the road per week is 350 and the average number of persons using the road per week is

5,000.

Economic Activities

Farming and hired labour are the most common economic activities in the community. Civil

service, petty trading, party politics and fishing are fairly common.

Types of Housing

Mud with zinc roof is the most common type of housing with mud with thatched roof houses

(about 60%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (constitute 20%) and modern cement

block with zinc roof constitute 20% .

Human Waste Disposal

About70% of the population defecate in pit toilet, 15% defecate in the bush, 5% uses VIP

toilet while 8% and 2% defecate in the river/river bank and road side/bush paths respectively.

Sources of Power

About 50% of the community members uses public power source (PHCN)), 20% use private

generators and 30% use Kerosene lantern.

Cooking Fuel

Over70% of the members of the community always used firewood for cooking while

kerosene is rarely used and neither gas nor electricity is used in the community.

Telecommunication Service Signals

MTN and Zain signals are strong in the community while GLO signal is weak.

Environmental Problems

Deforestation, poaching and landsides are the identified environmental problems in the

community and have no mitigation measures.

Recreational Facilities

There are 3 brothels, 30 beer palours and 2 play grounds in the community.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA.

The community members are aware of the existence of LEEMP/CSDA but have not

benefited from the agency.

43

Schools

The community has two schools, one central primary school and a government day secondary

school. The schools have 4 blocks of classroom each. The schools are generally without

toilets, water, assembly hall, teacher’s quarters, computer room, laboratories, library and art

room.

Health Facilities

The community has one maternity clinic which is epileptic in function with no drugs and not

furnished. Malaria is the most common ailment treated in the health centre. It has a pit toilet

and a borehole. There is routine immunization of children under the age of five years.

Vulnerable People

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are most vulnerable people in the

community. There have no coping mechanism and are generally poor. The vulnerable people

are predominantly farmers and usually without support.

Community Needs

Road, water, PHCN electricity, school and maternity are the prioritized community needs in a

descending order. The community members expect the government to provide the needs.

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4.1.1.2. Dar Community

Dar is a rural community in Gulak ward and is about 7kms from the LGA headquarters Gulak

and 250km from the state capital Yola. The average household size in the community is

between 9-11people. About 60% of the household compositions are males, with over 70% of

the households being adults of over 18 years of age. The community has a population of

about 3000 people and headed by a village head (Lawan) whose ascension to the position is

through nomination and election.

Community Associations

Several community associations like Dar development association, Fadama Users Groups,

Dar multi-purpose co-operative association and women Co-operative groups are on ground in

the area.

Dar development association plays the most active role in the community and was started

through grass roots initiative. Leadership of the association is through election. Its leadership

is stable, harmonious and change is progressive. Decisions within the group are made through

public opinion. Land tenure in the community is by inheritance.

Market

There is a market in the community and is about 3km from the village heads house. The

market is held on sundays and it is about 4kms from Gulak market.

Transportation

Bicycle, motorcycle and trekking are the most common means of transportation while pickup

vans and buses are used occasionally.

The road to the community is an earth road of about 4.5km and is in very bad condition.

About 100 vehicles ply the road per week.

Economic Activities

Farming, lumbering and hired labour are the most common economic activities in the

community. Fishing, civil service, petty trading, hunting, artisan and party politics are fairly

common among the inhabitants.

Housing Type

About 70% of the houses are made of mud with thatched roofs, 25% of the houses are built

with mud and zinc roof and only 5% are made of mud plastered with cement and zinc roof.

Human Waste Disposal

About 90% of the inhabitants defecate in the bush while 10% use pit toilet.

45

Sources of Power

About 98% use kerosene lantern while only 2% use private generators.

Cooking Fuel

All members of the community use firewood for cooking.

Telecommunication

There is availability of telecommunication signals, with MTN and Zain having strong signals,

while GLO has weak signal.

Environmental problems

Erosion, waste management, flooding, deforestation, poaching and bush burning are the

environmental problems experienced in the community. As mitigation measure trees are

planted to tackle erosion and deforestation. Waste materials are burnt, sand bags are used to

control flooding, while local laws and punishment are used to tackle the problems of

poaching and bush burning.

Recreational Facilities

Play ground is the only recreational facility available in the community.

Community Needs

Road, water, electricity and hospital are the order of the community needs. The community

expects the World Bank to provide all these needs for them.

School

The community has two primary schools. There is serious shortage of class room facilities in

the schools. None of the schools has a toilet, staff room, water source or first aid material.

Health Facilities

There is a dispensary with two female and three male staff. The dispensary is partially

functional, as it has no drugs, no source of light, no basic equipment and no toilet. There is

also routine immunization of children under the age of five. About four different

communities Giwumbla (2km), Nghuzi (3km), Ghumzhala (2km) and Highkawu (3km) use

the facility.

Community water Sources

The sources of water in the community are wells. One was dug by the missionaries in 1961,

another by the local government in 2007 and a private well.

Natural Resources

Forests and rivers are available within the community. Forests and rivers are used by both

males and females in the community.

46

Vulnerable Group

Orphans, widows and the physically challenged are the vulnerable people in the community.

These groups cannot take adequate care of themselves and they suffer deprivation and

poverty. There are no orphanages or charity homes in the community to take care of these

individuals.

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4.1.1.3. DZUEL

Dzuel a rural community in Pallam Kojiji/Dzuel ward of Madagali LGA is about 8.5km from

Gulak the local government headquarters and about 275km from Yola. The community has

an estimated population of 2700 people and an average household size of 14 people. More

than 60% of the household populations are female. The proportion of children below 18 years

of age is greater than adults of 18 years and above.

Leadership and Community Governance

The traditional head (Lawan) is the leader of the community. Leadership in the community is

through selection and election. Decisions are made in the community by the leaders. Role of

community leader is to maintain peace and order. Community members are involved in

leadership by lending support to the community leaders.

Community Institutions

Religious groups and Dzuel development associations are active in the area. Youth group

plays most active role in improving the well-being of the community and they are selected

through election. Elections are done in a harmonious and progress process. Land ownership

system in the community is by inheritance and by individuals.

Market

The community has a market and is about 200meters from the village head’s house. The

market holds once a week.

Transportation

Trekking is the commonly used method of transportation in the community. Motor cycles are

used while bicycle and motor car/bus are rarely used. Roads within the community are earth

and in very bad condition. About 160 vehicles ply the road weekly.

Economic Activities

Farming is the major economic activity of the inhabitants of the community. Fishing, hired

labour, hunting, petty trading, lumbering and civil service are the other minor economic

activities.

Housing Types in the Community

Mud plastered with cement with zinc roof is the common type of housing in the community

and this account for 48% of the total houses. This is followed by mud with zinc roof (40%),

mud with thatched roof (10%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (2%).

48

Human Waste Disposal and Community source of power

About 90% of the community use pit toilet, 8% use the bush and 2% defecate by the road

side/bush path. The community main source of power is the kerosene lantern, while very use

private generators.

Cooking Fuel

All members of the community use fire wood for cooking although very few use kerosene in

rare occasions.

Telecommunication

GLO and Zain network signals are strong, while MTN network signal is weak in the

community.

Environmental Problems

The common environmental problems in the area are erosion, deforestation, poaching and

bush burning. Tree planting is adopted to mitigate erosion and deforestation while the

community in collaboration with relevant government agencies enforces stiff laws on

poaching and bush burning

Community Needs

Roads, pipe borne water, additional classroom blocks in primary school and maternity clinic

are their needs in order of importance. They expect the government to provide them with

these facilities as they are prepared to contribute land, labour and sand.

School

The community has two primary schools. The schools have a play ground and two class

rooms each, no toilet facility and no water source in each of the schools.

Health Infrastructure

There is a health post in the community with four medical staff. The health post is not

furnished and lack basic health facilities. The centre is about 500 meters away from the

village head’s house. There is routine immunization of children under the age of five. There

is a well at the centre but no toilet. Waste materials from the clinic are thrown away on

vacant lands in the community. There are five herbal healing homes and six traditional borne

healing homes in the community.

Source of Water

Water sources in the community comprise of one concrete well dug in 1998 by the state

government and a hand pump borehole drilled in 1998 by the defunct PTF. The borehole and

the well are not functioning; hence the community relies on water from the nearby stream.

49

Natural Resources

The stream and a river are the natural resources in the community. While females have

greater access to the river males however have greater access to the stream.

Vulnerable People within the Community

There are 140 orphans in the community comprising of 60 males and 80 females. There are

also 150 widows/widowers and 18 physically challenged. These peoples contribution in

decision making in the community is insignificant.

50

4.1.1.4. GUBLA Community

This is a rural community and is located in Waga Chekawa ward of Madagali LGA. The

community is about 14km from the LGA headquarters and 262km from Yola. It has a

population of over 3000 people with an average household size of 11 people. About 60% of

the households are males, while the remaining ones are females.

Community Governance

Village head (Lawan) is the head of the community. Leadership in the community is usually

by inheritance and is done by nomination among the heirs to the throne. Decision within the

community is usually democratic. The community leaders maintain peace in the community.

Community Institution andMarket

Fadama development association, community development associations and women

associations are all active in the community but fadama development association is the most

active. Leadership in the groups is by election and it is harmonious and non-conflictive. Land

ownership is by family and individuals. Market holds on every Sunday.

Community Transportation

Trekking and use of motor cycles are the most common means of transportation. Bicycles,

motor car/bus and truck/pickup vans are rarely used. The road to the community is good and

tarred. About 1500 vehicles ply the road per week.

Economic Activity

Farming is the major economic activity in the area, while civil service, hired labour and

hunting are minor economic activities.

Housing Type

Mud with zinc roof constitutes about 80% of the houses in the community, while mud

plastered with cement with zinc roof and modern cement block with zinc roof constitutes the

remaining 20%.

Human Waste Disposal

Over 70% of the community use pit toilet for human waste disposal, while 25% use the bush

and only 5% use VIP toilet.

Source of Power

Kerosene lantern is the main source of power to over 90% of the population. The remaining

population use private generators.

Cooking Fuel

Firewood is the cooking fuel used by most members of the community.

51

Telecommunication

There is the availability of GSM services in the community with Zain having strong signal,

while MTN has weak signal.

Environmental Problems

Erosion, flooding, bush burning and deforestation are environmental problems experienced in

the community. To mitigate these, inhabitants of the community embark on construction of

drainages, planting of trees and sensitizing the community on the dangers of bush burning.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community members are aware of LEEMP. They have also benefited classroom building

and establishment of community forest.

Community Needs

The community needs are water, electricity, schools, hospital, drainages and market in order

of priority. The community expects the CSDA to provide some of these facilities.

School Infrastructure

The community has one junior secondary school and three primary schools. The primary

school has an average of 65 students per teacher, while there are over 120 students to a

teacher in the junior secondary school. The primary school has no toilet and no source of

drinking water.

Health Infrastructure

There is a clinic in the community with 5 staff. There are over 4 communities using this

facility and they are located within an average distance of 4km. There is routine

immunization of children under the age of five. The source of water at the clinic is a concrete

well. There is no bed for patients at the clinic and no toilet facility.

There are about five herbal healing homes in the community, two traditional maternity homes

and one traditional born healing home.

Water Sources

There are two concrete wells in the community. One was built in 1950 by the missionaries

and the other by the Local Government Council in 1987. Both wells dry up before the onset

of rains, hence the community relies on the nearby stream for their water needs.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are the

vulnerable group of people in the community. They farm by themselves while orphans live

with relations.

52

4.1.1.5. HUMSHI (VIZIK)

This community is located in Madagali ward of Madagali Local Government and is situated

at the foot of Vizik Mountain. The community has a population of about 2500 people and an

average household of 12-20 people.

Governance and Decision Making

Traditional leader (Lawan) is the head of the community. Leaders are normally nominated

and elected. Decisions are made collectively by public opinion. The community leader

maintains peace in the community.

Community Institutions

The main association in the community is Humshi development association and is a grass

root motivated association. Land tenure system in the community is by inheritance.

Market

The market is about 1km from the Lawan’s house. The market holds twice a week.

Transportation

Motorcycle is the most common means of transportation. Other means of transportation in the

community are motor cars and pick up vans. The road to the community is an earth road and

is in bad condition. An average of 400 vehicles plies the road per week.

Economic Activities

Farming is the major economic activity in the community, while civil service, wood cutting,

petty trading, hired labour and politics are minor economic activities.

Housing Type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (25%), mud with zinc

roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (40%) and modern cement block with

zinc roof (15%).

Human Waste Disposal

About 50% of the community uses the pit toilet, 40% use the bush, 7% use the roadside/

bushes and 3% use modern VIP toilet.

Sources of Power

About 90% of the community use kerosene lantern and only 10% use generators and touch

light.

Cooking Fuel

Majority of the residents use firewood, while very few use kerosene.

53

Telecommunication

There is the availability of GSM network with Zain having strong signal, while MTN has

weak signal.

Environmental Problems

Erosion, deforestation, poaching and bush burning are common environmental problems in

the community. Mitigation measures adopted by the community are planting of cover crops

and trees. Also, awareness creation through sensitization is being carried and offenders are

appropriately sanctioned.

Schools

There is a primary school in the community with eight teachers and 380 pupils. There are

three classrooms, one pit toilet but has no source of water. Chikili Community uses the

facility and is about 1km from Humshi community.

Health Facilities

There is no clinic/dispensary within the community. However, there are four herbal healing

homes, six traditional maternity homes and four traditional borne healing homes.

Water Sources

There is a borehole in the community drilled in 2005 by the Adamawa State Government.

The water is not available all year round. The average distance to water source is about 0.5km

Natural Resources

Stream and a river are the natural resources available in the community.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, the physically challenged and widows are the vulnerable groups in the community.

They face problems of feeding and sponsorship.

Community Needs

The major community needs in order of priority are health centre, additional classroom

blocks in primary school, electricity, pipe borne water and construction of good feeder road.

54

4.1.1.6. MAYO-WANDU

The community is located in Madagali Local Government and is about 25km from the local

government headquarters and 238km from the state capital. It has a population of about 2900

people and an average household size of 9 people. About 30% of household members are

males, while children below 18 years constitute about 40% of the household size

composition.

Governance and Decision Making

The Bulama is the head of the community and leadership is by appointment and election.

Decisions are made by the leaders in consultation with the people.

Community Associations

Women farmers’ association, Christian women association and farmers association are the

predominant associations in the community.

Market

There is a market in the community and is about 1.5km from the village head’s house. The

market is weekly.

Transportation

Motorcycle is the most commonly used means of transportation. Others are bicycles and

trekking. The road to the community is an earth road of about 8km and is in bad condition.

Average time to the nearest town is 30 minutes. About 35 vehicles ply the road per week.

Economics Activities

Farming is the most common economic activity in the community. Minor economic activities

include lumbering, petty trading, hunting, artisan, hired labour and politics.

Types of Housing

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (over 50%), mud with

zinc roof (about 25%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (about 14%) and modern

cement block with zinc roof ( about 1%).

Human Waste Disposal

The community sources of human waste disposal are the bush (55%), 45% use pit toilet and

1% use modern VIP toilet.

Source of Power and Fuel

Kerosene lantern is the main source of power for about 99% of the community. All the

residents use firewood for cooking.

55

Telecommunication

There are services and signals for MTN, GLO and Zain networks in the community but the

signals are weak.

Environmental Problems

Erosion is the only environmental problem faced by the people. To mitigate this community

use stones and sand bags to reduce run-off.

Awareness of LEEMP AND CSDA

The people are aware of LEEMP and CSDA but they have not benefited from the project.

The community has benefited from UNICEF through the construction of classroom blocks in

the primary school. However, the primary school is still under construction and is not fully

functional.

School

The community has 3 primary schools and a junior secondary school. All the schools have a

well and a pit toilet.

Health Facilities

There is a dispensary in the community with nine staff. Items critically needed in the

dispensary are drugs, beds and electricity. Common ailments treated at the centre are malaria

and headache. There is also routine immunization of children under the age of five.

Water Facility

Sources of water in the community are well and a hand pump borehole. The well was dug in

1972 by the government and is functional, while the borehole was drilled in 2000 by the local

government and is also functional.

Natural Resources

Forest, stream and a river are the natural resources within the community. These resources

are used mostly by the youth.

Vulnerable People

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable people in the

community. These people suffer from severe deprivation and do not contribute meaningfully

in decisions within the community.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority are road, water, electricity, hospital, police post and

schools.

56

4.1.1.7. KIRCHINGA

The community is located 18km from the local government headquarters and 250km from

the state capital. It has a population of about 3,000 people and an average household size of

15-20 people. About 55% of the households are males while children of 18 years and below

constitute about 60% of the households.

Governance and Decision making:

The leader of the community is the Lawan. Leaders are nominated and elected by the

village council. Decisions in the community are made through the village council. The role

of community leader is to preside over the community.

Community organizations

Kirchinga Development Association is the most active association in the community and is a

grassroot initiated group. The association has elected official. Decisions are made by

officials in consultation with other members of the association. Land ownership in the

community is by families and individuals.

Market

The market is about 2km from the Lawan’s house and it holds weekly.

Transportation:

Motorcycle, motorcars/buses and pick up vans are the most common means of transportation.

The road linking the community to other communities is an earth road but in a very bad state.

It takes an average of 30 minutes to travel the 15km road. An average of 70 vehicles plies the

road per week.

Economic activities

Farming is the major economic activity in the community. Other minor economic activities

are petty trading, brewing of local gin and hired labour.

Housing

The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (about 60%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

Human waste disposal

Only 30% of the residents use pit toilet, 60% use the bush and 10% use other sources for

human waste disposal.

57

Source of Power and Cooking fuel

About 95% of the residents use kerosene lantern with only 5% having private generators.

Majority of the residents use firewood for cooking and only very few use kerosene.

Telecommunication

There are MTN, Zein and GLO signals in the community but the services are weak.

Environmental problems

Erosion, flooding and bush burning are the major environmental problems experienced by

the community. Mitigation measures adopted include stiff penalty for anyone who set the

bush ablaze while no measure is adopted against erosion and flooding.

School infrastructure

There are two secondary schools and a primary school in the community. The primary school

has 7 teachers with about 300 pupils; junior day secondary school has 5 teachers with about

300 students, while the senior secondary school has over 700 students. Two other

communities Shuware and Dagale use these facilities and the average distance to facility is

about 5km. All the schools have no water source while the junior secondary school has no

toilet facility.

Health facility

There is a dispensary in the community which is also used by Shuware and Dagale

communities. The dispensary has two male and two female staff. Common ailments treated at

the centre are malaria, typhoid. There is a well and pit toilet in the dispensary. There is also

routine immunization of children under the age of five years. There are three herbal homes,

three traditional maternity homes and two traditional bone healing homes.

Source of water

The community sources of water are a hand borehole drilled in 2009, a well dug in 2005 by

the community and a river. The average distance to water source is about 500 meters. All

these water sources are functional.

Natural resources

Rivers and streams are the natural resources available in the area.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, widows and the physically challenged are the vulnerable groups in the community.

They are mostly involved in farming to alleviate poverty. There are no facilities such as

orphanages, charity homes to take care of these individuals.

58

Community needs

Community needs in order of priority include roads, electricity, additional classroom blocks

in schools and portable water. The community is ready to contribute and partner with any

organization willing to provide any of the facility.

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4.1.1.8 . VARUPA (MILDOW)

The community is about 15km from the local government headquarters and 257km from

Yola. The community has about 3200 people and an average household size of 12 people.

There are zumuntan mata, traders association and farmers association very active in

community. Female constitute 60% of the households and about 70% of the households are

children of less than 18 years of age.

Community Governance

Major leaders in the community are the village head (Lawan), religious leaders and political

leaders. Leadership in the community is by inheritance, appointment and election. Decisions

are taken collectively and leadership is generally harmonious and not conflictive. Community

leaders settle disputes, organize the people and ensure peace in their domain. Farmers

association plays the most active role in the community and is a grassroot initiated group.

Land ownership is through inheritance and by purchase.

Market

There is a market that runs weekly. The average distance to market is about 500 meters.

Transportation

Pick up vans, motorcycles, bicycles and trekking are the common means of transportation in

the community. The road to the community is an earth road of about 2km from the nearest

community and is in a very bad condition. About 50 vehicles plies the road per week.

Economic Activity

Farming is the most common economic activity in the area. Other minor economic activities

are hired labour, politics, artisans, fishing and civil service. The community has a market and

it holds on weekly basis.

Type of Housing

The types of housing in the community are mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (40%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (35%), mud with thatched roof (20%) and modern cement block

with zinc (5%).

Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (80%), bush (25%) and

modern cistern toilet (5%).

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Source of Power and Cooking Fuel

About 30% of the community is connected to public power source from the power holding

company while 35% use private generators. The remaining 35% use kerosene lantern. Almost

all households use firewood for cooking while very few use kerosene.

Telecommunication

There is the availability of GSM network in the community with Zain having strong signal,

while MTN has weak signal.

Environmental Problem

The major environment problems in the community are erosion, flooding and bush burning.

Mitigation measures adopted by the community are digging of drainages to control run-off,

tree planting community sensitization about the dangers of bush burning.

Schools

The community has two primary schools and the average distance to facility is about 2Km.

Wakara primary school has two classrooms, while Wakara primary school has eight

classrooms. Wakara primary school has no toilet and no source of water, Vapura primary

school has a bore hole and a toilet.

Health facilities

The community has a dispensary with 2 medical staff. The clinic is not equipped and the

average distance to facility is about 7 Km. Two communities Wakara and Vapara use the

facility. The common ailment treated at the dispensary is malaria. There are about 10

maternity homes and three traditional bone healing homes.

Water source

The sources of water in the community are concrete well dug in 1959 by the government and

a borehole drilled in 2001 by the local government. All the water sources are functional.

Natural resources

Flood plain is the available natural resource in the area. The plain is used by both male and

female members of the community for dry season farming.

Vulnerable Group

Orphans, the physically challenged, widows and people living with HIV/AIDS are the

vulnerable group of people in the community. This group of people are usually supported by

family members, religious groups and public spirited individuals.

Community needs

The major community needs in order of priority are additional classroom blocks in schools,

good road, portable water and electricity.

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4.1.1.9. WURONGAYANDI- KUDA

The community is located about 13km from Gulak the Local Government headquarters and

230km from the state capital. The average household size in the community is about 8

people. Female constitute 60% of the households with children of 18 years and below

constituting 70%. The head of the community is the village head (Lawan) and leadership is

by appointment and election upon the recommendation of the community members.

Community Associations

There are community associations such as the catholic youth organization, young farmers

club and Wurongayandi development association. Land ownership is by inheritance and

family.

Transportation

Motorcycles, bicycles and trekking are the common means of transportation in the

community. There is a good earth road leading to the community and the distance to the

nearest community Shuwa is about 5Km. About 20 vehicles plies the road in the week.

Economic Activities

Farming is the most common economic activity in the community, while civil service, petty

trading, artisan and hired labour are minor economic activities.

Housing type

The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (27%), wood/mud

with zinc roof (30%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (40%) and modern cement

block with zinc roof (3%).

Human Waste Disposal

About 85% of the households use the pit toilet for human waste disposal, 14% use the bush,

and 1% use modern toilet.

Sources of Power and Cooking Fuel

Most of the residents use kerosene lantern because the community is not connected to

public power source, while only very few (1%) use private generators. All the inhabitants of

the community use firewood for cooking.

Telecommunication Services

The services and signals of MTN, GLO and Zain are strong in the community.

Environmental Problems

Erosion, deforestation and bush burning are the major environmental problems in the

community.

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Community Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community is aware of LEEMP/CSDA and has also benefited access road from the

project.

School Structure

The community has one primary school with 10 teachers and about 310 pupils. The school

has 2 blocks of classrooms. Three other communities within a distance of 2km use the

facility. The school has a pit toilet and a borehole.

Health Facility

The community has a maternity clinic with 4 staff. The clinic has a borehole but no toilet.

Two other communities use the facility. The average distance to facility within the

community is 1Km. Common ailments treated are malaria and typhoid. There is a herbal

healing home and two traditional maternity homes.

Water Sources

The sources of water in the community are two functional concrete wells and a hand pump

borehole. The average distance to facility within the community is 500 meters.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, the physically challenged and widows are the vulnerable groups in the community.

These people suffer from deprivation although families, religious bodies and public spirited

individuals assist.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority are electricity, well equipped clinic, additional

boreholes, viewing centre and market.

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4.1.1.10. ZHAU

This is a rural community in Duhu/Mayo-Wandu ward of Madagali Local Government and is

6km from the local government headquarters and 233km from the State capital. It has a

population of about 2500 people and an average household size of 13 people.

Governance and decision making

Traditional leader (Bulama) heads the community. In collaboration with religious and various

association leaders community disputes are resolved and leadership is progressive and

harmonious. Leadership in the community is usually by nomination through democratic

means.

Transportation

Bicycles, motorcycles and trekking are the common means of transportation in the

community. There is an earth road of about 2km linking the community to the main federal

road and is in bad condition. Over 50 vehicles ply the road in a week.

Economic activities

Over 90% of the inhabitants are farmers. Politics, petty trading and civil service are minor

economic activities among the people.

Type of housing

About 60% of the houses are made of mud with thatched roof while 40% are made of mud

with zinc roof.

Human waste disposal

Human waste disposal methods in the community are pit toilet (50%), while the other 50%

defecate in the bush.

Source of power and Cooking Fuel

Only about 5% of the population use private generators, while over 90% use kerosene

lanterns. Firewood and cornstalk are used for cooking by all households.

Telecommunication

MTN, Zain and Glo networks have strong signals in the community.

Environment problem

There is no definite and pronounced environmental problem in the area.

School

The community has one primary school with 9 teachers. The pupil’s enrollment is over 300.

Two other communities Kokohu and Wuro-Chiffe located about 1.5Km from Zhau

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community use this facility. The school has 2 classrooms with other pupils receiving lectures

under tree shade. Also the school has no toilet and no source of drinking water.

Health facilities

There is a dispensary in the community with nine staff. Other communities using this facility

are Lumadu, Kokohu and Wuro-Chiffe. The average distance to facility from these

communities is about 1km. Common ailments treated are malaria, typhoid, cuts and stomach

pain.

Water source

The only water source in the community is a river/stream.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans and widows are the vulnerable groups in the community. Their contributions in

decision making in the community is insignificant.

