Acts of Apostles Be Page Rich

THE

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.

PARENTIBUS OPTIMIS

QUIBUS

SI QUID HABEO

ACCEPTUM BEFERO.

> / & fe _ ' v* f , /? ^r -^>

THE

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES,

THE GREEK TEXT

AS REVISED BY

DRS WESTCOTT AND HORT,

WITH EXPLANATOKY NOTES

BY

THOMAS ETHELBERT PAGE, M.A.

ASSISTANT MASTER AT CHARTERHOUSE, AND FORMERLY

FELLOW OF ST JOHN'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

Honfcon :

MACMILLAN AND CO.

AND NEW YORK.

1886

[The Eight of Translation is reserved.]

I'tU

AOVKCLS 6 icLTpbs 6

Col. iv. 14.

AOVKCLS tarlv judi/os /xer' ^/xou.

2 Tim. iv. 11.

, 'ApiVra/>xs> A^/aas, Aof/cas, oi vvvepyoi JJ.QU.

Phil. 24.

THE COLLECT 1 FOR ST LUKE'S DAY.

Almighty God, who calledst Luke the Physician, whose

praise is in the Gospel, to be an Evangelist, and Physician of

the soul ; May it please thee, that, by the wholesome medicines

of the doctrine delivered by him, all the diseases of our souls

may be healed; through the merits of thy Son Jesus Christ

our Lord. Amen.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY c. j. CLAY, M.A. & SONS, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

PREFACE.

THIS edition is intended chiefly for use in Schools,

at the same time I am not without hope that in some

points it may be of service to other students. Certainly,

after a careful examination of the Revised Version, I

am justified in saying that there are some passages in

the Acts the meaning of which is not generally under-

stood even by scholars. It may suffice to refer to

the unintelligible renderings given of such important

passages as i. 16 22 and x. 34 39, to the less

obvious but clear errors pointed out in the note on

JJLCV ovv ii. 41, and to the direct violation of the laws

of language in the translation of xix. 2 and xxvii. 1 2.

That there is room for a useful School edition of

the Acts, and indeed of any portion of the NewTestament, few with any experience in teaching will

deny. Schoolboys are for the most part grievously

ignorant of the subject. For this two main reasons

may be assigned.

(1) Being conversant with the English version

they are able to translate the Greek with fatal facility,

and fall into the common error of supposing that theyunderstand the meaning of words, the sound of which

has been familiar to them from infancy.

3G0205 3

vi ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.

(2) Most commentaries are quite unadapted for

practical work with boys. Their fault is this. The

editors do not confine themselves chiefly to explanation

of the text, which is the first and strictly the only

duty of a commentator, but encumber their notes

with doctrinal discussions and moral reflections. Such

additions are at best out of place, even where the

doctrinal arguments are not wholly one-sided and the

moral disquisitions not trite and mediocre : in a scholar

they usually create irritation; schoolboys soon cease

to read the notes altogether.

In the present edition the notes with some few

exceptions which will I hope justify themselves

are confined to explanation and illustration of the

text. By thus limiting myself I have been enabled

to make the notes comparatively short and at the

same time fairly thorough. I have moreover care-

fully studied brevity: it would have taken me half

the time to write twice as much. In one point too

much space has been saved. Passages of the Bible

referred to are rarely quoted. This is done delibe-

rately. I know that as a rule boys will not look

up references. This is only natural where the refer-

ences are to a variety of books, and in such cases

passages referred to should usually be quoted j but to

read the Greek Testament without a Bible at hand is

useless, and it is most important that boys should

become accustomed to working with it and examining

passages referred to in it.

Allusion has been made not unfrequently to the

views of other commentators. The limits however of

my work preclude any but a brief examination of

PREFACE. vii

conflicting opinions except in important cases. Perhapsit is well that this is so. The number of commenta-

tors is immense, and there is no possible or impossible

view of even simple passages which has not found

advocates. To have overloaded the notes through-out with a discussion of the views, which seemed

to me plainly erroneous, would have made them

useless for their purpose. Indeed even now, after

cutting out all that seemed possible, I much doubt

whether they are as simple as they should be.

Certainly some of them can be of little use to anybut advanced boys, but I trust that this may be due

rather to the complexity of the subject than to a lack

of clearness or brevity on my part : at any rate I do

not hold that even in a school-book difficult passagesshould be slurred over, exactly because they are

difficult.

I have not written an i Introduction'. It would

be fairly easy to compile one similar to those which

are to be found in many English editions. The pro-

blems however presented by the Acts are so manyand so complex, that an Introduction worthy of the

name would require a separate volume and a capacity

immeasurably exceeding mine.

It is right however that I should refer to mypersonal opinions on one or two points. One is that

I consider that on critical grounds the writer of the

Acts is to be identified with the writer of the third

Gospel, and that I see no reason whatever why he

should not be St Luke. Another point is that I

regard the writer as an honest writer, and my notes

are written on that supposition : they are an endeavour

viii ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.

to make clear the meaning of a writer, who is, I con-

sider, endeavouring honestly to lay before his readers

certain facts which he himself believes. This decla-

ration is, I think, required from me in this preface,

for it is clear that the whole character of my notes

would be altered if I started from the suppositionthat the writer either wilfully misrepresented facts or

was influenced by such a strong bias or tendency as

to render his narrative continually open to suspicion.

Beyond this, however, I do not think it necessary

for a commentator to go in expressing his personal

opinions : if he does, he passes from exegesis into

criticism, and these two subjects should, where pos-

sible, be kept entirely apart. I will endeavour to

illustrate my meaning by two instances.

(1) It does not seem to me that it lies within myprovince to discuss the exact details and evidence of

the miracles related in the Acts. That miracles are

impossible or, under certain circumstances, improbable,

cannot logically be asserted except from the premises

of pure materialism; a priori they are exactly as

possible as any act of human volition. Moreover

they form an integral part of Christianity; the claims

of Christianity as a religion essentially rest on the

miraculous. It is obvious however that the miracles

related in the Acts stand on a different footing to

those ascribed to Christ : it would be perfectly reason-

able to fully accept the latter and at the same time

hold that some of the former are related on insufficient

evidence or are based on exaggerated reports. The

examination, however, of such questions is entirely

without the range of my duty as a commentator: my

PREFACE. ix

duty is only clearly to point out that the writer is

describing a miracle, when I judge from his words

that he is doing so.

(2) In dealing with the argument of certain

speeches I have endeavoured to bring out the meaningof the text. In doing so I have at times spoken of

the argument as ' clear'

or i

telling ',but this does not

imply or require that I should hold any special views

as to the method of Messianic interpretation of the

Old Testament which is employed, but only that, the

legitimacy of that method being presupposed, the

argument founded on it appears to me valid.

Moreover, all questions about the exact nature of

inspiration seem to lie outside my work. I have com-

mented on the Acts as on a work written by a manfor men, that is to say, produced in accordance with

the laws of human thought and to be examined and

understood by human intelligence. Nor indeed is there

any clear ground of reason or authority for any other

supposition. That the preservation of an adequaterecord of the life of Jesus and the foundation of the

Christian Church would be ensured by God, may be

safely maintained by any believer, and that record is

justly regarded with a reverence such as can attach to

no other human writings: on the other hand the

assertion of higher claims serves no necessary end and

involves many difficulties.

Lastly I may add that I have not attempted in

any way to use my notes to support any particular

form, of dogmatic teaching. Legitimate exegesis has

no concern with the opinions which may be founded

on the results at which it arrives. It is the duty of a

x ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.

commentator to examine the facts before him, and to

decide upon them with judicial impartiality. To the

easy triumphs which await the impassioned advocate

of a popular cause he has no right : if he makes them

his aim, he may indeed gain the cheap applause of

partisans but he will forfeit the esteem of sober

seekers after truth.

On these points I have endeavoured to express my-self clearly. It is distinctly not my wish that any one

should use my notes without knowing the principles

on which I have proceeded. I have therefore thus

far been personal and possibly controversial. From

this point, however, I believe that the reader will find

little to which those adjectives can justly be applied.

My one object has been to elucidate the text: occa-

sionally I have had to express a decided opinion that

certain views were erroneous, but nowhere have I

willingly written a word except in charity.

Of the text which I am enabled to employ it

would be impertinent in me to speak critically. This

much I may say, that, as is the case with everything

of real excellence, its merits are clear even to one

who is not an expert.

A list of the works principally used by me will be

found facing the notes. References to such works will

frequently be found in the margin as nearly as possible

parallel to that part of the note which is borrowed

from them or in agreement with them. It must not

be assumed however that the commentators so referred

to are (except when marks of quotation are given) in

exact accord with my notes: it is rather my object to

indicate to those, who wish to examine more fully the

PREPACK xi

grounds on which a note is based, in what books they

will find similar views maintained. As I am ignorant

of Hebrew, explanations given of Hebrew words or

phrases are in no case original.

I owe my best thanks to my friend the Rev. C. C.

Tancock for looking over the proofs of the notes, but

he is in no way responsible for any errors or opinions

to be found in them.

T. E. PAGE.

CHARTERHOUSE, GODALMING.

The following explanation of the notation employed in the text

is copied from the smaller edition of the Greek Testament

by Drs Westcott and Hort, pp. 5803.

" The primary place in the -text itself is assigned to those

readings which on the whole are the more probable, or in cases

of equal probability the better attested. The other alternative

readings occupy a secondary place, with a notation which varies

according as they differ from primary readings by Omission,

by Addition, or by Substitution.

A secondary reading consisting in the Omission of wordsretained in the primary reading is marked by simple brackets

[ ] in the text.

A secondary reading consisting in the Addition of wordsomitted in the primary reading is printed at the foot of the

page without any accompanying marks, the place of insertion

being indicated by the mark "^ in the text.

A secondary reading consisting in the Substitution of other

words for the words of the primary reading is printed at the

foot of the page without any accompanying mark, the words of

the primary reading being included within the marks r n in

the text.

Wherever it has appeared to the editors, or to either of them,that the text probably contains some primitive error, that is,

has not been quite rightly preserved in any existing docu-

ments, or at least in any existing document of sufficient au-

thority, the marks ft are placed at the foot of the page, the

extreme limit of the words suspected to contain an error of

transcription being indicated by the marks r n in the text.

Where either of two suspected extant readings might legiti-

mately have been printed in the text, one of them is printed as

an alternative reading between the ft: where there is no such

second reading entitled to be associated with the text, the ftare divided only by dots. All places marked with ft are the

subject of notes in the Appendix to the larger edition."

nPAEEII ATTOITOAQN

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32 TOVTWJ/' Kal TO trvevfJ-a TO aytov

IIPASEIS AIIOSTOAfltf VI vii

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2 e o dp\ipfvs Ei ravra OVTODS <Xet> ^

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5 ravrrjv els rjv vf^els vvv KaroiKelre, Kat oyK GAoOKGN ai;ra)

K\rjpovop,iav eV aurry oyAG BHMA TToAoc, Acal 7T7/yyetXaro

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6 Geoc TCON TT&TepcoN coy, o Geocs

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K&J 'l<\KtoB. eVrpo/xpff Se yevopevos Mcovo~f)s OVK e'roX/za

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35 Aa) C6 61 C ATfynTON. TOVTOV TOV Mcovor^, ov fipvrfvavTO

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36 pi dyyeXov TOV offrdtvros O.VT& ev rfj /3ara). OVTOS tfyfiyayev

avTOvs Troirjo-as TepAT^ K^l CHMeT<\ GN TH AifYTTTCp feat eV

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4>4THN YM?N AN&crrricei 6 Geoc eK TCON <\AeAcJ>coN YAACON

38 Cv>C GM6. OVTOS CO-TLV 6 yVOfJLVOS V Tfl KK\r]O-{q Iv Tfl

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KOL TWV TraTepcov qfjLG&Vj os ede^aTo \6yia ^ooi/ra dovvai

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40 eic ATfYTTTON, einoNTec Tc^'A^pcoN TTomcoN HM?N

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ol Trarepe? TJ/ucSj/ /zera 'l^o-ov 6N rjj K<VT<\-

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ia avTa>v irapa TOVS Trodas veaviov KaXovpevov 'SavXov.

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46 t...t 49 >)5e

VII Viii IIPA2EIS AHOSTOAON J9

Kpaev cfrowfj peydXrj Kvpie, ft^ (mjo-ys avTols ravrrjv TTJV

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tva to eai/ eVi$c3 TQ? ^eipas \afjLJ3dvrj Trvevpa ayiov. lie- 20

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dftjOrjTi TOV Kvpiov el apa a^e^o-eTat o-otij

eViVota TTJS

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coi' elprJKaT. Ol fjLV ovv diapapTvpapcvoi Kal 25

XaX?;cra*>Teff TOI' \6yov TOV Kvpiov vrreo-Tpcffrov els 'lepocro-

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eprjjjios.Kal dvao~Ta? eVopev^//, feat Idov dvrjp AWio^ 27

vvovxos dvvdo~Ti]S KavftaKTjs jSao-tXiVo-Tys Ai^iOTra)!/, o? rpf

eVi 7700-77? T^S" yaf^ff auVr^s, [os] \rj\v6ei TrpocrKwrjo-wv els

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Viii IX UPAgEIS AII02TOAON

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32 <&i\i7T7rov avaftavTO. KaBLorai orvv avra>.77

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35 erepov TWOS ; dvoias 5e d $1X177770$ TO crro/za aiJroO /cat

0.770 TTJS ypa<pfjs TCLVTTJS e^yyeXi'craro avra) roz^

CBS 5e eTropevoiwo Kara rj)^ o5oz>, rf\Qov eVt rt

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/^ie

38 /3a7mo-$7z/at ; /cat cKeXevcrev o-Trjvcu TO ap/xa, feat

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39 /cat e/3a7rrt(7ez> avroi'. ore Se dvefirjo'av e/c rou vSaro?,

fia Kvpiov rjpTraorcv TOV &i\i7nrov, /cat ou/c et^ev avTOV

OVKCTI evvovxos, eopevero yap r?i/ oz> avrov ^atpo)i/.

