Actuarial Accountability in a Changing World The UK Morris Review and its Implications for the US
Dec 28, 2015
Equitable Near Collapse of Equitable Life
the UK’s oldest Life Insurer Questionable actuarial and accounting
practices related to individual pensions• Illustrations and current payments “promised” a
better return than guaranteed• Reserves were only for guaranteed benefits• Actuarial methods were questioned by others within
the profession Dominant chief actuary was also the CEO
Penrose Lord Penrose led the UK government’s
inquiry into Equitable Many parties had responsibility Actuaries particularly singled out
• Vague, self-serving standards• Poor self-regulation• Anti-competitive behavior?• Recommended a further review
Hence the Morris Review of the Actuarial Profession
Sir Derek Morris PhD Economist Head of House at Oriel College (Oxford) Extensive academic & government
credentials Chair of the UK Competition Commission
The review took a little over a year and involved extensive input from inside & outside the profession, inside & outside the UK
The Morris Review: 3 Charges
Competition and Choice for Actuarial Services in the UK
Regulatory Framework of the Actuarial Profession in the UK
Review of the UK Government Actuary’s Department Peculiar to the UK and not covered today
Competition & Choice Focused on pension consulting & insurance Found recent significant entry by smaller
firms: reasonable provider choice But – significant concentration for the large
pension plans Combined bidding for actuarial and other
services is common (such as the fund manager) Recommended separate tenders for
actuarial consulting & other services
Competition & Choice
Recommended separate tenders for actuarial consulting & other services
Is this similar to Sarb-Ox requirements?
Competition & Choice Not much switching of actuarial provider
Difficult to review the quality of advice Client-specific knowledge is important Full service contracts including actuarial Marketing is costly
Best practices for pension plans Evaluate annually More formal evaluation triennially Remarket at least every 6 years
Competition & Choice Best practices for pension plans
Evaluate annually More formal evaluation triennially Remarket at least every 6 years
Is the US situation analogous? Are the suggestions good (best)
practice here?
Competition & Choice Significant “understanding gap” for users
of actuarial advice Many just trust their actuary
Pension trustees & non-executive directors of insurers need better education, training & guidance
A Standard on Communication is needed Information & advice users typically need How to convey in a manageable form so users
can understand, scrutinize & probe
Competition & Choice Better education, training & guidance
for users A Standard on Communication is
needed
Do we have a similar understanding gap?
Morris criticized actuaries’ communications skills:
“too much has been expected of actuaries and, explicitly or otherwise, too much has been promised by them.”
“clients have looked to actuaries to provide certainty, and actuaries have often appeared to provide it.”
Morris continues: “many have regarded actuarial
advice as having the characteristics of a ‘black box’ analysis with methodology … calculations…and even the input assumptions being quite opaque.”
In pensions, Morris observes that actuaries have been criticized for:
Failing to allow for the downward path of inflation and interest rates in the 1990s
Failing to allow for the subsequent stock market drop
Not questioning the “prevailing orthodoxy” that equities could be expected to provide healthy long-term returns
Morris called for a standard of practice on communications:
Disclosure of assumptions and extent to which professional judgment was exercised
What methodologies were chosen and why Sensitivity analysis of outcomes to changed
assumptions and methodologies Probabilistic analyses of key variables or
indicators under particular scenarios Concerns the client should have, bearing in mind
the client’s capacity to cope with various types and levels of risk.
In the U.S.:
Do the ASB’s standards address all of the areas Morris identified?
Should they? Do the profession’s Code and
standards provide sufficient guidance on communications?
Regulation of the Profession UK specific findings
Professional standards are weak, ambiguous or too limited in range – and perceived as influenced by commercial interests
Absence of proactive monitoring of members’ compliance with standards
Profession is too introspective, not forward-looking enough, slow to modernize
Regulation of the Profession• Professional standards are weak,
ambiguous or too limited in range – and perceived as influenced by commercial interests
• Absence of proactive monitoring of members’ compliance with standards
• Profession is too introspective, not forward-looking enough, slow to modernize
To what extent are these weaknesses of the US profession?
Regulation of the Profession Conclusion: the current self-regulatory
framework is inadequate to protect the public interest
Three possibilities: Continue self-regulation Independent oversight of self-regulation Full statutory regulation
Middle route is chosen
Oversight of Self-Regulation Recommended that the Financial
Reporting Council (FRC) take on oversight of the actuarial profession
• Note that FRC already oversees accounting profession in the UK
Five areas of oversight Education and Continuing Ed requirements Reserved (statutory) roles for actuaries Professional & ethical standards Monitoring compliance Discipline
Education Concerns with the current system
Encourages narrow application of actuarial skills rather than broader appreciation of actuarial principles
Not open to new ideas from outside the actuarial profession (financial economics particularly cited)
Education (cont’d) Inadequate oversight of quality
assurance• And lack of confidence among candidates
Existing apprenticeship program discourages employment of actuaries outside traditional roles
Long travel time discourages the best candidates• They can be investment bankers much
faster
Education (cont’d) Concerns with the current system
Skills vs principles Not open to new ideas Inadequate oversight of quality Discourages employment outside traditional
roles Long travel time discourages the best
candidates
Are these valid criticisms of the CAS system?