Community needs

The community needs in order of priority are drinking water and additional classroom blocks

in primary school.

Interview session with a key informant

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4.1.2. MUBI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT

The LGA is about 210km from Yola. Dominant ethnic groups in the area are Fali, Margi,

Higgi, Fulani, Jen, Kilba and Gude. Communities sampled in Mubi north LGA are Bagira,

Bahuli, Betso, Kirya, Lira, Mijilu, Muchalla, Muva, Muvur and Ribawa.

4.1.2.1. Bagira

This is a rural community in Muchalla ward of Mubi North Local Government Area. It is

about 26 kilometers from the Local Government headquarters and 306km from Yola. The

predominant ethnic group in the community is Fali. The community has a population of

about 1,500 and an average household size of 15 people. There are on the average nine

people in each household that are 18 years and above while six people are below 18 years.

The community is headed by a Village Head (Lawan), while the elders forum is the highest

decision making body in the community. Leadership in the community is usually by

nomination through democratic means and it is progressive and harmonious. Bagira Students

Association and Bayuma are the main community institutions in the community.

There is no market in the community. Community members travel a distance of 26Km to the

nearest urban market.

Transportation

Bicycle, motorcycle, trekking and donkeys are the most means of transportation in the

community. The road to the community is earthed and seasonal, and is in a very bad

condition. The average number of vehicles using the road in a week is 10.

Economic Activities

Almost all the inhabitants of the community are farmers. There are also petty traders,

artisans, civil servants and politicians.

Housing Type

Most (95%) of the houses in community are mud with zinc roofs with very few houses built

with mud, plastered with zinc (5%).

Human Waste Disposal method

The community main source of human waste disposal is the pit toilet (95%), while very few

(5%) use the bush.

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Source of Power and Cooking Fuel

Kerosene lantern is the main source of power to members of the community. Only very few

individuals use private generators. The community main source of cooking fuel is the

firewood.

Telecommunication

No network service is available in the community.

Environmental Problems

Erosion is the major environmental problem in the community. Mitigation measures involve

making ridges across slopes.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDP

Community members are aware of CSDA/LEEMP but have not yet benefited.

Water Source

The community source of water is a stream.

School

The community has one primary school but without structures such as classrooms, library,

staff rooms, toilets and water. Pupils attend classes under trees.

Health Facilities

There is a health clinic in the community with only one male staff. The health clinic is not

furnished and has no beds for patients let along drugs. Three communities Darba, Muzuma

and Garbruma use this facility where they have to travel an average of 4Km to access the

facility.

Natural Resources

Forest, flood plains and rivers are available in the community.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable group of people in

the community. They have no coping mechanisms and are generally poor. They are

predominantly farmers.

Community Needs

The community needs according to priority are portable water, well equipped health center,

road construction and electricity.

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4.1.2.2. BAHULI

This is a rural community and is about 16km from the local government headquarters and

250km from the state capital. The predominant ethnic group in the community is Fali with

other minority ethnic groups such as Fulani, Gude and Jenyi. The traditional head of the

community is the Lawan and leadership is by election. Decisions are made in the community

by community leaders, while youth association is the most active community association in

the community. Leadership is generally harmonious and follows a progressive change. Land

ownership is by inheritance and by individuals.

Transportation

Motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick-ups and bicycles are the common means of transportation

in the community. The road to the community is seasonal and is in a very bad condition. The

length of the road to the nearest town is 20km and takes about 2 hours. About 10 vehicles ply

the existing road per week.

Economic Activities

Farming is the major economic activity in the community. Minor economic activities include

fishing, civil service, petty trading, hired labour and artisan.

Types of Housing

The types of housing in the community are mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (70%),

mud with zinc roof (15%), modern cement block with zinc roof (10%) and mud with thatched

roof (5%).

Human Waste Disposal

About 95% of the community use pit toilet, while the remaining 5% use the bush and modern

toilet for human waste disposal.

Cooking Fuel

Firewood is the main cooking fuel in the community; kerosene is rarely used.

Telecommunication

MTN and Zain have strong network signals, while Glo has weak signal.

Environmental Problems

Erosion, flooding, deforestation, poaching and bush burning are the common environmental

problems in the community. Measures taken by the community to mitigate these problems are

opening of water ways, using of sand-bags and imposition of fines and sanctions on those

found failing trees indiscriminately. The community however has no specific mitigation

measures against poaching, landslide and waste management.

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Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

Community members are not aware of LEEMP/CSDA and have not benefited any project

from any agency.

Schools

The community has one missionary nursery school, three primary schools and one Day

Secondary school. There are several communities that use these facilities. No adequate

classroom blocks, no toilets and no water in all the schools.

Health Facilities

There is a health clinic in the community with 10 staff. There are virtually no drugs, beds,

forceps, weighing scale, BP apparatus and other equipment, and office furniture in the clinic.

Water and toilet are also unavailable in the clinic.

Water Source

The community sources of water are the stream and well. The well was dug in 1970 by

government and is still functional all year round. Average distance and time to water source

is 1km and 20 minutes respectively.

Natural resources

Forest, flood plains and streams are available in the community. All groups of people have

access to these resources.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. They are generally poor and encounter difficulties in accessing basic amenities.

Farming is their dominant activities.

Community Needs

Prioritized needs are portable water, road, equipping of the clinic with necessary facilities,

and electricity. The community is awaiting the government to provide these facilities.

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4.1.2.3. BETSO

The community is about 45km from Mubi North and 229km from Yola. The average

household size in the community is between 10-15 people. About 60 % of the household

compositions are females while children of 17 years and below constitute 70% of household

composition. The community is headed by a village head and leadership is by inheritance

through appointment among the ruling family. Decisions in the community are made by the

village head in collaboration with title holders, religious leaders and school heads. The

community members obey the village head and support all decisions taken.

Community Organisations

There is widows association, Fadama III user groups, Bamako initiative association, men

farmers association, women farmers association and young farmer’s club. Fadama III user

group however is the most active and contribute most to the well being of community

members. Land ownership in the community is on family basis through inheritance.

Market and Transportation

There is a weekly market in the community and the average distance is about 100meters.

Motorcycles, trekking and bicycles are the common means of transportation in the

community. The community road is an earth road of about nine kilometers. The road is very

bad and takes one and a half hours to travel to Mubi. About 170 vehicles ply the road in a

week.

Economic Activities

The major economic activity in the community is farming where households derive their

source of livelihood. Other economic activities include politics, fishing, civil service,

lumbering, petty trading, hired labour and hunting.

Housing

The types of housing in the community are mud with zinc roof (45%), mud plastered with

cement with zinc roof for (25%), mud with thatched roof (20%) and modern cement with zinc

roof (10%).

Methods of Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are the pit toilet (80%), bush (15%)

and road side/bush path (5%).

Sources of power and Cooking Fuel

Kerosene lantern is the main source of power in the community. Only about 25% of the

community is connected to public source of power. Fire wood is the main source of cooking

fuel for members of the community.

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Telecommunication

There are GSM services in the community with Zain having strong signal while GLO and

MTN signals are weak.

Environmental Problems

Common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation,

poaching and bush burning. Tree planting is adopted to control deforestation and erosion

while awareness creation and enforcement of relevant laws are done to mitigate poaching and

deforestation.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community residents are aware of both LEEMP and CSDA although they are yet to

benefit from either project.

Schools

There is a primary school and a junior secondary school in the community. The primary

school has 14 male teachers and eight female teachers with 804 pupils. There are four blocks

of class rooms in the school. Only Betso community uses this facility. The school has no

toilet and no sources of water. The junior secondary school has 16 male and one female

teacher with 950 students. The school has four blocks of classrooms, but has no toilet and no

source of water.

Health

The community has a primary health care clinic with 9 staff. The clinic is without drugs,

unfurnished and unkempt. Two other communities Shafa and Kiriya use this facility where

pupils have to trek an average of 3Km to access the facility. There is a borehole and a pit

toilet at the clinic and there is routine immunization of children below the age of five years.

Common ailment treated is malaria. There are five herbal healing homes and eight traditional

maternity homes in the community.

Source of water

There is a hand pump borehole provided by the Federal Government of Nigeria in 2004. The

borehole though functional, does no supply water all year round.

Other infrastructural facilities

Other facilities in the community are a market built in 1967, two playgrounds and a police

post. All these facilities are functional.

Natural resources

There is a stream and a river in the community. These water bodies are also used for domestic

needs.

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Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, the physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. Widows, physically challenged and orphans suffer from hunger and deprivation;

they are helped by their relations and public spirited individuals in the community. The

physically challenged rely on assistance from relations and their contributions to major

decisions within the community are insignificant.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority included roads, additional classroom blocks in

schools, pipe borne water, necessary facilities at the clinic and electricity.

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4.1.2.4. KIRIYA

This community is rural and is situated in Mijuhu ward of Mubi North local government. It is

about 24km from the local government headquarters and 284km from state headquarters. The

population of the community is about 2000 people and has an average household size of 10

people. The leader of the community is the village head (Ardo) and leadership is by

appointment and election. Leadership in the community is harmonious and major decisions

are taken collectively. Land ownership in the community is by families.

Community Institutions

Amana club and social club are the major community associations in the community. Social

club is the most active in improving the well-being of the community members. Leaders are

selected by election and follow a normal progressive change.

Market

The community has a market and the average distance to facility is 3km. The market is daily.

Transportation

Bicycles, motorcycles, cars/buses and trekking are the main means of transportation in the

community. Road to the community is earthed and very bad. The length of the road to nearest

community is 5km. Average of 100 vehicles uses the road per week.

Economic Activities

The major economic activity of households within the community is farming. Other minor

economic activities include fishing, civil service, petty trading, artisan, politics and hired

labour.

Housing Facilities

The common types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (15%),

mud houses with zinc roof (70%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

Waste Disposal

The community sources of human waste disposal are bush (80%), pit toilet (10%) while the

remaining defecate either in VIP toilet or roadside/bush path.

Sources of Power and Cooking Fuel

The community main source of power is kerosene lantern, while very few households use

private generators. Firewood is the main source of energy for cooking in the community.

Telecommunication

There are GSM services in the community with Zein signal being strong, while MTN signal

is weak.

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Environmental Problems

Erosion, waste management, flood, deforestation and poaching are the major environmental

problems in the community.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

Community members are aware of LEEMP/CSDA but have never benefited from the project.

Schools

The community has 4 primary schools and one Junior secondary school. These schools have

inadequate facilities including teachers.

Health

Kiriya community has one maternity clinic with staff. The center has no bed for patients, no

drugs and is not furnished. Malaria is the common ailment treated at the center. The average

distance to facility in the community is 1Km.

Water sources and other social amenities

The community has two water sources; borehole and a well. The borehole was established in

2000 by the government and is functional all year round. The wells are partially functional

since water is only available during the raining season but dries up in the dry season.

There is no multipurpose civic center, no security post and no skill acquisition center. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable

groups.

Community Needs

The major community needs in order of priority are road, equipping of maternity clinic with

necessary facilities, additional classroom blocks in schools, portable water and electricity.

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4.1.2.5. LIRA

This is a rural community in Vimtim ward of Mubi North Local Government Area. The

community is 7km from the local government headquarters and 210KM from the state

capital. Average household size in the community is 12. The village head (Ardo) is the main

leader in the community and leadership is by inheritance. Leadership is harmonious and

stable and major decisions are taken collectively in the community. There are community

development associations such as muliba association, fadama III association, farmers

association and women association in the community. Fadama III however is the most active

and all the associations help in improving the well-being and welfare of the community. Land

tenure system in the community is by families and through purchase.

Market

There is a market in the community and the average distance to facility is 3km. The market

holds twice a week. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is also

no skill acquisition center. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity

homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

Transportation

Motorcycles, bicycles, motor cars/buses and pick-up vans are used and trekking are the

common means of transportation in the community. The road to the community is and earth

road and is in bad condition. Average number of vehicles that plies the road per week is

1000.

Housing

About 70% of the houses are made of mud with thatched roof, 20% are made of mud with

zinc roof and 8% are made of mud plastered with cement with zinc roof, while modern

cement block with zinc roof is 2%.

Human waste disposal

Most of the inhabitants (65%) use pit toilet as their source of human waste disposal, 20% use

the bush, 10% use modern waste cistern and 5% use VIP toilet.

Sources of power and Cooking Fuel

The community source of power is kerosene lantern because the community is not connected

to public power source, while very few households use private generators. The source of

cooking fuel is fire wood.

Telecommunication

MTN and Zain signals are strong while GLO signal is weak in the area.

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Environmental problems

Erosion, waste management, deforestation and bus burning are the common environmental

problems in the community. Tree planting, burning of wastes and using penalties on people

who indiscriminately fell trees are the various mitigation measures adopted by the

community.

Schools

The community has one primary school and a secondary school. The primary school has two

class rooms, five teachers and 630 pupils. The secondary school has three classroom blocks,

eight teachers and 1300 students. Both schools have no toilet and no source of water.

Health

There is no health facility in the community. Sick members of the community are taken to

Mubi General hospital to seek for medical attention.

Water sources

The sources of water in the community are a well dug in 1992 by the community and a

borehole drilled in 1999 by the state government. Water from these sources is not available

year- round; hence the community relies on water from a nearby stream

Natural resources

Forest, flood plains and streams are the available natural resources in the community.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans and widows are the vulnerable groups in the community. Religious groups, family

members and public spirited individuals in the community assist these individuals from time

to time. Orphans and widows have weak contributions in decision making. The community

has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

Community needs

Schools, water, clinic and electricity are the major needs of the community in order of

priority.

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4.1.2.6. MIJILU

This is a rural community in Mubi North Local Government. It is about 37km from the local

government headquarters and 237km from Yola. The community has a population of about

6000 people with an average household size of 10 people. Children of 17yrs and above

constitute 60% of the households. The main leader of the community is the village head (Mai

Anguwa) and leadership is by election, while community decisions are made by the leaders of

the community. Leadership in the community is harmonious and stable. There is a market in

the community within an average distance of 1.5km. The market holds twice a week.

Transportation

Motorcycles, trekking, motor cars/buses and pick-up vans are the common means of

transportation in the community. The road to the community is seasonal and it is about 37km.

The road however is in a very bad condition with about 50 vehicles plying the road per week.

Economic activities

Farming is the dominant occupation of the community from where households derive their

source of livelihood. Other minor economic activities include fishing, civil service, petty

trading, hunting and hired labour.

Housing type

About 70% of the houses are made of mud with thatched roof, 10% with mud with zinc roof

and 15% made of mud plastered with cement with zinc roof.

Human waste disposal

Over 80% of the community uses the bush for human waste disposal, while 20% use pit

toilet.

Sources of Power and Cooking Fuel

The community source of power is kerosene lantern, however very few households use

private generators. The source of cooking fuel in the community is fire wood.

Telecommunication

Zain has strong signal while GLO and MTN have weak signals in the community

Environmental problems

Erosion, deforestation and bush burning are the common environmental problems in the

community. Tree planting is used to replace trees there were cut down, use of sand bags are

used to mitigate erosion, while strict penalties await those caught setting bush ablaze.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community members are aware of LEEMP/CSDA are yet to benefit from the projects.

77

School

The community has one primary school having two blocks of class rooms and five teachers.

The primary school has no toilet and no water source. Also there is a Junior day secondary

school with three blocks of classrooms and five teachers. The secondary school has no

laboratory, no staff room, no computer room, no toilet and no source of water.

Health

The community has one dispensary with one male and two female staff. There are no drugs,

no basic health equipment, no toilet and no source of water. The common ailment treated in

the dispensary is malaria. However, there is routine immunization of children under the age

of five years.

Source of water

The community source of water is from a nearby stream. water in the stream is available all

year round and the average distance to facility is 1Km.

Natural resources

Flood plains and streams are available in the community. All members of the community

irrespective of sex and age have access to these resources.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. They have problems of shelter, food and clothing although family members,

religious leaders and the community assist these people from time to time.

Community needs

The community needs in order of priority are portable water, roads, necessary facilities in the

dispensary and construction of additional classroom blocks in their schools. The community

is ever willing to contribute land, labor or render any kind of service that will be required so

long as donor agencies are willing to assist.

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4.1.2.7. MUCHALLA

This is a rural community in Mubi North Local Government Area and has a population of

about 3,200 people. The community is about 25km from the local government headquarters

and 200km from Yola. Average household size in the community is 12 people of which

female constitute 70% of the household population and adults of 18 years and above

constitute 60%. The leader of the community is the district head (Jauro) and leadership in

the community is by inheritance. Decisions in the community are taken by the district head

in collaboration with the elders, religious leaders and their counselor. The various

associations in the community are Muchalla youth development association, Muchalla

Fadama User Group, men farmers association, women farmers association and religious

associations. Leaders in the groups are selected through elections in a harmonious and non-

conflictive manner. Land ownership in the community is through inheritance. There is a

market in the community and it holds once a week.

Transportation

Motorcars/buses, trekking, bicycles and motorcycles are the common means of

transportation in the community. The road to the community is an earth road of about 25km

and is in a very bad condition. About 100 vehicles ply the road in a week.

Economic activities

The main economic activity of the community is farming as over 90% of households are

involved. Other minor economic activities are fishing, civil service, petty trading, hunting,

artisan, hired labour, lumbering and politics.

Housing types

About 35% of the houses in the community are made of mud plastered with cement with

zinc roof, 30% are made of mud with zinc roof, 15% are made of mud with thatched roof,

and 20% are made of modern cement block with zinc roof.

Human waste disposal

Pit toilet is used by 40% of households, 50% use the bush, while 10% use other sources.

Source of Power and Cooking fuel

The community is not connected to public source of power, hence use kerosene lantern.

Very few households use generators. Firewood is used by all households in the community

as cooking fuel.

Telecommunication

Services and signals of Zain is strong, while MTN is weak.

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Environmental Problems

Erosion, deforestation and bush burning are the common environmental problems in the

community. Tree planting is adopted to control erosion, community members are sensitized

on the dangers of deforestation and bush burning to the community.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community is aware of LEEMP and CSDA and have also benefited from LEEMP.

Other organizations working in the community are Fadama III Project and Justice and Peace

Development Commission of the Catholic Church. The Commission has dug a concrete

well, constructed market shades and provided grinding machines.

Schools

There are two primary schools in the community. These are Muchalla Central Primary

School and Mitiri Primary School. Other communities using these facilities are Muji, Gora,

Mishikiya and Keba where pupils have to trek an average distance of 2Km to access the

facilities. Both schools have no source of water and no toilet facilities.

Health

There is a federal health centre with six male and seven female staff. The health centre is

furnished, drugs are available and there are 22 beds for patients. Other communities using

this facility are Mijilu, Jilvo, Muvur, Kirya, Mukta and Bagura where they have to travel an

average distance of about 10Km to access the facility. The source of water at the centre is a

pond while there are modern toilets. There is also routine immunization of children below

the age of five years. Additionally, there are 10 herbal healing homes and three traditional

maternity homes.

Sources of Water

The community source of water is a pond.

Natural Resources

There are rivers and streams in the community.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, widows, physically challenged and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. All these individuals have weak contributions in decision making within the

community. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the

vulnerable groups.

Community needs

Portable water, electricity, roads and a secondary school are the needs of the community in

that order.

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4.1.2.8. MUVA

This is a rural community in Mubi North Local Government with a population of about 4000

people. The community is about 24Km from the local government headquarters and 210km

from Yola. Average household size in the community is 12 people of which female constitute

about 70%. Children of 17 years and below form 65% of all households in the community.

The village head is the main leader of the community and leadership is by both by inheritance

and election. Community decisions are made by the village head in collaboration with the

elders, leaders of various associations and religious leaders.

The various organizations in the community are youth development association, women

farmers association and men farmers association. Youth development association however is

the most active and plays the most important roles in the development. Land ownership in the

community is by inheritance. There is a market in the community and holds weekly.

Transportation

The common means of transportation in the community are bicycles, motorcycles, trekking

and motor cars/buses. The road to the community is an earth road and is in very bad

condition. Average number of vehicles using the road per week is one thousand.

Economic activities

Farming is the most common economic activity in the community where over 90% of

households are involved. Minor economic activities include civil service, petty trading,

artisan and hired labour.

Housing type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (60%), mud with zinc

roof (25%), mud plastered with zinc roof (10%) and modern cement block with zinc roof

(5%).

Human waste disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (90%), the bush (7%)

and VIP toilet (3%).

Sources of Power and Cooking Fuel

The community is connected to public source of power from the PHCN although 40% of

households are not connected. Households not connected rely on kerosene lantern while very

few use private generators. Fire wood is the source of cooking fuel in the community.

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Telecommunication

There are GSM services in the community with Zain having strong signal, while Etisalat,

GLO and MTN have weak signals.

Environmental problems

Erosion and deforestation are the major environmental problems in the area.

Schools

The community has two primary schools namely; Muva central primary school and Gima

Balama primary school. Both schools have no toilet and no source of water. There is also

GDSS Muva. The school has no water source and no toilet. The average distance to these

schools from within the community is 1Km.

Health

There is a Bamako health clinic with 3 staff. Common ailments treated at the clinic are

diarrhea and malaria. No toilet and no water at the centre. There is routine immunization of

children under the age of five years. In the community there are four herbal healing homes,

two traditional maternity homes and three traditional bone healing homes.

Water source

There are two wells in the community. One was dug by the community in 1993 while the

other by the local government in 2004. Only one of the two wells is functioning throughout

the year. The average distance of the facility is about 300m.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, the physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. These individuals suffer deprivation and stigmatization and their contributions to

decision making within the community is insignificant. The community has no facilities such

as orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

Community needs

Boreholes, electricity, hospital, market stalls, roads and additional classroom blocks in

schools within the community are the community needs in order of priority.

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4.1.2.9. MUVUR

This is rural community with a population of about 4000 inhabitants and mostly of the

marghi ethnic group. The community is about 23Km from the local government headquarters

and 23km from the state capital. The average household size in the community is 15 with

males constituting 70% and children of 17 years and below constituting 55%. The community

is headed by the village head (Ardo) and leadership is by election and appointment. Decisions

within the community are made through collective deliberations with the inhabitants of the

community. There is a market in the community of about 2km to the village head’s house.

The market runs weekly.

Community Organization

There are several community organizations in the area. Some of them include Muvur

development association, Maza union, Holma Union, Kilba union, Marghi union, Dam

association among others. Maza union plays the most important role in improving the well

being of members of the community. Leaders are selected through election in a harmonious

and peaceful way. Land ownership in the community is through inheritance and purchase by

individuals.

Transportation

The common means of transportation in the community are trekking, bicycles and motor

cycles. Motor cars/bus and pick up vans are fairly used. The road to the community is a tarred

road of about 23 km from the nearest community. The road is however very bad and. An

average of 1000 vehicles plies the road in a week.

Economic Activities

Farming is the major economic activity of the community. Minor economic activities are

politics, hired labour, petty trading and civil service.

Housing type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (50%), mud with zinc

roof (30%) and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%) and modern cement block

with zinc roof (10%).

Human Waste Disposal

The community source of human waste disposal methods are the bush (95%), while only 5%

have pit toilets in their house.

Sources of power and Cooking Fuel

Kerosene lantern is the main source of power for over 70% of the community. Only about

20% of households are connected to public power source from the PHCN while the

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remaining ones use private generators. All households in the community depend on firewood

as domestic cooking fuel.

Telecommunication

GLO, MTN and Zain signals are weak in the area.

Environmental Problems

Erosion is the only environmental problem in the community, while mitigation measures

adopted is through the use of sand bags to reduce run-off.

School Infrastructure

There are three primary schools and one normadic school in the community. Maskola

primary school has 14 teachers, three class rooms but no toilet and source of water. Ramda

primary school has 9 teachers, but no toilet and no source of water. Lastly, Chambal primary

school has four class rooms, no toilet and no source of water. The nomadic primary school

has only two male teachers, no building and other school infrastructure on ground yet.

Sources of Water

The source of water to the community is a nearby river.

Natural Resources

There are flood plains in the community use for irrigation farming. Males have most access to

this natural resource.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, widows, PLWHA and the physically challenged are the vulnerable groups in the

community. They are usually taken care by family members, religious institutions and public

spirited individuals in the community. There are no facilities such as orphanages, charity

homes to take care of these in the community.

Community Needs

The community needs are portable water, bridge, a clinic, electricity, and additional

classroom blocks in primary schools.

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4.1.2.10. RIBAWA

This is a rural community in Ribawa ward of Mubi North local government area of Adamawa

state. The community is 20km away from the local government headquarters and has a

population of about 5000 people. The average household size in the community is 5 people.

The community leader or village head oversees the affairs of the community. Leadership in

the community is by election and major decisions are taken collectively.

Water Source

Hand pump borehole and wells are the sources of water in the community. The borehole was

drilled by the Adamawa state government in 2004 and is functional.

Social Infrastructure

The community has a market, a police and a court. There is also 1 civic reception center but

no skill acquisition center.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the

vulnerable groups.

Cross road in a community

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4.1.3 MUBI SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT

4.1.3.1. DRIBISH

Dribish is a rural commonly in Mubi south LGA and is about 20km Gella the Local

Government headquarters and 209 km from Yola. The community has a population of about

2800 people and an average household size of 15 people. Female constitute 60% of

household population of which children of less than 18years constitutes 70%.

Community Governance

The Leaders in the community are the Ardo, Jauro, and religious leaders. Leadership in the

community is by nomination and appointed and it is harmonious and stable. Decisions within

the community are made collectively.

Community organizations

Though there are several groups and associations within the community, Dirbish

Development Association (DDA) Plays the most active role in helping to improve the well

being of the community members. Leadership in the group is through election and is

normally in a progressive, harmonious and non-conflictive manner. Land ownership within

the community is on family basis through inheritance.

Non- Governmental Organization (NGOs) that work in the community includes fadama III in

the area of agriculture, Bamako initiative in the area of health and UNICEF in the area of

education.

Market

There is a market in the community which holds daily. The average distance to facility within

the community is one kilometers.

Transportation

Motorcycle and Pickup vans are the common means of transportation in the community.

Economic activities

Farming is the most common economic activity of the community. Minor economic

activities include hunting, petty trading and hired labour.