40 <J>tXi7T7ros Se evpeQr) els ^Afooroi/, /cat Step^o/ze^os cvrjyyc-

Xtfero ras TroXety TraVas ecof rot; e'X^eti/ avTov els Kai-

*O Se SaOXoy, ert eW^eoav a?retX^9 /cat fyovov els TOVS

TOV Kvpiov, Trpoa-eX^coi/ rw ap^tepet ^r^craro

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3 Ka?, dcdcfjievovs dydyrj ts *lpovo-a\ijfji. *Ev df

ra> 7ropVo~6aL eyVTO avTov lyyi^eiv TV} Aa/aacr/co), l*~

4 0^7;s re avTov 7Tpiijo-Tpa\^V (pa>s e'/c rov ovpavov, /cat 7TO~av

IIPASEIS AH02TOAfiN

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TLfJi

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avdpes ol (Twodevovres QVT< ioTiJKeicrav V*oij. CIKOVOVTCS

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aTTo TT}S y^f, az/ea>y/teVG>i> 5e r<5i/ oc^^aX/xoav avrov ovdci>

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O^6e TTlV.

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eto-eX$oi/ra /cat 7ri6evra avrai [ra?] x^lpas OTTCOS ava-

Kvpte, rjK.ov<ra CLTTO iro\\a>v 13

Trept roG dvdpos rovrov, oo-a /ca/ca rots dyiois crov tirotyjfftv

cV 'lepovcraXT/jLt' /cat cade e'^et t^ovcriav Trapd TU>V ap^tepecoj/ 14

fi^crat TtavTas TOVS eVtKaXou/xeyovs ro ovopd (rov. CLTTCV 15

Se Trpof avrov 6 Kvpios Ilopevou, on cr/ceOos K\oyfjs ICTTLV

/zot ovroff roO ^Saarao-at TO ovoyid JJLOV CVCOTTIOV [r<3r/] e&v&v

re /cat /3aa>tXeo)i' vtaJv re 'lo-pa^X, e'yoa yap V7ro5ei^a> avrai 16

oo-a Set avrbv inrep roO oyo/xaro? /xou iraOtiv. *A7T^X^ei/ 17

8e *AvavLas /cat clovjXOcv els TTJV OLKLCIV, Kal eVt^eis eV avroz/

ra? ^etpaff etVei> SaovX aSeX(^)e?o Kvpios OTre'oTaX/ceV /xe,

'l^o-ovs 6 6(f)6LS o~ot eV r^ oSwt ^p^ou, OTTCO? dvafiktyys

KOL TrXrjcrdfjs TrvevfjLaros ayiov. Kat cvOecos aTreTrecrav av- 18

TOV OTTO TQJI/ o(/>$aX/xa5i/ a5s XeTTt'Sej, dveftXc^tv re, /cat ai/a-

eftcnrTicrOr], Kal XajScov rpo(f)r)V evior^ydrj. 19

yeVero Se /xera rc5z/ eV Aa/xao"/ca) padrjrwv rffjiepas

aSj Kal cvQecos eV raty o-v^ayooyat? Kijpvcr<Tv rov '\rjo-ovv 20

ix IIPAEEIS AnOSTOAQtf 23

21 OTL OVTOS COTIV 6 VIOS TOV 0OV. ^LO~TaVTO $ ITCLVTfS OL

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23 ovros- o~Tiv 6 ^pto-rds. *Gff Se 7T\ripovvTo Tjfie-

pai iKavai, o~vve(3ov\vo~avTo ol *Iovdaioi dvcXelv avTov

24 eyvoKiQ-q 5e r<5 Sau'Xo)?; eVi/SovX?) avroov. TrapeTrjpovvro

de KOL TCIS irv\as ypepas re Kat VVKTOS OTTOOS avroi/ ai/eXca-

25 crw \a(S6vTs Se oi /xa^rat at?ro VVKTOS Sia rov Ti%ovs26 KaQrjKav avTov ^aXao-ai/res eV o-<pvpi$i. ILapa-

yevofjievos de els *Iepoua"aX^/z CTrcipafev Ko\\ao~&ai Tols

paflrjTals' Kal iravres <po(3ovvTO avTov, pr) Tnoreuoyres

27 ort eoTiv fJ.a@TjTr)s. Bapvdftas Se eViXa/Sd/xez/os avroi/ T/ya-

ycv Trpos TOVS arrocrrdXovy, Kat dirjyrjo~aTO avTois Trcay eV

rj d5<5 et'Sei/ roz^ Kvpiov Kal OTL e'XaX^o-ev a^ra>, Kai Trws1 eV

28 Aa/xa(7K(i) errapprjcndoraTo ev ra> oz/dyaart 'iTyo'oi). xai ^i/

jxr' avroSi' elo-TropevofJicvos Kal eKTropcvojjievos els 'lepov-

29 o~a\rjjjLj 7rappr]o~ia6fj,vos eV ra> ovd^iart ro Kvpiov, eXaXet

re /cat orvi/e^'ret Trpo? rovs 'EXXT/j'icrrds' ot Se eVe^eipovi/

30 ai/eXeTv a^rdi'. emyvovTes de ol aeX(ot KaTrjyayov avrov

els Kaio~apiav Kal e'^aTreVretXai/ avTov els TaptroK

31 *H ftev ovv KK\rjo~ia Katf oXrjs TTJS 'louSaias KCU FaXt-

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dyiov

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33 tvpev Se e/cet avQp&Trov nva oz/d/xart hlveav e^ eYo3i> oKra>

24 IIPASEIS AIIOSTOAQN ix x

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eiTrev aurai o Herpos Atvea, larai <TC 'lr)o~ovs XpwrroV

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etSav avrov Trdvres ol KaTOiKovvres AvSSa KOL rov 2apc5i/a,

OLTIVCS fTTeCTTpflfsCLV 7Tt TOV KVplOV.

*Ei> 'IOTTTTT/ 5e rey ^i/ fia&y'rpia wopon Ta/3et^a, T; 36

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avrrj qv 7T\ijprjs epyatv

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e edrjKavT

eV wrepww. eyyvs $e OVCTTJS A.vd$as rrj 'IOTTTTT? 38

01 fjLaQrjral aKoixravres OTL Hcrpos Icrnv ev avrfj direo-Tei-

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ov 7rapayVOfJLvov avrjyayov els TO V7rep(5oi>, KOL 7rapea"rrj~

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rov Herpov dvfK.d6i<TV. Sou? Se ai?r?7 X ^Pa dveo~T7)CTV 41

auTT}!/, (f)ct>VTJo~as de TOVS dyiovs Kal Tas XVPas Trapto-TTjo-fV

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cViWcvcrai/ TroXXol cVl rov Kvpiov. *EyevTO 5e T/ftepay 43

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pas ayyeXov roO ^eoO clo-fXOovra TTpos avrov feat etTrovra

avra) KopvrjXte. 6 5c dreviVa? avrw /cat epcfropos yevo- 4

/i6VOff 617T6V Tl cWlV, KVpt j L7TV avYw At TTpO(TV-

X 1IPAEEIS AHOSTOAfiN 25

Xai crov Kal ai eXerjfjioo-vvat, o~ov dvefirjo-av els fj,vr)p.6crvvov

5 tpirpocrQev TOV Beov- Kal vvv ire^ov avftpas els 'loTnrrjv

6 Kal fteraVe/z^ai 2//za>va nva. os cVi/caXeirai IleYpos* OVTOS

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7 \acra-av. G>? be ajrrjkQev o ayyeXos 6 \a\wv avrcd, ^oowyo-as

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8 TG>V aura) KOL e^rjyrja-afjievos airavra avrols airecrTeiKev

9 avrovs els rrjv 'IOTTTTTJV. Tfj de eTravpiov oSoi-

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dvecoyfJLevov KOL Karaftaivov cricevos TL as oOovrfV

12 recrcraptnv ap^at? KaQiepevov CTTL rrjs yrjs, ev VT

Travra TO. rerpaTroSa Kai epnera rfjs yijs Kal TrereLva rov

13 ovpavov. Kal eyevero ^COI/T) Trpo? avrov ^AvacrraSj TLerpc,

14 QIHTOV Kal (fraye. 6 be lierpos elirev Mybafjias, Kvpie, ort

15 ovdeTTore e(payov nav KOIVOV Kal aKaQaprov. Kal (j)cwr)

7rd\iv eK devrepov Trpbs avrov&A o 6eos eKaQdpurev (TV prf

16 KOLVOV. TOVTO 6 eyeveTO eVt rpls, Kal evdvs dve\rffjLcfrQr]TO

17 CTKCVOS els TOV ovpavov. 'Qs Se ev eaur<5 dirj-

Tropei 6 Herpos TL ave'ir)

TO opa/za o eidev, Ibov ol avdpesol aTrecrraX/xei/ot VTTO TOV Kopvrfkiov SiepaTyoravTes TTJV

18 oiKiav TOV ^ifjLODVOS eTreo'Trjo'av eTTt TOV TTvXca^a, Kal (J)a>viy-

(ravTesreirv6ovTo^ el 2//zw^ o 7riKa\ovp,evos HeTpos ev-

19 Odfte evieTai. Tov $e Ilerpou bievdvfjLovfJLevov irepl TOV

opdpaTos elnev TO TrvevfjiaT

'idov avftpesrdvo^ ^IJTOVVTCS ere*

20 aXXa dva&Tas KaTafBrjdi Kal Tropevov o~vv avTols fjuydev

21 SiaKpivonevos, OTLe'yoa aTrearaX/ca avTovs. /cara/3aj 8e Ue-

Tpos Trpbs TOVS avftpas eijrev 'iSou eyco elp,i ov ^reire* TIS

22T;

atria 6Y ^z> rrdpeo-Te ; ol 8e elirav Kopvij\ios eKarov-

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fievos re VTTO o\ov TOV eOvovs T&V 'lovftai&v, j

1 8 lirvvQaivovTO 19 avra>[ [rpe

26 IIPAEEIS AIIOZTOAfiN

VTTO dyye\ov dylov /ieraTre'/i^/x-ao-^at (re ct? TOV OLKOV O.VTOV

/cat aKovcrai prjfj,ara Trapa crov. io~Ka\o~dfjLVos ovv avTovs 23

^Vi(TV. Tfj de cTTavpiov dvao~Tas e^rjXSev o~vv

aVToIs, /Cat TIVS TtoV d$\<f)(0V TtoV OTTO 'loTTTT^ff <TVvfj\-

6av avra). rfj de erravpiov tlcrrjkBev els rrjv Kaio-apiav 24

6 Se Kopi/jpUoff r^v TrpoadoKcav avrovs (TWKa\(rdp.vos rovs

(rvyycvcls avrov KCU rovs dvayKaiovs <^)iXov?. *Gs be eye- 25

VTO TOV l(T\6eiv TOV HcTpOV, (TVVCU>TTJ(raS CLVTto O Kop-vrjKios 7T(ra>v trl rovs TroSay irpocrcKvvrjo-ev. 6 de Herpos 26

fjyfipev avrov Xeycoi/ 'Az/acrr7;^i' KOL eyoa avros aj>6pa>7r6s

eiftt. /cat (rvvofJuXcov avrw eitr^X^ei/, /cat cvpi(TKi a~vv\rj- 27

Xu^orasr TroXXovs-, ec^r; re Trpo? avrovy 'Y/xets eTTtWatr^e 28

(T0at aXXo(^)uXa)* /ca/zot o ^eo? eSet^ei/ prjfteva K.OIVOV77

aKadaprov \eyciv avOpuTrov dio KOI dvavTipijTas rjXdov 29

p,Ta7TiJL<pdLS. 7rvv6dvofj.at. ovv rivi Xoycp /xereTre'/xA/rao-^e

/Lie./cat o Kopi/TJXto? 6(^)7;

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TCLVTTJS rrjs capay 5ftT;v rr)i/ Ivdrrjv Trpoo-ev^o/tevos ev r<5

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TTpa /cat ^)7y(rt Kopi/rjXte, eto^/covo-^?/ crov77 TTpocreu^r) /cat 31

at \rjjj.ocrvvai (rov pvijo~6r)o~av evcomov TOV 6cov' TTCJJL^OV 32

ovi/ ets 'IOTTTTT/I/ /cat juera/caX(7a Si'/zcoi/a o? eTrt/caXetrat

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ai/. c^avrrjs ovv eVe/i^a Trpos (re, (TV re KaXcSs 33

twoirjcras Trapayevopcvos. vvv ovv irdvrcs rj/xeiff CVCOTTLOV

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'ETT* dXrjflcias /caraXa/A/3ai/o/>tat ort oyK 6CTIN TTpOCCono-AHMnTHC 6 6e6c, dXX* eV Tram-t e$z/et o <^o/3ov/xei/off av- 35

roi> /cat pya6(JiVos o'iK.aLoo~vvr]v Se/cro? aura) e'crrtV. TON 36

AopONr<\TrecTeiAeN rots vtotyMcp^HAeY^rreXizoMeNoc

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v/iets ot'Sare ro1yevopcvov pfjpa /ca^ oXr;? rr^s- 'lovSataj, 37

36,37 oi> dTreVretXev ......Xptorou (o5ro? ......Kvptos) v/xe?? otSare, TO

xxi HPASEIS AnOSTOAftN

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38 ev 'loodvrjs, 'irjo-ouv TOV airo Nafape$, a>? e\plCN avrov

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39 5ia/3oAov, ort o ^eoff ?Ji/ /zer' avroO /cat TJfteis pdpTvpescoi/ eTroirjorev ev re rj X^P? T 1' 'l<wi^o/ Acai

ov KOL ai/eiXai/ KpeMACANTec enl 2y^Y-40 TOVTOV o Beos T]yipev TTJ rpirrj ^ftepa KOL ZbcoKev UVTOV

41 fjL(pavrj yevecrflai, ov jravrl r<5 Xaw dXXa ^idprucrt rots

7TpOKXlpOTOV7Jp,VOlS V7TO TOV 0OVy qfJUV, OLTIVCS O~VV<J)d-

yO[JLV KOI O~VVTTLOflV (IVTCp fJLTO. TO dvaO~TT)VCll aVTOV K

/cat Trap^yyetXev TI\LIV Krjpvai r<5 XaaJ at Sta-

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43 KpiTrjs (0vrct)V KOLi/e/cpo)!/.

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xi xii HPASEIS AHOSTOAfiN 29

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24 Kal ycvofJLtvos o~Kco\rjKo^pa)TOS e^e^v^ev.

