Acute peritoneal Acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the dialysis (PD) in the PICU PICU Constantinos J. Stefanidis Constantinos J. Stefanidis “ “ P. & A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece P. & A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the PICU Constantinos J. Stefanidis “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Acute peritoneal dialysis Acute peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the PICU(PD) in the PICU
Constantinos J. StefanidisConstantinos J. Stefanidis
““P. & A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, GreeceP. & A. Kyriakou” Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
C J Stefanidis 2002
HDHD
PDPD
Late Late referralreferral
life-threatening life-threatening hyperkalemia or hyperkalemia or severe volume severe volume
overloadoverloadARFARF
Early Early referralreferral
Choice of dialysis in ARFChoice of dialysis in ARF
CRRTCRRToror
Neonates and infantsNeonates and infants
C J Stefanidis 2002
HDHDPDPD
Choice of dialysis in ARFChoice of dialysis in ARF
CRRTCRRT
Were used as the primary means of Were used as the primary means of acute renal replacement therapy in a acute renal replacement therapy in a nearly equal percentage of centersnearly equal percentage of centers
Warady BA, Bunchman T. Dialysis therapy for children with Warady BA, Bunchman T. Dialysis therapy for children with acute renal failure: survey results. Pediatr Nephrol acute renal failure: survey results. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15(1-2):11-32000;15(1-2):11-3
C J Stefanidis 2002
Preferential use of PD and CRRTPreferential use of PD and CRRT
Warady BA, Bunchman T. Dialysis therapy for children with Warady BA, Bunchman T. Dialysis therapy for children with acute renal failure: survey results. Pediatr Nephrol acute renal failure: survey results. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;15(1-2):11-32000;15(1-2):11-3
PDPD CRRTCRRT
C J Stefanidis 2002
When to start PD in ARF ?When to start PD in ARF ?
( refractory to medical treatment)( refractory to medical treatment)
Conger J. Dialysis and related therapies. Semin Nephrol 1998; 54: Conger J. Dialysis and related therapies. Semin Nephrol 1998; 54: 1817-18311817-1831
C J Stefanidis 2002
When to start PD in ARF ?When to start PD in ARF ?
S. S. creatinine and blood urea are creatinine and blood urea are
not primary indications for dialysis not primary indications for dialysis
unless they relate to mental status unless they relate to mental status
changeschanges
Conger J. Dialysis and related therapies. Semin Nephrol 1998; 54: Conger J. Dialysis and related therapies. Semin Nephrol 1998; 54: 1817-18311817-1831
C J Stefanidis 2002
When to start PD in ARF ?When to start PD in ARF ?
IIn the absence of data it is advisable n the absence of data it is advisable
to start dialysis at the earliest sign to start dialysis at the earliest sign
that it may be neededthat it may be needed
TThere are essentially no datahere are essentially no data
Flynn JT. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17(1):61-9Flynn JT. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17(1):61-9
C J Stefanidis 2002
Benefits of PDBenefits of PD
PD still remains the modality of renal replacement therapy PD still remains the modality of renal replacement therapy
of choice in many pediatric nephrology centers, because:of choice in many pediatric nephrology centers, because:
1. it requires 1. it requires minimal equipmentminimal equipment and infrastructure and infrastructure
Flynn JT. Choice of dialysis modality for management of Flynn JT. Choice of dialysis modality for management of pediatric acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol pediatric acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17(1):61-92002;17(1):61-9
2. it is fairly 2. it is fairly inexpensiveinexpensive compared with other modalities compared with other modalities
3. it is relatively 3. it is relatively easy easy to perform and to perform and
does not require additional nursing does not require additional nursing personnelpersonnel. .