Housing Type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (20%), mud with zinc

roof (40%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (35%) and modern cement block with

zinc roof (5%).

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Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (80%), bush (15%), VIP

toilets (2%) and other sources (3%).

Source of Power and Cooking Fuel

Over 95% of the community use kerosene lantern as their main source of power, while the

remaining ones use private generators. The source of cooking fuel in the community is

firewood.

Telecommunication

The services and signals of MTN and Etisala networks are weak, while zain and GLO

services are not available in the community.

Environmental Problems

The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, deforestation, poaching

and bush burning. The mitigation measures adopted by the community include tree planting

to replace threes that have been cut down, and awareness creation and sanctions in the case of

bush burning and poaching

School

The community has a secondary school and a primary school. Dirbish secondary school has

12 teachers and 600students. Three other communities from an average distance of 2km use

the facility. Dirbish primary school has 8 teachers and 230 pupils. Two other communities

from an average of 2km use the facility. The primary school has a pit toilet but no water

source.

Health

There is a primary health care dispensary with 8 staff. The clinic is not furnished and no

drugs but there are a pit toilet and a hand pump borehole. Common ailment treated at the

centre is malaria. Herbal healing homes and traditional maternity homes are available in the

area.

Water Facilities

There is a hand pump borehole and wells in the community. The water is not available all

year round.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and the PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. The community, families of these people and well to do assist these individuals

frequently. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the

vulnerable groups.

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Community Needs

The community needs are construction of additional classroom blocks in schools, equipping

the clinic with necessary facilities, additional boreholes, viewing centre and electricity in that

order.

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4.1.3.2. DUVU

Duvu is a rural community in Mubi south LGA. It is about 5km from the local government

headquarters and 187km from Yola. The community has a population of about 3200 people

and an average household size of 15 people. Female constitute 60% of most households in

which children of 17 years and below constitute about 70%.

Community Governance

Ardo and Jauro are the main leaders in the community. Leadership in the community is by

nomination and election and it is usually stable and harmonious. Major decisions in the

community are taken collectively through deliberations. Land ownership in the community is

on family basis through inheritance.

Community Organizations

There are several community development associations in the area but Duvu community

Development Association (DDA) is the most active. The association is grassroot initiated and

leadership is through election which is usually done harmoniously.

Market

There is a weekly market within a radius of 1Km from the community.

Transportation

Motorcycle is the most common means of transportation within the community. Bicycles,

motor cars/buses, pick up vans and trekking are also common means of transportation within

the community. The road to the community is an earth road of about 10km. The road

however is good. An average of 280 vehicles uses the road per week.

Economic Activity

Farming is the most common economic activity in the community, while civil service, petty

trading and hired labour are minor economic activities.

Housing type

The types of housing in the community are mud with zinc roof houses (50%), mud with

thatched roof houses (35%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%) and modern

cement block with zinc roof (5%).

Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (80%), bush (18%) and

other sources.

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Source of power and Cooking Fuel

Majority of the community rely on kerosene lantern for source of power, while very few use

private generators. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood.

Telecommunication

MTN, Zain and GLO Signals are available but weak in the community.

Environmental Problems

Waste management, deforestation and bush burning are the common environmental problems

in the community. Waste management is done by burying wastes in dug pits, tree planting to

replace threes that have been cut down, and awareness creation and sanctions in the case of

bush burning are some measures adopted by the community to minimize these practices.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority are road construction, building of market stalls,

portable water and additional classroom blocks in primary schools.

Schools

There are two primary schools in the community, namely; Duvu1 and Duvu II primary

schools. Duvu I primary school has three male teachers, 400 pupils with four class rooms.

Duvu II primary school also has three male teachers, 420 pupils with four class rooms. Both

schools have no toilets and no source of water.

Health facilities

There is a maternity clinic in the community with 4 staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are no drugs. It requires supply of all necessary equipment for a befitting clinic. Common

services at the centre are child birth and malaria treatment. No source of water and waste

materials are burnt and buried.

Water Sources

There are two concrete wells and a borehole in the community. The wells were constructed

by the local government in the year 2000; while the borehole was drilled by the federal

government in 2003.

Vulnerable Groups

People living with HIV/AIDS, widows, the physically challenged and orphans are the

vulnerable groups in the community. These people suffer deprivation and find it difficult to

feed themselves. There are no orphanages and no charity homes in the community.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority are road construction, building of market stalls,

portable water and additional classroom blocks in primary schools.

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4.1.3.3. GELLA

This is a semi- urban community in Mubi South Local Government. It is about 220km from

Yola. The community has a population of about 2500 people and a household size of 15

people of which 55% are females. The village head (Ardo) is the head of the community and

leadership is both by inheritance and appointment. Decisions in the community are made

collectively in collaboration with the elders, elites, leaders of various associations and

religious leaders. The community leaders settle dispute and unite the people.

Community organizations

There is farmers’ association, cap knitters association, fadama user groups and Habicha

association of which Habicha association is the most active. Leadership in the associations is

usually by election conducted under normal, harmonious and non-conflictive manner.

Communal, individual and family are the common land ownership system in the community.

Market

There is a weekly market in the community within a radius of 3Km.

Transportation

Motorcycles, motor cars/buses and trekking are the common means of transportation in the

community. The road to the community is an earth road and is in good condition. The

average time to the nearest community is 20 minutes. Over 2000 vehicles ply the road in a

week.

Economic Activity

Farming is the predominant occupation of the community. Other minor activities are civil

service, petty trading and hired labour.

Housing Type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (30%), mud with zinc

roof (40%), mud with cement with zinc roof (25%) and modern cement block with zinc roof

(5%).

Human waste Disposal

About 90% of the community use pit toilet for human waste disposal, 6% use the bush while

4% use VIP toilet.

Sources of power an Cooking Fuel

The community is connected to public source of power from the PHCN although only about

40% are connected. The remaining population relies on kerosene lantern and private

generators. All most all households use fire wood.

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Telecommunication

There is no availability of GSM services in the community.

Environmental Problems

Common environment problems in the area are waste management, bush burning and

deforestation. Controlled measures embarked upon by the community are burning of waste

materials, sensitization and tree planting in the case of deforestation.

School

There is a primary school in the community with 10 teachers and about 500 pupils. The

school has 14 classrooms, two toilets and a computer room but there is no water source.

Health facilities

There is a maternity clinic in the community with 41 staff. There are five beds at the center

for patients. Common ailments treated at the center are malaria and stomach pain. Other

communities using this facility are Gude and Duvu about two kilometers from the center.

Waste materials from the clinic are burnt. There are four traditional maternity homes and

three traditional bone hearing homes.

Water sources

The sources of water in the community are hand pump borehole and water from a dam. The

dam was constructed in 1982 by the community and is about 3Km. The borehole was drilled

by the government in 2001. Water from the borehole is available all year round.

Natural Resources

Flood plain is the only natural resources in the community.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. They have weak decision making powers and rely on assistance from relations.

PLWHA are stigmatized and suffer from lack of drugs. There are no charity homes and

orphanages in the community to take care of these individuals.

Community Needs

Portable water, necessary facilities at the clinic and electricity are the community needs in

order of priority.

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4.1.3.4. GUDE

This is a rural community in Mubi South Local Government Area and is about 7km from the

local government headquarters. Average household size in the community is 12 people in

which 60% are males and with children of 17years and below constituting 60%. The village

head (Ardo) is the formal head of the community and leadership is by election. Decisions in

the community are taken by the community leader in consultation with elders and religious

leaders. Community organizations are non- existent in the community. Land ownership is by

family and individuals.

There is a market in the community which holds once a week. The average distance to this

facility is 2km.

Transportation

Motorcycles, motorcars/pick- up vans and bicycles are the common means of transportation

in the community. The road to the community is a seasonal earth road of about 7km and is in

very bad condition. About 80 vehicles ply the road in a week.

Economic activity

Farming is the main economic activity of the community from which households derive their

livelihood. Minor economic activities are petty trading, civil service and hired labour.

Housing type

The types of housing in the community are mud with zinc roof (70%), mud plastered with

cement with zinc roof (25%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (95%), while the

remaining population (5%) uses the bush.

Sources of Power and Cooking Fuel

The source of power in the community is kerosene lantern, while very few households use

private generators. Fire wood is the source of cooking fuel for the population.

Telecommunication

MTN and Etisalat services are strong in the community, while GLO and Zain services are

weak.

Environmental Problems

Erosion, waste management, flooding and bush burning are the common environmental

problems in the community. The mitigation measures adopted in the community are tree

planting, disposing of waste materials on farm and using of sand bags across flood sites.

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School

There is a primary school in the community. The school has a pit toilet but no source of

water. There are also 8 classrooms in the school. The lists of communities using this facility

are Wandure, Gidan Kora, Kalakala, Lugere, Sabon Gari and Gyerewo all located within a

distance of about 2km.

Health Care

The only health facility in the community is a Bamako initiative dispensary. The dispensary

is not furnished and basic health facilities are lacking. There is a borehole at the center and

environmental waste materials are thrown into dug pits. The dispensary has 2 male and 2

female staff. Malaria is the common ailment treated at the center. Four other communities

Wuro-Yola, Fatude Galadima, Fatude less Jauro and Lugerowo all located within a distance

of 2.5km use this facility. There are three herbal healing homes within the community.

Water Sources

The sources of water in the community are hand pump borehole and a well. The well was

constructed in 1970.

Natural Resources

Flood plains and streams are the available natural resources within the community. Male

population has most access to the flood plains while females have most access to the stream.

Vulnerable Groups

People living with HIV/AIDS, widows, the physically challenged and orphans are the

vulnerable groups in the community. These people suffer deprivation and stigmaization.

There are no orphanages and no charity homes in the community.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority are boreholes, road construction, electricity,

additional classroom blocks school and equipping the clinic with necessary facilities.

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4.1.3.5. LAMURDE

This is a rural community which is about 18km from Gella the local government headquarters

and 189km from Yola. The population of the community is about 2500 people with an

average household size of 12 people of which males constitute 60% and children of 17 years

and below constitute 70%. The main leaders in the community are Ardo (Unit head) and

Jauro (the village head). Leadership in the community is usually by appointment and

sometimes by election. Decisions within community are made through collaboration with

elders, leaders of various groups and religious institutions. Leadership in the community is

harmonious and follows the normal progressive change. Land ownership in the community is

by families and individuals.

There is no market in the community.

Community Organizations

There a several organizations within the community. These are Lamurde development

association, age group and youth group. Youth group is however the most active within the

community. These groups are administered peacefully in a non conflictive manner.

Transportation

Motorcycles, motorcars/pick- up vans and bicycles are the common means of transportation

in the community. The road to the community is an earth road of about 2.5km and is in very

bad condition. About 600 vehicles ply the road in a week.

Economic Activities

Farming is the main economic activity of the community from which households derive their

livelihood. Minor economic activities are petty trading, civil service and hired labour.

Housing Type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (40%), mud with zinc

roof (25%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (30%), and modern cement block with

zinc roof (5%).

Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (95%), while the

remaining population (5%) uses the bush.

Sources of power an Cooking Fuel

The community is connected to public source of power from the PHCN but only about 20%

are connected. The remaining population relies on kerosene lantern and private generators.

All most all households use fire wood.

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Telecommunication

GLO, MTN and Zain signals are strong within the community.

Environmental Problems

Common environmental problems in the community are erosion, deforestation and poaching.

Local drainages are constructed to mitigate erosion. People in the community are asked to

plant trees and are discouraged from indiscriminate felling of trees. There is a law on illegal

hunting where community leaders in collaboration with security agents ensure strict

compliance.

School

There is Lamurde primary school with 25 teachers and over 2500 pupils. The school has five

blocks of classroom building. Pupils from Gaya community a distance of about 1km use this

facility. There is also a Senior and Junior secondary schools in the community. There are

toilets but no water in the schools.

Health facilities

There is a dispensary in the community with five male and 10 female staff. The dispensary is

not furnished and has no drugs and other hospital equipment. People from Gaya community

of about one kilometer away also use this facility. Malaria is the most common ailment

treated at the center. There is a hand pump borehole at the dispensary but no toilet facility.

Waste materials from the center are usually burnt. There are five herbal healing homes and

five traditional maternity homes in the community.

Sources of water

The sources of water in the community are hand pump borehole and a well. The well is

functional and has water all year round. People from Gaya community a distance of about

one kilometer also use facility.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. They have weak decision making powers and rely on assistance from relations.

PLWHA are stigmatized and suffer from lack of drugs. There are no charity homes and

orphanages in the community to take care of these individuals.

Community Needs

The community needs in order of priority are road construction, boreholes, electricity,

additional classroom blocks in school and equipping the clinic with necessary facilities.

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4.1.3.6. MIJARA

This is a rural community in Takalafiya ward of Mubi South Local Government and is about

15km away from Gella the local government headquarters and 188km from Yola. The

community has a population of about 3000 people with an average household size of 12

people of which children of 17 years and below account for 70%. The village head is the head

of the community and together with community elders, leaders of various associations and

religious leaders ensure stability and harmonious coexistence in the community. Decisions in

the community are made by these personalities. Land in the community are owned by family

and by individuals.

Community organizations

There are men farmers group, female farmers group and youth group in the community. The

youth group however plays the most active role in improving the well being of the

community. Leadership in the group is by elections.

Market

There is a market in the community which holds once a week. The average distance of the

community from the market centre is about 1.5km.

Transportation

Motorcycles, motorcars/pick- up vans and bicycles are the common means of transportation

in the community. The road to the community is an earth road of about 2.5km and is in very

bad condition. About 400 vehicles ply the road in a week.

Economic activities

Farming is the main economic activity of the community from which households derive their

livelihood. Minor economic activities are petty trading, hunting, civil service and hired

labour.

Housing Type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (70%), mud with zinc

roof (15%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%), and modern cement block with

zinc roof (5%).

Human waste disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (90%), while the

remaining population (10%) uses the bush.

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Sources of power and Cooking Fuel

The community is connected to public source of power from the PHCN but only about 10%

are connected. The remaining population (90%) relies on kerosene lantern and private

generators. All most all households use fire wood.

Telecommunications

MTN and Etisalat networks have strong signals, while Glo and Zain signals are weak.

Environmental problems

Common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, bush burning and

waste management. Local drainages are constructed to mitigate erosion. People in the

community are asked to plant trees and are discouraged from indiscriminate felling of trees.

There is a law on illegal hunting where community leaders in collaboration with security

agents ensure strict compliance.

School

There are two primary schools and a day secondary school in the community. The average

distance to facility is about 500 meters. The primary schools have six classrooms each and

there are eight classrooms at secondary school. There is a toilet and one well in each of the

primary schools. The same applies to the secondary school.

Health

There is dispensary with 5 staff. The dispensary is not finished and most medical facilities are

not available. Common ailments treated at the center are malaria and headache. Other

communities using this facility are Munduva and Lunghe about 2km away. There is one

herbal healing home in the community.

Water source

The water sources in the community are hand pump borehole, a well and water from the

stream. The well is functional though it dries up during dry season. The average distance to

facility is about 500 meters.

Natural resources

Natural resources available are streams and flood plains. Males have greater access to the

flood plains while youths have the least access. Also females have most access to the streams.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans, physically challenged, widows and PLWHA are the vulnerable groups in the

community. They have weak decision making powers and rely on assistance from relations.

PLWHA are stigmatized and suffer from lack of drugs. There are no charity homes and

orphanages in the community to take care of these individuals.

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Community needs

The community needs according to priority are portable water, necessary facilities in the

clinic, additional classroom blocks in schools, road construction and electricity.

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4.1.3.7. MUGULVU

This is a rural community in Mubi South Local Government Area and is about 32Km from

the local government headquarters and 198km from Yola. The community has a population

of about 2,600 people with an average household size of 15 people. Males form 60% of the

household population. The village head (Ardo) is the leader of the community and leadership

is usually by inheritance and appointment among heirs to the throne. The village head

makes decision on behalf of the community and this is not healthy.

Community Organizations

Community associations within the community include youths association and fadama user

groups. Fadama user groups however are the most active in improving the well being of the

community. Officials are normally elected in a progressive and non-conflictive manner.

Land ownership within the community is by inheritance. There is no market in the

community.

Transportation

Motorcycles, motorcars/pick- up vans and bicycles are the common means of transportation

in the community. The road to the community is tarred and is in good condition. It takes

about ten minutes to the nearest town. The average number of vehicles plying the road in a

week is 1,000.

Economic Activities

Farming is the main economic activity of the community from which households derive their

livelihood. Minor economic activities are petty trading, artisans, fishing, civil service and

hired labour.

Housing type

The types of housing in the community are mud with thatched roof (40%), mud with zinc

roof (50%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (8%), and modern cement block with

zinc roof (2%).

Human Waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (70%), About 25% uses

the bush, while 5% use modern waste cistern disposal system.

Sources of power and Cooking Fuel

The community is not connected to public source, thus use kerosene lanterns to generate

power. Very few others use private generators. Fire wood is used by all households in the

community as cooking fuel.

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Telecommunication

The signal of Zain mobile network is weak, while MTN and GLO services are not available.

Environmental Problems

Major environmental problems in the area are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush

burning. Only erosion is being mitigated through planting of trees while no definite action is

taken to control the other problems.

Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community members are aware of LEEMP but they have not benefited from the project.

Water Source

The only source of water within the community is a river.

Other infrastructure

There is a police post established in 2009 and a play ground.

Natural Resources

Natural resources available in the area are forest, flood plains, river and stream. Youth have

greater access while the males have the least access to the forest. The males have most

access and the females have least access to the flood plains. Females have greater to the

river and stream while the males have the least access.

Vulnerable

Vulnerable in the community are orphans, widows and he physically challenged. The

orphans and widows find difficulty in feeding and paying school fees while he physically

challenged cannot feed themselves too. While the widows and orphans work extra hard, the

physically challenged beg for alms. The vulnerable also have weak contributions in

decisions.

Community Needs

The major needs of the community are electricity, hospital and water. They expect the

government to provide these needs to them. The community members are not sure which

contribution they can make towards these needs. School and health facilities, the

community has no schools, no health facility and no herbal home.

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4.1.3.8. NDUKU

A rural community in Mubi South Local Government Area of Adamawa State. The

community or about 50km from Gella the local government headquarter and 222km from

Yola the state capital. Nduku has a population of about 3,200 people. The leaders in the

community are the unit and village heads (Ardo and Jauro). There are about 15-20 people

per household in the community. Females constitute 70% of the household members and

children of 17 years and below constitute 65% of the household.

Community Governance

Leadership in the community is through nomination among heirs and subsequently election

of one to be the leader. Decisions in the community are made by the leaders through public

opinion. The community leader guides the people and ensures peaceful coexistence within

his domain. Community members were involved in decision by consultation.

Community Organizations

There are farmers association, soap makers association, tailors association, Amana

association and Bamako Initiative association among other associations. Amana association

is grassroots initiated. Leaders in the association emerge through election. The election is

usually progressive and in a non-conflictive manner. Decisions within Amana association

are made democratically through collective negotiation. Land ownership in the area is by

inheritance through some people owned land they purchased. There is no market in Nduku.

Transportation

Trekking, bicycle and motorcycle are the most common means of transportation in the

community, motor car/bus and trucks/pick up vans are also used. The roads to the

community are earth and seasonal. It is 22km to Gella. The road is very bad. Average

number of vehicles using the road per week is 100.

Economic activities

About 90% of the population are involved in farming, 5% into civil service, 3% into party

politics and 2% are into hired labour.

Type of Housing

Mud with zinc roof constitute 80% of the houses, 15% mud with thatched roof, 3% mud

plastered with cement with zinc roof and 2% made of modern cement block with zinc roof.

Human Waste Disposal

For human defecation 90% of the household use pit toilet, while 10% use the bush.

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Sources of Power

Majority of the community use kerosene lantern as power source and only about 3% use

private generator.

Cooking Fuel

All the households use firewood and cornstalk for cooking.

Telecommunication

Zain network has weak signal, while MTN and GLO have no signals at all.

Environmental problems

Erosion and flooding are the environment problems in the area. Stone and sand bags

packing as well as tree planting are done to mitigate both flooding and erosion.

Awareness of LEEMP and CSDA

The community is aware of LEEMP and CSDA. The community has not benefited from the

project.

Community Needs

Roads, hospital, school, electricity and water in that order are the needs of the community.

They expect the world bank to provide these needs for them. The community members

promise to contribute land, labour and in kind contribution for the provision of these needs.

Schools

There are two primary schools within the community. Nduku 1 Primary School has six male

and one female teachers with 176 pupils. Nduku II Primary School has seven male and two

female teachers with 200 pupils. The schools have two blocks of classrooms each. Both

schools have no toilet and source of water. Three other communities Bajabure 0.2km,

Nbatsara 1km, and Gashiya 1km all are using the schools.

Health facility

There is a Bamako Initiative health clinic in the community with 2 male and 2 female staff.

The clinic is not furnished. There are no drugs, no trained staff and no electricity. There is a

pit toilet and the source of water is a nearby river. Other communities using the Bamako

Initiative Clinic are Bajabure 5km, Gashiga 4km, Ndabatsam 4km, Batthei 3km and

Gribeduma 1km. There are 10 herbal healing homes and 11 traditional maternity homes in

the community.

Water Sources

There is a well constructed in 1995 by the Jauro and a borehole drilled by Adamawa State

government in 2008. There water sources are functional and available all year round. About

30% of the community source water from river in the area.

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Natural Resources

Natural resources available are forest, flood plan and river. Youth have greater access to the

forest. Males have greater access while females have the least access to the flood plain.

Females have greater access while makes have the least access to the river in he community.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans and widows find it difficult to feed, pay school fees. They require help from

relations. The widows and orphans have little or no contribution to decisions in the

community. Physically challenged persons suffer lack of food and discrimination. They beg

for alms and seek assistance. They contribution to decision making is weak.

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4.1.3.9. SUBURUM

This is a community in Gella ward of Mubi South Local Government Area and is about

2km from the Local Government headquarters and 205km from Yola. The community has a

population of about 2000 people and an average household size of 12 people. Male form

65% of the household population in which adults of 18 years and above constitute 55%.

The village head (Ardo) is in charge of the community and leadership in the community is

by appointment and sometimes by election. Leadership in the community is peaceful and

stable.

Community organizations

There are community associations within the community such as Suburum development

association and youth organization. Youth organization plays the most active role in

improving the well being of community members. The youth groups are mostly grassroots

initiated and leaders are selected through elections in a non-conflictive manner. Decisions

within this group are normally democratic usually by public opinion and voting. Land

ownership is by inheritance. There is no market in Suburum.

Transportation

Trekking is the most common means of transportation, motorcycle is used while bicycle and

motor car/bus are rarely used. The road to the community is an earth road of about 2km. the

road is bad and takes an average of an hour to get to Gella.

Economic activities

About 90% of the population are involved in farming, 5% into civil service, 3% into party

politics and 2% are into hired labour.

Housing types

Mud with zinc roof constitute 80% of the houses, 15% mud with thatched roof, 3% mud

plastered with cement with zinc roof and 2% use modern cement block with zinc roof.

Human waste Disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (70%), about 25% uses

the bush, while 5% use modern waste cistern disposal system.

Sources of Power and Cooking Fuel

The community is connected to public source of power from the PHCN but only about 20%

are connected. The remaining population relies on kerosene lantern and private generators.

All most all households use fire wood.

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Telecommunication

The services of GLO and MTN are strong, while that of Zain is weak.

Environmental Problems

Erosion, flooding, deforestation, poaching and bush burning are the common environmental

problems within the community. To mitigate these problems shrubs are planted to control

erosion, local drainages are constructed to control flood, tree planting and discouraging

felling of trees to control deforestation. Government and the community have imposed laws

on illegal hunting within the community. The community creates awareness on the dangers

of bush burning within the community.

Recreational Facilities

There is a restaurant and a play ground in the community.

Community needs

The needs of the community are pipe borne water, hospital, road and electricity in that order.

The community expects CSDA and Adamawa State government to provide them with these

needs. The community opined they will contribute land and other possible in kind services.

Schools

There is a universal Basic Education (UBE) primary school in the community. The

community has five males, four females, and 650 pupils. There are six classrooms. The

school has a toilet and no water source. There is also a Senior Day Secondary School. The

secondary has 20 males and six female teachers with 900 students. Other communities using

the secondary school are Duru (3km) and Kwaja (5km). The secondary school has a toilet

but no water source.

Health Facility

There is a maternity clinic in the community as at present, no staff is there. The maternity

clinic is empty except that there is a hand pump borehole and a pit toilet. The community

has four herbal healing homes, six traditional maternity homes and 10 traditional borne

healing homes.

Water Sources

The community source of water is a hand pump drilled in 2006 by the state government.

The borehole is functional but water is not available all year round.

Natural Resources

Rivers and streams are the natural resources within the area. Males have the most action

while the youths have the least access.

Vulnerable Groups

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Orphans, widows, the physically challenged and PLWHA are the vulnerable in the area.

Orphans lack sponsorship and food. They work hard even at tender age and also receive

support from mosque. Orphans have weak contribution to decision making in the

community. Physically challenged lack assistance and could not help themselves, they

receive support from mosques and individuals, they also have weak contribution to decision

making in the community. Widows suffer lack of food for children and money for

sponsorship. The widows work extra hard and get support from relations, they also have

weak contribution to decision making in the community. PLWHA they lack resources to

pay for medication. The government assists them to procure the drugs. PLWHA have

strong contribution to decision making in the country

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4.1.3.10. SAHUDA

A rural community in Muduara ward, Mubi South Local Government. It is about 22km from

the Local Government headquarters and 230km from Yola. There are about 700 people in the

community. The main leaders in the area are Ardo, elders and religious leaders. Leaders

emerge through election in the area. Decisions are made by the Ardo in consultation with the

elders and religious leaders. The principal role of community leaders in the area is peace and

decision making.

Community organizations

Fadama III farmers association, Sahuda forum and religious associations are the common

associations in the community. Religious organization and Fadama association play the same

role in improving welfare of the community. The groups are grass roots initiated. Leadership

within the association is done by election. Decisions within the group are made collectively.

Land ownership in the community is on family basis through inheritance. There is a market in

the community which holds weekly. Motor cycle is the common means of transportation in

the community. Trekking is also the means of transportation among community members.