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25 Bapi/a/3as- de Kal

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10 Kvpi'ov li 7rapaxp>7j.a re 18 icac 015 ......eprj/aw, <cai KaQe\u>v

XIII HPAEIS AirOSTOAM 33

o Geos rov SaovX viov Keiff, avftpa K 0uX?;ff "Beviapciv, en;

22 reo-a-epcLKOvra' Kal fjLtraorrrjo-as avrov rjycipev rov AaveiS

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23 off TroiTyo-et Tra^ra ra ^eX^/zara /zou. rovrov o ^eoy a?ro

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24 'l?7(7oi>, 7rpoRT]pvavros 'looaz/ov Trpo Trpoo-coVou

25 avrov /3arrriO"jua fieravoias iravr\ ra> Xaa) 'la^pa^X. toy

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ei/xi ya>% aXX* i5ou ep^crai /Lter' e'ue ov ov/c

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1

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32 Xaoi/. KOI TJ/xel? v/ia? evayyeXtfo/xe^a r)i/ Trpo? rovs

33 rrarepas eVayyeX/az> ycvo/JLevrjv on ravrr]v 6 Qeos K7T7r\ij-

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p,e\\ovra vtroo-rpeffreiv els Al<\4>6op<\N, ov-

on Acacca yM?N T<\ 6ci<\ A<\yeiA T<X HICTA.

35 Siort Kal ev eVepo) Xeyet Of ACOCGIC TON OCION COy36 iAeTN Al<\4>9op<\N" A^yeiA ^tv yap I8ia yei/ea vTrrjperr]-

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125 elvai, OVK c8 ^TTjaai/ rbf 29 yeypa/x/xeVa Trepl avroO 33 f,..t

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uvftpes doeX<oi, OTL dia TOVTOV vfuv a(j)eo-is a/*aprtc3i/ /caray-

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"lAere, oi KATAC^PONHTAI, KA! 6<\Y/v\<\CAT6 K&l ^<j><\- 41

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nera/3/3ara> cr^e- 44

^ov Tracrafj TroXis crvvqxdrj anovarai TOV \oyov TOV

r&eov^.

lo*6i>TS Se oi 'lovSatot rov? o^Xous 7T\TJo-6r)o~av 77X01; Kai 45

dvre'Xeyoi/ roTy VTTO Hav\ov XaXov/xeVots p\ao~(pr]fj.ovvTS.

7rappr)o~iao~aiJLVoi re o IIa{)Xoff /cat o 'Bapvaftas i7rav 46

'Y/Ltiv T)I/ avayKaiov TTpooroi/ \a\rj6fjvaL TOV Xoyoi/ rov ^eov-re7reiSr)

1a7ra)^6io"^ avTov KOL OVK diovs Kpt,vT eavTOVS

Trjs alatvLOV fafjfj lo*ov (TTp^o^Oa els TO, edvrj' OVTCO yap 47

(VreraXrat T//ZII/6 Kvpios

Te0eiKA ce eic 4>coc eSNcoN

Toy ?N(\f ce eic ccoTHpf<\N ecoc CCX^TOY THC pnc.d/coi;oi/ra Se ra 6^77 e^aipov KOL edo^a^ov TOV \6yov TOV 48r^eou

n

,/cai 7rio-Tvcrav oo~oi ijo-av TeTaypevoi els farjv

aluviov $i<pepTO de 6 \6yos TOV Kvpiov $L o\rjs TTJS 49

^copas". oi e 'lovdaioi Trap&Tpvvav TO.S cre/So/zeyas yvval- 50

Kas ret? evo-x^fJ-ovas KOI TOVS TTpcoTOvs TTJS TroXeooy KOL

enrjyetpav SicoyfjLov em TOV Hav\ov Kal 'BapvdjSav^ KOL

ee{3aXov avTovs dno r&v opioai/ avToHv. oi fie KTivadfjL- 51

42 f...t 44 re | e^o/xeVw | Kvpiov 46 eTrel Se 48 KVpCov

Xiii xiv IIPAHEIS AIIOSTOAOT 35

VOL roV KOVLOproV TtoV TTO&WV 7T O.VTOVS ?j\6oV CIS 'l/COl/lOP,

52rot re"

1

jjLadrjral 7r\rjpovvro %apas Kal Trvevparas dyiov.

1 'EyeWro Se ev 'IKOVLO) Kara ro avro elo-eXSelv avrovs

els rrjv crvvaycoyr/v ra>v 'lovdaioov Kal XaXfjcrat, ovroos a)0~re

2 TTKrrcvcrai 'lovdciLcov re Kal 'EXX^i/ooi/ TroXv 7r\fj6os. of Se

aTrei^^cra^reff *Ioi;Sarot enrfycipav /cat eVa/cootraz/ ray ^v^as3 ra)z> eQvtov Kara rcov dde\(pmv. iKavov [lev ovv ^povov

Sierpi-fyav Trapprjo-iafo/Jievoi eVt r<5 Kvpiat TOJ fiaprvpovvrc.

TO) Xoya) r^s- ^aptro? avroi), SiSo^rt crry/zeia /cat repara

4 ytWcr^at ta rc5z/ ^etpooz^ ai;r<5i/. eV^/o-^?; ^e ro 7r\rj0os

rfjs 7ro\(ds, Kal ol fjiev r/craz/ o~fv roZ? lovftaiois of & o~u^

5 rots aTroo-roXots1

. cos 5e eyez/ero op/i?) ro3z> I6va>v re Kal

*Iov$atc0v <TVV rols ap^ovcTLV avrwv vftpiaai Kal \L0oj3o\rj-

6 o~at avro^?, (rvvidovres Karecfrvyov els ras 7ro\Ls rrjs Au-

7 Kaovias Avo-rpav Kal Aepfirjv Kal TTJV Trepixtopov, KaKel

8 evayyeXifo/zei/ot rycra^. Kat rts az/?)p aSui/arosr

eV Ai;crrpots rot? Trovlv e'/ccz^ro, ^00X6? e/c KoiXias prjrpos

9 ai^roO, 6? ovdtTTore TrepieTrdrTjcrev. ovros rJKOvev rov Ilav-

Xov \aXovvros' os drevicras avrco Kal loa>v ori e^ei Trivriv

10 rov craOfjvai elnev fjLeyd\rj (jxovfj *Avd(rrr)0i, eVt rovs TTO-

11 das (rov dp66s' Kal j^Xaro Kal Trepte^aret. ot -re o^Xot

ISovres o eVotT/crev IlaOXoff eTrrjpav ryv (fxovrjv avr&v Av-

KaovLorrl \eyovres Of ^eot ofJLOicodevres dvOpwTTOLS Kare-

12 pTjo-av TTpos ^a?, Ka\ovv re rov Bapvdftav Ata, rov de

HavXov 'EP/JLTJV 7ret7 avros TJV o TJyovpevos rov Xoyov.

13 o T lepevs rov Aios rov ovros irpo rfjs TroXeoos ravpovsKal o-re/z/zara eVi rovs 7rv\c0vas eveyKas o~vv rols 0^X019

14 T]6e\ev Oveiv. aKovo-avres 8e of aVooToXot Bapi/a/3aj Kal

IlauXos*, $iappijavres ra ipdriareavrv 1

ee7njdr)o-av

15 els rov o^Xoi/, Kpdovres Kal \eyovres *Avo*pes, ri ravra

TTOtelre ; Kal ^fJLels 6fjLOiO7ra6els eo~fjLev vp.1v avSpwiroi^ evayye-

\tf6fJLevoi v(j.as dno rovrwv raiv p.araia>v faurrp<f>& errl

tiebv fcui/ra 6c enofnceN TON OYP&NON KA! THN

52 01 fie 14 aiirtof

3 2

36 JIPASEIS AHOSTOAfiN

K<\1 THN 0<\A<\CCAN K<\i TT^NTA TA, GN <VfTOTc- OS1 eV TCUff 16

TrapcpxrjiJLevais 'yearns ei'acrei> Trai/ra ra eBvrj 7ropeveo~6ai

TaiS O&Olff dVTMV KdlTOl OVK dfiapTVpOV avTOV d(j)fJKeV 17

dyaflovpywv, ovpavoOev v^lv VCTOVS didovs KOL Kaipovs

KapTTOCftopOVS, CfJLTTlTrXcOV Tp0(j>fjs KOI V(j)pO(rVVT]S TCIS Kdp-

fiicts vfjLaiv. KOI ravra \eyovres /zoXi? KareTravcrav TOVS i?-

o^Xou? roG prj frueiv avrols. 'Err-f)\6av Se airb 19

'Ai/rto^eta? icat 'licoviov 'lov^aiot, /cai TreiVaz/res TOV? u^Xov?Kat Xi^ao-az/re? TOV I\.av\ov ecrvpov ^(o rrjs TroXecoj, VOJJLL-

avrov dvaoras eio-ijXQfV els rrjv TVO\LV. KOI rfj cnavpiov

f^rjXOfv crvv rw Bapya/3a els A/p/3//^. vayy\Hrdfjivoi 21

Tf T^I/ TToXlI/ KtVr]V Kdl ^a6r]TV(TaVTS IKCIVOVS V7T(rTp-

tyav fls TTJV \vo~rpav KOI els 'IKUVIOV KOL [els] 'Ai/rto^etai',

Tri(rTr]piovTs TCIS v^u^a? rcSv /za^//rcov, irapaKaXovvres 22

fJLfJLVlV Trj TTLCTTCL KOI UTL SlOt TToXXwi/ 6\L\j/ti>V del ff^ClS

elueKOelv els rrjv (BaaiKeiav TOV 6eov. xeipoTovrjo-avres fie 23

avTo'is icar' eKKXrjoriav Trpeo-ftvTepovs Trpoo-ev^dpevot. jjifTa

vr](rTeiu>v TrapeOevro avTovs r<5 Kvpico els ov TreTTtoreuKet-

(rav. Kal dieXQovTes TTJV TlKriftLCiv i]\6av els TTJV Hafi- 24

0vX/az>, Kal XaX^cravresrev Hepyrj

1

TOV \oyov KaT(Br]O~av 25

tig 'ArraXiai/, KaneWev aTreVXeuo-ai/ els 'Ai/rio^etav, o^ei/ 26

7)(raj' irapadedofievoi Trj -^dpiTi TOV 6eov els TO epyov o

e7r\ripa>o-av. Hapayevopevoi de KOL avvayayovTes TTJV 27

KK\r)o~iav dvrjyyeX\ov ova eVoiryo-ez/ o 6eos peTKOI OTL rjvoi^ev TOLS e6veo~iv Ovpav TT/OTecof. SieT

ovov OVK o\iyov (rvv Tols fj.a8r]Tais.

KAI TINES KATEA6ONTE2 OTTO TTJS 'lovdaias

TOVS d$e\<>ovs on *Eai/fjirj 7repLTfj.rj6rJTe TM

rw Mo>vo-(DS, ov SviHKrde <r&6rjvai.

XV IIPASEIS AJIOSTOAQX 37

o-rdo-eo)? KOL fr)Tijo-ecos OVK oXiyrjs r<5 UavXo) Kal r<5 Bap-

vafia TTpbs avTovs eraai/ dvaftaiveiv Uav\ov KOL Bapz/d-

(3av Kai nvas dXXovs e' avTwv irpbs TOVS

Kdl TTpeO-jBvrepOVS CIS 'ifpOUCTaX^/A TTfpl TOV

3 rovrov. Ol /zcV ovv ITpoirefj-^OwTcs VTTO rrjs

dlljpXOVTO T1JV T 3?OtVlKT]V KOL 'SafJLdpiaV K$irj-

rrjv 7Ti(TTpo(j)r)v TO>V tBvtov, KOI eTTolovv %apav

4 p."yd\r]v TTCKTi rotff aSeX^oTs1

. TrapayevoyiCvoL Se is 'lepo-

ao\vfj,a TrapedexQrjcrav djro rrjs KK\Tjorias Kal r&v 0770-

(TToXcov KOL T>V Trpeo-jBvrepcov, dvrjyyciXdv re o<ra o fobs

5 7roirjo'V p,T* ovTtov. 'E^ai'eoTT/cTav 5e rives TWV dnb rfjs

aipeVeco? rcoi/ 3>apto-cuW 7re7riOT6VKores>

, Xeyoz/re? ori Set

avrovs TrapayyeXXetv re rrjpelv TOV vopov

6 'Svvrixdrjo-dv re ol aTTocrroXoi /cat ot 7rpea-/3t'repot tSeti/

7 Trept roO Xoyov TOVTOV. Ho\\fjs fie ^r^o-eoa? yevofjievrjs

dvao~Tas Herpes elrrev TTpbs avrovs "Avdpes dSe\(f)oi, vfjiels

7rio-rao-6e ori affi ijfjLepwv ap^atcoi/ ev v^lv e^eXet-aro

6 6ebs 5ta rou o-roparos pov aKovo-ai ra e'Qvrj TOV \6yov8 TOV evayyeXiov KOI TTto'revo'at, Kai 6 Kap^Loyvcoo~Tr]s 0ebs

efjLaprvprjo'ev avTols dovs TO Trvevfjia TO dyiov Kaflas

9 Kal r]\uvt Katrov6ev

(

SieKpivev /xera^u tjp&v re Kal avTwv,10 TTJ TTtcrret Kadapio~as ras Kapftias avrwv. vvv ovv rt Tretpa-

^"ere TOV deov, eTriQelvai vybv eVt TOV Tpd-^rfKov TWV

fjiadrjrwv ov OVTC ol Trarepes rjfJiaiv ovreijfJLels lo-^vo-afjLev

it jSacrraa-ai ; aXXa ta TTJS ^aptro? TOV Kvpiov 'irjcrov Trtcrrevo-

12jLiei/ o-(o6r

fvai xaff ov Tponov KaKelvoi. 'Eo-iyrjorev de nav

TO TrXrj^oSy Kal TJKOVOV Hapvd(3a Kal Hav\ov et-rjyovfjievcov

oo~a e7roir)o~ev 6 6ebs (T^jLteia Kat repara ev rots edveo~iv

13 St* avTav. Mera fie ro o-Lyrjo~at avTovs dTTeK.pi.6rj 'la<to/3os:

14 Xeywv "Avdpes a5eX^)ot, a/co^(7are /aov. 2v/xea>i> ^rjyrj~

craro KaQ&s Trpwrov 6 6ebs eVeo'Ke'v^aro Xaftelv e tOvutv

15 Xaov rw ovoaaTL avTov. Kal TOVTM o-vfj,(f)(ovovo-iv ol \6yoi

38 HPASEIS AnOSTOAftX

i>, /caco? yt

MGT<\ T<\YT<\ ANACTpeyoo 16

K<\) <\NOIKOAOMHCO> THN CKHNHN A(\YGlA TI^N TT6-

6N<\ <VfTHC ANOI KOAOM^

OTTO)C AN 6KZHTHCCOCIN Ol K&T&AOITTOI TOON AN0pCO- 17

TTCON TON KyplON,K^l TTANTA, T<\ 60NH (})' OyC 6TTIKKAHT<M TO ONOMcX

Moy en

Aepei Kypioc HOICON TAYTA TN ^CT<\ AH* AIOONOC. 18

5io e'yco Kpiva fj.r] Trapevo^Xelv rols CLTTO T>V iQvf&v eViorpc- 19

<j>ov(Tiv cVi rot' ^eoz^, dXXa cVioreiAai auroty rou aTre^eo-^at 20

Te3i> aXia-y^/zarcov rail/ eiSwXoar/ /cal rfjs Tropveias /cat TTVIKTQV

KOL TOV OLfjLaros' Niavcrfjs yap CK. yevccov dp^aicov Kara TrdXti/ 21

TOVS KTjpixro-ovTas avrov %i ei> TOLS vvvayuiyais Kara TTO.V

ora/3/3aroi/ dvayivaHTKOfjievos. Tore eSo^e rot? 22

a7roo~roXot? /cat rots TrpecrfivTepois (rvv o\rj rfj e/c/cX^cria

K\^afj.evovs avftpas e* auroov 7re/t\^at t? 'Ai/rto^etav crvz/

TO) Ila^Xa) /cat Bapva/3a, 'lov&u/ rov KaXovpevov Bapo~a/3-

^ai/ /cat 2t'Xaz>, avdpas ^yovfievovs Iv rot? aSeX0ot?, ypa- 23

"fyavres 5ta ^etpo? avrcoi' Ot a7roo*roXot KOI ot 7rpeo~/3ur6pot

d$e\(f)o\ rot? /cara r^i' 'Ai/rtd^etai/ /cat Svpiav /cat KtXt/aai>

rot? e^ eQv&v ^atpetv. 'ETretfij) rfKoiKrayiCV on 24

7;/zd)^ Ta.paav v/za? Xoyot? ai/acr/cevafoi're? ra?