C J Stefanidis 2002
Benefits of PDBenefits of PD
1. Less haemodynamic instability 1. Less haemodynamic instability
Flynn JT. Choice of dialysis modality for management of Flynn JT. Choice of dialysis modality for management of pediatric acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol pediatric acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17(1):61-92002;17(1):61-9
3. Avoidance of angioaccess3. Avoidance of angioaccess
2. Avoidance of systemic anticoagulation2. Avoidance of systemic anticoagulation
Children with ARF who are Children with ARF who are hypotensive, hypotensive, requiring requiring vasopressor vasopressor
supportsupport and children with and children with multiple organ failuremultiple organ failure are successfully are successfully
managed with PDmanaged with PD
C J Stefanidis 2002
Disadvantages of PDDisadvantages of PD
1. Slower correction of metabolic parameters1. Slower correction of metabolic parameters
lower urea clearanceslower urea clearances
Flynn JT. Choice of dialysis modality for management of Flynn JT. Choice of dialysis modality for management of pediatric acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol pediatric acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 2002;17(1):61-92002;17(1):61-9
2. Lower ultrafiltration2. Lower ultrafiltration
3. Risk of peritonitis3. Risk of peritonitis
C J Stefanidis 2002
Thadhani R et al Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1448-Thadhani R et al Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 1448-14601460
ComplexityComplexity
PDPD LowLow controlcontrol VolumeVolume
ModerateModerate
Anticoa-Anticoa-
gulationgulation
NoNo
Use in hy-Use in hy-potensionpotension
YesYes
IntermittentIntermittent
Low andLow and
variablevariable
NoNo
NoNo
HDHD ModerateModerate
CAVHCAVH ModerateModerate
CVVHCVVH ModerateModerate
CVVHDCVVHD HighHigh
EfficiencyEfficiency
ModerateModerate
HighHigh
HighHigh
HighHigh
GoodGood
GoodGood
GoodGood
YesYes
YesYes
YesYes
YesYes
YesYes
YesYes
Choice of dialysis in ARFChoice of dialysis in ARF
C J Stefanidis 2002
Acute PD in the PICUAcute PD in the PICU
PD catheters for ARFPD catheters for ARF
Choice of dialysis treatmentChoice of dialysis treatment
Prescription of PD in ARFPrescription of PD in ARF
C J Stefanidis 2002
Trocath cathetersTrocath catheters
Their prolonged use (> 3 days) was Their prolonged use (> 3 days) was
associated with a significant risk of:associated with a significant risk of:
• leakageleakage
• malfunction malfunction
• peritonitis peritonitis
In our days very few centers use these cathetersIn our days very few centers use these catheters
A major complication was viscus perforation. A major complication was viscus perforation.
Retrospective study (1992-1995) in 46 patientsRetrospective study (1992-1995) in 46 patients
Complications of the Seldinger-placed Cook Complications of the Seldinger-placed Cook
(pleuropericard) catheter were limited: (pleuropericard) catheter were limited:
leakage (1/44) leakage (1/44)
bleeding: n = 0 bleeding: n = 0
obstruction or dislocation: n = 4obstruction or dislocation: n = 4
peritonitis: n = 1 (Candida)peritonitis: n = 1 (Candida)
Vande Walle J et al New perspectives for PD in acute renal failure related to new catheter techniques and introduction of APD. Adv Perit Dial 1997;13:190-4
C J Stefanidis 2002
Tenckhoff cathetersTenckhoff catheters
9.5 French9.5 French
Introducer Introducer 11 French11 French
Lewis MA, Nycyk JA.Practical peritoneal dialysis--the Tenckhoff
catheter in acute renal failure. Pediatr Nephrol 1992 Sep;6(5):470-5
C J Stefanidis 2002
Tenckhoff catheters implanted under general Tenckhoff catheters implanted under general anesthesiaanesthesia
16 French
C J Stefanidis 2002
Tenckhoff catheters (TC) implanted under general Tenckhoff catheters (TC) implanted under general anesthesia compaired with Cook catheters (CC)anesthesia compaired with Cook catheters (CC)
Chadha V et al. Tenckhoff catheters prove superior to Cook catheters in pediatric acute peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(6):1111-6.
TC in 22 patients and a CC in TC in 22 patients and a CC in 37 37 patientspatients
The The duration of useduration of use of TCs ( of TCs (1616 days) was significantly days) was significantly
greater than the duration of CC use (greater than the duration of CC use (55 days; P < 0.001). days; P < 0.001).
By By day 6day 6 of dialysis, of dialysis, 90%90% of TCs were functioning without of TCs were functioning without
complications compared with complications compared with 46%46% of CCs of CCs
Only 2 patients with a TC (Only 2 patients with a TC (99%) developed %) developed complicationscomplications, ,
whereas 18 patients with a CC (whereas 18 patients with a CC (4949%). %).
catheter should be placedcatheter should be placed
C J Stefanidis 2002
Acute PD in the PICUAcute PD in the PICU
PD catheters for ARFPD catheters for ARF
Choice of dialysis treatmentChoice of dialysis treatment
Prescription of PD in ARFPrescription of PD in ARF
C J Stefanidis 2002
The patient should be connected and The patient should be connected and start start automatedautomated PD PD immediatelyimmediately after surgical catheter implantation. after surgical catheter implantation.