Motor cars/buses are rarely used. There is an earth road of about 18km leading to the

community. The road is very bad and takes about 1 hour to get to Mubi, on the average about

86 vehicles ply the road weekly.

Housing type

Mud with zinc roof constitute 50% of the houses, mud with thatched roof 25%, mud

plastered with cement with zinc roof (20%) and 2% use modern cement block with zinc roof.

Human waste disposal

The sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (80%) while 20% use

the bush.

Source of power and Cooking Fuel

No fewer than 90% of households in the community use kerosene lantern while about 10%

use personal generators. The community use firewood as cooking fuel.

Telecommunication

The signals of MTN, Zain and GLO are not available in the community.

Environmental problems

Erosion, deforestation and bush burning are the common environmental problems in the area.

Canals are constructed to control erosion while afforesting projects are embarked upon to

control both erosion and deforestation.

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Awareness of LEEMP/CSDA

The community members are aware of LEEM/CDSA but have not benefited from the

project.

Schools

There is a primary school in the community with 5 staff and 500 pupils. The school has 12

classrooms, 2 pit toilets and no source of water. Three other communities at an average

distance of 1km use the facility. There is also a government day secondary school in the

community with 2 teachers and 150 students. The secondary school has 2 classrooms no

water source and no toilet. Students from two other communities at a distance of 7km also

use secondary school.

Health facilities

There is Sahuda primary health care clinic (PHC) with one male and two female staff. The

clinic is not furnished, no water source and one pit toilet. Common ailment treated in the

clinic is malaria. Another health facility in the community is the EYN dispensary it has two

male and one female staff. The dispensary is not furnished. There is a pit toilet but no water

source. Common activists of the dispensary are vaccination and malaria treatment. There are

about seven communities from distance of 7-10km using the two health facilities.

Source of water

There is a well constructed in 1972 by Mubi local government, the well is functional but the

water is not available all year round. There is also a borehole drilled in 2008 by Adamawa

state government. Three other communities from an average of three kilometers use the

facility. Another source of water for the community is a stream about 3km away from the

community.

Other infrastructural facilities within the community are market and a police post.

Natural resources

Forest and streams are the natural resources in the community with males having greater

access and youth have the least access.

Vulnerable Groups

Orphans widows and the physically challenged suffer poverty and deprivation they also have

weak contribution in decision making. PLWHA are poor, lack Medicare and are stigmatized.

They have weak contributions to decision making within the community.

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Community needs

The community needs are water, equipment in the clinic and road construction in that order.

The community wants CDSA to provide the needs for them the community intends to

contribute land, wood, labour and other in kind services to the provision of these needs.

A women FGD session

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4.2 Southern Senatorial District

4.2.1 Mayo-Belwa Local Government

4.2.1.1. Binkola

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is about 5 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters and 70 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average time

to get to the nearest town is 15 minutes. There are about 3, 000 inhabitants in the community

and an average household size of 10.

There are community development associations such as Binkola Youth Farmers Association,

Women Farmers Association and Nassara Youth Association with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The resources available to the

villagers are their farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The community head known as Mai-Anguwa (Maijimila) and

religious leaders solve communal disputes within the community whenever they arise.

Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious and community decisions are made through group meeting. The major economic

activity in the community is farming with other minor economic activities such as petty

trading, hunting, civil service and marketing of agricultural commodities.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with 8 teachers. The average time/distance of the

schools from within the community is 20mins/500 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 300 comprising of 200 males and 100 females with teacher to student

ratio 1:38. Other communities using these schools are Jafure, Wuro Hamman, Wuro Jauro,

Gada Mayo, Binkola Vango, Wailare, Wuro Jamma and Wuro Kago where pupils from these

communities have to trek an average of one and half kilometers to access this facility. The

primary school has two class rooms, one staff room, there is no water supply but there is a

pit toilet. The school environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is a dispensary in the community with 5 medical staff. The health center is accessed by

inhabitants from eight communities. The health center is not furnished and has only 1 bed for

patients. There is a borehole and a pit toilet in the clinic, and the average distance to facility

by users is 500 meters. The common ailment afflicting community members is malaria. There

is routine immunization. Consequently, there are 2 herbal healing homes and 2 traditional

bone healing homes.

The community sources of water are 3 hand-pump boreholes located within the community

and are easily accessible (20 minutes). The common sources of human waste disposal are pit

toilet (55%) and bush (45%). The type of housing in the community are wood/mud with zinc

roof (75%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%), wood/mud with thatched roof

(7%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (3%).

The road (earth) to the community is bad and this explains the reason for the time taken to

travel to the nearest town. The community is connected to public source of power although

about 40% of households in the community still rely on kerosene lantern and private

generators. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain and MTN having strong signals while GLO has weak signal. There is no

multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no

market stalls in the village. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity

homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

The major community needs according to priority include additional borehole, road

construction, additional classroom blocks in primary and secondary school, and equipping of

the dispensary with basic facilities.

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4.2.1.2. Nassarawo Jereng

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

This community is located in Anguwan Hausa ward of Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area

and is about 24 kilometers from the LGA headquarters and 89 kilometers from the State

capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 40 minutes. There are over 3000

inhabitants in the community and an average household size of 10.

There are community development associations such as Farmers Association, Gomla

Community Development Association, Butchers Association, Women association and Youth

Consultative Forum with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment and

enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The resources available to the villagers are their farmland and animals which

they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The leaders in the community are district head, village head, ward

head and religious leaders who resolve communal disputes within the community whenever

they arise. Leadership in the community is by inheritance and is usually done by nomination

within the royal family. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious and community

decisions are made through collective decision. The major economic activities in the

community are farming, politics, artisans with other minor economic activities such as petty

trading, civil service and marketing of agricultural commodities.

Community infrastructure

There is a public primary school and a secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 10mins/500 meters. The number

of students currently enrolled in the primary school is 400 comprising of 250 males and 150

females with a teacher to students ratio of 1:50; while that of the Day Secondary School is

800 comprising of 500 males and 300 females with teacher to students ratio of 1:80. Other

communities using these schools are Jelang, Kajaka, Lanabu, Boyayem, Bajama, Bisa,

Gatogel, Zion and Dosolum. The primary and secondary school have 9 class room blocks

each, one staff room each, no water supply but there are toilet facilities.

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There is a maternity clinic in the community with thirteen medical staff. The health center is

used by inhabitants from nine communities. The health center is not furnished and has 10

beds for patients. There is a borehole and a pit toilet in the clinic, and the average distance to

facility by users is 1km. The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. There is regular

immunization of children under the age of five. Also, there are two herbal healing homes and

one traditional bone healing home in the community.

The community sources of water are well, hand-pump boreholes and water from the stream.

The average distance to facility is 500meters. Most (80%) of households have pit toilet for

human waste disposal, while few use the bush. The type of housing in the community are

wood/mud with zinc roof (50%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (20%),

wood/mud with thatched roof (20%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and in bad condition and this explains the

reason for the time taken to travel to the nearest town. The community has access to

electricity from NEPA although few households still rely on kerosene lantern and private

generators. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain and MTN having strong signals while GLO has weak signal. There is a

multipurpose civic center, court, market stalls and a security post. There is however no skill

acquisition center. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take

of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems are erosion, flooding,

deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include additional boreholes, equipping of

the clinic with necessary facilities, additional classroom blocks in primary and secondary

school, and provision of skill acquisition centre.

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4.2.1.3. Sebore

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community is located in Mayo Farang ward of Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and

is about 15 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Mayo-Belwa and 80 kilometers from the

State capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about

2500 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as Takwobi Youth Association, Farmers

Association and Miyetti Allah in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the village. The resources available to the villagers are their

farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The head of the community is the Jauro, who in collaboration with

religion leaders solve communal disputes within the community whenever they arise.

Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance through nomination within the royal

family. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious. The religious institutions render

assistance to the less privileged members of the society.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, artisan, cattle rearing, hunting and civil service. Land

ownership in the community is by individuals, family and the community.

Community Infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 15 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 20mins/500meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the primary school is 1000 comprising of 600 males and 400 females,

and with teacher to student ratio 1:67. The school has three classroom blocks, a staff room

but has no toilet and water facilities. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

The communities using this facility are Yolde Bolle, Gwaron and Donti.

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There is a clinic in the community with 4 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are no beds for patients. The source of water at the clinic is a well but there is no toilet. The

common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. The average distance to facility by user is

1km. There are 4 herbal healing homes, 5 traditional maternity homes and 2 traditional bone

healing homes.

The community sources of water are two hand pump boreholes constructed in 1988 and 1997

by the local government and a well. The average distance to water source is 100 meters. The

common sources of human waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (70%) and bush

(30%). The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (60%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The earth road to the community is in a very bad condition. The main means of transportation

are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 350 vehicles plies the

existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public source of

power; hence, households use kerosene lantern. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood.

There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN, Zain and GLO having strong signals.

There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center

and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to

take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community

are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, electricity, and clinic,

construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school and road construction.

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4.2.1.4. Mayo-Farang

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of The Community

This community is located in Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is about 7 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters and 72 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average time

to get to the nearest town is 40 minutes. There are over 3000 inhabitants in the community

and an average household size of 10.

There are community development associations such as Farmers Association, Women

farmers association and Youth Development Association with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the community. The resources available to the villagers are their

farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The leaders in the community are district head, village head, ward

head and religious leaders who resolve communal disputes within the community whenever

they arise. Leadership in the community is by inheritance and is usually done by nomination

within the royal family. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious and community

decisions are made through collective decision. The major economic activities in the

community are farming, politics, artisans with other minor economic activities such as petty

trading, civil service and marketing of agricultural commodities.

Community Infrastructure

There are 3 primary schools and one secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/1km. The average number

of students currently enrolled in the primary schools is 500 comprising of 200 males and 300

females; while that of the Day Secondary School is 800 comprising of 520 males and 280

females with teacher to students ratio of 1:80. Other communities using these schools are

Wuro Yombe, Poli Mayo, Dibanti, Wuro Liman, Jidonti, Balgare, Wunore, Wuro Koi, Wuro

Bayo, and Wuro Kila. The average classroom block in the primary school is 3, while that of

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the secondary school is also 3. All the schools have a staff room and toilets although not

adequate, but no water facility. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a maternity clinic in the community with fifteen medical staff. The health center is

used by inhabitants from communities earlier listed. The health center is furnished and has 10

beds for patients. There is a borehole and a pit toilet in the clinic, and the average distance to

facility by users is 1km. The common ailment afflicting community members is malaria.

There is regular immunization of children under the age of five. Also, there are five herbal

healing homes and five traditional bone healing homes in the community.

The community sources of water are well, hand-pump boreholes and water from the stream.

The average distance to facility is 500meters. Most households (65%) have pit toilet for

human waste disposal, while the remaining ones use the bush. The type of housing in the

community are wood/mud with zinc roof (55%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof

(25%), wood/mud with thatched roof (5%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The earth road to the community is in bad condition and. The community has access to

electricity from NEPA although few households still rely on kerosene lantern and private

generators. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain, GLO and MTN having strong signals. There is a multipurpose civic

center, market stalls and a police station. There is however no skill acquisition center. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush

burning.

The major community needs according to priority include additional boreholes, additional

classroom blocks in primary and secondary school, equipping of the clinic with necessary

facilities and construction of drainages.

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4.2.1.5. Sangere

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community is located in Ndikong ward of mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is

about 5 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Mayo-Belwa and 60 kilometers from the State

capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 15 minutes. There are about 2,

500 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as Youth Association, Farmers

Association and Wawani Women association in the community with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the village. The resources available to the

villagers are their farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The community is headed by the village head who in collaboration

with various association leaders and religious leaders solve communal disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance

through nomination within the royal family. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The religious institutions render assistance to the less privileged members of the society.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics and civil service. Land ownership in the community is

by families and the community.

Community Infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 6 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 20mins/500meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 180 comprising of 100 males and 80 females, and with teacher to

student ratio 1:30. The school has 2 classroom blocks, no staff room, there is no water but

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there is a pit toilet. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning. The communities

using this facility are Labare and Ahmadu Tongo.

There is no clinic in the community but there are 4 herbal healing homes and 1 traditional

bone healing home. The community sources of water are earth dam and a well. The average

distance to water source is 500 meters. The predominant source of human waste disposal in

the community is the bush (95%) because majority of households do not have toilet facilities

in their houses. The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof

(80%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (7%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (3%).

The earth road to the community is good but needs to be tarred. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 1, 000 vehicles ply the

existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public source of

power; hence, households use kerosene lantern. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood.

There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN, Zain and GLO having strong signals.

There is no multipurpose civic center and no police station. There is no skill acquisition

center but there are market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, clinic, electricity and

construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school.

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4.2.1.6. Ndiyamjimtobe

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community is located in Ndikong ward of mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is

about 12 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Mayo-Belwa and 61 kilometers from the

State capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 45 minutes. There are about

2000 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 14 persons.

There are community development associations such as Youth Association, Farmers

Association and Hunters association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the village. The resources available to the villagers are their

farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The community is headed by the village head who in collaboration

with various association leaders and religious leaders solve communal disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance

through nomination within the royal family. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The religious institutions render assistance to the less privileged members of the society.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, lumbering, artisan, politics and civil service. Land ownership

in the community is by families, individuals and the community.

Community Infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 5 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 20mins/500meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 200 comprising of 150 males and 50 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:40. The school has 1 classroom block which is a round hurt building, no

staff room, no water and no toilet facility. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning. The communities using this facility are Jumtobe, Kubaje, Ruwa, Bayare and Waka.

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There is no clinic in the community but there are 2 herbal healing homes, 5 traditional

maternity homes and 1 traditional bone healing home. There is routine immunization of

children under the age of five.

The community sources of water are stream and a well. The average distance to water source

is 200 meters. The sources of human waste disposal in the community are the pit toilet (60%)

and the bush (40%). The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof

(90%), wood/mud with zinc roof (7%) and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (3%).

The earth road to the community is very bad. The main means of transportation are

motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 70 vehicles plies the existing

community road per week. The community is not connected to public source of power;

hence, households use kerosene lantern. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There

is the availability of GSM network, with MTN and Zain having strong signals while GLO has

weak signal. There is one privately owned multipurpose civic center but no police station.

There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such

as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common

environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush

burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, construction of classroom

blocks in the primary school, clinic, electricity and road construction.

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4.2.1.7. Yolde Gubudo

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community is located in Mayo Farang ward of mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and

is about 15 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Mayo-Belwa and 71 kilometers from the

State capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 15 minutes. There are about

1800 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 15 persons.

There are community development associations such as Hunters Association, Farmers

Association and Miyetti Allah in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the village. The resources available to the villagers are their

farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The leaders in the community are the village head, ward head and

religion leaders who solve communal disputes within the community whenever they arise.

Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance through nomination within the royal

family. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious. The religious institutions render

assistance to the less privileged members of the society.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, cattle rearing, hunting and civil service. Land

ownership in the community is by individuals, family and the community.

Community Infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 10 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 20mins/2kms. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 199 comprising of 113 males and 86 females, and with

teacher to student ratio 1:20. The school has one classroom block, a staff room but has no

toilet and water facilities. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning. The

communities using this facility are Wagole, Mandara, Rumde, Karal and Kumba.

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There is a dispensary in the community with 5 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and

there are only 2 beds for patients. There is no water source at the clinic anf there is no toilet.

The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. The average distance to facility by user

is 500meters and the lists of communities using this facility are Kumba, Rumzin, Yolde

Fulani and Bakasa. There are 4 herbal healing homes, 2 traditional maternity homes and 1

traditional bone healing home.

The community source of water is a stream and the average distance to water source is 500

meters. The average distance to water source is 100 meters. The common sources of human

waste disposal in the community are pit toilet (70%) and bush (30%). The types of housing in

the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (80%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%),

mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (7%) and modern cement block with zinc roof

(2%).

The seasonal road to the community is in a very bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 350 vehicles

plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public

source of power; hence, households use kerosene lantern. The main source of cooking fuel is

firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN, Zain and GLO having strong

signals. There is a multipurpose civic center and market stalls. There is also no skill

acquisition center The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take

care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are

erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, road construction,

electricity, construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary and clinic.

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4.2.1.8 Chukkol Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is about 14

kilometers from the LGA headquarters and 79 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. There are over 3000 inhabitants in the

community and an average household size of 12.

There are community development associations such as farmers association, elders’ forum,

youths association, women association and civil servants association with the aim of

improving farming activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The resources available to the

villagers are their farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The leaders in the community are the village head, Jauro and

religious leaders who resolve communal disputes within the community whenever they arise.

Leadership in the community is by inheritance. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious

and community decisions are made through collective decision. The major economic activity

in the community is farming with other minor economic activities such as petty trading,

artisan, politics, civil service and marketing of agricultural commodities.

Community infrastructure

There is a public primary school and two secondary schools in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 10mins/300 meters. The number

of students currently enrolled in Vango Chukkol primary school is 217 comprising of 117

males and 100 females with a teacher to students ratio of 1:20. Government Day Secondary

School Chukkol has 450 students comprising of 300 males and 150 females, while Junior

Secondary School Chukkol has 600 students comprising of 400 males and 200 females.

Communities using these schools are Mumbaka, Wuro Tutube, Wuro Yahaya, Wuro Yalde,

Wuro Jidda, Saliti and Wurom Jidda. All the schools have 1 class room block each. The

environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with five medical staff. The health center is not

furnished and has only one bed for patients. There is no water and no toilet facilities at the

center, and the average distance to facility by users is 100 meters. The common ailment

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treated at the center is malaria. There is regular immunization of children under the age of

five. Also, there are two herbal healing homes in the community.

The community source of water is a well and stream. The average distance to facility is

250meters. Most (80%) households do not have toilet facility for human waste disposal;

hence use the bush. The type of housing in the community are wood/mud with zinc roof

(65%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (20%), wood/mud with thatched roof

(10%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in bad condition. The community is

not connected to public source of power; hence rely on kerosene lantern and private

generators for household power need. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with Zain and MTN having strong signals while GLO has

weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center, no police station, no skill acquisition

centre but there are market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems are

erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include additional classroom blocks in

primary and secondary school, water, electricity, good access road and equipping of the clinic

with necessary facilities.

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4.2.1.9. Sindigawo

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is about 8 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters and 72 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average time

to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. There are about 2000 inhabitants in the community

with an average household size of 14persons.

There are community development associations in the community such as women

association, farmers association, elders forum and youth association with the aim of

improving farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community

development thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main

productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on

for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons,

widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important

role in community development activities. The main leader in the community is the village

head; and with leaders of various associations and religious leaders resolve disputes within

the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance

through selection within the royal family and major decisions are taken collectively.

Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and civil service. Land ownership in the

community is by the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school and a secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/1km. The number of

students currently enrolled in the primary school is 450 comprising of 200 males and 250

females, and with teacher to student ratio of 1:45, while the number of students currently

enrolled in the junior secondary school is 300 comprising of 160 males and 140 females, and

with teacher to student ratio of 1:50. The primary school has 1 classroom block, while the

secondary school has 2 classroom blocks. There is a staff room in both schools, no toilet in

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the primary school and water in both schools. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning. The communities using this facility are Mararaba, Labare, Bila, Waka, Chakawa,

Dungel andSakawa.

There is a dispensary in the community with 2 staff. The average distance to facility by users

is 500 meters. The source of water at the centre is water from the stream but there is no toilet

facility. The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. There are 2 herbal healing

homes and 1 traditional bone healing home.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole and a well. The average distance to

water source is 200 meters. The sources of human waste disposal are pit toilet (20%) and

bush (80%). The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (75%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (15%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (6%) and modern

cement block with zinc roof (4%).

The road to the community is very bad. The main means of transportation are motorcycles,

trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community

road per week. The community is not connected to public source of power. The main source

of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain having

strong signal, while MTN has weak signal. There is a multipurpose civic center but there is

no police station, no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, hospital rehabilitation, skill

acquisition centre and electricity.

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4.2.1.10. Kaurami

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Ndikong ward of Mayo-Belwa Local Government Area and is

about 22 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Mayo-Belwa and 53 kilometers from the

State capital Yola. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average

household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations in the community such as youths association

and farmers association with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of

members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic

development of the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is

their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has

vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, elders, leaders of various

associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they

arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance where appointment is made

within the royal family. Major decisions are taken collectively and the leadership is usually

stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership in the

community is by individuals, family and family.

Community infrastructure

There is a public primary school in the community with 5 teachers. The average time/distance

of the school from within the community is 20mins/1km. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 135 comprising of 80 males and 55 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:7. The primary school has 1 classroom block, a staff, pit toilet and no water.

The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no health center in the community but there is one traditional bone healing home.

The community sources of water are: well, hand pump borehole and stream. The main source

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of human waste disposal is the bush as most houses in the community do not have toilet

facility. The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (90%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (7%) and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (3%).

The road to the community is in bad condition and is not tarred. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 200 vehicles

plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public

source of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of

GSM network, with GLO having strong signal, while MTN and Zain having weak signals.

There is no multipurpose civic center and no police station. There is no skill acquisition

center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity

homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the

community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include clinic, good road, additional

classroom blocks in primary school, water and electricity.

Shared use of water on a flood plain among women

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4.2.2. GUYUK LOCAL GOVERNMENT

4.2.2.1. Walu

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Walu is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 8 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 121 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 35 minutes. The community is largely dominated by

the Longuda ethnic group with very few other minority groups such as the Hausas and

Fulanis. There are about 2900 inhabitants in the community with an average household size

of 13 persons. The major religion in the village is Christianity.

There are community development associations such as Charity Development Association,

Kahama Women Development Association and Dulchunele Youth Development Association

in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment and enhancing

community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland, which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head, various association leaders and Amna Puro who resolve

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by election and it is rotational, and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is

usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by the family

Community infrastructure

In the community, there are three primary schools namely; Walu 1, Walu 2 and Walu 3

primary schools. The average time/distance of the schools from within the community is 5-

10mins/200 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in the three primary schools is:

Walu 1 - 300 comprising of 200 males and 100 females; Walu 2 – 150 comprising of 90

males and 60 females; and Walu 3 – 110 comprising of 62 males and 48 females. The teacher

to student ratio in the three primary schools is 1:37.5, 1:30 and 1:27 respectively. The

primary schools have 12, 8 and 6 classes respectively. In each of the schools there is a staff

room, no toilet facilities and no water supply. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

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There is a dispensary in the community with only three medical staff. The health center is not

furnished having only 2 chairs and 2 tables. The common ailment afflicting community

members is malaria and diarrhea, and the average time to the clinic is 5-10 minutes. There is

no water source and no toilet in the dispensary, but there is routine immunization of children

under five years. There are also 10 herbal traditional healing homes and 3 traditional bone

healing homes.

The community only source of water is the stream, and the average time to fetch water from

the stream is 30 minutes. The water from this stream is accessible year round but is polluted

as revealed by laboratory analysis; hence there are reported cases of water borne diseases.

About 95% of households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste

disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof

(85%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is very bad and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average

of 20 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community has no access to

electricity and the major source of power being kerosene lantern (99%) and with very few

private generators (1%). Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain, having strong signals while MTN and GLO have

weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problem in

the community is erosion and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include portable water, road construction,

well equipped health centre, and electricity supply.

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4.2.2.2. Bodeno

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Bodeno is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 7

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 130 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. The community is largely

dominated by the Lunguda ethnic group with very few other minority groups such as the

Hausas and Fulanis. There are about 5000 inhabitants in the community with an average

household size of 9 persons. The major religion in the village is Christianity.

There are community development associations such as Fishermen Association, Women

Association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community

has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, ward head, youth leader,

women leader and Amna Puro who resolve disputes within the community whenever they

arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election and it is rotational, and major

decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land

is usually owned by the family

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school. The average time/distance of the schools from

within the community is 5-10mins/200 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in

the primary school is 1000 comprising of 600 males and 400 females. The teacher to student

ratio in the school is 1:143. The primary school has 6 classes and pupils from Kaule and

Doma communities use the school. In the school there is a staff room, no toilet facilities, no

library and no water supply. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic or dispensary in the community; thus, residents have to take sick people to

health centres outside their community. There is one herbal traditional healing home, two

traditional maternity homes and one traditional bone healing home.

The community source of water is a well dug by the government in 1991 and a stream. The

average time to fetch water from the stream is 30 minutes. The water from the stream is

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available all year round but is not good for drinking as revealed by laboratory analysis; hence

there are reported cases of water borne diseases. About 97% of households have no toilets in

their houses; hence use the bush for human waste disposal. The predominant type of housing

in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (75%), wood/mud with zinc roof (17%),

mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (5%) and modern cement block with zinc roof

(3%).

The road to the community is very bad and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles, motor car/buses and canoes. An

average of 700 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community has no

access to electricity and the major source of power being kerosene lantern (97%) and with

very few private generators (3%). Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain, having strong signals while MTN and GLO have

weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problem in

the community is erosion, flooding and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include portable water, a clinic/dispensary,

secondary school, road construction and electricity supply.

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4.2.2.3. Lokoro

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Lokoro is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 7

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 92 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. The community is largely

dominated by the Lunguda ethnic group with very few other minority groups such as the

Hausas and Fulanis. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average

household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as Kungiyar rayar gari, Women

Association, Alfarma group, Gumniba group, Kasifa group, Youths association, Gumniba

group and Lokoro workers association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community

has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, ward head, various

association leaders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election and it is rotational,

and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by the family

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary and a junior secondary school. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 5-10mins/100 meters. The number

of students currently enrolled in the primary school is 450 comprising of 200 males and 250

females, while that of the secondary school is 60 comprising of 35 males and 25 females. The

teacher to student ratio in the primary school is 1:32, while that of the junior secondary

school is 1:11. The communities using this facility include Kawu, Lakeru, Gunda and

Sukeye. The primary school has 3 class room blocks of 8 classes, while the junior secondary

school has one class room block. In both schools there is a staff room, a pit toilet and no

water supply. The environment is however conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is a clinic in the community with five medical staff and having 10 beds for patients.

