A.D. 500 - 1500

A.D. 500 - 1500MIDDLE AGES

ROLE OF THE CHURCH Most Powerful and influential

Institution during Middle Ages Brought Order & Unity Functions:1. Religious-Excommunication2. Political-Canon Law3. Economic-Tithe4. Social-Education

STRUCTURE OF THE CHURCHCLERGY: 1. POPE – head of the Church 2. BISHOPS – leads the Diocese {today there are about 3000 worldwide} 3. PRIESTS – in charge of parish {Deacons assist Priests} {Cardinals are advisors appointed by

the Pope They elect the Pope…}

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Churches (Cathedrals) were built during Middle Ages starting in 1100 Characteristics: Stained Glass Windows Tall Spires Pointed Arches Ribbed Vaults Flying Buttresses

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE

THE CRUSADES Series of Holy Wars between Muslims &

Christians lasting over 300 years Crusaders comprised military units of

Roman Catholics from all over western Europe were not under unified command

Wars took place in the Middle East: Christians vs. Muslims

Main reason – Christians wanted to recover “HOLY LAND” from the Muslims

REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES Regain Holy Land (Palestine) from

Muslims Pope hoped to unite Roman and

Byzantine Christians Sins would be forgiven Gain wealth & land Adventure –excitement & travel Get rid of quarrelsome Knights Serfs wanted to escape

FIRST CRUSADE 1095 -1099 POPE URBAN II calls for “holy war”- take back

control of holy land and help out Byzantines Soldiers recruited from all over Western Europe (France, Germany, Italy, England, Spain) July 15, 1099 Crusaders entered Jerusalem Massacred Jews/Muslims took control of city Muslims surprised by attacks not united under single ruler

RESULTS OF FIRST CRUSADE Crusaders establish Christian states in:*JERUSALEM*ANTIOCH*EDESSA Edessa recaptured by Muslims in 1144

leading to the Second Crusade

SALADIN Unites most of the Muslim world –

Egypt, Syria, North Africa, Mesopotamia July 4, 1187 – defeats Crusader army at

Battle of Hattin October 2, 1187 – Saladin captures

Jerusalem from Christians Loss of Jerusalem leads to Third

Crusade

THIRD CRUSADE (KING’S CRUSADE) 1188-1192 Attempt by England, France, & Germany to

regain Jerusalem Crusaders led by King of England – Richard

The Lionheart Crusaders did win some victories but unable

to recapture Jerusalem Richard & Saladin sign peace treaty –

Muslims controlled city but Christians could freely visit

ADDITIONAL CRUSADES After the Third Crusade there would be

5/6 more attempts by Christians to recapture Jerusalem – all ended in failure

“Holy Land” remained under the control of Muslims until after World War I

Increased Trade & CommerceFruits, carpets, fabrics, perfumes, spices, pepper (all goods from the Middle East) Encouragement of Learning – Greek &

Roman writings {new ideas in Medicine, Science, Literature, Art}

Cultural Diffusion – Islamic Culture Goes West Helped Undermine Feudalism – rise of Kings Religious Hatred – Muslims/Christians

CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY I. AGRICULTURE – climate became

warmer*Used Horses instead of Oxen*Three Field System – rotated crops*Food Production increased*People Lived Longer

CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY II.TRADES:*Development of GUILDS *Made up of workers who did same job*Worked to improve economic/social conditions*Set Standards and Prices/Made Rules

CHANGES IN MEDIEVAL SOCIETY III. FINANCE – COMMERCIAL

REVOLUTION*Expansion of trade and banking*Jews became chief sources of loans*Catholic Church began to form banks

BUBONIC PLAGUE – “BLACK DEATH” Highly Contagious Disease Spread by fleas that lived on rats Became an Epidemic – no cure 1300’s – Began in Asia – carried by

Mongols along Silk Road Italian Traders Bring plague to Europe Spreads Quickly through Europe

EFFECTS OF PLAGUE Population Loss – about 1/3 of

European pop. Trade Declined – prices rose, production

fell Feudalism Declined – peasant revolt Church Suffered – questioned faith Jews were Blamed – persecuted/killed