as v/Lioo^, ot? ov teo-retXa/xe^a, ifSo^ei/ T^/zti/ yevopevois 25

6fJiO@vfJLa$ovreK\^afj,voLS

1

avftpcis Trep^ai TTpos V/JLCLS(TVV

TOLS dyaTnjroLs ^fj.(ov Bapra/3a /cat Hai;Xa>, avdptoirois 26

TrapaSeSco/cda-t ra? ^v^a? aurcoi/ VTrep rou oz/o/zaro? roO

Kvpiov y[JLQ)j> 'l7yo"oO Xpto~rou. aTreo'raX/cajLtei' GUI/ *Ioi;ai/ 27

/cat 2/Xay, /cat avrov? ^ta Xoyov aVayye'XXoyra? ra avra.

yap ra> irvev^ari ra) ayt'a)/cat i^up jjirjdzv zrXeoi/ eVt- 28

IIPASEIS AH02TOAON 39

Ti6eo~6ai Vfuv (3dpos irXrjv TOVTGOV TO>V eTrdvayKes, aV

29 eldcoXodvTCOV KCll aluaTOS Kal TTVIKTWV KCU TTOpVeittS' % O>V

diaTrjpovvTes eavTovs ev 7rpdeT. "EppaxrQe.

30 Oijj.ev ovv diroXvdevTes KaTTJXOov els 'AvTioxeiav, Kal

31 crvvayayovres TO rrXrjdos eVcSooKaz/ TTJV CTricrToXrjv ava-

32 yvovres de exaprjcrav lirlrfj. Trapa/cX^'o-et. 'lovftas r Kal

Si'Xas1

,Kal avrol Trpofprjrat, 6We?, Sia \6yov TTO\\OV TTO.-

33 pcKaXeo'av rovs ad\(j)ovs Kal 7re<rTijpi;av' TronjcravTes

&e Xpovov a.7r\vdrjcrav per elprjvrjs CLTTO ru>v ddeXcfxuv

35 Trpos rovs a.7roo-TL\avTas avrovs, IlaGXoff de

Kal Bapz>a/3a? dierpiftov ev ^Avriox^ia didao-Kovres Kal

euayyeXtfo/zej/ot fjLera Kal erepcoj/ 7ro\\<2v rwz> Xoyoi> row

Kvpiov.

36 Mera be nvas ijfJLepas elTrev Trpos Rapvdftav IlavXo^

'Eirio-Tpe^avres drj eVia-/cf\/AoojLte^a rovs dfteXtfrovs Kara TTO-

\iv 7rao-av ev als KarTjyyeiXafjiev rov \6yov TOV Kvpiov, TTOO?

37 e'xovo-iv. Bapz/a/3a? e ejSovXero cri;i/7rapaXa/3eii/ Kal rov

38 Icodvrjv rov KaXovfjievov MapKov ILavXos de rjiav9TOV diro-

(TTavTa QTT avT&v OTTO Ha/Ji<pv\ias Kalp,r)

o-yveXdovTa

39 a^rois- els TO epyov, /ZT) arvvirapaXafjiftdveiv TOVTOV. eyeveTOde Trapo^vo-fjios eaore aTro^oopicr^^at avTovs air aXX^Xcaz/,

TOV re Bapi/a/3az/ 7rapa\a(3ovTa TOV M.apKov eK7r\evo~ai els

40 Ki/TTpov. IlavXos de eiTL\e^dfievos 2/Xai/ ef)\6ev napa-41 doQels TTJ xaPLTi ro^ Kvpiov VTTO TWV aSeXc^cov, dtr/p^ero

de TTJV "2vpiav Kal [TJ)I/] KiXiKiav eTrLOTrjpL^cov Tas KK\rj-

1 orias. KaTijvTrjcrev $e Kal els Acpfirjv Kal els

Avo~Tpav. Kal l$ov fj.adr]Tijs TLS yv eKel dvopaTi Tipodeos,2 vlos yvvaiKos 'lovdaias TTio-Trjs TraTpbs de

r/

EXX^z/oj, os

epapTvpelTO VTTO TK>V ev AvcrTpois . Kal 'Ixoz/ia) dde\(p(ov

3 TOVTOV y0e\r)o-ev 6 IlavXos (rvv avTw eeX6elv, Kal Xaftav

TrepieTefiev avTov Sta TOVS 'lovdaiovs TOVS ovTas ev rots

roTrots eKeivois, fj$eio-av yap anavTes OTLr/

EXX^v a

40 HPASEIS AIIOSTOAftN xvi

7ra.TT)p avTov VTrfjp%V'.

'

Qs fie SifTTopcvovro TCIS TroXet?, 4

7rapefiifioeraz> avTols (j)v\do-o~eiv TCI fioy/zara ra KKpifieva

VTTO TCOV aVocrroXa>i> /cat 7rpecr/3urepa>j/ ra>t> ev 'lepocroXu-

fJLOLS. At fJL6V OVV KK\T)(riCU C(TTpOVVTO TTj 5

TT/O-ret KCll 7Tfpl(T(TVOV T(0 ClplQfldd KCtffTJfJLCpdV.

Airj\6ov fie rrjv &pvyiav /cat TctXaTiKrjv ^oopaz/, KCO\V- 6

QevTcs VTTO rov dyiov Tn/ev/zaroy XaX^o-at TOV \oyov tv TTJ

'A(7i'a, \6ovT(s fie Kara rrjv Mvo-iav eVet'pabi> is TTJV 7

FnQvviav TTopcvOrjvai KOL OVK tiaatv avrovs TO Trvevfia

'irjcrov' 7rap\66vTs fie TTJV Mv(riav KaT(3rj(rav els Tpoxifia. 8

icai opa/za fiia VVKTOS ra) Hav\co <S(pdrjj avrjp Ma/ceficoy 9

TtS ?}V (TT(DS KCll TTdpClKaXtoV CIVTOV KOt \4ytoV AldftaS

els MaKefioiuav ^or^dr^crov r^iiv. <os fie ro opa/xa ctfiev, 10

evQtcos &Tr}0-ap.V e'^eX^eti/ eiy Maxefioi/iai/, o-vv(3i(3dovTs

OTL irpO(TKK\r)Tai r)pas o Qcbs vayyf\i(rao-0ai avTovs.y

Ava^df'vTS ovv ano Tpwafioy vdv8pOfjLrj(raiJiV els 2ajuo- n

6paKT]V) rrj fie eTTLOixrrj els Ne'az> HoXii/, KaKtiOev is <&i\i7r- 12

TTOV?, i^ris eVrii/r7Tp(OTrj TTJS fiepidos

1

MaKefioj/m? Tro/Xty,

icoXama. H/xei' fie eV TavTrj TTJ TroXet fita-

Tpi[3ovTS Tj/ze'pa? rii/aff. r^ re rj^pa T&V o-a/3/3ara>v e^rjX- 13

?}? TrvXTyy Trapa 7roTafj,ov ovevofiifcofj.fi/ TTpocr-

/cat KaQloravres \a\ovfj.ev TOLS o~vv\6ovcrais

yvvai^lv. Kcii TLS yvvrj ovofian Avfita, TropffrvpoTrcoXis 14

TToXeco? Guare/poov o-e/So/xeV?/ roi/ ^eoj/, rjKovev, rjs 6 KV-

pio? diryvoi^ev TTJV Kapdiav 7rpoo~^LV Tols \aXovfj.evois I/TTO

Hav\ov. cos fie e'/SaTrr/cr^ /cat o OIKOS avTrjs, rrape/caXe- 15

crti' Xe'yovcra Et /ce/cpt/care' /ze TTIO-TTJV ra> Kvpico elvai,

elo~\06vTs els TOV OIKOV JJLOV fievere* KOL 7rape/3tacraro

ij/xas-. 'EyeVero fie Tropevofievcov T^JLWV eh rr]v 16

TTpoo-evxrjv 7raidio-KT)v Tiva e^ovo-av Trvevpa irvdava vrrav-

Tfjo~ai rjfjuvj rjTis epyacriav 7roX\rjv irapcl^ev Tols Kvpiois

avrrjs fiavTvofj,evT}' avTTj KaraKoXovdovcra [ro3] IIai;Xa) KOI 17

TJjLtTv eKpafcev Xe-youcra OVTOI ol avQpuTroi fioOXot roO $eo{!

12 t...t

4 i

TOV V^LO~TOV tlcrlv, o'lrivcs /carayye'XXovcrty vp.1v obov crajTrj^

18 pta?. TOVTO &e ITTOLCL eVl TroXXa? ypepas. SiaTrovrjGels

Hav\os Kal eirio-Tpfyas ro> Trvcvpart flncv Hapay-O"Ot cV OVOfJLCLTl 'l^CToO XptCTrOU eeX$etl> aV QVT^S*

39 /cat t^rjKOcv avrfj rrj oapa.r'lSoi/reff Se

n01 Kvpioi avrfjs QTL

TI IXlrls rrjs pycurias avr&v eVtXa/So/tei/ot TOV

feat TOV 2/Xaz> et'X/cvcrai/ ft? r?)^ ayopav errl TOVS

20 ap^oi/ras1

,KCU 7rpoo~ayayovTS avTovs Tols aTpaTTjyo'is elrrav

Ourot ot avdpctiTTOt, KTapdo~o~ovo~iv 7^io3i> r?)i/ TroXiv 'lovSaro6

21 VTrapxovTes, Kal KctTayyeXXovo-iv edrj a OVK Zl-eo-TW r\[iiv

22 TrapaSe^ecraat ovde Troitlv 'Pca/zaioi? ovo~iv. Kal o~vv7To~TTj

v o^Xos- /car* ai;rcoi/7Kal oi orparr;yot 7TpipTJavTS avT&v

23 ra ipaTia $K\CVOV pafiSifeiv, "VoXXas- Se1

eTTiQevres avTols

irXrjyas e/3aXoj/ et? <j)v\aKrjVj TrapayyeiXavres ra5 deo-fjio^v-

24 XaKt ao~(f)a\a)$ TTjpelv avTO^S' os TrapayyeX/az/ ToiavTrjv

\a(Ba)V J3a\ev avTovs els TTJV ecroarepay (j)v\aKr)v Kal TOVS

25 TroSa? rjo-<j)a\Lo-aTo avToOtv els TO v\ov. Kara 5e ro /zeo-o-

VVKTLOV IlauXo? fcai 2/Xas1

Trpocreu^a/ze^ot v^ivovv TOV Seov,

26 eTrrjKpoavTO 5e avTwv ol decrjutof acfrvco de o~io~fjibs eyevTooore o~a\v6rjvat TO. ^e/zeXta roO dO"p.coTrjpiov7 qvcco-

v & [7rapa^p^/xa] at ^upat Tracrat, /cat Trai/rooi/ ra

aviBj]. et-vnvos de yevo^vos o da-jjLO(j)v\at; Kal

xScoj/ dvcoyiJ.vas raj dvpas TTJS (f)v\OKrjs crTracra/zez/off r^i/

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epyacrtW, ouff crvvadpoicras KOL TOVS irepl ra roiaura epya- 25

ras. etVfV ^AvSpfs, eVio-racr^ on e< TavTrjs TTJS cpyacrias

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Ty/iti/ro ftepoy f is ciTreXey/ioi/ cX^eii/, aXXa Kai ro r^? /xeya-

X?7ff ^ea? 'Apre/xiSoff ifpoi' ets ovQev \oyur6rjvai,

xix xx IIPAgEIS AIIOSTOAftN 49

re /cat /ca#atpeto-$at TTJS /zeyaXeidrr/ro? avrfjs, rjv 0X77

28 [77] 'Ao~ta /cat [77] OIKOVJJ.6VT] o~/3erai. aKOvcraz/res Se /cat

yevo/xefot 7T\ijpis Qvpov cKpaov Xeyoi/res MeyaXTj 77

29*ApreP.LS 'E(^)eo~iG)i>. /cat 7T\ijo~0T] 77TroXt? rf}? (rvy^vcreoos',

<pfj,r]o-dvre oiLoQvpabov els TO Qearpov (rvvapTrdo-avres

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30 IlavXov 6e /3ovAojuei/ou eta"cX^ii/ i? rov dfjfiov OVK c'lcov

31 avrov ot fjLadrjrai' nvs Se /cai r<ov 'Acriap^a)^, oWes- aOrw

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32 roi/ ft? TO OeaTpov. aXXot /te^ ow aXXo rt e/cpafoz/, iyi/

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33 rtz/os ei/e/ca o-W\rjK.v6Lcrav. e/c 5e roO o^Xov crwe/3i/3a-

a>v avrov ra>v 'lovdaicov, 6 de

Karaoreo-as TTJV X LPa

34 ra> 5r/juco. eTriyvovTes 5e ort 'lo^Satos1 Icrnv (poovr) eyevero

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os ov yiv(do~KL Tr]v 'E(^>ecrt'a)i> TTO\LV vfcoKopov ovcrav rrjs

2,6 fieyaXrjs 'Apre/ztSos1

/cat rou StOTrerouff ; ai/ai/rtprjrooi/ ovi'

OVT&V TOVTCtiV $OV (TT\V VfJLClS KaTO~Td\jJ.VOVS VTTap^CLV

37 /cat jjLT]$V TTpoTrereff Trpdo~o~iv. yydyere yap rovs avdpa?