The health center is not furnished and the communities using this facility are Gunda, Kawu,

Sukele and Lokeru. The common ailment afflicting community members is malaria, cough

and diarrhea. The average time to the clinic is 5-10 minutes. There is no water source and no

toilet facilities in the clinic, but there is routine immunization of children less than five years.

There are also 3 herbal traditional healing homes and 1 traditional bone healing home.

The community only source of water is the stream, and the average time to fetch water from

the stream is 30 minutes. The water from this stream is accessible year round but is polluted

as revealed by laboratory analysis; hence there are reported cases of water borne diseases.

About 90% of households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste

disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof

(70%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is very bad and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average

of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community has access to

electricity with 85% of inhabitants connected to public power source. Their main source of

cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and

GLO having strong signals. There is a multipurpose civic center, a customary court and a

market. There is no security post, and no skill acquisition center. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. Religious

body and individuals support the physically challenged and vulnerable groups in the

community. The common environmental problem in the community is erosion, flooding and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include portable water, renovation of

health centre, additional class room blocks in secondary school and road construction.

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4.2.2.4. Chikila

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Chikila is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 25

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 97 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. The community is largely

dominated by the Longuda ethnic group with very few other minority groups such as the

Hausas and Fulanis. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average

household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Kichumina group, Wunkite youth

club, Women group, Chibakaliwa Gumna group and G20 group in the community with the

aim of improving farming activities, empowerment and enhancing community development

thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive

resource available to the villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head,

ward head, various association leaders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election and it is

rotational, and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by the family

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary and a Government Day secondary school. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 5-10mins/100 meters. The number

of students currently enrolled in the primary school is 530 comprising of 180 males and 350

females, while that of the secondary school is 1500 comprising of 700 males and 800

females. The teacher to student ratio in the primary school is 1:38, while that of the junior

secondary school is 1:75. The communities using this facility include Lamza, Lokeru, Gunda

and Sukeye. The primary school has 4 class room blocks of 10 classes, while the Government

Day secondary school has 6 class room blocks of 12 classes. In both schools there is a staff

room, 3 toilets in the secondary school and 2 toilets in the primary school. However, there is

no water supply. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is a clinic in the community with nine medical staff and having 10 beds for patients.

The health center is not furnished. The common ailment afflicting community members is

malaria, diarrhea and cholera. The average time to the clinic is 5-10 minutes. There is a well

in the clinic and also one toilet for human waste disposal. There is routine immunization of

children less than five years. There are 4 herbal traditional healing homes and 1 traditional

bone healing home.

The community source of water is a well and a stream, and the average time to fetch water

from the stream is 30 minutes. The water from these water sources is accessible year round

but is not good for human consumption as revealed by laboratory analysis; hence there are

reported cases of water borne diseases. About 90% of households have no toilets in their

houses; hence use the bush and road side bush paths for human waste disposal. The

predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (70%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (7%) and modern

cement block with zinc roof (3%).

The road to the community is very bad and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average

of 50 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community has access to

electricity although only 50% of the inhabitants are connected to public power source. The

remaining half still depends on kerosene lantern. Their main source of cooking fuel is

firewood. There is the availability of GSM network but all have weak signals. There is no

multipurpose civic center, but there is market stalls, a court, police station and skill

acquisition centre. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take

care of the vulnerable groups. Religious body and individuals support the physically

challenged and vulnerable groups in the community. The common environmental problem in

the community is erosion, flooding and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include portable water, laterization of the

earthen road, renovation of health centre, additional class room blocks in secondary school

and additional blocks in the market.

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4.2.2.5. Boshikiri

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Boshikiri is in Dumna ward located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is

about 100 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 110 kilometers from the State

capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 45 minutes. There are over 3000

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Wunkithe Development Association

and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities,

empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to

the economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community

has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, Amna Puro, Unit head,

leaders of various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through

democratic process and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics and civil service. Community land is usually owned

by the community and individual families.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary and secondary school in the community. The average time/distance of the

schools from within the community is 10mins/500 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 1500 comprising of 700 males and 800 females, while in the

secondary school is 600 comprising of 320 males and 280 females. The teacher to student

ratio in the primary school is 1:45, while that in the secondary school is 1:43. The primary

school has 6 classes while the secondary school has 9 classes. In both schools there are staff

rooms and two pit toilets each but no water source. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is a clinic in the community with six medical staff. The source of water at the health

centre is a well, and the clinic has 3 beds for patients. There is also a pit toilet where human

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wastes are disposed. The common ailments treated at the centre include malaria fever and

diarrhea/dysentery.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed by the Local

government in 1976. The average distance to water source is about 400 meters. The common

source of human waste disposal include: bush (80%), pit toilet (10%) and other sources

(10%). Majority of households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for human

waste disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with

thatched roof (55%), wood/mud with zinc roof (25%), mud plastered with cement with zinc

roof (15%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is tarred but may require some rehabilitation. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 1000 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is

connected to public power source although many houses still use kerosene lantern. Their

main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain,

MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center but the

community has a police security post. There is no skill acquisition center and but the

community has a market and a court. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, improved health care

facilities and road.

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4.2.2.6. Tudun Guyuk

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Tudun Guyuk is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 4

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 115 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 25 minutes. There are over 3000

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 9 persons.

There are community development associations such as Women Association and Youth

Association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of

members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic

development of the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is

their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has

vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, wakili, Amna Puro, Unit

head, leaders of various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through

democratic process and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Community land is

usually owned by families.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community. The average time/distance of the schools from

within the community is 5-10mins/400 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in

the primary school is 600 comprising of 250 males and 350 females with the teacher to

student ratio of 1:86. The school has 6 classes of 3 blocks, a staff room and one pit toilet.

There is however no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a clinic in the community with three medical staff and one bed for patients. There is

no water at the clinic but there is a pit toilet where human wastes are disposed. The common

ailments treated at the centre include malaria and diarrhea/dysentery. Additionally, there is

one herbal healing home and one traditional maternity home.

The community source of water is a stream. The average distance to water source is about

1km and inhabitants of the community have to treck for about 30 minutes to fetch water.

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Laboratory analysis of the water has revealed that it is contaminated and posses serious health

hazard. The common source of human waste disposal is the bush (90%) because majority of

households have no toilet facilities in their houses. The predominant type of housing in the

community is wood/mud with thatched roof (70%), wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud

plastered with cement with zinc roof (7%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (3%).

The earthen road to the community is in a very bad shape and makes transportation difficult.

The main means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles

and motor car/buses. An average of 40 vehicles plies the existing community road per week.

Only about 20% of the houses are connected to NEPA with the rest resorting to the use of

kerosene lantern.T Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of

GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. There are two privately

owned multipurpose civic center where people pay for the facility before they could use

them. However, the community has no police security post, no skill acquisition center, no

market stalls and no court. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity

homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the

community are erosion and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, improved health care

facilities and road.

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4.2.2.7. Lakumna

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Lakumna is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 3

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 110 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 25 minutes. There are about 2500

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as Women Group and Youth Forum in

the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of members and

enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head, leaders of various associations and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually by selection through democratic process and major decisions are taken collectively.

Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Community land is

usually owned by families.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community. The average time/distance of the school from

within the community is 10-20mins/500 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in

the primary school is 400 comprising of 150 males and 250 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:44. The school has one class room block of 6 classrooms, a staff room and

one pit toilet. There is however no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there are however 5 herbal healing homes and one

traditional bone healing home.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed in 2002by the local

government. The average distance to water source is about 300meters and the borehole is

function all year round. The common source of human waste disposal is the bush (90%)

because majority of households do not have toilet facilities in their houses. The type of

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housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (50%), wood/mud with zinc roof

(30%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and modern cement block with zinc

roof (5%).

The condition of earthen road to the community is in a very bad shape and makes

transportation difficult. The main means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking,

trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average of 50 vehicles plies the

existing community road per week. The main source of power in the community is kerosene

lantern, while their source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic

center, no market stalls and no security post. There is however a skill acquisition center

established in 2008 by the government. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion and bush burning. The major community needs according to

priority include water, a clinic, additional classroom blocks in primary school, electricity and

road construction.

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4.2.2.8. Bobini

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

Bobini community is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 25 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 135 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. There are about 8000 inhabitants in the

community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Bobini Development Association,

Gumnama Association, Kungiyan Maharba Association and Youth Association in the

community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of members and

enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head, unit head, leaders of various associations and religious

leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the

community is usually rotational by selection through democratic process and major decisions

are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Community land is

usually owned by families.

Community infrastructure

There are two primary schools in the community, namely; Bobini I and Bobini II primary

schools. There are also two secondary schools, namely; GDSS Bobini and GJSS Bobini. The

average time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/500 meters. The

number of students currently enrolled in Bobini I primary school is 500 comprising of 150

males and 350 females, while in Bobini II is 250 comprising of 150 males and 100 females.

Consequently, the number of students currently enrolled in GDSS Bobini is 300 comprising

of 180 males and 120 females, while that of GJSS Bobini is 390 comprising of 270 males and

120 females. The teacher to student ratio in the two primary schools is 1:42 and 1:62.5

respectively, while for the secondary schools are 1:60 and 1: 78 respectively. Bobini I

primary school has 4 classes, Bobini II has 3 classes, while GDSS has 9 classes and GJSS has

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6 classes. GDSS Bobini has a laboratory, while Bobini I primary school has a library. All the

schools have a staff room but only the GDSS has toilet facility for disposal of human waste.

There is no water in all the schools.

There is a primary health centre in the community with 9 staff. Average time to the clinic is 5

minutes. There are ten beds for patients and one pit toilet. There is however no water.

Common ailments treated at the centre are malaria, measles, cholera and common cold. There

is also regular routine immunization of children less than five years. There are also 4 herbal

healing homes and 1 traditional bone healing home.

The community sources of water are: borehole constructed in 1985 and spring water. The

average time to water source is about seven minutes and the borehole is functioning all year

round. The common source of human waste disposal is the bush (70%) because majority of

households do not have toilet facilities in their houses. The type of housing in the community

is wood/mud with thatched roof (60%), wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered with

cement with zinc roof (15%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The condition of earthen road to the community is very bad and this makes transportation

difficult. The main means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans,

bicycles and motor car/buses. An average of 50 vehicles plies the existing community road

per week. The main source of power in the community is kerosene lantern, while their source

of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain having

strong signal, while GLO has weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no skill

acquisition centres. There are however market stalls, a court and a police station. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding and

bush burning. The major community needs according to priority include water, a clinic, road

construction, electricity and additional class room blocks in the schools.

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4.2.2.9 . Gugu

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 15 kilometers from

the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 100 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average

time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. There are about 6000 inhabitants in the

community with an average household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as Women Association, Hunters

Association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, wakili,

Amna Puro, Unit head, leaders of various associations and religious leaders who resolve

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by selection through democratic process and major decisions are taken collectively.

Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, fishing, artisan, hunting and civil service.

Community land is usually owned by families.

Community infrastructure

There are two primary schools in the community, namely; Gugu primary school and

Normadic primary school. The average time/distance of the schools from within the

community is 20mins/500 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in Gugu

primary school is 500 comprising of 200 males and 300 females with teacher to student ratio

of 1:38, while students currently enrolled in Normadic primary school is 300 comprising of

200 males and 100 females with teacher to student ratio of 1:33. Gugu primary school has 5

classes while Normadic primary school has 3 classes. There is however no water but the

environment is conducive for meaningful learning. The communities using this facility are

Dangir and Kwadadai.

147

There is a clinic in the community with three medical staff and one bed for patients. There is

no water at the clinic and no toilet facility where human wastes are disposed. The common

ailments treated at the centre include malaria and diarrhea/dysentery. Additionally, there are

two herbal healing homes and one traditional bone healing home. Patients have to be taken to

bigger hospitals to treat complicated cases like cholera and measles.

The community source of water is a stream. The average distance to water source is about

500 meters. Laboratory analysis of the water has revealed that it is contaminated and posses

serious health hazard. The common source of human waste disposal is the bush (85%)

because majority of households do not have toilet facilities in their houses. The predominant

type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (75%), wood/mud with

zinc roof (15%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (7%) and modern cement block

with zinc roof (3%).

There is a tarred road to the community and the condition of the road is good. The main

means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor

car/buses. An average of 2000 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. About

40% of the houses in the community are connected to NEPA while the rest resort to the use

of kerosene lantern. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability

of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. The community has no

multipurpose civic center, no police security post, no skill acquisition center, no market stalls

and no court. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care

of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problem in the community is erosion.

The major community needs according to priority include water, hospital and additional

classroom blocks.

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4.2.2.10. Pondiwe

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Kola ward of Guyuk Local Government Area and is about 26

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Guyuk and 90 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. There are about 16000 inhabitants

in the community with an average household size of 12 persons.

There are community development associations such as Kafama Women Business

Association, Kulga Farmers Association and Youth Association in the community with the

aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community

development thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main

productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on

for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons,

widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important

role in community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village

head, ward head, leaders of various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes

within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by

election through democratic process and it is rotational. Major decisions are taken

collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, fishing, paid labour and civil service. Community

land is usually owned by families.

Community infrastructure

There are two primary schools in the community, namely; Pondiwe I primary school and

Pondiwe II primary school. The average time/distance of the schools from within the

community is 20mins/500 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in Pondiwe I

primary school is 350 comprising of 150 males and 200 females and with teacher to student

ratio of 1:35, while students currently enrolled in Pondiwe II primary school is 300

comprising of 130 males and 170 females with teacher to student ratio of 1:50. Pondiwe I

primary school has 3 classroom blocks of 7 classes while Pondiwe II primary school has one

classroom block of 2 classes. Both schools have a staff room each, one pit toilet in Pondiwe I

but none in Pondiwe II, and both schools do not have water but the environment is conducive

for meaningful learning.

149

There is a clinic in the community with four medical staff. There is no water at the clinic, no

toilet facility for human wastes disposal and no beds for patients. Average distance of the

facility from the community is 200metres. The common ailment treated at the centre is

malaria. Patients with serious cases have to be taken to bigger hospitals.

The community source of water is a borehole constructed in 2003. The average distance to

water source is about 500 meters. The common source of human waste disposal is the bush

(90%) because most households do not have toilet facilities in their houses. The types of

housing in the community are: wood/mud with thatched roof (65%), wood/mud with zinc

roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%) and modern cement block with

zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and the condition of the road is bad. The main

means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor

car/buses. An average of 50 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The

community is not connected to public source of power; hence kerosene lantern is the only

source of power in the community. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. The

community has no multipurpose civic center, no police security post, no court and no skill

acquisition center but has market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problem in

the community is erosion. The major community needs according to priority include water,

provision of electricity, additional classroom blocks, road construction and equipping the

clinic with all the necessary facilities.

Men FGD session

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4,2.3. .Demsa Local Government

4.2.3.1. Farai

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Farai is located in Demsa Local Government Area and is about 3 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 30 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. The community is largely dominated by

the Bachama ethnic. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average

household size of 10 persons. The major religion in the village is Christianity.

There are community development associations such as Kauna Development Association,

Women Development Association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of

improving farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community

development thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main

productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland and river (for fishing) which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head, ward head and religious leaders who resolve disputes within

the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election from

ruling families and it is rotational, and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is

usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, politics, civil service, artisan and hunting.

Community land is usually owned by the community and individuals.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school. The average time/distance of the schools from

within the community is 10-15mins/300 meters. The number of students currently enrolled in

the primary school is 118 comprising of 68 males and 50 females. The teacher to student ratio

in the school is 1:8. The primary school has two blocks of 3 classes and pupils from Nzufel

community also using the facility. In the school there are two staff rooms, no toilet facilities,

no library and no water supply. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a primary health centre in the community with six medical staff. The source of water

at the health centre is a well, and the clinic has only one bed for patients. The communities

using this facility include Babuku, Mwamoh, Nzefel and Bushi where inhabitants have to

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travel an average distance of 1 Km to access this facility. The common ailments treated at the

centre include malaria fever, diarrhea and common cold.

The community source of water is one hand pump borehole and a well both constructed by

the community. The average distance to water source is about 200 meters. About 95% of

households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste disposal. The

predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (60%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (15%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is seasonal and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The main source of

power in the community is kerosene lantern (65%) although some are connected to NEPA

(35%). Their main sources of cooking fuel are firewood and kerosene. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no

multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no

market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care

of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problem in the community is erosion

and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include improving health care facilities,

siting of a secondary school, provision good drinking water and road construction.

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4.2.3.2 . Dwam Sakato

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Dwam Sakato is located in Demsa Local Government Area and is about 7

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 37 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 35 minutes. The community is largely

dominated by the Bachama ethnic. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with

an average household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as Women Development Association

and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities,

empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to

the economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland and river (for fishing) which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head,

ward head and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they

arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election and major decisions are taken

collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, politics, civil service, artisan and hunting.

Community land is usually owned by the community and individuals.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is no primary or secondary school.

There is a primary health centre in the community with eight medical staff and only 3 beds

for patients. The source of water at the health centre is a well and water from the stream. The

communities using this facility include Goli, Pare, Goro, Kovi, Purdang and Bushi where

inhabitants have to travel an average distance of 1.5Km to access this facility. The common

ailments treated at the centre include malaria fever, diarrhea, labour and common cold. There

is routine immunization of children against killer diseases.

The community source of water is one hand pump borehole provided by the government and

a well constructed by the community. The average distance to water source is about 100

meters. About 55% of households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for

human waste disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with

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thatched roof (60%), wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc

roof (10%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is a seasonal road and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The main source of

power in the community is kerosene lantern (40%), NEPA (40%) and other sources (20%).

Their main sources of cooking fuel are firewood and kerosene. There is the availability of

GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose

civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problem in the community is erosion, flooding and bush

burning.

The major community needs according to priority include provision good drinking water,

siting of schools, improving health care facilities and road/culverts/bridge construction.

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4.2.3.3 .Bille

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Bille is located in Demsa Local Government Area and is about 45 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 75 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the

community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Women Development Association

and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities,

empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to

the economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community

has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, ward head and religious

leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the

community is usually by selection and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is

usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is

usually owned by the community and individual families.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a central primary school. The average time/distance of the schools

from within the community is 10-15mins/300 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 540 comprising of 240 males and 300 females. The teacher

to student ratio in the school is 1:45. The primary school has six class room blocks and pupils

from Ntorong, Gadamayo and Bamusa communities use this facility. In the school there are

three staff rooms, one library, a toilet and a water source. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is a maternity centre in the community with ten medical staff. The source of water at

the health centre is a well, and the clinic has six beds for patients. There is also a pit toilet and

wastes are usually buried. The communities using this facility include Biddah, Gansari and

Ntorong where inhabitants have to travel an average distance of 2 Km to access this facility.

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The common ailments treated at the centre include malaria fever, diarrhea/dysentery and

vomiting.

The community source of water is one hand pump borehole constructed by the Local

government in 2005. The average distance to water source is about 400 meters. The common

source of human waste disposal include: bush (60%), pit toilet (30%) and VIP toilets (10%).

Majority of households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste

disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof

(45%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (30%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (15%).

The road to the community is earth road and difficult to access. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 150 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The main source of

power in the community is kerosene lantern (90%) and private generators (10%). The

community is not connected to public electricity. Their main sources of cooking fuel are

firewood and kerosene. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain having strong

signals with weak signals of GLO. There is no multipurpose civic center but the community

has a police security post. There is no skill acquisition center and but the community has a

market and a court. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to

take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problem in the community is

erosion and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include road construction, provision of

electricity, provision good drinking water and improving health care facilities.

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4.2.3.4. BOLON

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Nassarawo ward of Demsa Local Government Area and is about

9 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 40 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. There are about 2000

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10 persons. Most of the

inhabitants are of the Bachama ethnic group.

There are community development associations such as cultural Association, women

association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, leaders of

various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through democratic

means by king makers and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Land ownership in

the community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 12 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 10mins/500 meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the primary school is 500 comprising of 200 males and 300 females and

with teacher to student ratio of 1:42. There is one class room block of 2 classes in the school

with no facilities like water, toilet or staff room. The lists of communities using the facility

are Dowaya, Gundale, Ndake, Goyire and Anjufuen. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

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There is a clinic in the community with 2 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are no beds for patients. There is no water and no toilet facility at the centre. The common

ailments treated at the centre include malaria, diarrhea and labour.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole established in 2008 by the

government. The average distance to water source is 200 meters. The common source of

human waste disposal is the bush (85%) because majority of the houses do not toilets for

human waste disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with

thatched roof (70%), wood/mud with zinc roof (15%), mud plastered with cement with zinc

roof (10%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is a seasonal road and is in a very bad condition. The main means

of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor

car/buses. An average of 50 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The

community is not connected to NEPA, thus, their power source is kerosene lantern; while the

main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain,

MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security

post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include improvement of health care

facilities, construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school, water and

electricity.

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4.2.3.5. GEJEMBO

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Bille ward of Demsa Local Government Area and is about 25

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 45 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. There are about 2500 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 10 persons. Most of the inhabitants are of

the Bille ethnic group.

There are community development associations such as cultural Association, women

association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, leaders of

various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through democratic

means by king makers and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Land ownership in

the community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary and a Junior secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/2km. The number of

students currently enrolled in the primary school is 212 comprising of 132 males and 80

females, while that of the junior secondary school is 60 comprising 40 male and 20 females.

The teacher to student ratio in the primary school 1:35, while that of the secondary school is

1:30. There are two class room blocks of 2 classes each, while the junior secondary school

has only one class room block. There are staff room in both schools but no facilities like

water and toilet. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is a clinic in the community with 2 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are two beds for patients. The source of water at the clinic is a borehole but there is no toilet

facility for human waste disposal. The common ailments treated at the centre include malaria,

diarrhea and measles.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole established in 2006 by the local

government which is functional. The average distance to water source is 50 meters. The

common source of human waste disposal is the bush (95%) because most households do not

have toilets for human waste disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is

wood/mud with thatched roof (80%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with

cement with zinc roof (8%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (2%).

The earthen road to the community is a seasonal road and is in a very bad condition. The

main means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and

motor car/buses. An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The

community is not connected to NEPA; hence, their main power source is kerosene lantern,

while the main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network,

with Zain and GLO having strong signal while MTN has weak signal. There is no

multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no

market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care

of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are

erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include improvement of health care

facilities, construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school, water,

laterization of existing road to the community and provision of electricity.

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4.2.3.6. DONG

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Demsa Local Government Area and is about 32 kilometers from

the LGA headquarters Demsa and 80 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average

time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. There are over 7000 inhabitants in the

community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Dong Developmet Association,

women association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development

thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive

resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head,

leaders of various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through

democratic means by king makers and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is

usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Land ownership in

the community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 17 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 10mins/300 meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the primary school is 1523 comprising of 823 males and 700 females,

and with teacher to student ratio of 1:90. There are two class room blocks of 6 classes, a

toilet, a staff room but with no water facility. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

There is a clinic in the community with 8 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are 5 beds for patients. There is a borehole at the centre but no toilet facility. The common

ailments treated at the centre include malaria, diarrhea and typhoid fever. There is routine

immunization of children less than 5 years again child-killer diseases. The average time from

the community to access this facility is 5 minutes.

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The community source of water is a hand pump borehole established in 1980 by the

community and a well. The average distance to water source is 100 meters. The sources of

human waste disposal are the bush (50%), pit toilet (40%) and road side/bush paths (10%).

The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (35%), wood/mud

with zinc roof (45%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and modern cement

block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is seasonal and is in a very bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 1500 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is

not connected to NEPA; hence, their main power source is kerosene lantern; while the main

source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain and

GLO having strong signals, while MTN has weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic

center and no skill acquisition centre. There are market stalls, a police station and a court.

The community however has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of

the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion

and flooding.

The major community needs according to priority include improvement of health care

facilities, additional boreholes, construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary

school, road construction and provision of electricity.

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4.2.3.7. Dem

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

Dem community is located in Kpasham ward of Demsa Local Government Area and is about

70 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 100 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 20km and the average time to get to the

nearest town is 1hour. There are about 2700 inhabitants in the community with an average

household size of 9 persons. The major religion in the village is Christianity.

There are community development associations such as planners group, social group and

women development association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland and river (for fishing) which they highly depend on

for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons,

widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important

role in community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village

head, ward head and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever

they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection and major decisions are taken

collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, politics, civil service, artisan and hunting.

Community land is usually owned by the family.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school. The average time/distance of the schools from

within the community is 20 minutes/1km. The number of students currently enrolled in the

primary school is 300 comprising of 180 males and 120 females. The teacher to student ratio

in the school is 1:18. The primary school has one class room block of 2 classes and pupils

from Kaltanga, Bagban, Bakau and Kegbale communities also use the facility. In the school

there is a staff room, no toilet facilities, no library and no water supply. The environment is

conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a primary health centre in the community with two medical staff. The source of

water at the health centre is a borehole, and the clinic has only two beds for patients. Average

time to access the facility within the community is 5 minutes. The common ailments treated

163

at the centre include malaria and diarrhea. There is routine immunization of children under

the age of five against child-killer diseases.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed in February 2010 by the

community. The average distance to water source is about 200 meters. About 90% of

households have no toilets in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste disposal. The

predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (80%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (6%) and modern

cement block with zinc roof (4%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and in very bad condition. The main means

of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor

car/buses. An average of 300 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The main

source of power in the community is kerosene lantern (99%) while the main source of

cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and

GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There

is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as

orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental

problem in the community is erosion and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include additional class room blocks in

primary school, improving health care facilities, provision of additional borehole and road

construction.

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4.2.3.8. Bwashi

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Demsa Local Government Area and is about 4 kilometers from

the LGA headquarters Demsa and 31 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average

time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 2500 inhabitants in the

community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Himbaro Association, Sinda Masha

Association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, leaders of

various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through democratic

means by king makers and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Land ownership in

the community is by individuals, family and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 7 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 5mins/200 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 100 comprising of 40 males and 60 females and with teacher

to student ratio of 1:14. There is one class room block of 2 classes in the school with no

facilities like water, toilet or staff room. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there is routine immunization of children under the

age of five.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed in 1986 by the

government. The average distance to water source is 200 meters. The common source of

human waste disposal is the bush (90%) because majority of households do not have toilets in

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their houses. The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (45%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (35%) and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (20%).