Prescription of acute PDPrescription of acute PD
If APD is not available a If APD is not available a closed-drainage system PD closed-drainage system PD system with disconnectionsystem with disconnection should be used. should be used.
The use of a closed-drainage system The use of a closed-drainage system
reduced the incidence of system-related reduced the incidence of system-related peritonitisperitonitisValeri A et al Am J Kidney Dis 1993Valeri A et al Am J Kidney Dis 1993
Complications (peritonitis and hypothermia) are Complications (peritonitis and hypothermia) are significantly reduced with the use of a significantly reduced with the use of a cyclercycler compared compared with the manual method. with the manual method. Kohli HS et al Ren Fail 1995Kohli HS et al Ren Fail 1995
C J Stefanidis 2002
Cefazoline (250 mg/liter) Cefazoline (250 mg/liter) and and Heparin 500 U/literHeparin 500 U/liter should be added to the dialysis solution for first two should be added to the dialysis solution for first two days days
Initial prescription of acute PDInitial prescription of acute PD
Dialysate with a glucose concentration of Dialysate with a glucose concentration of 1.36%1.36% for for
volume of volume of urine > 1.5 ml/kg/hrurine > 1.5 ml/kg/hr and UF is not required and UF is not required
Otherwise a dialysate with a higher glucose Otherwise a dialysate with a higher glucose concentration concentration 2.27%2.27% (or even higher) should be (or even higher) should be prescribed prescribed For children with severe lactic acidosis or hepatic For children with severe lactic acidosis or hepatic failure a failure a bicarbonate-based dialysatebicarbonate-based dialysate can be prepared can be prepared in the hospital pharmacyin the hospital pharmacy
C J Stefanidis 2002
Initially the exchange volume is kept low (Initially the exchange volume is kept low (20 ml/kg,20 ml/kg,
100-200 ml/m²100-200 ml/m²) to reduce the risk of dialysate leakage) to reduce the risk of dialysate leakage
Initial prescription of acute PDInitial prescription of acute PD
After 24 hours the volume is increased by 100-200 After 24 hours the volume is increased by 100-200 ml/m²/day up to ml/m²/day up to 800-1000 ml/m²800-1000 ml/m² as tolerated by the as tolerated by the patient patient
The first day The first day one-hour dwellsone-hour dwells are prescribed and are prescribed and usually usually two-hour dwellstwo-hour dwells are recommended on the are recommended on the second daysecond day
C J Stefanidis 2002
Prescription of PD should be Prescription of PD should be individually adjustedindividually adjusted in in
the next days according to the needs of ultrafiltration the next days according to the needs of ultrafiltration
and the parameters of adequacy (bl. urea and s. and the parameters of adequacy (bl. urea and s.
creatinine levels)creatinine levels)
Adapted prescription of acute PDAdapted prescription of acute PD
Usually after the stabilization period Usually after the stabilization period 5 to 8 exchanges 5 to 8 exchanges
dailydaily are effective in most children with ARF. The aim are effective in most children with ARF. The aim
is to deliver a maximum clearance to compensate the is to deliver a maximum clearance to compensate the
catabolic stresscatabolic stress
C J Stefanidis 2002
Messages to take homeMessages to take home
1. Early referral and early initiation of PD is 1. Early referral and early initiation of PD is
very important for the outcome of children very important for the outcome of children
with ARFwith ARF
2. 2. PD should not be used in children with PD should not be used in children with
severe life-threatening hyperkalemia or with severe life-threatening hyperkalemia or with
severe volume overloadsevere volume overload
C J Stefanidis 2002
3. Access to the peritoneal cavity using a 3. Access to the peritoneal cavity using a
Tenckhoff catheter implanted under general Tenckhoff catheter implanted under general
anesthesiaanesthesia is at present one of the key factors is at present one of the key factors
determining long-term success of acute PDdetermining long-term success of acute PD
4. If the patient is not fit for surgery, a 4. If the patient is not fit for surgery, a
percutaneus guidewire inserted PD catheter can percutaneus guidewire inserted PD catheter can
be placed at the bedside in a short period of be placed at the bedside in a short period of
timetime
Messages to take homeMessages to take home
C J Stefanidis 2002
3. Access to the peritoneal cavity using a 3. Access to the peritoneal cavity using a
Tenckhoff catheter implanted under Tenckhoff catheter implanted under
general anesthesiageneral anesthesia is at present one of is at present one of
the key factors determining long-term the key factors determining long-term
success of acute PDsuccess of acute PD4. If the patient is not fit for surgery, a 4. If the patient is not fit for surgery, a