TOVTOVS ovre lepoo-yXovs ovre jSXao-^ry/xovi/ras- n}z> ^eoy

38 rj/Ltooi/.et /tev o^ Ar;/xr/rpios Kat ot o~vi/ avrw rex^rat

eyovonv Trpds nva \6yov, ayopalot ayovrai /cat dvQvTrarot

39 eto~tv, yKa\LTO)O~av aXXr^Xots". et 5e rt Trepatrepa) eVt^-

40 retre, e^ rr; eVvo/ia) e/c/cXr^o"ia TTL\v@r}O~Tai. /cat yap

Kiv$vvvop.v e'y/caXeto-$at o-rao-ecoffr7rept

ftevbs atrtou ^Trap^ovro?, ?rept ow ov bvpTj

/,i Xoyov Trept rr^ff o~va"Tpo(pTJs Tavrrjs . /cat rai)ra ELTTCOV aTre-

i Mera e ro iravo-acrQai rov Qopvftov /ieraTre/t

34 MeyaArj r) *Apre/uits *E<|)(7Ji' 40 t--t

P. 4

50 HPASEIS AITOZTOAM xx

o IlaOXoff TOVS p.adrjTaf /cat Trapa/caXecra? dcnrao-dfjievos

erj\6ev TTOpeveardaL els Ma/ce&oi/taj/. SteX$a>z> 5e TCI p-eprj 2

e'/cetz/a /cat Trapa/caXeVar auraus- Xoyco TroXXco rjj\6ev els TTJV

'EXXaSa, Tronjcras re fjirjvas rpels yevofjievys enij3ov\7Js 3

aurai UTTO ra3z/ 'lovftaicov /xeXXoz/rt avdyecrQai els rrjv 2upun>

ytvTO yvwfjirjs roir virocrrpefaiv bia MciKcdovias. crvvei- 4

Trero 8e avTto ScoTrarpo? ILvppov BepotaTo?, Gecro-aXoi/i-

Kecoi/ Se *Apt(jrap^oj /cat Sc/cov^Soff xai Faios1

Aep/^ato? Kat

Ti/Ao&off, 'Acriaz/oi Se Tv^iKOf /cat Tp6(j)ifJLOS' ovroi Se 5

^pOO-eX^OZ^TfS1

fJLVOV ^fJLCLS V TpO)flf -77/^619 & ^7T\V(Ta- 6

p,V fjiTa ras ijfjiepas ru>v a^v/xcaz/ OTTO ^iXiTTTrooi/, /cai rjX^o-

/xei' Trpoff cu;TOi>? et? r^i/ TpwaSa a^pt Tj/iepcov TrcWe, ou

dterpt^a/zef ij^pas crrra. 'Ei/ 5e r^ /xia ro3j/ 7

cra/3/3ara)j/ crvvrjyp.vcov rj^twr/ /cXatrat aprov o na^Xos- Ste-

Xe'yero ai^roTs-, /le'XXooi/ e^ie'i/at T45 eVavpto^, 7rapeVeii/eV re

roi' Xoyoi' /ze^pt /xecrovu/crtou. r/crai/ e Xa/iTraSeff i<ai/al 8

eV rw v7Tpco(o ov rjpev (rv^y/xeVot- Ka^efo/zevo? Se ris 9

vcavias ovofjLdTt, Euru^o? eVt r^y 6vpi$o$, Kara(f)p6fj.Pos

CI) ftaQei SiaXeyo/xeVov rovr!Iai;Xou eVi 7rXeiot>, /care-

is1

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vtKpos. KCLTaftas Se o naOXo? eVeVea-e^ avrw /cat 10

Xa^ooi/ etVevrM?) $opv/3elo-$e ', T; yap ^ux 7

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eV aur<y eVrtV. dvaftas de [/cat] /cXacras roi/ aprov /cat n

riyayov Se rov TratSa ooz/ra, /cat Trape/cX^^crai/ 12

ou /zerp/co?. 'H/xets- 5er7TpoeX^oj/res- eVt ro 13

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Xaju/3az>e> roi/ IlauXoj/, oilra)? yap foareray/zeVoff 171/ /zeX-

Xcoi/ avro? Trc^eveLV. cos Se (rvj'e/^aXXej/ ^Tf et? r?)v>J

Aa~crov, 14

ai/aXa/3oi/res ai;roi> rj\0Ofj.V els ~M.Lrv\ijvr]V, KaKeWev OTTO- 15

TrXevoraz/reff rt5 hrtowrg Karr]VTij<TafJLev avriKpvs Xtou, r^

els MiXrjTov /ceAcpt/cet yap o IlaOXoff TrapaTrXeCorat r7}i/ 16

5 TrpoeA^dvTes 9 HavA.ov, CTTI ffAetoz/ KaTeve^0ets 10/

xx HPASEIS AH02TOAON 51

~E<)0-OVj OTTCOfffJLTj yeVTJTdl ClVTCp XPOVOTP L jO~ai *V T

fl

eo~7rev$ev yap el dvvaTove'irj

auVai TTJV rj^epav TTJS TrevTrj-

KOO~TTJS yeveo~6ai els 'lepocroAv/ia.

17 'ATTO 8e .TTJS M.L\TJTOV Trends els "'Etyecrov /Ltere/caAe'-

18 (Taro TOVS TTpeorpvTepovs TTJS KK\Tjo~ias. cos de irapeyevovTo

Trpbs avrov eLTrev avrols 'Ypels eViVrao-^e aTro Trpcorrjs

rifjiepas d<p' TJS eire^v els rrjv'

Kcriav 7ro5? /ze^* v^wv rov

19 Travra ^povov eyevofjLrjv, dovXev&v rco Kvpico fjLera Trdcrr^s

TciTrivo<ppoarvvr]s KOL daicpvow KOL 7retpao-/xcoi/ rcoz/ <ru/z/3aj/-

20 TCOVfJLOL

V TOLS 7Tl(BoV\CUS TWV 'lovddLCdV (OS OvdeV VTT-

(TTeL\dfjL7]V TCOV (TVfjL(j)ep6vTa)V TOV pr) dvayye'iXat, Vfjuv K.OL

21 didd^aL vpas dr)fjLO(ria KCU KCLT OLKOVS, diafjiapTvpofjLevos

*IovdaiOLS re /cat "EAA^crtv rrjv els 6eov /zeraz/otai> KOL

22 TTLCTTLV els rbv Kvpiov rj^wv ^IrjcTOVJ^. KOL vvv Idov SeSc-

pevos eyco ra> nvevfj-aTL Tropevopai, els 'lepovo-aXrjfj,, ra eV

23 avrrj (TwavTrjcrovTa. [j.ol pr} elftws, TrXrjv on TO Trvevfia TO

ayiov Kara 7r6\iv dta/iaprvperat pot \eyov OTI deorfj.a KOL

24 d\i\lseis pe [Mevovcriv' aAA* ovdevos \6yov TroiovfjLai TTJV

flJX^lv rL^'iav efjiavTCO CDSr

VeAeta)<ra>1TOV dpopov pov KOL

Tr]v diaKoviav fjv e\aftov irapa TOV Kvpiov 'l^o-ou, dtapap-

25 TVpao~6ai TO evayye\iov TTJS %dpiTOs TOV Seov. KOL vvv

Idov eyco ol8a OTI ou/cert o^eo-de TO 7rp6o~a>7r6v p.ov vpels

2.6 ndvTes ev ols SirjXQov Kr}pvo~o~(ov TTJV (Bao~i\eiav fkoTi fJ*ap-

Tvpofjiai vfj.'iv ev TTJ o-rjfjiepov ripepq OTL KaQapos elpt arro

27 TOU aLjJLCLTOs TrdvTdov, ov yap ^Vea-reiAa/x^i/ TOV/XT) dvay-

28 yeiAat iraa'av TTJV (BovXrjv TOV 6eov v\ilv. Trpotre^ere eav-

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0TO eVtO-KOTTOUff, TTOt/ZatWil/ THIN CKKAHCf^N TOY 6eOy,

29 H N TTpl6TTOIHCdkTO &ta TOV at'jaaros" TOV iotOV eyco

otSa ort etcreAevcrovT'at /xera TTJV a(j)L^LV [Jiov \VKOL fSapets

30 et? vfjias fJLr] (peidofjievoi TOV TTOL/JLVLOV, /cat e vpav [avVcoV]

avao~Tijo~ovTaL avdpes \a\ovvTes Stecrrpa/z/zei/a roO aTro-

31 CTTTO^ rot's paQrjTas oTrtcrco eWrcoz^' Sto yp?;yopeire, fj.vrj[jio-

13 TrpocreA-^di/Te? 15 ecrTrep^ 21 XpiaToi> 24 TeXetw<rac 28 f...f

42

52 HPASEIS AITOSTOAON xx xxi

vevovres on TpieTiav VVKTO. /cat rpcpOV OVK eTr

daKpvu>v vovBeTwv eva CKCICTTOV. /cat TO. vvv TrapctTiQefjLCiL 32

upas ro)rK.vpico

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/cat TO) Xoyta TT)s x^PLTOS avT v ro> Sum/zero)

OLKoSojjLija-ai KQ\ dovvai TTJV KAHpONO/V\(<\N eV TOfc Hfl^-

CM6NOIC TTACIN. apyvpiov rj ^pu(r/ov rj IficiTicrfJiov ovdevos 33

TT6v^o-a' avrol yii/coo'/cereort rals ^pe/ai? /zot> KQI rots 34

OVOTL /Afr' e/xoO vTTTjpeTrjo'av at ^clpeff CIVTCII. iravra vrredeit-a 35

T5/zu> ort ot'rcos' KOTTtaivra? 5eT orriXa/z/3av6(r^ai roov ao-^e-

rovi/rcoz/, fjiVT]fj,ovvciv re TWV \6ya>v TOV Kvpiov 'Irjo-ov OTI

avro? efTrev Ma/capioi/ eVrii' paXKov Stdoi/ai ^ Aaju/3ai/eii/.

/cat ravra eiTrooi/ ^ei? ra yovara avrov crvv TTCKTLV avTols 36

'TTpoorfv^aro. IKCIVOS 5e AcXau^ftoff f'yevero Traz^rcoi', Kat 37

fTTlTTCCTOVTeS 7T\ TOV rpa^7;Xoi/ TOV IIcwAoi; K(lT(f)[\OVV

CLVTOV, ovva>}i.voi fjLoXio~ra eVi rai Xoya) <w clprJKCL on 38

OVK6TL fJieXXovO-lV TO TTpOQ-ODTTOV CIVTOV OftopClV. 7rpO7TfJL~

7TOV $ CtVTOV LS TO TT\ol.OV.

r?j/xa? a7roar7Tao~QevTas an av- i

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SiaTrcpaiv els 3?OLViKrjv eTtiftavres avrjxdrjijiev. dvaffravavTes 3

$e TT)V KuTrpot' /cat KaraXiTro^reff avTrfv evcovvpov eTrXeopev

els Svptai/, /cat KaTrjKOo^ev els Tvpov, eKelo~ yap TO TrXotov

7)1^ a7ro(popTL^o^.Pov TOV yofjiov. avevpovTes Se roi;s p,aQr)- 4

ra? eVe/zetVa/iev aurou ijfjiepas eTrra, otrtz/6ff rw IlavXa)

\eyov dia TOV TTpevpaTOS /AT) eVt/^atVetv 6ts 'lepocroXu/xa.

ore Se eyeWrore^apr/crat ^/zas-

1ra? TJfj,pas, ee\6ovTes 5

7ropev6fjLe6a TrpoirepTrovTcov facts 7ravTu>v crvv yvvaiQ KOL

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rov atytaXov Trpocrev^dfjievoi a7TT]o~7rao~aiJieda aXXrJXous-, /cat 6

cvefBrjfjiev els TO TrXotov, e/ceti/ot Se vTreo-Tpe^av els TO.

tSta. 'HfieTs- e roz^ TrXovv Stawo-arres- OTTO 7

Tupov KaTr}VT^o-a/j,ev els IlroXe/zatda, /cat aa-Trao-a^evoL

TOVS cio~e\<povs e^e'iva^ev faepav p.iav Trap* avTols. Trj de 8

32 0ea> i Tjjaas, a.TTOO'ira.a'OevTes aV a&T(3

xxi IIPASEIS AnoSTOAQN 53

enavpLov ee\QovTs rfXQayiev els Kaicraptaj/, KCL\ elcrcX-

QoVTeS els TOV OLKOV ^tXlTTTTOV TOV Vayye\LCTTOV OVTOS K.