The type of road to the community is seasonal road and is in a very bad condition. The main

means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor

car/buses. An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. About

40% of the community is connected to public power source, while the remaining utilize

kerosene lantern. The the main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of

GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose

civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, deforestation

and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include provision of clinic, construction of

additional classroom blocks in the primary school, water and road construction..

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4.2.3.9.. Old Demsa

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Demsa Local Government Area and is about 3 kilometers from

the LGA headquarters Demsa and 33 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average

time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 2700 inhabitants in the

community with an average household size of 9 persons.

There are community development associations such as cultural Association, women

association and Youth Association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, leaders of

various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election through democratic

means by elders and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Land

ownership in the community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 11 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 10mins/500 meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in Demsa II primary school is 350 comprising of 150 males and 200

females and with teacher to student ratio of 1:32. There are three class room blocks of 9

classes, a staff room but with no facilities like water, toilet, or library. The environment is

conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a clinic in the community with 5 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

is only one bed for patients. The source of water at the clinic is a borehole but there is no

toilet facility. List of communities using this facility include: Dogon Lamba, Mwamoh and

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Bwashi. The common ailments treated at the centre include malaria and diarrhea. There is

routine immunization of children under the age of five.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole established in 1982 by the

government. The average distance to water source is 200 meters. The common source of

human waste disposal is the bush (85%) because majority of the houses do not toilets for

human waste disposal. The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched

roof (40%), wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof

(30%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The type of road to the community is a seasonal road and is in a very bad condition. The

main means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and

motor car/buses. An average of 50 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. Over

50% of the community is connected to public power source, while the remaining utilize

kerosene lantern. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of

GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose

civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center but there are market

stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the

vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion,

flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include road construction, improvement of

health care facilities, and construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school,

water and electricity.

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4.2.3.10. Farabuane

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Dong ward of Demsa Local Government Area and is about 24

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Demsa and 54 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 2200 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 9 persons.

There are community development associations such as women association and Youth

Association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of

members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic

development of the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is

their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has

vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, ward head and religious

leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the

community is usually by selection through democratic means by community elders and major

decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and hunting. Land ownership in the

community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 14 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 10mins/400 meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the school is 214 comprising of 116 males and 98 females and with

teacher to student ratio of 1:15. There are two class room blocks of 5 classes, a staff room, 3

pit toilets and a borehole. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a clinic in the community with 2 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are no beds for patients. There is no water and no toilet facility at the centre. The common

ailments treated at the centre include malaria, typhoid fever, diarrhea and labour.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed in 2004 by the

government. The average distance to water source is 1km and the average time to water

source is 45 minutes. The common source of human waste disposal is the bush (90%)

169

because majority of the houses do not toilet facility for human waste disposal. The

predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (900%).

The road (earth) to the community is in a very bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is

not connected to NEPA, thus, their power source is kerosene lantern; while the main source

of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain and GLO

having strong signals, while MTN has weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and

no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has

no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include additional boreholes, construction

of additional classroom blocks in the primary school, improvement of health care facilities

and electricity.

Young girl fetching drinking water from a local source

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4.3. Central Senatorial District

4.3.1. Girei Local Government

4.3.1.1. Daneyel

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The village Daneyel is located in the Girei Local Government Area is about 15 kilometers

from the LGA headquarters and 35 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average time

to get to the nearest town Jabbi-Lamba is 45 minutes because of the bad condition of the

road. The village is largely dominated by the Fulani ethnic group and other minority groups

such as the Hausas and Batas. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community. The major

religion in the village is Islam. Average household size in the community is 10.

There are community development associations such as Buburma Daneyel Development

Association and Youth Development Association in the community with the aim of

improving farming activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the village. The resources available to the

villagers are their farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The community head known as Mai-Anguwa solve communal

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by inheritance and is usually done by democratic means. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious. The religious institutions render assistance to the less privileged members of the

society.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service and politics.

Community Infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary and a Junior Secondary School. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/500 meters. The number

of students currently enrolled in the primary and secondary schools are 300 and 100

respectively. The teacher to student ratio in the primary school is 1:50 while in the secondary

school it is 1:25. The primary and secondary schools have one class room block each of three

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classes, and each of the school serves five adjoining communities. In the schools there are no

staff room, no toilet facilities and no water supply. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is a maternity clinic in the community. The health center is accessed by an estimated

population of 3000 beneficiaries from five communities. The health center is under

renovation and has 7 beds for patients. The common ailment afflicting community members

is malaria. There is regular routine immunization.

The community source of water is hand-pump borehole (2) and concrete wells (2) located

within the community and is easily accessible. The boreholes were constructed in 1984 and

2009 respectively, while the wells were dug in 1990. The water from these sources is of good

quality and there are no reported cases of water borne diseases. Most households have pit

toilet for human waste disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community are

wood/mud with zinc roof (34%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (42%) and

woo/mud with thatched roof (24%).

The only road to the community is difficult to access in the rainy season. There are collapsed

culverts and bridges, and this explains the reason for the time taken to travel to the nearest

town. An average of 5753 people and 150 vehicles ply the existing community road per

week. The community has no access to electricity at present due to abandonment of

electrification project that started some 13 years ago. Most households rely on kerosene

lantern and just few have private generators. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood.

There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain and GCel having strong signal, while

GLO and MTN have weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post.

There are no skill acquisition center and market stalls in the village. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

The major community needs according to priority include water, additional classroom blocks

in primary and secondary school, Laterization of road and construction of culverts/bridges,

and completion of electrification project.

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4.3.1.2. Kangling

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community Kangling is located in Girei Local Government Area and is about 21

kilometers from the LGA headquarters and 45 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 15 minutes and the length to the nearest town is 5

kilometres. The village is largely dominated by the Bwatiye ethnic group and other minority

groups such as the Hausas and Fulanis. There are about 2500 inhabitants in the community.

The major religion in the village is Christianity. Average household size in the community is

8.

There are community development associations such as Degumun Development Association,

Fukadupwa Development Association and Kangling Development Association in the

community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment and enhancing

community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The resources available to the villagers are their farmland, water bodies for

fishing and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has

vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, religious leaders and

youth leader who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in

the community is usually by election and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership

is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are fishing, farming and politics with other

minor economic activities such as petty trading, civil service and hunting. Community land is

usually owned by the family

Community Infrastructure

In the community, there is the presence of a primary school. The average time/distance of the

schools from within the community is 10mins/200 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 270 comprising of 180 males and 90 females. The teacher to

student ratio in the primary school is 1:67.5. The primary school has three class room blocks

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and the school serves adjoining communities. In the school there is a staff room, no toilet

facilities and no water supply. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a maternity clinic in the community with only three medical staff. The health center

is accessed by beneficiaries from Gwa Kra and Garin Kara communities. The health center is

not furnished and has only 2 beds for patients. The common ailment afflicting community

members is malaria and the average time to the clinic is 5-10 minutes. There is a borehole

and a pit toilet in the maternity clinic, and there is also routine immunization. There are also 5

herbal traditional healing homes, 1 traditional maternity home and 1 traditional bone healing

home.

The community source of water is hand-pump borehole and solar borehole located within the

community and is easily accessible. The borehole was constructed in 1984 by the state

government and the solar borehole in 2009 by MDG. The water from these sources are

accessible year round and are of good quality, and there are no reported cases of water borne

diseases. About 50% of households have pit toilet for human waste disposal, while the

remaining use the bush. The predominant type of housing in the community are wood/mud

with thatched roof (48%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (20%), wood/mud with

zinc roof (22%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is very bad and difficult to access in the rainy season, and there

are collapsed culverts and bridges. The main means of transportation are motorcycles,

canoes, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average of 30 vehicles plies the existing community

road per week. The community has no access to electricity and the major source of power

being kerosene lantern (98%) and private generators (2%). Their main source of cooking fuel

is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having

strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups.

The major community needs according to priority include road construction, water and

extension of existing clinic.

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4.3.1.3. Dakri Bobbo

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community Dakri Bobbo is located in Girei Local Government Area is about 9

kilometers from the LGA headquarters and 7 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 2000 inhabitants in the

community and an average household size of 10.

There are community development associations such as Farmers Association, Cattle Rarers

Association, Fish Sellers Association, Women association Vegetable Sellers Association and

Youth Development Association with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment

and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of

the community. The resources available to the villagers are their farmland and animals which

they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The community head known as Mai-Anguwa solve communal

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by election and is usually done by nomination. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious

and community decisions are made through group meeting. The major economic activities in

the community are farming, politics, lumbering and artisans with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service and marketing of agricultural commodities.

Community Infrastructure

In the community, there is the presence of a primary school and a Junior Secondary School.

The average time/distance of the schools from within the community is 10mins/200 meters.

The number of students currently enrolled in the primary school is 400 comprising of 300

males and 100 females, while that of the Junior Secondary School is 450 comprising of 300

males and 150 females. The teacher to student ratio in the primary school is 1:50, while that

in the secondary school is 1:45. Other communities using these schools are Damare and

Labondo where pupils have to treck an average of one and half kilometers. The primary

school has six class rooms, one staff room, no water supply and two pit toilets same with that

of the secondary school. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is a clinic in the community with two medical staff who are males. The health center is

accessed by inhabitants from seven communities. The health center is furnished and has only

5 beds for patients. There is a borehole and a pit toilet in the clinic, and the average distance

to facility by users is 150 metres. The common ailment afflicting community members is

malaria. There is regular routine immunization.

The community source of water is hand-pump borehole and solar borehole located within the

community and is easily accessible. The hand pump borehole was constructed in 1978 by

UNICEF while the solar borehole was constructed in 2009 by MDG. The water from these

sources is of good quality and there are no reported cases of water borne diseases. Most

households have pit toilet for human waste disposal, while few use the bush. The

predominant type of housing in the community are wood/mud with zinc roof (38%), mud

plastered with cement with zinc roof (32%), wood/mud with thatched roof (23%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (7%).

The road to the community is very bad and this explains the reason for the time taken to

travel to the nearest town. The community has access to electricity from NEPA although few

households still rely on kerosene lantern and private generators. Their main source of cooking

fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and GLO having

strong signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There are no skill

acquisition center and market stalls in the village. The community has no facilities such as

orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

The major community needs according to priority include laterization of road, additional

classroom blocks in primary and secondary school, construction of skill acquisition centre

and equipping of the clinic with basic facilities such as delivery kits among others.

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4.3.1.4 . Koh

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community Koh is located in Girei Local Government Area under Gereng ward, and is

46 kilometers from the LGA headquarters and 40 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The

average time to get to the nearest town Gereng is 15 minutes. The community is largely

dominated by the Bwatiye ethnic group and other minority groups such as the Hausas and

Fulanis. There are about 2900 inhabitants in the community. Average household size in the

community is 10.

There are community development associations such as Fishermen Association, Farmers

association and hunters association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the village. The resources available to the villagers are their

farmland and river (for fishing) which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The

community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The community head known as Khalifa and religious leaders solve

communal disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community

is usually by election and is usually done by democratic means. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious. The religious institutions render assistance to the less privileged members of

the society.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, fishing and politics.

Community Infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school and a Day Secondary School. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 10mins/300 meters. The number

of students currently enrolled in the primary and secondary schools are 290 and 200

respectively. The primary school comprised of 124 males and 166 females, while the

secondary school comprised of 112 males and 88 females. The teacher to student ratio in the

primary school is 1:29. The primary and secondary schools share the same three class room

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blocks and each of the school serves three communities, namely; Yolde, Ndika and Jam. In

the schools there are no staff room, no toilet facilities and no water supply. The environment

is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a maternity clinic in the community. The health center is accessed by inhabitants

from five communities, namely; Koh, Jatau, Kangling, Faweire and Yolde. The health center

has 10 beds for patient, a borehole and a pit toilet. The common ailment afflicting community

members is malaria and diarrhea/dysentery. There is regular routine immunization.

Additionally, there are also 4 herbal healing homes, 6 maternity homes and 2 traditional bone

healing homes.

The community source of water is a hand-pump borehole constructed in 1986 by the state

government and a well located within the community. Both facilities are easily accessible.

Most households have no toilet facility for human waste disposal; hence have to use the bush.

The predominant type of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (80%),

wood/mud with zinc roof (8%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%) and modern

cement block with zinc roof (2%).

The only road to the community is difficult to access in the rainy season and there are

collapsed culverts and bridges. An average of 1000 people and 50 vehicles ply the existing

community road per week. The community has no access to public electricity and most

households rely on kerosene lantern and just few have private generators. Their main source

of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN and

GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There

is no skill acquisition center but there is a weekly market. The community has no facilities

such as orphanages, charity homes to take of the vulnerable groups.

The major community needs according to priority include supply boreholes, additional

classroom blocks in primary and secondary school, Laterization of road and construction of

culverts/bridges.

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4.3.1.5. Njerenga

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Girei II ward of Girei Local Government Area and is about 5

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Girei and 20 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 15 minutes. There are about 1800 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 9 persons.

There are no community development associations in the community. The main productive

resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the community

head (Jauro) and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they

arise. Leadership in the community is usually done by appointment from the village head and

major decisions are taken by collective deliberation. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading and cattle rearing. Land ownership system in the community is

by individuals and the community.

Community Infrastructure

There is no school in the community; hence pupils have to trek to schools in neighbouring

communities. There is also no clinic in the community but there is however routine

immunization. There is however one herbal healing home and one traditional bone healing

home.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed by the government. The

average distance to water source is 100 meters and the water is available all year round. The

common source of human waste disposal is the pit toilet (100%). while the type of housing in

the community is wood/mud with thatched roof (100%).

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The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in a bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and pick up vans. An average of 30

vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to

public source of power; hence, households depend on kerosene lantern as power source.

Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network,

with MTN, Zain and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and

no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has

no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, deforestation and bush

burning.

The major community needs according to priority include clinic, primary school, good access

road and electricity.

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4.3.1.6. Jerra Boyo

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

The community is a ward in Girei Local Government Area and is about 35 kilometers from

the LGA headquarters Girei and 40 kilometers from the State capital Yola. The average time

to get to the nearest town is 40 minutes. There are about 7, 000 inhabitants in the community

with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Hunters association and Farmers

association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of

members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic

development of the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is

their farmland and animals which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community

has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the Village head (Maijamila), Jauros and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually by inheritance and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious. The community is dominated by Fulani ethnic group and with other minor

ethnic groups such as Bwatiyes and the Hausas. The dominant religion is Islam.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and rearing of animals, while

minor economic activities include petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service.

Communal system of land ownership prevails in the community.

Community Infrastructure

There are 4 primary schools in the community, namely; Jerra Boyo (having 6 classrooms),

Gada mayo (having 5 classrooms), Kara (having 2 classrooms) and Abba Murke primary

school (having 5 classrooms). There is also a Junior secondary school in the community. The

average time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/500meters. The

number of students currently enrolled in Jerra Boyo primary school is 600 comprising of 400

males and 200 females, and with teacher to student ratio 1:67; Gada Mayo primary school has

400 pupils comprising of 250 males and 150 females and with teacher to students ratio of

1:80; Karal primary school has 250 pupils comprising of 150 males and 100 females and with

teacher to students ratio of 1:83, and Abba Murke primary school has 300 pupils comprising

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of 170 males and 130 females and with teacher to students ratio of 1:43. The secondary

school has a student population of 100 comprising of 63 males and 37 females and with

teacher to students ratio of 1:14. The lists of communities using these facilities are Abba

Murke, Passa Gida, Wuro mala and Fadde Jauro. There is a staff room in all the schools,

Jerra Boyo and Gada Mayo have one toilet facility each, while Jerra Boyo and Abba Murke

have boreholes to provide the water needs of the schools. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is a maternity clinic in the community with only one qualified medical staff. The clinic

is furnished and has 9 beds for patients. The source of water at the clinic is a borehole and

there is toilet for human waste disposal. The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria,

minor accident cases and labour. The average distance to facility by user is 300meters.

The community sources of water are hand pump boreholes and industrial borehole. and all

are functional. The average distance to water source is 100 meters. The common source of

human waste disposal is pit toilet (100%), while the types of housing in the community are

wood/mud with thatched roof (30%), wood/mud with zinc roof (40%), mud plastered with

cement with zinc roof (20%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and there are so many collapsed culverts and

bridges. Accessibility is usually a problem during heavy storms. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 500 vehicles

plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public

source of power; hence, most households use kerosene lantern with very few personal

generators. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network but all have weak signals. There is no multipurpose civic center, no market stalls and

no security post, but there is however a skill acquisition center. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include electrification of the community,

construction of additional classroom blocks in the Junior secondary school, upgrading of the

maternity clinic since it is serving many communities and laterization of existing road to the

community.

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4.3.1.7. Laide Danfulani

Socioeconomic and Demographic Characteristics of the Community

This community is located in Damare ward of Girei Local Government Area and is about 9

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Girei and 4 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The length of road to the nearest town is 3km and the average time to get to the nearest town

is 10 minutes. The estimated population of the community is 2500 with an average household

size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Farmers Association, Youths

association and Women association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, various

association leaders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance and major

decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as hired labour, petty trading, civil service and artisan. Community land is

usually owned by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with 26 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 20mins/1km. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 450 comprising of 250 males and 200 females. The teacher

to student ratio in the school is 1:17. The school has 4 class room blocks of 6 classes, 2 staff

rooms, 2 toilets but no water facility. The communities using this facility are Badirisa, Laide

and Bajabure Federal Housing. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community, but there is routine immunization of children under the

age of five years.

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The community source of water is a well and a hand pump borehole. The average time and

distance to water source is 10minutes/500meters and the water is accessible throughout the

year. Majority of households in the community (90%) have pit toilets in their houses. The

types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (20%), wood/mud with

zinc roof (50%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (25%) and modern cement block

with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in a bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 20 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not

connected to public power source; hence inhabitants use kerosene lantern (100%) for source

of power in the community. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain, GLO and MTN having strong signals. There is no

multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center but there

are market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take

care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are

deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include road construction, construction of

additional class room blocks, a clinic, boreholes and electricity.

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4.3.1.8. Dakri Alhaji Bakari

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the communityThe community is located in Dakri ward of Girei Local Government Area and is about 9

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Girei and 7 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

There are about 2000 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 8

persons.

There are community development associations in the community such as development

association, youths association and farmers association with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leader in the community is the village head who in

collaboration with elders, leaders of various associations and religious leaders resolve

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by election and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, lumbering, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership

in the community is by individuals.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school and a junior secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the school from within the community is 15mins/300 meters. The number of

students currently enrolled in the primary school is 400 comprising of 300 males and100

females, and with teacher to student ratio of 1:50; while that of the junior secondary school is

430 comprising of 230 males and 200 females. Both schools have 2 classroom blocks each,

one toilet but no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 4 medical staff. The average distance to facility

by users is 500meters. The source of water at the center is a borehole and there is pit toilet.

The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. There is routine immunization of

children.

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The community source of water is borehole and the average distance to water source is

50meters. The source of human waste disposal in the community is the pit toilet. The types of

housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (20%), wood/mud with zinc roof

(30%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (45%) and modern cement block with zinc

roof (5%).

The road network to the community is good. The main means of transportation are

motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. The community is connected to public source

of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain, MTN, GCel and GLO have strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic

center and no police station. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding,

deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, skill acquisition centers and

market.

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4.3.1.9.Bajabure

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Damare ward of Girei Local Government Area and is about 9

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Girei and 2 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 7

persons.

There are community development associations in the community such as hunters association

and youths association with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of

members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic

development of the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is

their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has

vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leader in the community is the village head who in collaboration with

elders, leaders of various associations and religious leaders resolve disputes within the

community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance and

major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership in the

community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school and a junior secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the school from within the community is 10mins/500 meters. The number of

students currently enrolled in the primary school is 1018 comprising of 302 males and716

females, and with teacher to student ratio of 1:23; while that of the junior secondary school is

135 comprising of 55 males and 80 females. Both schools have 5 classroom blocks each, staff

rooms and toilet facilities. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 6 medical staff. The average distance to facility

by users is 500meters. There is no water and toilet facility at the center. The common ailment

treated at the centre is malaria. There is routine immunization of children.

The community source of water is borehole and the average distance to water source is

50meters. The common source of human waste disposal in the community is the pit toilet.

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The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (20%), wood/mud

with zinc roof (30%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (35%) and modern cement

block with zinc roof (15%).

The road network to the community is not tarred and is in bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. The community is

connected to public source of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with Zain, MTN, GCel and GLO have strong signals. There

is a multipurpose civic center and market stalls. There is however no skill acquisition center

and no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning. The major community needs according to priority include road, additional

classroom blocks, water and quarters for the clinic staff.

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4.3.1.10. Karewa

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Girei I ward of Girei Local Government Area and is about 7

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Girei and 17 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

There are about 2000 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10

persons.

There are community development associations in the community such as hunters

association, Miyetti Allah association and farmers association with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development

thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive

resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leader in the community is the Jauro who in

collaboration with elders, leaders of various associations and religious leaders resolve

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by selection and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, hunting, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership is

by inheritance and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 8 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/300 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 300 comprising of 200 males and100 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:42. The school has 2 classroom blocks, no staff room, no toilet and no

water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community. Their source of water is a borehole constructed in 1984

and the average distance to water source is 100meters. The source of human waste disposal in

the community is the pit toilet. The type of housing in the community is wood/mud with

thatched roof (100%).

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The road network to the community is in bad condition. The main means of transportation

are motorcycles, trekking and bicycles. The community is not connected to public source of

power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain, MTN, GCel and GLO have strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic

center and no police station. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding,

deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include clinic, road construction and

additional boreholes.

A youth FGD session

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4.3.2. GOMBI LOCAL GOVERNMENT

4.3.2.1. Gadamaisaje

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community Gadamaisaje is located in Gombi Local Government Area and is about 3

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 117 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 25 minutes. There are 2800 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 10 persons. Most of the inhabitants are

Hausa migrants who have settled there for a long time.

There are community development associations such as Gadamaisaje Community

Development Association, Zumunci Community Association, First Aid Group and Youth

Association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of

members and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic

development of the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is

their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has

vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head (Jauro), wakili, leaders of

various associations and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by selection through democratic

process and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, hunting and civil service. Land ownership in

the community is by individuals, inheritance and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community without structures but with 3 teachers. The

average time/distance of the schools from within the community is 10mins/500 meters. The

number of students currently enrolled in the primary school is 110 comprising of 62 males

and 48 females with teacher to student ratio of 1:37. There are no classes in the school let

alone facilities like water, toilet or staff room. Pupils receive lectures under tree shade. The

environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is no clinic or any health facility. The community source of water is a hand pump

borehole established in 2008 and a well dug in 1963. The average distance to water source is

150 meters. Laboratory analysis of the well water has revealed that it is contaminated and

posses serious health hazard. The common source of human waste disposal is the pit toilet

(95%). The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with thatched roof

(80%), wood/mud with zinc roof (15%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (3%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (2%).

The earthen road to the community is in a very bad shape and makes transportation difficult.

The main means of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, trucks/pick up vans, bicycles

and motor car/buses. An average of 40 vehicles plies the existing community road per week.

The community is not connected to NEPA, thus, their power source is kerosene lantern. Their

main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain,

MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security

post. There is no skill acquisition center but there are market stalls. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, deforestation and bush

burning.

The major community needs according to priority include primary school, clinic, water and

electricity.

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4.3.2.2 .Parijo

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Guyaku ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is about

16 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 128 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. The estimated population of

the community is 2,000 with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as youth association and religious

groups in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment and

enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland, which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head (jauro), various association leaders and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually by election and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by individuals and family.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with ten teachers. The average time/distance of

the schools from within the community is 30mins/3km. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 216 comprising of 100 males and 116 females. The teacher

to student ratio in the school is 1:22. The school has three class room blocks of nine classes

where pupils from neighbouring community Tuffa also use the facility. There is no staff

room, no toilet facilities and no water supply in the school. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there are 3 herbal traditional healing homes.

However, there is regular routine immunization of children under the age of five years. The

community source of water is a hand pump borehole provided by the state government in

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1999. The average time to fetch water from the borehole is 5 minutes and the water is

accessible year round. About 95% of households have pit toilets in their houses for human

waste disposal. The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof

(40%), wood/mud with zinc roof (35%), and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof

(25%).

The road to the community is not tarred and is in a very bad shape. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is

not connected to public power source; hence majority of the inhabitants use kerosene lantern

(99%) and with very few private generators (1%). Their main source of cooking fuel is

firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, having strong signals while

MTN and GLO have weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post.

There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such

as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common

environmental problems in the community are deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include well equipped health centre,

additional boreholes, construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school, road

construction, and electricity supply.

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4.3.2.3. Mijuwana

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Guyaku ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is about

16 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 126 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 2km and the average time to get to the nearest

town is 10 minutes. The estimated population of the community is 2,000 with an average

household size of 8 persons.

There are community development associations such as youth association, women

association and farming association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head (Jauro),

various association leaders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually democratic and major decisions

are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by individuals.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with ten teachers. The average time/distance of

the schools from within the community is 10mins/200meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the primary school is 186 comprising of 80 males and 106 females. The

teacher to student ratio in the school is 1:19. The school has only one class room block but in

a very bad condition. The roof is blown off by windstorm; hence pupils attend classes under

trees and in the classes with blown-off roof. Any time it rains there would be no school. The

primary school is used by 4 neighboring communities. There is no staff room, no toilet

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facilities and no water supply in the school but the environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 4 medical staff. The dispensary is not furnished

and there are no beds for patients. The average distance to the facility is 400 meters. There is

no toilet facility in the dispensary and no water. However, there is regular routine

immunization of children under the age of five years. The common ailment treated at the

dispensary is malaria. Additionally, the community has one herbal healing home and one

traditional bone healing home.

The community source of water is a well dug two years ago by the community. The average

time to fetch water from the well is 5 minutes and the water is accessible year round. Water

from the well is however of good quality from the result of the analysis. About 95% of

households have pit toilets in their houses for human waste disposal. The types of housing in

the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (40%), wood/mud with zinc roof (35%),

and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (25%).

