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Operational Forecasting in Africa: Advances, Challenges and Users Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency
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Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

May 22, 2020

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Page 1: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Operational Forecasting in Africa: Advances, Challenges and  Users 

Aïda Diongue Niang

Senegal Meteorological Agency

Page 2: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Introduction 

Weather Forecasting is not a purely standardized  process, It depends on Forecast Range, Region of interest, tools available,  forecaster’s experience  gained with day to day practice in a weather forecasting service, technical working environment However a standard succession of basic tasks can be drawn:

Page 3: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Verification

Analysis of the current meteorological situation

observations Model analyses

Examination of the Future Evolution of the

atmosphere and choice of the most likely scenario

one or more Deterministic Models outputs: poor’s man

ensemble

Ensemble prediction Systems,

single or multi-model

Experience Monitoring and

Updating

Description of the evolution of the atmosphere and the

expected weather

Distribution of products to end-users

Decision on issuing warning in case of severe

weather

Weather Forecasting: Forcaster’s tasks 

Page 4: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Advances in Op. Weather Forecasting

• Tremendous advances have been achieved in operational Weather Forecasting thanks to: 1. The development  of NWP models,  since the first 

operational numerical model in 1955 (BarotropicModel of Charney)  

2. The deployment of  more observing systems and particularly development of  satellite remote sense observations.

3. Cooperation for operational activities coordinated by the World  Meteorological Organization

Page 5: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

(May 2008) 5

(ECMWF)NWP

Page 6: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Cooperation: Schematic  view  of  WMO GTS and GDPFS 

• Operational Weather forecasting needs rapid circulation of data in real to near‐real‐time: – Operational data to  be made available to NWP centres to construct

the  initial state – Model outputs to be made available to forecasting services to perform

operational forecasting or operational limited area modelling

Bottom-up Cascading Principle Top-down Cascading Principle

Page 7: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

RTH, CRT

NMC, CMN

Centre in other region

MTN circuit, circuit RPT

Regional circuit

Interregional circuit

Djibouti

Cotonou

Moscow

New Delhi

Jeddah

Lusaka

Maseru

Maputo

Harare

New Amsterdam

Manzini

Moroni

Kigali

Dar Es Salaam

KinshasaLuanda

Windhoek

Lilongwe Mauritius

Entebbe

Douala

Lagos

N'djamena

CairoTripoli

Ouagadougou

Bamako

Abidjan

Accra

Nouakchott

Canary

Banjul

Bissau

Freetown

Monrovia

Conakry

Sal

Malabo

MadridRome

WesternSahara

Khartoum

Tunis

Ascension

St. Helena

Sao Tome

Kerguelen

Addis Ababa

64

9.6

4.8

0.05

DCP

NOvia Exeter

NI

NI

via Toulouse(64)

NI

NI 9.6

64

9.6

0.075NI

0.05AFTN

1.2

19.2

1.2

0.05

NI

19.2

0.05AFTN

1.2

19.2

0.05 NI

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

9.6 0.1

DCP19.2

4.8

33.6

NO

33.6

1.2

1.2

2.4

64

1.2

34.8

64

19.2

NI

19.2

NI

NI

0.075

0.05

0.05

NI2.4

Casablanca0.05

0.05

BujumburaNO

19.2

19.2

0.075

9.6

Libreville

Offenbach

Bangui

64

via Toulouse

via Toulouse

Washington

Toulouse

Gaberone

Algiers

Asmara

Lome

64

0.05

Toulouse

64

Brazzaville

19.2

Antananarivo

St Denis

Pretoria

9.6

NI

Mogadiscio

19.2 NiameyDakar

Nairobi

NI

NI

NI Not implementedNO Not operational IX.2005

0.05

1.2

1.2

642.42.4

Seychelles

19.2

9.6

9.6

9.6 Via Internet64

64

64

NI

NI

email

64

9.6

GTS at Regional Level 

Page 8: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Advances in AfricaAfrican National Met. Services have free access to  some global model products through Eumetcast (e.g. ECMWF, UK) or  Internet  (e.g. GFS) to facilitateoperational weather forecasting. Forecasters’ weather stations  for receiving,  processingand display (e.g.  Messir. Com, MSG, Synergy)Regional and local modelling are preformed in few NMS  to take more account their regional/local chracteristics, provide diagnostics needed, for applications (e.g wave, air quality models)• Pioneers: South  Africa and then Morroco• Less than ten countries running operational weather models 

Page 9: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Challenges of Op. WeatherForecasting in Africa

Mainly related to:Poor observing network,Model performance,Gap in modelling and model use, Lack of training to catch‐up with new tools (e.gGPS, EPS)  and to update knowledge (interactions research‐operational)Technical environmentLack of documentation (e.g Forecaster’s  handbook) and systematic  verification

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Challenges in Weather Forecasting: Precipitation