9 TCOV eTTTO. p*foapCV Trap' OVTCO. TOVTCO 6 TjCTaV 6vyO.TpS10 red(rapes Trapflevoi 7rpo(j)7]Tvovo~ai. 'ETTt/zei'oWcoz' be ^fte-

paS 7r\lOVS KaTT/XOeV TLS OTTO TTJS 'lovSdlCLS 7TpO(j)r]TT]S

11 ovofjLdTi3f

A.ya(3oSj KOL \6<nv Trpbs TUJ-CLS K.OL apas TTJV a>vr)v

TOV TIavXov ftijcras eavrov TOVS Troftas KOL ras ^eTpa? zlirev

TciSe Xeyet ro irvcvfjia TO ayiov Toz/ avftpa ov O~TLVrj

fcovrj avTrj OUTGO 9 $rjo-ovo~iv Iv 'lepovo-aX^/z ot 'lov&uot /cat

12 7rapao'&o~ovcriv els %lpas eQvav* cos 5e 7^Koucra/xev raura,

7rapeKa\ov[j,V yfjiels re /cai oi IVTOTTLOI TOVfj,rj avafiaivew

13 avTOV els 'lepovo-aXijfjL. TOTE a.7TKpLdrj [o] TLavXos Tt

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yap ov fj.6vov dcflfjvai dXXa KOL asKoQavziv els *Iepovo~a\r]fJL

Z4 6TO//ZC09 e^Q) V7Tp TOV OVOfJiaTOS TOV KVplOV 'l^Q-OU. fJiT)

Se auroO ^o-v^ao-aftei/ etVoj/re? Tov Kvpiov TO

15 Mera 5e Ta? Tjfjiepas TavTas lTncrK.evacraiJ.evoi avefiaivo-

16 fiev els 'lepocroXvpa' o~vv?i\6ov de Kal rcoi/ fjLa^rjTcov OTTO

Kato~apta9 o't't' ijfjuv, ayovTes Trap1

a> ^evLO~0mfjLep M.vdcra>v[

17 Ttvt Kv7rpio>, ap^aia) padrjTrj. Tevo[iev^v de TJJJLCOV els

18 'lepoo-oXujua ao-pews aVe6Yai'ro T/^a? oi dde\<poL Trj de

eTTiovcrrj elcrrjei o TLav\os crvv rffjuv rrpos 'la/coo/Soi/, TtavTes

19 re TrapeyevovTO oi 7rpecr(BvTepoi. Kal do-7rao~dfjLevos avTovs

e^rjyelTO KaO* ev eKaorTov a>v eTroirjcrev 6 6eos ev Tols eQvecrw

20 dia T7/9 SiaKovias avTov. ol de aKovcravTes ed6aov TOV

6eov, elirav re avTcp Gecopei?, aSeX0e, 7roo-at fjivpcddes

eloriv ev Tols 'lovftaiois Totv TreTTicrTevKOTCDVy Kal -jravres

21 f^Xoarai rou vofj-ov VTrdp^ovcnv KaTrj^Srjo-av de Trept o~ou

ort diroo-Tacriav dtddcrKeis OTTO Mcovo-ecoy TOLIJ Kara ra edvrj

irdvTas 'lovftaiovs, \eya)V fir) TrepiTepveLV avTovs TO. TeKva

22[J.r)o*e

Tols eOecriv TrepiTcaTelv. TL ovv ecrTLV ; TrdvTcos CLKOV-

54 IIPASEIS AHOSTOAON xxi

arovTai OTL \rj\v6as. TOVTO ovv iroir]Q~ov o VOL \cyopcv 23

io~lv T^IJUV oVSpeff TO~o~apS VX*1V e^oi/re?rd(

>neavrcoi/.

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eV avrots- Iva. ^vpr/orovrai TTJV Ke(j)a\ijv, nal yvuxrovrai

navTfS OTL <&v KaTTJxrjvrai jrepl trov ovdev VTIV, d\\a

(TTOL^cIs KOL O.VTOS (f)V\a(T(T(i)V TOV VO^JLOV. 7Tpl $ TCOV 2$

7Tf7ri(7r6UKoro)i/ e^vooi/ TJ/xei?rd7retrreiXa/xev

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Kpivavres <j)v-

Xao-a-ea-^at avrovs TO re eiScoXo^uToi/ /cat alpa KOL TTVIKTOV

KOI TTOpveiav. rare o Hav\os 7rapa\aj3tov rows- avdpas TTJ 26

^Ofj.vrj tffjiepa crvv avTols dyvicrdcls elcryci els TO icpov,

$iayye\\cov TTJV CKTrXripacriv TCON HMGpcON TOy <\fNICMOYecos ov 7rpoo~rjv^0rj VTrcp cvos CKaorov avTtov

TI 7rpO(T(f)opct.

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rrjs *Ao~ias *Iouatot 6ao~dfjLvot, O.VTOV lv rai iepw avve^covTCIVTO. TOV O%\OV KO.I 7T(3oXaV 7T dVTOV TGS X ^PaS7 Kp<*- 28

OVTS *Av8pS 'lo-pa^Aetrm, /3o^^elr6* owro? cVrtz/ 6

avflpMTros 6 KOTO. TOV XaoO KOL TOV VOJJLOV /cat TOV TOTTOV

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clcnjyayev els TO icpbv KOL KKoivo)KV TOV ayLov TOTTOV

TOVTOV. r']O~av yap TrpoecopaKOTes Tpocfrip-ov TOV *E^)ecrtov 29

cv Trj TroXfi avv avTa>, ov evofjii^ov OTL ts TO Icpov eloijya-

yv 6 Hav\o$. KLvijQr] rerj TroXts 0X77 Kat eyevcTo o~vv- 30

ftpOfjLr) TOV Xaoi), icat eTTtXa/So/zevot TOV TLavXov L\KOV

avTov e^a) TOV tepoO, feat ev^ecos eKXficrdrjo-av at Qvpai.

ZTJTOVVTCOV re auroi/ aTro/cretvat dvfflr) (f)do~L$ rai ^tXtap^a> 31

r?5ff o-7Tip7]s OTL O\TJ vvvxyvveTai 'icpovo-aXijfj,, os f^avTrjs 32r7rapaXa/3a>j>" o-rparieoras- Kat eKarorrap^ay KareSpa/xei/

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ra? cTTavo-avro TVTTTOVTCS TOV Hav\ov. rare e'yytVas o 33

^tXtap^oy eVeXa/3ero aurou *:at e'Ace'Xeucre bfdfjvai aXvo-etrt

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23 0* 25 TreaTei'A.a/ix' 32 Aa/3wi>

xxi xxn IIPASEIS AnOZTOAON" 55

35 avTov els TrjV nape JJL/3'o\ijv. ore 5e e'yeVero eVt TOVS dva-

(Sa&iJLOvs, crvvefiri fiaorTa&crBai avTov vtro TMV o-rpartcoro3i>

36 Sta TT)Z/ /3tW TOV o^Xoi;, yKoXovfai yap ro TrXfj&os TOV XaoG

37 /cpafoj/res- Afpe auroV. Me'XXooi/ re eto-aye-

cr$tu eiff TT)^ TrapefjLfBoXrjV 6 HavXos Xeyet ra> ^tXtdp^o)Ei cfcar^v /Aot eiTretv rt Trpo? ere ; 6 e^)?/ 'EXX^i/iort

38 yLvcoo-KLS ; oi?K apa cru et o Aiy^Trno? o ?rpo rovroor/ rwv

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39 rerpaKto'^iXiOL'S' avdpas TG>V (riKapicw ; eiTrcv de 6 HavXos

'Eyoo av6p(07ros piv et/LU 'lovdalos-, Tapcrev? TTJS- KiXi/cias1

,

OVK. dcnjfjiov TToXecoj TroiXiTTjs* Seojuat Se crov, eTrirpe'^rov JJLOI

40 XaX^crat Trpos- roj* Xaoi/. eTrLTpe^avTos de avrov o IlaOXoy

Sercriyrjs yevofjitvrjs' TrpocrccfrwvTjcrev rfj

5

E/3patdt

1 SiaXeKrcp Xc'ycovJ/

A^pe? aSeX<^)ot /cat Trarepe?, aKovcrare

2 P.OV TTJS Trpos v/jias vvv\ aTToXoy/as*. a/cot;cra^res> &e ort

T^s

E/3patt SiaXeKTCd flrpoa'ec^aWt a^rolff y^aXXoz/ 7rap<T%ov

3 ijqrv^t'aj'./cat (frrjcriv 'Eyco et/zt aj/i)p 'lovSatos1

, yeyev^/ze-i/os

1 eV Tapcrw r^s KtXt/ctay, dvctTeQpafjifjLfvos de ev rfj TroXet

TCIVTT) Trapa rovs* TroSas- Fa/>taXi^X, 7re7raievjLtez/os> Kara

aKp//3aaz/ rou Trarpwot; VO/JLOV, r}\a)Tr)S inrapx^^ TOV Qeov

4 Ka6a)s TTCLvres "upcis ecrre cr^epoi/, off ravTrjv TTJV odov

edico^a a^pt Oavdrov, deo-fjievcov /cat trapadidovs els (frvXaKas

5 avdpas re Acaiyuz/at/cas-, cos /cat o ap^tepev? /zaprupet /zot

/cat Trav ro TrpccrftvTepiov Trap1

o>v /cat eVto'roXas' dc^dpc-vos irpbs TOVS d$\(f)ovs els Aa/zao-/cov eVopevo/xTyi/ a^ooz/

/cat rous- e'/ceto-e 6Way 5e5e/zeVous eiff 'lepovo-aX^/i tva rt/ico-

6 prjuccxTLV. 'EyeVero 5e|Ltot Tropvofj.ev(D /cat e'yytbz>rt r^

Aa^Ltao"/ca) Trepi fj,o~r}aj3piav c^aifarjs < TOV ovpavov Trepta-

7 crrpcn/mt ^coy iKavov Trept e'/ze',eVea-a re ets ro eda(f)os /cat

f]Kovo-a (f)covrjs \cyovo-rjs ftot 2aouX SaovX, rt /ze Stco/cet?;

8 e'yw Se aTre/cpt^z/ It's ef, /cvpte ; efTrcV re Trpo? /ze

9 Eyoo et/zi I^o~oOj o Na^copaTos- ov o~v Stoo/ceiff. ot Se o'i'i'

56 nPASEIS AIIOSTOAfitf xxn

e'/zoiOVTCS TO fiev <f>(as

e6ea.o~a.VTO TTJV fte (jxavrjv OVK rJKOVO~av

TOV \a\OVVTOS LLOl. eiTTOV $ Tl7TOlTJ(T(i), KVpie ,*

O & KV- IO

pLOS ellTeV TTpOS p>

'

AvCKTTaS TTOpCVOV LS Ao/iOCr/CoV, KttKcl

O~OL \aXrjdrjcrcTai Trepl TTCLVTCDV u>v rlraKral croc rroLrjcraL. co? ir

derovK eWjSXeTTOi/

1airo TTJS ^o^rjs TOV <f)O)Tbs CKeivoVj X lPa

~

ycoyov^i>os VTTO TCOV o~vvovTa>vfJLOt, y\6ov els Aa/xao"Koz/.

'Avavias Se TLS dvrjp v\a(3rjs Kara TOV vopovj papTVpovpc- 12

VOS V7TO TTOVTCOV TtoV K.CITOIK.OVVT<>V ^OuSaiCOI/, \6toV TTpOS 13

p.e KOL 7TLO~Tas L7TV fjLOL SaouX aSeX<^)e, dvdfiXfiJsov

Kayco avTrj TTJ apa ai/e/3Xe^a els avTov. o 5e eirrei/ *O 14

TCDV TrciTepcov ip.u>v Trpoe^etpiaro (re yva>vat TO

avTov Koi Ide'iv TOV SLKCIIOV KOI d/coucrat (fravrjv K TOV crro-

fJLClTOS (IVTOV, OTLO~fl jJidpTVS OVTCp TTpO? TTUVTaS dvQpCCtTTOVS 15

coi/ eo>pa/ca? /cat TJKOVO~O.S. Kcil vvv TI /xeXXeif ; dvatrra? 16

/SaTrrtcrat KOI aTroXoucrat rar a/iapria? crov eVtKaXfcra/zez/os

TO ovQ\ia avTov. 'EyeVero e /xot vTroorpc^ai/ri ei? 'lepov- 17

craX?7ft /cat Trpoorev^o/xeVoi; /iou eV TO) iepw ycvco-Oat, JJLev

K(TTdo~t Kal 161Z> O.VTOV \tyOVTCL fJLOL ^,TTV(TOV KOL ^\0 18

cV ra^et e 'lepovtraX^, Siort ov TrapaSe{~ovTal o~ov fJ-ap-

Tvpiav TTfpi JJLOV. Kayco CLTTOV Kvpte, avroi eV/OTaz/rai 19

ort eya) ^JP'IJV <pv\aKia>v /cat d^pooi/ Kara ras o~vvayG>yas

TOVS 7TlO-TVOVTaS CTTl (T' KOL OT %XVVVTO TO alfJLO.2re- 2O

(frdvOV TOV fJidpTVpOS GTOV, KOL aVTOS Y\\tf]V <j)OT(DS KOL

o~vvv8oK<&v KOL <^)vXdtrcr6)^ ra t/iaria roov dvaipovvT&vavTov. KOL CLITCV Trpoy /ie Ilope^ou, ort e'yoo if e^w; 21

paKpavrecLTroo-T\af' ere. ^H/covov Se avrou 22

a^pt rourou rou Xoyou /cat err^pai/ r?)^ (jxovrjv avT&v Xe-

yoi^re? Afpe OTTO rij? yrjs TOV TOIOVTOV, ov yap KaQfJKev

avTov ^fjv. Kpavya6vTa>v re avTwv /cat piTTTovvTcov ra 23

t/xarta /cat KoviopTov jBaXXovTcov els TOV de'pa e'/ce'Xeucrei/ 24

o ^tX/ap^os1

to~ayecr^at avTov els TTJV 7rape/A/3oX^i/, etTras

l*do-Tiiv dvTa^(rdaL avTov tva eiriyva* SL TJV atrtai/ o-rCO? TT(j)(0VOVV CLVTO). COff Se TTpOTlVCtV dVTOV rOlff IjJMCTlV 25

ii oufiei> ejSA.eTroj' 21

xxir xxin IIPASEIS AHOSTOAfiN 57

t7rez> TTpos TUV earcora Karovrap\ov 6 IlaOXor Et av

TTOV 'Pco/zatov /cat (iKaTCLKpiTov ^(TTLV vplv

26 aKoixras Se o fKarovrcip^rjs 7rpoo"eX$a>z/ TO> ^tXt

yetXez/ \eycov Ti /zeXXet? TTQICLV ; 6 yap avQptoiros ovros

27 'PcOfJLOLOS (TTLV. 7TpO(T\6a>V 6' O ^iXiap^O? t7TeZ/ a^TW

28 Ae'ye /zot, o"u 'Pco/xaTo? et; 6 de ie^^ Nat. aTreKpidrj Se

6 ^tXiap^o? 'Eyw TroXXou KeffraXaiov rr]V TroXtreiav TO.VTTJV

K.rrj(rafJLr]v.6 nauXoy e0?7 'Eyco Se /cat yt~yivvT}\Lai.

29 i)6ews ovv aTrecrr^crav GTT* a^rou oi fjicXXovres avrov ave-

rafeiv KOL 6 ^iXtap^o? 5e etfroftrjOr) eTtiyvovs on 'Pcofjiaius

CCTTLV KOL art CLVTOV r\v SeSe/coos-.