The road to the community is not tarred and in a bad shape. The community is not accessible

whenever there is a heavy downpour. The main means of transportation are motorcycles,

trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average of 200 vehicles plies

the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public power

source; hence majority of the inhabitants use kerosene lantern (99%) and with very few

private generators (1%). Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain, having strong signals while MTN and GLO have

weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include construction of additional class

room blocks and renovating the existing ones, renovating the existing dispensary, boreholes,

road construction and electricity.

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4.3.2.4. Bebe

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Guyaku ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is about

18 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 124 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 18km and the average time to get to the

nearest town is 1 hour. The estimated population of the community is 1200 with an average

household size of 8 persons. The major ethnic group of the inhabitants is Hona.

There are community development associations such as youth association and women

association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment

and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of

the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland,

which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such

as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the

village play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head (Jauro), various association leaders and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually democratic and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by individuals.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with six teachers. The average time/distance of

the schools from within the community is 5mins/100meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the primary school is 170 comprising of 80 males and 90 females. The

teacher to student ratio in the school is 1:28. The school has only one functional class room

block of two classes. The other two blocks built with mud have collapsed and the building

taken over by grasses. The primary school is used by 3 neighboring communities, namely;

Yilaba, Sabon Kaura and Farmichu. There is no staff room, no toilet facilities and no water

supply in the school but the environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

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There is a dispensary in the community with 4 medical staff. The dispensary is not furnished

and there are four beds for patients. The average distance to the facility is 200 meters. There

is no toilet facility in the dispensary and no water. However, there is regular routine

immunization of children under the age of five years. The common ailment treated at the

dispensary is malaria and diarrhea. The communities using this facility are Chiyana, Yilaba,

Farmichu, Gulba, Kuluwa and Diya. Additionally, the community has four herbal healing

homes.

The community sources of water include a shallow well located about 1km away from the

community and a well within the community. There is serious water problem in the dry

season due to the drying up of the wells; hence so many shallow wells are dug around fadama

area to access water. Laboratory analyses of water from the two wells reveal that the water is

not good for drinking because it poses serious health hazard. This is the reason for the

frequent cases of typhoid fever and cholera in the community. The average time to fetch

water from the shallow well is 20 minutes. About 98% of households have no toilet facilities

in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste disposal. The types of housing in the

community are wood/mud with thatched roof (90%) and wood/mud with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is seasonal and in a very bad shape. The community is not

accessible whenever there is a heavy downpour. The main means of transportation are

motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average of 10

vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to

public power source; hence majority of the inhabitants use kerosene lantern (99%) and with

very few use private generators (1%). Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with Zain, having strong signals while MTN has weak

signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include drilling of boreholes, road

construction, renovation of the dispensary, renovation of collapsed classroom blocks, and

electricity supply.

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4.3.2.5. Gudumiya

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Gombi North ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is

about 7 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 122 kilometers from the State

capital Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 7km and the average time to get to the

nearest town is 45 minutes. The estimated population of the community is 2500 with an

average household size of 7 persons.

There are community development associations such as Kauna Group, youth association,

women association and farming association in the community with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head, various

association leaders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually democratic and major decisions

are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by individuals.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with 11 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 20mins/1km. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 350 comprising of 150 males and 200 females. The teacher

to student ratio in the school is 1:32. The school has only one class room block and the

communities using this facility are Mutila and Mallam Sanda. There is a staff room, no toilet

facilities and no water supply in the school but the environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

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There is no clinic in the community, therefore sick people are taken to Gombi Cottage

Hospital. However, there is regular routine immunization of children under the age of five

years.

The community source of water is a well dug in 1963 by the community. The average time

to water source is 10 minutes and the water is accessible throughout the year. Water from the

well is however of good quality from the result of the analysis. About 90% of households

have pit toilets in their houses for human waste disposal. The type of housing in the

community is wood/mud with thatched roof (95%) and wood/mud with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred and is in a bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 20 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not

connected to public power source; hence inhabitants use kerosene lantern (100%) for source

of power in the community. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain and MTN having strong signals. There is no

multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center but there

are market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take

care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are

deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include construction of additional class

room blocks, a clinic, boreholes, road construction and electricity.

200

4.3.2.6. Jau

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Guyaku ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is about

36 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 146 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 1km and the average time to get to the nearest

town is 10 minutes. The estimated population of the community is 2500 with an average

household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as youth association and Fiter/Shama in

the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment and enhancing

community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland, which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head (Jauro), various association leaders and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually democratic and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, lumbering, civil service and artisan. Community land is

usually owned by individuals and families.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with eight teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 20mins/2km. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 187 comprising of 95 males and 92 females. The teacher to

student ratio in the school is 1:23. The school has two class room blocks. There is a staff

room, no toilet facilities and no water supply in the school but the environment is conducive

for meaningful learning.

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There is a clinic in the community with 5 medical staff and 4 beds for patients. The average

distance to the facility is 2km. There is no toilet facility at the clinic but there is a borehole.

There is routine immunization of children under the age of five years. The common ailment

treated at the clinic is malaria. Other communities using this facility are Marja and Pirkasa.

Additionally, the community has five herbal healing homes and one traditional bone healing

home.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed in 2001 by the local

government. The average distance/time to water source is 1km/10minutes and the water is

available throughout the year. About 95% of households have no toilet facility in their

houses; hence use the bush for human waste disposal. The types of housing in the community

are wood/mud with thatched roof (70%), wood/mud with zinc roof (20%), mud plastered

with cement with zinc roof (3%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (7%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in a bad shape.The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 50 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not

connected to public power source; hence majority of the inhabitants use kerosene lantern

(99%) and with very few private generators (1%). Their main source of cooking fuel is

firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain and MTN having strong

signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center but there are market stalls. The community has no facilities such as

orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental

problems in the community are deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include additional borehole, construction

of additional class room blocks and renovating the existing ones and electricity.

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4.3.2.7. Sabon Gari

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Gombi North ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is

about 5 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 120 kilometers from the State

capital Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 5km and the average time to get to the

nearest town is 30 minutes. The estimated population of the community is 2000 with an

average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as youth association and farmers

association in the community with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment

and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of

the community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland,

which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such

as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the

village play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head, various association leaders and religious leaders who resolve

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

democratic and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, artisan and hunting. Community land is usually

owned by individuals.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is no primary school as a result pupils enroll in neighboring primary

schools. There is also no clinic but there is routine immunization of children under the age of

five years. The community source of water is a hand pump borehole constructed in 1985 by

the local government. The average time to water source is 5 minutes and the water is

available throughout the year. About 99% of households have pit toilets in their houses for

human waste disposal. The predominant type of housing in the community is wood/mud with

thatched roof (98%).

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The road to the community is currently under construction. The main means of transportation

are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses. An average of

10 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to

public power source; hence the inhabitants use kerosene lantern (100%). Their main source of

cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain, having strong

signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include establishment of a primary school,

provision of a clinic and electricity.

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4.3.2.8. Korwa B

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Gombi south ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is

about 2 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 115 kilometers from the State

capital Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. There are about 2600

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Jama’are youth development

association and Miyetti Allah development association in the community aimed at improving

farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development

thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive

resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the community

head (Jauro) and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they

arise. Leadership in the community is usually done through selection by elders in the

community and major decisions are taken by voting after deliberation. Leadership is usually

stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, cattle rearing, paid labour, artisan, politics and civil service.

Land ownership system in the community is by individuals, family and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school and a community secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 15mins/500meters. The number of

students currently enrolled in the secondary school is 1300 comprising of 700 males and 600

females with teacher to student ratio 1:38, while the number of students currently enrolled in

the primary school is 350 comprising of 150 males and 200 females, and with teacher to

student ratio 1:50. The secondary school has 6 classroom blocks and a staff room, while the

primary school has no structure on ground; pupils receive instruction under the tree. There is

a pit toilet in the secondary school but none in the primary school. There is however no water

facility in both schools. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

205

There is no clinic in the community but there is however routine immunization. There are

three herbal healing homes, one traditional maternity home and two traditional bone healing

home.

The community source of water is a well dug in 1976. The average distance to water source is

50 meters and the water from this source is available all year round. The common source of

human waste disposal is the pit toilet (100%). while the types of housing in the community

are wood/mud with thatched roof (50%), wood/mud with zinc roof (30%), mud plastered

with cement with zinc roof (15%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in a bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and pick up vans. An average of 60

vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to

public source of power; hence, households depend on kerosene lantern as power source. The

main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with

MTN, Zain and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no

security post. There is no skill acquisition center but there are market stalls. The community

has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include clinic, electricity and additional

boreholes.

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4.3.2.9. Kaulewa

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Garkida ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is about 36

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 151 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 15 minutes. There are about 1500

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 7 persons.

There are community development associations such as Youth association, women

associatrion and women religious group in the community aimed at improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the community ward head and

religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership

in the community is both by election and inheritance, and major decisions are taken by

collective action. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, paid labour, artisan, politics and civil service. Land ownership

system in the community is by families.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community. The average time/distance of the schools from

within the community is 15mins/500meters. The number of students currently enrolled in the

primary school is 126 comprising of 56 males and 70 females, and with teacher to student

ratio 1:18. The primary school has one classroom block of 2 classes, a staff room, and two

toilets for human waste disposal. There is however no water facility in the school. The lists of

communities using this facility are Fwahar, Kallewa and Mbewa. The environment is

conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there is however routine immunization. There are two

traditional maternity homes.

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The community source of water is a stream. Laboratory analysis of the water reveals that it is

polluted and not good for human consumption, and this may be the reason for cases of water

borne diseases in the community. The average distance to water source is 1km and the

average time to water source is 20 minutes. The common sources of human waste disposal

are pit toilet (60%) and bush (40%), while the types of housing in the community are

wood/mud with thatched roof (20%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with

cement with zinc roof (65%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in a bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, buses, trekking, bicycles and pick up vans. An average of 60

vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to

public source of power; hence, households depend on kerosene lantern (90%) and private

generators (10%) as source of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with MTN, Zain and GLO having strong signals. There is

no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no

market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care

of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are

erosion, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include construction of additional

classroom blocks in the primary school, water and road construction.

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4.3.2.10. Barda

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

This community is located in Gabun ward of Gombi Local Government Area and is about 40

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Gombi and 146 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The length of road to the nearest town is 5km and the average time to get to the nearest

town is 45 minutes. The estimated population of the community is 3000 with an average

household size of 10 persons.

There are community development associations such as Fadama Users Association, Miyetti

Allah association and youth association in the community with the aim of improving farming

activities, empowerment and enhancing community development thereby contributing to the

economic development of the community. The main productive resource available to the

villagers is their farmland, which they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community

has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children.

Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community development

activities. The main leaders in the community are the village head (Jauro), various association

leaders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise.

Leadership in the community is usually by election and major decisions are taken

collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, civil service, hired labour, artisan and hunting. Community

land is usually owned by the family.

Community infrastructure

In the community, there is a primary school with 3 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/300meters. The number of pupils currently

enrolled in the primary school is 125 comprising of 70 males and 55 females. The teacher to

student ratio in the school is 1:42. The school has only one class room block of 2 classes and

the communities using this facility are Kantanbata, Gwalbokaja, Ber, Dunu and Barda II.

Pupils from these communities have to trek an average of 2km to access the facility. There is

a staff room, no toilet facilities and no water supply in the school but the environment is

conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community; hence patients are either taken to Gombi Cottage

Hospital or Garkida hospital. There is routine immunization of children under the age of five

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years. There are 3 herbal healing homes, 5 traditional maternity homes and 1 traditional bone

healing home.

The community sources of water include hand pump borehole a well and stream. The average

time/distance to water source is 20minutes/500meters. About 90% of households do not have

toilet facilities in their houses; hence use the bush for human waste disposal. The types of

housing in the community include; wood/mud with thatched roof (75%), wood/mud with zinc

roof (20%) and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in a bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trucks/pick up vans, trekking, bicycles and motor car/buses.

An average of 250 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is

not connected to public power source; hence inhabitants use kerosene lantern (100%) for

source of power in the community. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the

availability of GSM network, with Zain and MTN having strong signals, while GLO has

weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center but there are market stalls. The community has no facilities such as

orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental

problems in the community are deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include construction of additional class

room blocks, a clinic, boreholes, road construction and electricity.

Community needs assessment session

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4.3.3. Fufore Local Government

4.3.3.1.. Belichiuti

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Beti ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 7

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 29 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 20 minutes. There are about 2800 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 12 persons.

Belichiuti development association is a community development association with the aim of

improving farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community

development thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main

productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on

for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons,

widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important

role in community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the

community head (Lawan) and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance and major

decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, cattle rearing, hunting and civil service. Land

ownership in the community is by individuals and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 4 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/500meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 500 comprising of 300 males and 200 females, and with

teacher to student ratio 1:125, while that of the secondary school is 1:30. The school has one

class room block. There is a staff room in the school but no toilet and water facilities. The

environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a clinic in the community with 2 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

are no beds for patients. The source of water at the clinic is a borehole but there is no toilet

facility for human waste disposal. The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. The

average distance to facility by user is 300meters.

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The community sources of water are two hand pump boreholes constructed in 1992 and

2008 by the local government and are functional. The average distance to water source is 100

meters. The common source of human waste disposal is pit toilet (100%), while the types of

housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (80%), wood/mud with zinc roof

(10%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (6%) and modern cement block with zinc

roof (4%).

The earthen road to the community is in a very bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 40 vehicles

plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public

source of power; hence, their main power source is kerosene lantern, while that of cooking

fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN, Zain and GLO having

strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security post. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include improvement of health care

facilities, construction of additional classroom blocks in the primary school, water,

laterization of existing road to the community and provision of electricity.

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4.3.3.2. Wuro Sham

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Mayo-Inne ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about

95 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 61 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 2000

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There is a community development association in the community with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development

thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive

resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their

livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and

the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in

community development activities. The main leaders in the community are the community

head (Jauro) and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they

arise. Leadership in the community is usually by election and major decisions are taken

collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan, cattle rearing, hunting and civil service. Land

ownership in the community is by individuals.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 8 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 20mins/1000meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 123 comprising of 75 males and 48 females, and with

teacher to student ratio 1:15. The school has two classroom blocks. There is a staff room and

a toilet in the in the school but no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful

learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there are 10 herbal healing homes and 1 herbal bone

healing home.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole and a well. The average distance to

water source is 100 meters. The sources of human waste disposal are pit toilet (40%) and

bush (60%); while the types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof

(80%), wood/mud with zinc roof (10%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (6%) and

modern cement block with zinc roof (4%).

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The earth road to the community is in a very bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 35 vehicles

plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public

source of power; hence, households use kerosene lantern, while the main source of cooking

fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN and Zain having strong

signals, while GLO has weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center but there is police

station. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include portable water, electrification of

the community and clinic.

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4.3.3.3. Wuro Ardo

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Beti ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 12

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 16 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 2800 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 10 persons.

The youth development association of the community is aimed at improving farming

activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development thereby

contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive resource

available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly depend on for their livelihood.

The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled persons, widows and the less

privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an important role in community

development activities. The main leaders in the community are the community head (Jauro)

and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise.

Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance and major decisions are taken

collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, cattle rearing and civil service. Land ownership system in the

community is by individuals, inheritance and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 21 teachers. The average time/distance of

the school from within the community is 15mins/600meters. The number of students

currently enrolled in the primary school is 200 comprising of 120 males and 80 females, and

with teacher to student ratio 1:10. The school has two classroom blocks and a staff room.

There are however no toilet and no water facilities. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is a clinic in the community with 6 medical staff. The clinic is not furnished and there

is only one bed for patients. The source of water at the clinic is a borehole and there is also a

pit toilet for human waste disposal. The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. The

average distance to facility by user is 500meters. There are two herbal healing homes and one

traditional bone healing home.

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The community sources of water are hand pump borehole constructed in 2003 and a well

dug in 1081. The average distance to water source is 200 meters. The water in these sources

are available all year round. The common sources of human waste disposal are pit toilet

(85%) and bush (15%). while the types of housing in the community are wood/mud with

thatched roof (70%), wood/mud with zinc roof (25%) and mud plastered with cement with

zinc roof (5%).

The earthen road to the community is in a good condition. The main means of transportation

are motorcycles, trekking and bicycles. An average of 40 vehicles plies the existing

community road per week. About 50% of the community is connected to public source of

power; while half of the community depends on kerosene lantern as power source. The main

source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN,

Zain and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no security

post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and

bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include provision of additional boreholes,

supplying medical facilities at the clinic and construction of additional classroom blocks in

the primary school.

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4.3.3.4. Wuro-Mallum

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located Ribadu Ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 10

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 55 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 45 minutes. There are about 3000 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 10 persons.

There are community development association in the community with the aim of improving

farming activities, empowerment of members and enhancing community development

thereby contributing to the economic development of the community. The main productive

resources available to the villagers are their farmland and river (fishing) which they highly

depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled

persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an

important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the community are

the district head, community head (Mai-Anguwa) and religious leaders who resolve disputes

within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is through

inheritance from the ruling class and major decisions are taken by collective decision.

Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing, with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, cattle rearing, paid labour, hunting, politics and

civil service. Land ownership system in the community is mainly the communal type.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 5 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/200meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 420 comprising of 120 males and 300 females with teacher to student

ratio of 1:84. The school has 3 class room blocks of 6 classes, a staff room, 4 pit toilets and a

borehole. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there is however routine immunization. The

community has functional hand pump borehole (provided by LEEMP) that supply their water

need. The average distance to water source is 100 meters and the water from this source is

available all year round. The common source of human waste disposal is the pit toilet

(100%). while the types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof

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(50%), wood/mud with zinc roof (30%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (10%)

modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and requires rehabilitation. The main means

of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, buses, bicycles and pick up vans. About 100

vehicles plies the existing community road per week. About 30% of households in the

community are connected to public source of power, while the remaining 70% either use

kerosene lantern or private generators. Their main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There

is the availability of GSM network, with MTN having strong signal. There is no multipurpose

civic center and no security post. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding,

deforestation and poaching.

The major community needs according to priority include clinic, construction of additional

classroom blocks in primary school and road construction.

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4.3.3.5. Dulo BwatiyeSocioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Ribadu ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 21

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 54 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 40 minutes. There are about 1500 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 8 persons.

The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly

depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled

persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an

important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the community are

the village head, the elders and religious leaders who resolve disputes within the community

whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually by inheritance and major

decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activities in the community are farming and fishing with other minor

economic activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and civil service. Land ownership

in the community is by family and the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 5 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/100meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the primary school is 200 comprising of 90 males and 110 females, and with

teacher to student ratio 1:40. The school has two classroom blocks of 5 classrooms. There is a

no staff room and no toilet facilities in the school. The environment is conducive for

meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 3 staff. The building is dilapidated with no beds

for patients and no toilet facility. The average distance to facility by users is 300meters and

the common ailments treated at the centre are malaria, cold and typhoid fever.

The community source of water is river Benue and a well. The main source of human waste

disposal is the bush (95%) because households do not have toilet facility in their houses. The

types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (50%), wood/mud with

zinc roof (30%) and mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (20%).

The earth road to the community is in a very bad condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, canoes and bicycles. An average of 20 vehicles plies

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the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to public source of

power; hence, households use kerosene lantern, while the main source of cooking fuel is

firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with MTN, GLO and Zain having strong

signals. There is no multipurpose civic center but there is a police station. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion, flooding and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include portable water, additional

classroom blocks in the primary school, electricity, good road network and renovating and

stocking the dispensary with all the necessary equipment.

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4.3.3.6. Muninga

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Gurin ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 34

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 60 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

The average time to get to the nearest town is 30 minutes. There are about 6309 inhabitants in

the community with an average household size of 7 persons.

There are community development associations in the community such as Women

Association, Muninga rice farmers association and Muninga Development Foundation

scheme with the aim of improving farming activities, empowerment of members and

enhancing community development thereby contributing to the economic development of the

community. The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which

they highly depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the

disabled persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village

play an important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the

community are the village head, leaders of various associations and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually by election through democratic means and major decisions are taken collectively.

Leadership is usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and civil service. Land ownership in the

community is by the community.

Community infrastructure

There is a public primary school and junior secondary school in the community. The average

time/distance of the schools from within the community is 20mins/1km. The number of

students currently enrolled in the primary school is 420 comprising of 240 males and 400

females, and with teacher to student ratio of 1:70, while the number of students currently

enrolled in the junior secondary school is 90 comprising of 60 males and 30 females, and

with teacher to student ratio of 1:14. The primary school has 4 classroom blocks of 12

classes, while the secondary school has 2 classroom blocks of 5 classes. There is a staff room

in schools, toilet but no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning. The

communities using this facility are Fema and Guduwo

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There is a dispensary and a maternity clinic in the community. The average distance to

facility by users is 400 meters. The source of water at the centre is a well but there is no toilet

facility at the dispensary. The common ailments treated at the centre are malaria, minor

ailments and labour. There are 3 herbal healing homes and 2 traditional bone healing homes.

The community source of water is a hand pump borehole and a well. The average distance to

water source is 100 meters. The sources of human waste disposal are pit toilet (80%) and

bush (15%) and others (5%). The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with

thatched roof (40%), wood/mud with zinc roof (45%), mud plastered with cement with zinc

roof (10%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is season and not motorable around August and September. The

main means of transportation are motorcycles, canoe, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An

average of 100 vehicles plies the existing community road per week. The community is

connected to public source of power although many households still rely on kerosene lantern.

Thee main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with

Zain having strong signal, while MTN has weak signal. There is no multipurpose civic center

but there is a police station. There is no skill acquisition center and no market stalls. The

community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable

groups. The common environmental problems in the community are erosion, flooding,

deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include road, construction of additional

classroom blocks in primary and secondary school, upgrading the clinic and establishment of

skill acquisition centers.

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4.3.3.7. Mayo Sirkan

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Mayo-Inne ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about

105 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 75 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. The average time to get to the nearest town is 10 minutes. There are about 1500

inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10 persons.

The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly

depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled

persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an

important role in community development activities. The main leaders in the community are

the village head (Jauro), elders, leaders of various associations and religious leaders who

resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is

usually by election and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable

and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership in the

community is by individuals and family.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 5 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 20mins/1km. The number of students currently enrolled

in the school is 178 comprising of 96 males and 82 females, and with teacher to student ratio

of 1:36. The primary school has 1 classroom block, no staff, no toilet facility and no water.

The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 4 medical staff. The average distance to facility

by users is 500 meters. There is no water and no toilet facility at the dispensary. The common

ailments treated at the centre are malaria and dysentery. There are 2 herbal healing homes.

The community source of water is a well. The source of human waste disposal is the pit toilet

The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (45%), wood/mud

with zinc roof (35%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (15%) and modern cement

block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is in bad condition and is not tarred. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. An average of 20 vehicles

223

plies the existing community road per week. The community is not connected to publicsource

of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM

network, with Zain having strong signal, while MTN has weak signal. There is no

multipurpose civic center and no police station. There is no skill acquisition center and no

market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care

of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in the community are

erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, electricity and road.

224

4,3,3,8. Wuro Yolde

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Gurin ward ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about

25 kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 50 kilometers from the State capital

Yola. There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 8

persons.

The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly

depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled

persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an

important role in community development activities. The main leader in the community is the

village head who in collaboration with elders, leaders of various associations and religious

leaders resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the

community is usually by election and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is

usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, fishing, lumbering, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land

ownership in the community is by individuals and family.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 9 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 15mins/300 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 272 comprising of 170 males and102 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:30. The primary school has 3 classroom blocks of 6 classes, a staff room, no

toilet facility and no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 4 medical staff. The average distance to facility

by users is 1km. The source of water at the center is a borehole. However, there is no toilet

facility. The common ailment treated at the centre is malaria. There is routine immunization

of children. There are 5 herbal healing homes and 2 traditional bone healing homes.

The community source of water is a borehole and the average distance to water source is

50meters. The source of human waste disposal in the community is the pit toilet. The types of

housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (50%), wood/mud with zinc roof

(35%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (12%) and modern cement block with zinc

roof (3%).

225

The road to the community is tarred and is in good condition. The main means of

transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. The community is

connected to public source of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with Zain having strong signal, while MTN and GLO have

weak signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no police station. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include water, electricity, skill acquisition

center and provision of necessary facilities at the dispensary.

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4.3.3.9. Bengo

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Pariya ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 77

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 41 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

There are about 3000 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 6

persons.

The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly

depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled

persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an

important role in community development activities. The head of the community is the Ardo

who in collaboration with elders, leaders of various associations and religious leaders resolve

disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the community is usually

by inheritance and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is usually stable and

harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, fishing, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership in the

community is the communal type.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 6 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/300 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 170 comprising of 100 males and70 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:29. The primary school has 3 classroom blocks of 6 classes, no staff room,

no toilet facility and no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is a dispensary in the community with 6 medical staff. The average distance to facility

by users is 1km. There is no water at the center, no toilet facility and only one bed for

patients. The common ailments treated at the centre are diarrhea and malaria. There is routine

immunization of children.

The community source of water is a borehole and a well. The average distance to water

source is 400meters. The sources of human waste disposal in the community are the pit toilet

(45%) and the bush (55%). The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with

thatched roof (30%), wood/mud with zinc roof (25%), mud plastered with cement with zinc

roof (35%) and modern cement block with zinc roof (10%).

227

The road to the community is not tarred and is in very deplorable condition. The main means

of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. The community is not

connected to public source of power. The main source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is

the availability of GSM network, with Zain having strong signal, while MTN and GLO have

weak signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no police station. There is no skill

acquisition center and no market stalls. The community has no facilities such as orphanages,

charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The common environmental problems in

the community are erosion, flooding, deforestation and bush burning.

The major community needs according to priority include electricity, functional clinic,

additional classroom blocks in the primary school and road construction.

228

4.3.3.10. Wailare

Socioeconomic and Demographic characteristics of the community

The community is located in Pariya ward of Fufore Local Government Area and is about 66

kilometers from the LGA headquarters Fufore and 42 kilometers from the State capital Yola.

There are about 2700 inhabitants in the community with an average household size of 10

persons.