Measures of Forecast SkillAnomaly Correlation Coefficient(over European Sector)

500 hPa Heights

Precipitation

Potential Vorticity

ECMWF

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10Lead-time (days)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6An

omal

y C

orre

latio

n

ACC for Asian Monsoon Pp/c

Pp/c

is 24h precipitation at SYNOP locations and divided by climatology

M.J.Rodwell

70% Confidence Interval

JJA 2006JJA 2005JJA 2004JJA 2003JJA 2002JJA 2001

ACC Asian Monsoon Rainfall

12UTC deterministic forecasts are used. Approximately 180 SYNOP stations are used each day

Monotonic improvement in skill

Page 12: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

1.75 2.75 3.75 4.75 5.75 6.75 7.75 8.75 9.75Lead-time (days)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6An

omal

y C

orre

latio

n

ACC for North African Monsoon Pp/c

Pp/c

is 24h precipitation at SYNOP locations and divided by climatology

M.J.Rodwell

70% Confidence Interval

JJA 2006JJA 2005JJA 2004JJA 2003JJA 2002JJA 2001

ACC North African Monsoon Rainfall

12UTC deterministic forecasts are used. Approximately 20 SYNOP stations are used each day

Little or no skill

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Trends in 1‐SEEPS (larger is better) : a skill based on contingency tables and precipitation categories defined by the local climatologicalprobabilities 

T. Haiden

Page 14: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Model performance 

Low model skill is linked to model errors• Inaccuracy in the initial conditions used to initialize the forecast due to lack of observations or related to the data assimilation scheme

• Inaccurate representation of physical processes, such as cloud microphysics, convection, surface processes

• “Intrinsic” or residual uncertainty related to dynamical or thermodynamic perturbations on the subgrid‐scale

The aim is to limit model errors to intrinsic errors

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Challenges related to observing systems to construct initial conditions: surface observations

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Statistics for synop reports 

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Challenges related to observing systems to construct initial conditions: RS

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Satellite data to overcome lack of in‐situ data? 

TCWV (EXP) - TCWV (CTL)

TCWV (CTL)

Karbou et al, 2009

Low‐level Humidity over land  from Microwave observations

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© Crown copyright Met Office

Model background errors over  Africa in NWP and Climate models  (JJA)

Climate 20Year: 

HadGEM2 ‐ GPCP

NWP 1992‐2007: 

Day 1 ‐ GPCPGPCP: 1992‐2007 

NWP 2005:  Day 1 ‐ GPCPNWP 1992:  Day 1 ‐ GPCP

Met Office, UK 

Page 20: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Temperature offset consistent with timing 

Temperature gradient weaker in 5 day forecast 

Without sondes boundary layer analysis too moist  

Worse in 5 day forecast

Errors in the boundary layer temperature and 

Humidity 

JET 2000 exp.875 hPa Aircraft comparison

Page 21: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Model errors in “dynamic” fields: AEJ in the framework of JET2000  

120h Forecast

Page 22: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Limited area model to add value to global model forecasts?

Page 23: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Eta Desktop Weather‐Forecast Systemat Senegal Met. Service

• Automated Run for batch mode access to US NWS global NWP model output for: atmospheric initial conditions, initial soil wetness, snow depth, surface boundary conditions and lbcs

• Automated linkage to a desktop display program (GrADS) to visualize results of forecast with a GUI. 

• Webpage to enable model output fields to be exploited outsite the Met Service and by neighbouringcountries:http://213.154.77.58/PrevisionNumerique/

DMN Regional Weather

Forecasts

NCEPGlobal Weather 

Forecasts

NCEPGlobal Weather

Forecasts

COLAGrADS Data

Server

Region‐SpecificICs & Lateral BCsWWW

22 km

Page 24: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Experimental design

• Daily run from May 1st to October 31st  2006• Initialization Base 12 Z• Forecast Range 72 h

• Sensitivity studies • Controle: Kain‐Frtisch scheme (mass flux type with updrafts and downdrafts 

entrainment and detrainment)

• BMJ: Betts Miller Janjic scheme (adjustment type scheme with no explicit updraft or downdraft)

oRainfall:

Observation: Fews 24hr accumulated  (mm/day) from 06Z to 06Z

Models: 18hr‐42hr lead‐time

Parameters

Page 25: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

10km 1deg 20km 1deg

1deg 50km 1deg

MJJASO Rainfall

FEWS

GPCP

ETA

NCEP

Page 26: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

From 12N:  meridional and zonal variability rather  well capturedEta BMJ:  Better representation of  rainfall north of 20N but with smoothed fieldOverestimation of rainfall even worse

10km 20km

20km

20km

FEWS ETA cntrETA

ETA BMJ

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ECMWF data does not represents the precipitation far northLower values in the sahelian regionBetter job  in the Gulf of Guinea