30 Tfj de liravpiov /SovXoju.ei/off yvc5i/at TO d(T<j)a\es TO rL

fcarr/yopetrat VTTO TQ>V 'louSaicoi/ eXwcv avrov, /cat e/ceXcv-

crev (Tvve\6clv TOVS ap^tepets /cat Traz/ TO avvedpioVy /cat

i Karayaycov rov Havkov ecrrrj(TV els avrovs. arevio-as SerIIa{}Xoff T<5 (TvvtSpiq? elnev "Avdpes aoVXc^ot', eyto Trao-?/

o'^^etST/o'et ayaOf] TreTToXiVev/iat TO> ^ea) a^pt ravrr^s rijs

2 Tj/j.pas. 6 Se ap%iepvs'

Kvavlas eTrera^cv rols 7rapeo-To3-

3 o~ti/ atVa3 T^TTTet^ avTou TO o-To/>ia. TOTC o IlaOXoff Trpo?

avrov 6t7T6i/ Ti;7TTeti/ ere fi6\\i 6 Qeos, Tol^ /ce/coi/ia/zeVe'

/cat (fw /ca^ Kpivcov pe Kara rbv vo\jLOv7/cat TrapavojjLcdv K.e-

4 Xeuet? /ze TinrretrSaL ; ol e Trapeo-TCDTe? elirav Tov ap^t-

5 epea ToG dcov XotSopet? ; e^)?; re 6 IlaGXo? Ov/c rjdeiv,

a5eX0ot, oTt eo-TtJ/ ap^tepevs- yeypairrai yap on v

ApXONT<\6 TOY A<\oy coy OYK epeTc K<\KCOC. Tvovs 8e 6 IlaCXo?

OTt TO ez/ fjiepos o~nv ^addovKaicov TO de erepov ^apiarai(ov

cKpafcv V TO) oruz/eSpto)J/

Az/pe? aSeX^oi, eyoa Qapio-alos

clfjiLy vlos <&apio~aia)V' Trept \TTL$OS /cat ayao"Tao"ea)? z/e/cpcov

7T

/cptVojuat. TOVTO 5e a^TourXaXo{)i/TOff

n rtyevTO

}

(TTCKTLS

TWV 3>apL(rala)V K.OL 2aS6s

ou/cata)i/, /cat O~^io~0rj TO 7T\rjdos.

8 SaSSou/catoiTyap \eyov(TLV p.rj civai ovacrTao'iv I^TJTC ayyc-

9 Tepa. eyei/eTO 5e Kpavyfj /ueyaX?;, /cat az/ao"Taz/Tey Tti

I TU> crvveSpCta o UavAo? 6 -yai 7 etTrovTO?|

eTreVecrci' 8 /

HPASEIS AIIOSTOAQX xxin

\eyovres OuSev KCIKOV evptovco/zez/ eV ra> aV$pco7ra> rourar

ei Se TTvevp-a (\a\7](TV avrcorj ayyeXo? . HoX\rjs 5e 10

yivofjLtvrjs trrao-eoos tfroftrjOels 6 ^iX/ap^o? /xj) 5m(77raer^o IlaOXos VTT* avrcoi/ K\V(TV TO (TTpdrevfJia

apTrdarai avrov K fteVov avra)i/, ayetr/T

ety r^XrJ^. T?y C7TIOVCT7] VVKTL 7TL(TTCIS aVTO) O KVplOS II

(L7TV Gapcrei, a)$- yap diefiapTvpa) ra Trepi e/zou eiff 'lepoucra-

XT)/M o{rra> ere Sei /cat et? 'PGJ/ZTJJ/ /xaprvp^crat. Fe- 12

vojjievTjS

rSe

n

ijftfpas Troirjo-avres crv(TTpo(j)r)v ol 'lov&aau

aveOeyLCLTLcrav eavrovs \eyovres ft^re (frayelv fMJTt trelv

0)s ov cnroKTelvaHTiv rov Hav\ov. Tjcrav 5e TrXe/ouy 13

Tcr(Tpa.KOJ>Ta oi TO.VTTJV TTJV avvcofjLoa'iav 7rot7^(ra/ieyof

otrives irpoor\6ovTS rots ap^iepeOa-ii/ /cai roiy Trpecr^vre'- 14

pot? fLTrav 'A^a^e/xart ai/e^e/xartVa/zei/ eavrovs [j.r)$evos

yeva-ao-Qai ea)? ov aVoKretVoo/Aez/ rov IlavXoi/. ^i)v o'v 15

vp.^s c/z^ai/tVare TO) ^tXtap^a) crvv TO) o'

KaTaydyy avrov els vpas as /zeXXoi/raff

aKpiftecTTepov ra Trept avroO- Ty/zeT? Se Trpo roG eyytcrat

avrov ToifjLol ccrpev TOV dvcXclv avrov. 'AKovaas Se o vtoy 16

r?;? dd\<j)rjs Hav\ov TTJV cvedpav irapaycvofjicvos KOL

i(T\0(jc>v els TTJV TrapcfJL^oXrjv a7rrjyyi\V ra) IIai;Xa).

TTpoo-KaXeo-a/iei/oy Se o riaC/Xos- ez/a roov eKarovrap^coz/ 17

e0?7 Toi/ veaviav TQVTQV arrayc Trpos TOV ^tXtap^oy, f'xet

yap aTrayyetXat rt avra). o /nei/ o^v 7rapaXa/3cov avTov iS

ijyaycv npbs TOV ^tXtap^oi/ /cat (prjo-tv 'O dea-pios IlaOXos

Trpoo-K.aXeadfjLCVos fie rjp(DTT]o~V TOVTOV TOV vcaviav aya-

yelv irpos o~e, ^OVTCL rt XaX^crat o*ot. eVtXa/36^tei>os> St 19

r^j x lPos GVTOV 6 ^tXtap^oy /cat ava^cop^Va? /car* tStav

f7rvv6dvTO Tt ecrrtv o exets> a7rayye^at/ Mot *Sr* Se 20

ort Ot *Ioi;SaIoi avvedevTO TOV epcor^o^at o~e OTTCO? avptov

TOV TIavXov KaTaydyys els TO avvedpiov <os p,e\\cov rt

d/cpt/3eVrepov 7rvv6dv0-0ai Trept aurou- O-L> o'y/XT) 7rcio-6rjs 21

xxni xxiv IIPASEIS AHOSTOAfiN 59

avrols, evedpevovcriv yap avrbv e avratv avdpes TrXeiour

reo"o~epa/coz>ra, olrtvcs aW$ejuaria'az> eavrovs p>*]T <ayeti>

/zr/re Trelv coos ov dveXccxriv avrov, /cat vvv elcrlv erot/zot

xopevoL TT]V oVo croO CTrayyeXtW. o /xi/ o'j/ X^ l/"

aTTe'Xvo-e roi/ veavicrKOV irapayyciXas prjdevl K\a\rj-

23 (rat ort raGra evefyavio-as irpos cpe. Kal

Tivas $vo TWV eKOTOVTapxtoV iTTV 'Eroi/idcraTe

ras- diaKoo-iovs OTTCOS TtopevQ&o-iv u>s Kaio-ap/aj, /cat iTT

^bop,iJKoi'Ta KOL de^LoKa^ovs SidKocrLOvs, aTro rpLTrjs copa?

24 r?;? j'u/cros', KTrjvrj re Trapacrr^a'at ti^a 7Ti/3i/3a(7ai/res roz/

25 IlaCXoi/ Stao-oocrcoo-t Trpos OryXt/ca rov r\y^ova^ ypd\jsas

26 7Ti(rTO\r)v e^ovtrav ro^ TVTTOI/ rovrov KXavSios Av<7iW

27 r<5 /cpartcrra) T^yeju-oz/t 4?7yXtKt ^atpeii/. Tw av$pa TOVTOV

a VTTO T&V 'lofSaiov >c

VTT avrc5i/ eiTLO-Tas orvv ra> crrparev/xart

28 ortc

Potato? ICTTLV, /3ovXo/z-ei/os re iiriyv^vai rr\v OLITLOV

$i r]v evK.aXovv avra) [icar^yayov eZs- ro (rvvebpiov CLVTG>V\'

29 oi/ evpop e'y/caXo^/zej/oz/ Trept frjTrjp,a.Ta)v TOV vopov CLVTWV,

30 jJLrjftev de CL^LOV Bavarov r] Seo-/A(5v e^oj/ra ey/cX^a. prjvv-

6ei(rr]S de poi iri(Bov\rjs els TOV avftpa ecrecrfiai e^avrrjs

eTre/x-^a ?rpoy o-e, TrapayyetXa? /cat rots Karrjyopois Xe'yeti/

31 Trpos CLVTOV eVl cro9. Ot /z^ GUI/ arpartcorat

Kara ro Stareray/xeVov a^rols1

avaXa/^orres1 rov IlaC'Xoj'

32 rjyayov 5ta VVKTOS els TTJV 'Ai/rtTrarpiSa- r^ 5e rnwuptoveaoravTts rovs tTTTrels a.Trep-^ea'dai vvv avra> i;7reo~rpe\^az/

33 eis- r?)i/ 7rapp,po\rjv olrives eto-eX^oi/res et9 r?)i/ Kato-aptai/

icat araSovre? r^i/ eVto"roX7)j/ r<3 r\ys\LQvi TrapefTTrjcrav /cat,

34 roz> IlaOXoi/ ai;ra). avayvovs Se /cat eVepcor^ eras- e'/c Trota?

35 eVap^etas ecrrlv /cat TrvQofJLcvos ort CTTO KtXt/cias Ata/coi^-

<70jLtat crov, e^)?/, orai/ /cat ot /car?Jyopot crov Trapayei/covrat*

iceXei;a'as> eV rw TTpatrcopicp '"roO1

'HpcoSoi; (pvXdo'creo'dat,

CLVTOV.

i Mera de TreVre T^/ie'pas KarejBrj 6 ap^iepei;? 'AiWUV

35

60 HPAEEIS AlIOZTOAfiN xxiv

JJ.CTO. TrpcarftvTcpccv TLVMV KCU prjTopos TepruXXov TIVOS,

(HTLVCS cv(f)dvio~av rrjycfjLovi

Kara TOV liavXov. K\TJ- 2

QCVTOS 6"e [avrou] rjp^aro Kar^yopea/ o TepruXXo? Xe'-

ywv Ho\\fjs cipr/vrjs Tvyx^VOVTS ^ta (rov KOL 6x

top$a)/zara>z'

yiVOJJieVCdV TO) cQvCL TOVT(O diO. TTJS (7TJS TTpOVOlCLS TVClVTrj T 3

Kai Travra^ov oTroSe^o/ze^a, Kpcrnore &r)\i, /xera ircurr^s

cv^apLcrrLas. Iva. defj.rj

eVt TrXeloi/ ore eWo7rra>, TrapaxaXco 4

aKoOtra/ ere THJL&V o-vvropoos rfj cry hntutbf. cvpovres yap 5

rov avbpa rovrov Xot/zoi/ KOL KIVOVVTCL erracretff TTO.O-L rols

'lovSciiois rolv Kara TTJV OIKOV[J.VT]V Trpcoroo-rarTyi/ re rrjs

TU>V Nafoopa/coz/ alpeo-ecoSj os KOL TO Icpov C7rci.pa.o-ei> /3ej3/;- 6

Xcoo-at, OP /cai fitpanfaafi*!', Trap ov bwfafl avros ova- 8

Kpivas 7rcpl TravTtov TOVTCOV CTTiyvaJvat, wv ij^cls Karr^yopov-

P.CV avrov. crvvtTTe&tvTo de KCU ol 'lou&ztot (pdo-Kovrcs 9

raCra ovras f'x iv> "AjfWtp/ftj re o IIai)Xoff vcvo-avros aura) 10

roO 7jycp.ovos \cyciv EK TroXXcot' e'ra>v 6Vra (re Kpirrjv r<5

rovra) eVto-ra/zevo? cvdvfKos ret Trept cpavTOv aVoXo-

fjiai, dvva.fjivov o~ov cTTLyvan/ai, ort ou TrXciovs clo~Lv /zot n

T^^iepat ^a)e/ca d0* T)? dvcftrjv 7Tpoo~Kvi^o~CDV els 'lepoi>-

cra\.TJfjLj KOI OVTC cv ra> lepai evpoz/ /xe TTpoy rtz/a SiaXeyo- 12

pcvov rj7iio-Tao~iv TTOLOVVTCI o^Xou ot/re V rats- o~vvaycoyals

OVTC Kara r^v TroXti/, oOSe Trapao-r^o-at dvvavTdi crot ?rept 13

a>i> i^vz/i KaTijyopovo-iv pov. o/xoXoyo5 Se roGro o-ot ort 14

Kara rjyi/ oSoi^ ^ \6yovo~iv atpccriv OVT&S Xarpeuoo ra> ?ra-

rpcpa) ^eaS, TTio-reucoz/ Tratrt rols Kara roz/ vopov KOL rot?

eV rols- 7rpo<pTJTa.L? yeypajtz/zeVots", c\7TLOa e^a)i> eiff roi/ ^eoi/, ^z/ 15

Kat avrot o^rot 7rpocrSe/

^oi'rai, aVacrra0-ti> /ze'XXeii/ eVeo-^at

diKaL&v re Kat ddtKow' cv roura) KOI auro? a(7Kc5 drrp6o~- 16

KOTTOV o~vvci8r]a-iv e^eti/ TTpos- rov ^eov Kat rou? dvQptojrovs

5ta Trai/ror. 6Y e're3i> Se 7rXetoi/a)i/ c\crjp,oo-vvas TTOLTJO-COV els 17

ro eBvos fiov 7rapcycv6[jL7]v KCIL 7rpoo~0opas>

,ez/ ats- cvpov /ze 18

^yvLorfjLcvov cv rw tepw, ou /zera o^Xou ovSe /iera Qopvftov,

rives Se OTTO r^s 'Ao~tas 'louSatot, ouy eet eVt croi) irapelvai 19

xxiv xxv IIPASEIS AHOSTOAON 61

20 KOI KOTr^yOpelv et Tt %OlV TTpOS fJ> 7 f]CLVTOL OVTOL L7Ta~

21 Totorav TL evpov aSt'ioj/za CTTCLVTOS IJLOV eVl rov avveSpiov i)

TTepl fJLLClS TO.VTTJS <j)(OVT]S TJS KKpaa V aVTols (7TU)S OTL

Tlepl avaa'Ta.o'ecos vtKp&v e'yco Kpivo/zat crrffjiepov l(fi vp&v.