The main productive resource available to the villagers is their farmland which they highly

depend on for their livelihood. The community has vulnerable groups such as the disabled

persons, widows and the less privileged children. Informal institutions in the village play an

important role in community development activities. The main leader in the community is the

village head who in collaboration with elders, leaders of various associations and religious

leaders resolve disputes within the community whenever they arise. Leadership in the

community is usually by election and major decisions are taken collectively. Leadership is

usually stable and harmonious.

The major economic activity in the community is farming with other minor economic

activities such as petty trading, lumbering, politics, artisan and hired labour. Land ownership

in the community is by family.

Community infrastructure

There is a primary school in the community with 9 teachers. The average time/distance of the

school from within the community is 10mins/400 meters. The number of students currently

enrolled in the school is 500 comprising of 220 males and280 females, and with teacher to

student ratio of 1:55. The primary school has 2 classroom blocks of 5 classes, a staff room, no

toilet facility and no water. The environment is conducive for meaningful learning.

There is no clinic in the community but there are herbal healing homes, traditional bone

healing homes and traditional maternity homes.

The community source of water is a well and a stream, and the average distance to water

source is 500meters. The source of human waste disposal in the community is the pit toilet.

The types of housing in the community are wood/mud with thatched roof (30%), wood/mud

with zinc roof (35%), mud plastered with cement with zinc roof (30%) and modern cement

block with zinc roof (5%).

The road to the community is not tarred (earth) and is in very bad condition. The main means

of transportation are motorcycles, trekking, bicycles and motor cars. Half of the community is

229

connected to public source of power while the remaining half use kerosene lantern. The main

source of cooking fuel is firewood. There is the availability of GSM network, with Zain,

MTN and GLO having strong signals. There is no multipurpose civic center and no police

station. There is no skill acquisition center but there are market stalls. The community has no

facilities such as orphanages, charity homes to take care of the vulnerable groups. The

common environmental problems in the community are erosion, deforestation and bush

burning.

The major community needs according to priority include provision of solar borehole with

overhead tank, clinic and electricity.

230

Section Five

HIGHLIGHTS OF MAJOR FINDINGS

There is an organizational leadership systems in all the communities through which

members are involved in activities happening within the communities. Community

organisations are common in all the communities. The Fadama Community

Association (FCA) and Fadama User Groups (FUG) are also present in many of the

communities.

Motorcycle is the principal mode of transportation in these communities. Aside from

this the people do a lot of trekking in order to get one point from another. This is due

to the poor nature of the roads in these communities. These roads are in dire need of

repairs, rehabilitation and in most cases re-construction.

Farming is the most common economic activity in the communities.

The people live in mud houses with zinc roofs. For human waste disposal the people

use pit latrines commonly as well as the bush.

Kerosene lanterns is the source of light during the night hours while firewood is used

for cooking.

Erosion, bush burning and deforestation are some of the common environmental

problems in all the communities.

Road, water, electricity and schools are the most pressing needs of the communities.

There are schools in most of the communities but the schools lack basic educational

facilities like sufficient classrooms, adequate supply of desks and benches, toilet

facilities and water among others.

There is a Primary Health Centre or dispensary in most communities however, the

clinics lack basic facilities and amenities that would enable them to function

efficiently. The clinics are not maintained and are manned by untrained or unskilled

staff. There are no drugs at these clinics.

Water supply: There are boreholes or well in most of the communities. Most of these

boreholes and wells are not functional. In some cases the boreholes are not in use due

to some minor repairs that they require. This has contributed to serious water scarcity

in most communities such that some of them water from streams and rivers for

drinking and other domestic purposes. Drinking from these sources of contaminated

water usually predispose the people to risk of contracting diseases such as cholera,

231

dysentery and diarrhea This high risk of public health hazard is attested to by the

result of water samples that were taken for laboratory analyses.

Conclusion

Based on the findings above, it can be concluded as follows: Government at all levels and

other development partners have made effort to alleviate the suffering of the people at the

grassroots. However, due to increase in human population the infrastructural facilities on

ground are over- stretched. This is evidenced by the very high school enrollment in primary

schools with virtually no facilities for effective teaching and learning. Dispensaries built to

cater for less than a thousand people in the 1980s now cater for over 10, 000 people in most

cases. This is not different for roads, as settlements have sprung up where there were no

houses before. Such area would also have needs for water and other facilities. There is need

for increase in infrastructure to match increase in population.

There is total disregard for maintenance of infrastructural facilities. Once any infrastructure is

on ground the providers and beneficiaries do not make provision for maintenance and

sustainability of such facilities. This has given rise to several non-functional boreholes, wells,

dilapidated or collapsed primary schools while pupils continue to take lessons under trees and

use stones and other objects for seats. In the case of dispensaries and PHC clinics several of

them have been taken up by dangerous reptiles.

Quality of public infrastructure is another case. Contractors and other project providers

deliberately use low quality materials to execute government projects. This has left several

laudable projects non-functional shortly after such projects are commissioned.

Recommendations

There are community based organisations in every community. These organisations can be

charged with the responsibility of maintenance to ensure sustainability of these projects in the

communities.Quality of public infrastructure should be checked.

232

Appendix I: Report of water sample analysis.

Sample Parameter Health impact1. Dulo/Bwatiye a.NO3(nitrate)

b.total coliforme

c.Therotolerant coliform (E. coli)

-Blue baby syndrome in infants under 3 months;-indication of feacal contermination.-meningitis, disrrhea (one of the main cause of mobidity and mortality among children). Urinary tract infections.

2. Vizik (foot) a.pH

b.Fe2+ (iron)

-consumer acceptability. No health impact

3. Bebe a.pHb.Thermotolerantc. Fe2+ (iron)

-consumer acceptability. No health impact.- meningitis, disrrhea (one of the main cause of mobidity and mortality among children). Urinary tract infections.-Brown coloured teeth (no health implicati0on)

4. Muchala a. Nitrateb. Fluoride (F)

-Blue baby in infants under three months-Fluorosis (bones and teeth) morbidity – teeth mottle.

5. Zhau a.Total coliformb.Thermotolerant coliform (E.coli)

-Indication of feacal contermination- meningitis, disrrhea (one of the main cause of mobidity and mortality among children). Urinary tract infections.

233

Appendix II

THE ADAMAWA STATE BASELINE SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (CSDA)

COMMUNITY INTERVIEW CHECKLIST Questionnaire No............

Name of Community.............................................................................................................

Venue of FGD

Date of FGD

Name of Enumerator Name of supervisor

Number of participants Men

Women

Youths

Contact person in community Phone number of contact person

Time started Time ended

A. Social Characteristics1. What is the average household size in your community?..........2. What is the number of males in an average household/......3. What is the number of females in an average household/......4. What is the number of adults (18+) in an average household/......5. What is the number of males in an average household/......6. What is the number of children (18 yrs and below)in an average household/......

B. Social /Political organisation1. Type of community/settlement...........................i. Urban ii. Semi urban iii. Rural2. Ward......................................................LGA:..................................................................

...3. Distance of community to LGA Headquarters...................................Km4. Distance of community to state capital.............................................Km5. Head of community.............................................................................6. What is the estimated population of the community?..................................................7. Which is the topmost decision making organ of your community?.......................8. Which other organ of village organisation do you have? Age Grades, Dev.

Association, Unions etc in order of importance?..................................................................................................................................................................................................

234

9. Chieftaincy matters/Traditional power structure (Rotational, monarchy, Royal families etc).........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

10. What land ownership system do you have here? Communal, family, or individual?................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

C. Ethnic composition1. Major or dominant

tribe......................................................................................................................2. Other sub-group or

tribes..................................................................................................................3. Major language

spoken........................................................................................................................4. List three dominant non-indigenous groups in order of size.

........................................................................................................................................

.

D. Markets1. Do you have a market? i. YES, ii. NO2. How far away is the market from the Chief’s house?.............km3. How regular is the market?.......................................................

E. Means of Transportation in the communityCode: 1 = very used, 2 = used, 3 = rarely used, 4 = not used

s/N Means of transportation Rank

1. Bicycle

2. Motorcycle

3. Trekking

4. Canoe

5. Engine boat

6. Motor car/bus

7. Trucks /pick up vans

8. Heavy duty haulage vans

9. Others (specify)

235

1. What are the type of roads in the community? i. Earth, ii. Tarred, iii. Others (specify)2. Length of road to nearest town.....................km3. Condition of road i. Very good, ii. Good, iii. Bad, iv. Very bad4. Average time to nearest town..............km5. Average number of vehicles using the road per week................6. Average number of persons using the road per week........................

F. Please rank or indicate population by economic activities in the community*Most common, ** least common

S/N Activity Rank Population involved

1. Farming

2. Fishing

3. Civil service

4. Company work

5. Lumbering (wood cutting)

6. Petty trading

7. Hunting

8. Artisan

9. Hired labour

10. Politics

11. Others (specify)

G. Type of housing in community

Types of houses Number of houses

Wood/mud with Thatched roof

Wood/mud with zinc roof

Mud plastered with cement with zinc roof

Modern cement block with zinc roof

Others (specify)

236

H. Human waste disposal

S/N Waste disposal method Number of households

1. Modern waste cistern

2. VIP toilet

3. Pit toilet

4. Bush

5. River/river bank

6. Road side/bush paths

7. Others (specify)

I. Source of power in community

Power source No. Of households (home consumption)

No. Of persons (Business consumption)

Working status

NEPA (Public source)

Private generator

Kerosene lantern

Community generator

Others (specify)

J. Type of cooking fuel used in the community (Rank: 1=Not used, 2=Rarely used, 3= Always used)

Type of cooking fuel Rank

Firewood

Kerosene

Gas

237

Electricity

Others (specify)

K. Telecommunication: Availability of GSM network

Network Strong signal Weak signal Not available

MTN

Zain

GLO

Others (specify)

L. Environmental problems in the community

Environmental problem Mitigation measure adopted (indicate provider where applicable)

Erosion

Waste management

Flooding

Deforestation

Poaching

Landslides

Bush burning

Others (specify)

M. Recreational facilities/Tourism

Types of leisure facilities Number in the community

Hotels

Brothels

Night clubs

Beer parlours

Restaurants

238

Town halls

Play grounds

Others (specify)

N. List NGOs in the community and their tasks

Community organisation Major functions

O. Community awareness of LEEMP/CSDA in Adamawa State; i. Aware, ii Not awareP. Did your community benefit from LEEMP/CSDA in Adamawa State? i. Yes; ii. NoQ. If yes, what

project(s)...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

R. What projects have you benefited from other agencies?

S/N Agency Project State of project

239

S. Community Needs (prioritised)

S/N Needs Rank Expected provider Community contributions (sand, wood, land etc)

240

T. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Schools

S/N

Name of school

Type No. Of teachers No. Of students No. Of blocks in school

List communities using the school

Distance of community from school

Male Female Male Female

1.

2.

3.

4.

241

SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Facilities available in Schools

S/N Name of school Facilities (Adequate-A; Inadequate-IA; indicate as appropriate. N/A – not available)

Classrooms Library Laboratory Assembly hall Staff room Toilet Water Teachers quarters

Football field

Art room Computer room

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

242

U. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE: Health**

S/N

Name of health facility

Type*

Medical staff strength

No. Of beds in the centre

Equipment available (furnished, not furnished)

Equipment needed

List communities using facility

Average distance to facility for user (Km)

Common ailments treated in centre

Source of water

Type of toilet in facility

Waste disposal method

Male Female

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

Health**

S/N Medical Facilities No. available

1. Herbal healing homes

2. Traditional maternity homes

3. Traditional bone healing homes

4. Others (specify)

243

V. WATER SOURCES

S/N Name of water facility

Type When established

Provided by (where applicable)

Available all year round (Yes/No)

Functional (Yes/No)

Average distance to water source ) Km

Average time to water source

Average no. Using the water source

Cost of buying 20 litres of water

Male Female

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

244

W. Other social infrastructure

S/N Infrastructure Number When established

Provided by Do you pay to use facility

Functional (Yes/No)

1. Town hall

2. Civic centre

3. Market

4. Court

5. Post office/agency

6. Skill acquisition centres

7. Police station/post

8. Play ground

245

V. SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN THE COMMUNITY

1. Natural resources available and used in your community

S/N Natural resource

Present/Not present

Who has most access (males/females/youths)

Who has least access (males/females/youths)

1. Forest

2. Flood plains

3. Rivers

4. Streams

5. Lakes

6. Springs

7. Gravels

8. Minerals

9. Others (specify)

246

2. Physically challenged and vulnerable groups

S/N

Type of disability condition

No. Of affected persons

Peculiar problems faced by these persons

Coping mechanism

Type of economic activity involved in

Privilege/support received

From which organisation/individuals?

Contributions to decision making? (None, weak, strong)

Males

Females

1. Orphans

2. Physical disability

3. Widows

4. PLWHA

247

Appendix IIIThe Adamawa State Baseline Survey Questionnaire for the

Community and Social Development AgencyHOUSEHOLD QUESTIONAIRE

Length of interview: Time initiated....................Time terminated...............A. IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTED HOUSEHOLD:

1. Senatorial District............................................

2. Local Government Area................................................................

3. District...................................................................................

4. Town/village........................................................................

5. Type of area: Urban ( ); Rural (); Easy access (); Difficult access ()

6. Address of selected household:

Community.............................................................. Street......................................................................... House number.......................................................... Other details............................................................

B. Personal Information

S/N Question Response Code1. Sex of respondent Male 1 1

Female 22. Age of respondent 10-19 years

20-29 years30-39 years40-49 years50-59 years60-69 years70-79 yearsAbove 79 years

12345678

2

3. Marital status SingleMarriedDivorced/separatedWidow/widower

1234

3

4. If married, number of wives

1....2....3....More than 4....

1234

4

5. Is this your indigenous

Yes...No...

12

5

248

community?

C. Educational achievement of respondents

1. Please indicate your highest educational qualification

Highest level of Education (Tick one)

Whether completed or not

Code

None () Completed ()Not completed ()

78

Primary () Completed ()Not completed ()

910

JSS III () Completed ()Not completed ()

1112

WAEC/SSCE/GCE?Teachers Grade II

() Completed ()Not completed ()

1314

OND () Completed ()Not completed ()

1516

Degree/HND () Completed ()Not completed ()

1718

2. Please, provide the following information on the educational qualification

of persons in your household.Educational qualification

No. Of Male No. Of Female Total

No formal educationPrimary schoolJunior secondarySenior secondaryPost secondary (non degree)Post secondary (Degree)Others (Specify)

D. Household Information

1. Age distribution of household members

Age (Years) No. Of Male No. Of Female

Total

249

0-45-910-1415-1920-2425-2930-3435-3940-4445-4950-5455-5960-64>65Total

2. Housing and sanitation

S/N Question Response (Tick as appropriate) Code1. Type of house (as

observed by enumerator)

Single room/Room and parlour

Bungalow Flat within a block of

flats Others (specify)

12

34

19

2. Materials used for walls and roof of house (as observed by enumerator)

Mud walls, thatched roof

Mud walls, corrugated iron roof

Block walls, corrugated iron roof

Others (specify)

1

2

34

20

3. Floor material Mud/sand Cement Tiles/ marble Others (specify)

1234

21

4. Who owns this house?

Rented Family house Owner occupier Others (specify)

1234

22

5. What type of toilet facilities do you have in your

Water cistern Pit toilet Bucket type Shallow pit

1234

23

250

house? Bush Others (specify)

56

6. What is the major source of water for your household?

Water seller/borehole Well/boreholes Public tap Rainwater Stream/river Others (specify)

123456

24

7. What is the major source of light in your household?

Electricity/PHCN Generator Kerosene lantern Others (specify)

1234

25

8. What type of sanitary services does the household use?

Connected to sewage system

Connected to septic tank

Latrine None Other (specify)

1

2

345

9. How does the household dispose of most of its garbage?

Public garbage system Private garbage system Throw in vacant lot Throw in river, stream,

gutters, roadside Other (specify)

12

345

3. Economy of the Household

S/N

Question Response (Tick as appropriate)

1. What is your primary occupation

Farming Fishing Trading Civil service Technician/artisan Business/contractor Retiree Private company job Others (specify)

123456789

26

2. What is your secondary occupation

Farming Fishing Trading Civil service Technician/artisan Business/contractor Retiree Private company job

12345678

27

251

Others (specify) 9

3. What is your monthly income from your primary occupation?

<1,0001,000-10,00011,000-20,00021,000-30,00031,000-40,00041,000-50,00051,000-60,00061,000-70,000>70,000

123456789

28

4. What is your monthly income from your secondary occupation?

<1,0001,000-10,00011,000-20,00021,000-30,00031,000-40,00041,000-50,00051,000-60,00061,000-70,000>70,000

123456789

29

E. Recreation and quality of life/domestic inventory

S/N Question Response Code1. What do you do at

your spare timeRelax and sleep at homeGo to swimPlay outdoor gamesVisit and chat with friendsWatch moviesOther (specify)

123456

30

F. Organizational Density and Characteristics1. Are you or is someone in your household a member of any groups, organizations, or associations? YES ( );

NO ( )

2. Do you consider yourself/household member to be active in the group, such as by attending meetings or volunteering your time in other ways, or are you relatively inactive? Are you/household member aleader in the group?

HouseholdMember

(use roster code)

Name of organization Type of organization(use codes below)

Degree of participation(use code below)

252

Degree of participation

Leader 1Very active 2Somewhat active 3Not active 4

3. Which of these groups is the most important to your household?(List up to three by name and code type of organization.)

Group 1: ______________________ [ ]

Group 2: ______________________ [ ]

Group 3: ______________________ [ ]

G. Networks and Mutual Support Organizations

Now I am going to ask you some questions about how the community functions and deals with problems.

1. If the primary school of this village/neighborhood went without a teacher for a long time, say six months or more, which people in this village/neighborhood do you think would get together to take some action about it?

Yes NoNo one in the village/ neighborhood would get together [ ] 1 [ ] 2 (if yes, go to question 4B.3)Local/municipal government [ ] 1 [ ] 2Village/neighborhood association [ ] 1 [ ] 2Parents of school children [ ] 1 [ ] 2The entire village/ neighborhood [ ] 1 [ ] 2Other (specify) [ ] 1 [ ] 2

2. Who would take the initiative (act as leader)?

________________________________________

253

3. If there were a problem that affected the entire village/neighborhood, for instance (RURAL: “crop disease”; URBAN: “violence”), who do you think would work together to deal with the situation?

Yes NoEach person/household would deal with the problem individually [ ] 1 [ ] 2 (if yes, go to section 4C)Neighbors among themselves [ ] 1 [ ] 2Local government/municipal political leaders [ ] 1 [ ] 2All community leaders acting together [ ] 1 [ ] 2The entire village/ neighborhood [ ] 1 [ ] 2Other (specify) [ ] 1 [ ] 2

4. Who would take the initiative (act as leader)?

H. Exclusion

1. Differences often exist between people living in the same village/neighborhood. To what extent do differences such as the following tend to divide people in your village/neighborhood?

Not at all Somewhat Very much

a. Differences in education [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3b. Differences in wealth/ material possessions [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3c. Differences in landholdings [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3d. Differences in social status [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3e. Differences between men and women [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3f. Differences between younger and older generations [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3g. Difference between long- time inhabitants and new settlers [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3h. Difference in political party affiliations [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3i. Differences in religious beliefs [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3j. Differences in ethnic background [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3k. Other differences (specify) [ ] 1 [ ] 2 [ ] 3

2. Do these differences cause problems?

Yes [ ] 1No [ ] 2 (go to question 4C.5)

254

3. How are these problems usually handled?

Yes Noa. People work it out between themselves [ ] 1 [ ] 2b. Family/household members intervene [ ] 1 [ ] 2c. Neighbors intervene [ ] 1 [ ] 2d. Community leaders mediate [ ] 1 [ ] 2e. Religious leaders mediate [ ] 1 [ ] 2f. Judicial leaders mediate [ ] 1 [ ] 2

4. Do such problems ever lead to violence?

Yes [ ] 1No [ ] 2

5. Are there any services where you or members of your household are occasionally denied service or have only limited opportunity to use?

Yes Noa. Education/schools [ ] 1 [ ] 2b. Health services/clinics [ ] 1 [ ] 2c. Housing assistance [ ] 1 [ ] 2d. Job training/employment [ ] 1 [ ] 2e. Credit/finance [ ] 1 [ ] 2f. Transportation [ ] 1 [ ] 2g. Water distribution [ ] 1 [ ] 2h. Sanitation services [ ] 1 [ ] 2i. Agricultural extension [ ] 1 [ ] 2j. Justice/conflict resolution [ ] 1 [ ] 2k. Security/police services [ ] 1 [ ] 2

6. Do you think that there are other households in this community that have such access problems?

255

7. If yes, what percentage of households is excluded?

Others excluded?

Yes = 1No = 2

Percentage excluded?

<25%=125-50%=251-75%=376-99%=4

100%=5

a. Education/schools..................................[ ] [ ]b. Health services/clinics............................[ ] [ ]c. Housing assistance.................................[ ] [ ]d. Job training/employment.......................[ ] [ ]e. Credit/finance........................................[ ] [ ]f. Transportation.......................................[ ] [ ]g. Water distribution..................................[ ] [ ]h. Sanitation services.................................[ ] [ ]i. Agricultural extension............................[ ] [ ]j. Justice/conflict resolution......................[ ] [ ]k. Security/policy services..........................[ ] [ ]

8. What are the reasons or criteria why some people are excluded from these services?

Yes Noa. Income level [ ] 1 [ ] 2b. Occupation [ ] 1 [ ] 2c. Social status (class, caste) [ ] 1 [ ] 2d. Age [ ] 1 [ ] 2e. Gender [ ] 1 [ ] 2f. Race/ethnicity [ ] 1 [ ] 2g. Language [ ] 1 [ ] 2h. Religious beliefs [ ] 1 [ ] 2i. Political affiliation [ ] 1 [ ] 2j. Lack of education [ ] 1 [ ] 2

I. Previous Collective Action

1. In the past year, how often have members of this village/neighborhood gotten together and jointly petitioned government officials or political leaders with village development as their goal?

Never [ ] 1 (go to question 4D.3)Once [ ] 2A couple of times [ ] 3Frequently [ ] 4

2. Was this action/were any of these actions successful?

Yes, all were successful [ ] 1

256

Some were successful and others not [ ] 2No, none were successful [ ] 3

3. How often in the past year have you joined together with others in the village/neighborhood to address a common issue?

Never [ ] 1Once [ ] 2A couple of times [ ] 3Frequently [ ] 4

4. In the last three years have you personally done any of the following things: Yes No

a. Voted in the elections [ ] 1 [ ] 2b. Actively participated in an association [ ] 1 [ ] 2c. Made a personal contact with an influential person [ ] 1 [ ] 2d. Made the media interested in a problem [ ] 1 [ ] 2e. Actively participated in an information campaign [ ] 1 [ ] 2f. Actively participated in an election campaign [ ] 1 [ ] 2g. Taken part in a protest march or demonstration [ ] 1 [ ] 2h. Contacted your elected representative [ ] 1 [ ] 2i. Taken part in a sit-in or disruption of government meetings/ offices [ ] 1 [ ] 2j. Talked with other people in your area about a problem [ ] 1 [ ] 2k. Notified the court or police about a problem [ ] 1 [ ] 2l. Made a monetary or

in-kind donation [ ] 1 [ ] 2m. Volunteered for a charitable organization [ ] 1 [ ] 2

257

5. Have you been approached by someone personally during the last three years who asked you to do any of the following:

Yes Noa. Vote in the elections [ ] 1 [ ] 2b. Actively participate in an association [ ] 1 [ ] 2c. Make a personal contact with an influential person [ ] 1 [ ] 2d. Make the media interested in a problem [ ] 1 [ ] 2e. Actively participate in an information campaign [ ] 1 [ ] 2f. Actively participate in an election campaign [ ] 1 [ ] 2g. Take part in a protest march or demonstration [ ] 1 [ ] 2h. Contact your elected representative [ ] 1 [ ] 2i. Take part in a sit-in or disruption of government meetings/offices [ ] 1 [ ] 2j. Talk with other people in your area about a problem [ ] 1 [ ] 2k. Notify the court or police about a problem [ ] 1 [ ] 2l. Make a monetary or in-kind donation [ ] 1 [ ] 2m. Volunteer for a charitable organization [ ] 1 [ ] 2

6. If some decision related to a development project needed to be made in this village/neighborhood, do you think the entire village/neighborhood would be called upon to decide or would the community leaders make the decision themselves?

The community leaders would decide [ ] 1The whole village/neighborhood would be called [ ] 2

7. Overall, how would you rate the spirit of participation in this village/neighborhood?

Very low [ ] 1Low [ ] 2Average [ ] 3High [ ] 4Very high [ ] 5

8. How much influence do you think people like yourself can have in making this village/neighborhood a better place to live?

A lot [ ] 1Some [ ] 2Not very much [ ] 3None [ ] 4

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J. Conflict Resolution

1. In your opinion, is this village/neighborhood generally peaceful or conflictive?

Peaceful [ ] 1Conflictive [ ] 2

2. Compared with other villages/neighborhoods, is there more or less conflict in this village/neighborhood?

More [ ] 1The same [ ] 2Less [ ] 3

3. Do people in this village/neighborhood contribute time and money toward common development goals?

They contribute some or a lot. [ ] 1They contribute very little or nothing. [ ] 2

4. Compared with other villages/neighborhoods, to what extent do people of this village/neighborhood contribute time and money toward common development goals?

They contribute less than other villages/ neighborhoods. [ ] 1They contribute about the same as other villages/neighborhoods. [ ] 2They contribute more than other villages/neighborhoods. [ ] 3

5. Are the relationships among people in this village/neighborhood generally harmonious or disagreeable?

Harmonious [ ] 1Disagreeable [ ] 2

6. Compared with other villages/neighborhoods, are the relationships among people in this village/neighborhood more harmonious, the same, or less harmonious than other villages/neighborhoods?

More harmonious [ ] 1The same [ ] 2Less harmonious [ ] 3

7. Suppose two people in this village/neighborhood had a fairly serious dispute with each other. Who do you think would primarily help resolve the dispute?

No one; people work it out between themselves [ ] 1Family/household members [ ] 2Neighbors [ ] 3Community leaders [ ] 4Religious leaders [ ] 5Judicial leaders [ ] 6Other (specify) [ ] 7

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