ETA  ctrlETAFews

ECMWF

Page 28: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

2006 May 1st Oct 31st

1N

20N

Hovmuller of Daily Ranfall (mm/day) [‐10, 10]

ETA ctrl  (18hr‐42hr)

FEWS

NCEPMonsoon onset on Sahelian region:

Captured by Fews data Depicted rather well in Eta Model  (decoupling)Less good representation in NCEP GFS  

Page 29: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

2006 May 1st Oct 31st

1N

20N

Hovmuller of Daily Ranfall [‐10, 10]

ETA ctrl  (18hr‐42hr)

FEWS

ECMWFMonsoon onset on Sahelian region:

ECMWF: too small values, not far north, decoupling  between guinean and soudano‐sahelian less obvious 

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DAILY RAINFALL ANALYSIS DURING 2006 : MJJAS and JAS

Networks of stations used to validate the models simulations•Dots have data in JAS only•Blue square have data in 

MJJASO

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Moist convection over Mali and Senegal on 02‐03 september 2008

18.00 21.00

00.00 03.00

Page 34: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

1 Day Accumulated Rainfall  09020600‐09030600 

09020600‐09030600  09030600‐09040600 

Page 35: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

June 11‐12 Case study: test with WRF

• MCS de 11 Juin 2006 au Burkina Faso

• RDT (Rapid Developing Thunderstorm) product

• TRMM (pluies totales de 11 Juin)

• ECMWF analyses– 1200 UTC:  Strong ECMWF Trough at  0W

– Convection initiation over Nigeria and Togo  early afternoon

– MCS moving eastward  from Togo 

• Configuration with WRFEMS, version 3 COMET– Domain:  0‐20N/15W‐15E

– resolution: 14km– Initialization 11 Juin 00Z with GFS analyses– convection (Grell‐Devenyi )

Page 36: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Forecast precipitation for 48 hours

Page 37: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

24‐hr Accumulated rainfall  for 11 Juin 2006

WRF

TRMM

ETA

Page 38: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Towards nested  N‐H operationalcloud resolving model: Niger  Aug, 1992  case

Page 39: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Users Traditional 

AviationMarine activitiesAgriculture /Water resources 

Mainly  short range to complement seasonal forecast for daily activities and water resources  managementHigh demand  for Medium range to Intraseasonal

Emerging Health : air quality, water‐borne disease, meningitis?Energy

GrowingCivil protection against high‐impact weather:

flooding, dust, high wind, heat waves, marine hazards, etcNeed of medium‐range and probabilistic forecast from EPS for better preparedness

Page 40: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

NatCatSERVICE

Natural catastrophes in Africa 1980 – 2009Number of events

Climatological events(Extreme temperature, drought, forest fire)

Hydrological events(Flood, mass movement)

Meteorological events(Storm)

Geophysical events(Earthquake, tsunami, volcanic eruption)

Num

ber

MunichRE

Page 41: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

BURKINA‐FASO : OUAGADOUGOU 2009 

From Guillaume  Nacoulma, Lamin Touray,  

GAMBIA : BANJUL 2009

SENEGAL : DAKAR 2009

Page 42: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

RAI‐XV , Marrakech, 1‐8 November 2010 42

WESTERN GHANA, 2007

From Charles Yorke, 

700 000 affected persons 60 dead,40% agriculture land  destroyed  (source HCR, BENIN government)

BENIN,OCOBER  2010

Page 43: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Floods in Kilosa, Tanzania, Dec 2009 

Camp for Flood Victims

From Franklin Opijah 43RAI‐XV , Marrakech, 1‐8 November 2010

Page 44: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

APRIL 2011 NAMIBIA FLOODING

60 deathsOver 20,000 people  displaced Millions of dollars of damage to roads, bridges and  crop  (Government source)Estimated damage :$620 million, nearly 10 percent of gross domestic product (world Bank source) 

Page 45: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Concept of Cascading Information

Global NWP centres to provide available NWP and EPS products, including in the form of probabilities;

Regional centre interprets information from global centres, Prepare guidance forecasts for NMHSs, run limited‐area model to refine products

NMHSs issue alerts and warnings to Disaster Management and public

SWFDP in Southern 

Africa 

Courtesy of E. Poolman

Page 46: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Impact of Tropical Cyclone Favio

20‐24 Feb 2007

• The model guidance correctly 

indicated landfall 5 days in advance 

where, and movement towards Zimbabwe

• Both Mozambique and Zimbabwe’s NMCs issued 

warnings 5 days in advance to disaster management departments

Following the success of SWFDP in Southern Africa Another SWFDP have been initiated for East Africa.Further EPS products are being developed and tested in the framework of  THORPEX/TIGGE.

Courtesy of E. Poolman

Page 47: Aïda Diongue Niang Senegal Meteorological Agency · Model of Charney) 2. The deployment of more observing systems and particularly development of satellite remote sense observations.

Thanks for your attention