Education Recommendations
Greater academic & non-actuarial syllabus input
Improve quality control on exams Involve external experts
Expand university education of actuaries More exam exemptions Accredit departments rather than individual
courses• Allow for innovation
Fast track graduate programs to cover the technical parts
Education Recommendations
Greater Academic & non-actuarial syllabus input
Improve quality control on exams Expand university education of actuaries
Do these recommendations have relevance in the North American environment?
Continuing Ed Existing UK scheme is too
complicated No assurance of adequate
monitoring or professional “revalidation”
Not comparable to other professions’ requirements
Current UK Cont Ed Initiative
Minimum CPD syllabus for statutory roles Practicing certificates for other actuaries
(voluntary at first – future mandatory?) Basic CPD required for all actuaries Compliance monitoring
Annually for statutory roles Triennially for certificate holders Spot checks for other (10%)
Current US Requirements
“Statutory” = NAIC opinion signers 12 hours / 6 in “organized” activities Must be relevant to the opinion
Other “prescribed” statements 12 hours / 6 “organized”
No provision for monitoring except at ABCD level
Under Consideration Require 30 hours for virtually all actuaries
Actuary determines relevance Maintain 12 / 6 in reserving for NAIC
opinion signers Continue with no monitoring except at
ABCD level
US Continuing Ed Is the current system sufficient? Will the proposal improve US
practice? What about assurance to the public
that the profession is up to date? Should there be compliance
monitoring?
Roles Reserved for Actuaries
Current life and pensions roles in the UK should be retained But if others prove able to do it, the
government should consider letting them! There is no current p/c reserved role
except for Llyods syndicates FSA (like NAIC) should consider requirement
that management consult with an approved person with relevant skills
• Who may or may not be an actuary
Standard Setting Current UK system has standards set by
equivalent of AAA practice councils Current standards
have at times been weak and ambiguous; have failed to resolve contentious issues; have lacked consistency across practice
areas; have in some cases been dominated by
commercial interests; and there has been insufficient independent and
lay input into the standard setting process.
Standard Setting Options Profession proposed a semi-independent
Actuarial Standards Board Review notes that this works outside the UK! UK version would have representation from
outside the profession Intermediate – put the ASB under the
oversight of the regulator Draconian – have the regulator set the
standards
Standards: Recommendations
Intermediate choice – Standards of practice set by the outside oversight board Majority UK practicing actuaries Overseas actuaries or academics Users of actuarial advice Consumers & regulators
Profession maintains ethical standards (Code of Conduct) But the ASB could also create standards
Standards in the US Is the US Actuarial Standards Board
sufficiently independent? In reality? In perception? Membership? Process? Susceptible to large employer
influence?
Compliance with Standards Lack of scrutiny was a major factor in the
Equitable’s problems. Penrose cited: the complexity of the work of actuaries; the specialist nature of the actuarial
profession; the existence of reserved roles; and the emergence of professional norms which
discouraged critical assessment of one actuary by another.
No current method for monitoring & ensuring compliance with standards
P/C Recommendations Consider introducing a requirement for
actuarial advice as part of the audit for general insurers;
the Financial Reporting Council, working closely with the FSA and the Profession, should – within 2-3 years – satisfy itself that appropriate monitoring of actuaries’ compliance with professional standards and independent scrutiny of actuarial advice is occurring through either direct supervision by the regulator, audit or external peer review.
P/C Compliance Monitoring actuarial advice as part of the audit appropriate monitoring of actuaries’
compliance with professional standards and independent scrutiny of actuarial advice is occurring through either direct supervision by the regulator, audit or external peer review.
Should there be compliance review in the US?
If so, how and by whom?
Discipline Lack of public confidence in the
profession’s ability to police itself Recognized by the Institute/Faculty
prior to Morris Review New discipline process adopted
2005
UK Discipline Independent disciplinary Board
Separate from the Institute/Faculty Councils
Lay participation at all stages of the process
Morris also recommended closer links with regulators
Discipline in the US Is the ABCD sufficiently
independent? Is there confidence in the process
within the profession? Is there public confidence in the
actuarial discipline process? Where does the counseling function
fit in?
The U.S. is not the U.K. There are significant differences in:
Law and structure of government Regulation of industries actuaries serve Cultural expectations
The U.S. profession is very active in addressing public interest through public policy involvement.
The U.S. standard-setting and discipline processes directly address public interest.
Academy activities: Survey of membership on
professionalism topics Council on Professionalism Task
Force on Independence Continued work to address public
interest in dealings with policy makers
Morris’ Review is limited to the U.K.:
Many of his observations may be irrelevant here.
His review provides a basis for self-evaluation here and elsewhere.
Ultimately, any changes the U.S. profession makes should be appropriate to the U.S. environment.