22 'Az/e/3aAero Se auro^s o ^fj\i^ aKpifiea-repov eiScos ra

Trept TJJS odov, C'LTTOS "Qrav Avcrtas- o ^tXiap^o? Kara^rj

23 Siayi/aicro^tai ra Ka^' vpas' ^Lara^dfjievos TO* fK.aTOvra.p-

XH ^p^o'OaL avrov *X LV T G-V'

iV Ka^

L l*>?]$eva- K(d\veiv

24 TOOZ> Idicov avrov inrrjpeTe'LV avrw. Mera 5e

ypepas nvas Trapayevopevos o 3>f)\i <rvv ApovcriXXrj rfj

l$tq yvvaiK.1 ovo-rj 'lovSaia ^iere7re/-t'V//>aro rov IlauXoi/ Kal

25 T]KOV(TV aVTOV 7Tpl TTJS LS XpiCTTOV *\7](TOVV TTlOTeOOf. SiO-

Xcyopevov de avrov Trepl SiKaioo-vvrjs Kal cyKpareias Kal rov

KpijJiaTos TOV fjieXXovros e/z^o/Sos- yei/o/zet'Offo <&rjXi aTreicpi-

^/; To z/uv e^o^ Tropevov, Kaipov 5e ^eraXa/Scov /xeraKaXeVo-

26 /zeu (re- a/za /<ai \iria>v OTL ^p?;/xara So^T/a-erat [a^rw]

VTTO roO na^Xov Sto Kal irvKvoTcpov OVTOV /zera7re//,7r6/xei'os

27 co/z/Xet avrw. Ater/ay 5e TrXT/pco^e/a-T/? <eXa/3ei/

3>rjXtt; HopKiov <&r](TTOv 6e\&v re ^nptra Kara^e-

at TO!? 'lo^Satots1 o $77X1^ /careXtTre roz/ IlaGXo^ dedcpevov.

ovi> eTTtftas Trj

r7rap^LO

1

pera rpels yfJiepas

2 ai/e/3^ eis- 'lepoo-oXv/ia OTTO Kaio-apias, V<J)dvi(rdv re a^roS

01 ap^i^peis Kal ot Trptorot rc5z/ 'louSatcoi' Kara roi) Ila^Xov,

3 Kal TrapeKaXovv OVTOV aiTOVfjicvoi X (

'

1PLV Kar> a^ToO OTTCOS

fjLTa7Tp\l/r]TaL O.VTOV els 'lepovo-aX^jU, eVe^paz/ Trotou^res

4 d^eXeiv ai)rb^ Karar?)i/ oSdz/. o

/zez/ oOz/ ^Tyo'ros' a.7rKpi6r}

Trjpzlo-Qai TOV IlavXov els Kaio-api'av, eavTov $ peXXeiv

5 eV ra^et eWopeveo-^ar Ot ovz/ eV v/iiv? (/)7;criV,Su^arol

crvvKaTa(Bai>Ts ei' rt IO~TLV ev r< dvdpl OTOTTOV KaTrjyopei-

6 TCdarav avTOV. Atarpi^as1 Se eV ai?rois 7/^te'pa?

ou TrXetofff oKr<u ^ SeKa, KCLTajBas els Kato~aptav, r^

cjravpiov Ka6i(ras eVl rov /3/jjuaro? eKtXsvo-ev TOV XLavXov

61 IIPAEEIS AnoSTOAftN xxv

a^drfvaL. Trapayez/OjueVou 5e aurou 7rpiO~rrjo~av avTov ol 7

aVo 'lepocroXu/zcov /cara/Se/S^/cores" 'lou&aiot, TroXXd /cat

/3ape*a airico/xara /carac/>e'poz/res a ou/c urvvov aTro&ei^at,

rou IlauXou aTroXoyou/zeVou on Oure eij roz> v6[j.oy rooz/ 8

'louSaicoi/ oure ei? ro lepoV oure ei? Kat'crapd rt fjjJiapTov.

o &rjo~TO$ 5e &\a)V Tols 'lovdai'ots1

X^PLV KaTa6fO~0ai OTTO- 9

Kpi0\s rco IlauXa) e^Trei/ e'Xei? eiff 'lepocroXv/xa di/a/3asr

KL TTepl rOfrcOI' KpLUTIVClL TT JJLOV ,'ITT1/ O O IlauXoS" IO

'Ecrreos eVi roO /3;//xaroff Kai'crapo? ei/u, ou fie 5ei /cpiWcr^ai.

'louSai'oi;? oi;Sei/ rj&iiapui, cos- /cai crv /caXXioi/7Tiyii/coo-/ceij.

ci /xeV ouv dSi/cco Kai afioz/ d^ai/arov TreVpa^d rt, ou Trapai- n

Tovjjiai TO airoOcivflv' ei 5e ov$.v O~TIV cov OVTOL KciTTjyopovo~iv

LLOVj ovfaeis ue Sut'arai auroTs vapicracr^af Kai'crapa TTLKCI-

XoO/xai. rore o <I>^crroff crtz^XaX7jo-as /xera rou cru/x/3ouXi'ou 12

ttTTfKpL^Tj Kai'crapa eVt/ce'/cX^crai, eVi Kai'crapa iropevcrrj.c

Hp,epcoi/ Se Siayei/o/ieVcoi/ ri^cov 'AypiTTTras' o /SacrtXeus1

13

/cai Bepi/i'/cr/ Ka.Tr)VTr)o~av ei? Katcrapiavrdo~7racrd/zer/ot^ roi/

4>^crroi/. co9 Se TrXetous- ijfjLtpas G)ieVpt/3or e'/cet,o &rjo~TOS 14

TCO /SacriXei dW$ero ra /card rov IlauXov Xeycov 'Avrjp

vis e'crrtv KaraXeXi/z/zeVos- UTTO ^>/JXt/co? Secr/xto?, Trepi ou 15

yeyoyueVou /xou ei? 'lepocroXu/za eWc/)dz/tcraz/ ot dp^iepei?

Kai 01 Trpeo~/3urepoi roov 'louSatcoi/, airou/zei/ot /car' aurov

Ko.Tao'iKrjv vrpos ovs aTre/cpt^v ort ou/c ecrrti/ e^o? 'Pco- 16

fiaioi? ^aptfecr^ai rtva avQpairov trplv rj6 KaTrjyopcv-

JJLCVOS /card TrpocrcoTroz/ 6^ot rous- KCtTTjyopovs TOTTOVrre

n

aTroXoy/a? Xd^Sot Trept rou e'y/cX^aros1

. crui/eXc^ovrcov ouv 17

eV$ae avaftoXyv fUj&CflUU* TroiT/crd/zei/o? rij e^r KaOicras

erri rou ^'p-aros e'/ceXeucra a^drjvaL TOV avftpa.' Trepi ou 18

O'ra^eVreff 01 KarrjyopOL ou&e/zi'ai> airi'av e(f)pov a>ve'yco

vTrevoovvr7rovr]p<V^, C7

?7

"7?f-ara ^^ rim Trepi r^? tSiay Seicrt- 19

Sai/zopia? ei^ov TTpo? avTov /cat Trepi nz/o? 'IT/CTOU T^dirqKo-

roffj ov (pao~KV 6 TiavXos fjv. ajropovfjicvos 8ee'yco rT^i/ 20

Trepi rourcov r]Tr]o~iv eXeyoz/ et ^SouXotro Tropeuecr^at ets

13 t-.-t 16 5e 18 :

xxv xxvi IIPASEIS AIIOSTOAfiN 63

21 'lepo<roXf/za /ca'/cet KpLveo-Qai Trepl rovrcov. rov de Hav\ov

eTTiKaXeo-apevov rr)pr]6fjvaL avrov els rrjv rov 2e/3ao-roC

$idyva)o~iv, eKe\evo~a rTjpelcrdai, avrov ecos ov dvaTrefM^a) av-

22 rov Trpbs Ka/crapa. 'AypLTTiras de Trpbs rov <br)o~rov *E/3oi;-

XojjLTjv Acat avrbs rov dv6p&7rov dKovorcu. Avpiov, <>r]o~LV,

23 d.Kovo~rj avrov. T^ ovv eTravpiov \66vros rov

'AypiTTTra /cat rfjs Bepi/t/c?;? jLtera 7ro\\fjs (pavracrias KOL

LO~\d6i>rcov els ro aKpoarrjpLov o~vv re ^tXtap^ot? /cat

dv$pdo~LV rols /car' ^o^r]v rfjs TroXea)? feat Ke\evo~avros rov

24 <&i]o~rov "fJX^1! navXoff. /cat (j)T]o~iv 6 3>fjo~ros 'AyptTTTra

ftacriXev /cat Trm/res- ot crv^Trapoi/re? 77/xiv ai/Spes1

, Beapelre

rovrov irep\ ov aVai/ ro TrXfjdos ro>v 'lovdaicovreverv^ev^ [JLOL

ev re 'lepocroXv/xotff /cat eV&ioV, fiocovres ^ Selv avrov frjv

25 /iT^/cert. eycD Se /careXa/3t3/z^z/ fjLTjSev CL^LOV avrov Oavdrov

7T7rpaxevaij avrov Se rou'rov eVi/caXea-a^teVoi; roz/ 2ej3ao-rov

26 CKpiva TrejuTreti/. rrept ou do~<fra\es ri ypa^at rw Kvpico

OVK ^a>' &IO irporfyayov avrov efi vptov /cat p,d\Lo~ra eVt

o~oO? /3ao"tXeD 'AyptTTTra, oTrooff r^ff dvaKpiaecos yevofxevr^s

27 <r^o3 rt ypa^oo- aXoyov yap pot So/cet TrefiTrovra decrfMLOis

1/AT;

/cat raff ^ar' aurou alrias o~rjfjLavai. AypiTnras $e Trpos

rov Hav\ove<j)r) 'ETTtrpeVerat o-ot

rv7rep^ o~eavrov \eyeiv.

2 Tore 6 Ha^Xo? eicreivas rr)V Xf^Pa dTreXoyelro Ilepi Trai/-

rcoz^ ooz> e'y/caXoO/xat ^TTO 'lovdaicov, ftao-iXev 'Ayp/TTTra,

rjyrjuai euavrbv paKapLOV eVt croG peXXcav 0-rjfj.epov aTroXo-

3 yeto-^at, /iaXicrra yva>o-rr]v ovra ere iravrw rcov Kara

'lovdaiovs e6>v re /cat ^r^p-arcoi/' Sto Se'o/zat fjLaKpo6vfjLO)s

4 a/coOcrat /xov. Try^ /zez> ovv /3/cocriV /xou e/c veorrjros rrjv

CITT* dpxfjs yevofjievrjv ev ra> c^z/ei /Ltov eV re "lepoo-o\vaots

5 ^o~acrt Travre? 'lou^atot, 7rpoyiva)o~K.ovres ue ava)@ev, eav

6e\a>o~L fjiaprvpelv, ort /cara rj)v a/cpt/Secrrar^i/ alpecriv rfjs

6 ijfJLerepas dpfjo-Keias erjo~a <&apio-alos. /cat wi/ eV c'XTTtSt

r?/s ets- rov? Trarepas rj^utv lirayyeKias ycvouevrjs viro

7 rou ^eou ecrrrjKa Kpivo^evos^ els TJV ro da>deKd(f)v\ov TI^WV

64 IIPASEIS AirOSTOAfiN" xxvi

CV KTViq. VVK.TCI KO.I yfJLpdl> \ClT'pl)OV tXtflff!^KOTCIV-

rrjo-aC' Trepi 7)9 fXtr&Off eyKaXovpai VTTO 'louSa/cov, /3a<rt-

Xev- TI aTTLorrov Kpii'TaL Trap' v/ur/ a o $eo? veKpovs 8

tyeipet ; 'Eyco /zeV ovz> edo^a f/zavrw rrpos TO ovofia 9

'l/yoroO rou Nafoopcuot; SeTv TroXXa evavria rrpa^ar o /cat 10

77oLr]ara ev 'lepotroXv/zois1

,Kat ^oXXovy re

1ra>i/ ayiW cyco

i/ (j)v\a.Kcu$ Acare/cXeicra TT)I> Trapa rcGi/ ap^tepecoz/ e^ovcriav

Xa/3coz>, dvaipovfjievcov TC avrwv Kar^i/ey/ca v^c^oz/, /cai nKara Tratras1 ra? crui'aycoya? TroXXaACi? rt/xoopooi/ aiJTovy

0)S KOL CIS TCIS CO 7rLS. El/ Ol$ 7TOpevfJLVOS 12

Aa/zacrKoi/ ^er' ffowrias KOL eVtrpoTT^ff r^s- r<5i/

a)i^ ijfjLepas necrrjs Kara r^v o5oi/ efoi/, /3ao-Xe{), 13

ovpavoBtv vrrep TTJV Xa^TrporrjTa rov 7/Xiov 7Tpi\dfjL^av jj,

(JHVS KOL TOVS (TVV CfJLOl 7TOpVOfJLVOVS' TTCLVTtoV T KaTClTTf- 14

jfjLcov els TTJV yrjv rfKowa (frcwrjv \lyovo~av TTpos

(TK\r]p6v crot Trpos- Kevrpa Xa/cr/feti/. eyco Se eiVa Ti's ef, 15

Kupie ; o 5e Kvpios eiircv 'Eyw eijut 'l^o-ous- oz/ <7V Siw/cet?*

XXa ai/ao-rr/^t Kai CTHOl 6HI TOyC noA^C coy y TOVTO 16

yap <&fyQr]v 0*01, Trpo^etp/crao-^ai ore vTrrjperrjV KOL ndprvpa di>v

T ciftcs /ie coi> re o<f>Gi]<ropai o-ot, 6l^lpOYM6NOC C6 e/c 17

rov \aov KOL eK TCON eONcoN, eic oyc epw ArrocTeAAca

CG ANOTSdJ 6cJ)9AAMOYC avrcoj/, rou eViorrpe\/rat ATTO CKO- 18

TOYC eic c^OOC /cal r^y e^ovo-las TOV 2araz/a eVi rov ^eoi/,

rou Xa/3etv avrovs1

a<peo'iv a/iapricov Kal K\fjpov tv TOLS

r/yiao-p-evois TnWei r^ ei? e/ie'. ^O^ez/, /3a(TtXeO 'Ayp/TTTra, 19

OVK yev6pr)v aTreiQrjs T7J ovpavico oTrracTia, aXXa rols eV 20

Aa/iao-/ca) Trpwroi/ re *a! 'lepoa-oX^/zoi?, ?rao-av re r)^ ^co-

pai> rTys- 'lovSa/ay, /cat rol? eQvccriv aTrrJyyeXXov /terai/oeiv

fcal eVtcrrpe^etv eVi rot' Qcov, ata r^s fjLeravoLas epya

irpcurcrovTCLS. eVe/ca rovroov /ie 'louSaTot crv\\aj36fj.i>oi ev 21

TO) lepw eVetpcoj/ro bia^LpLcracrOaL. eiriKovpLas ovv rv^cov 23

7 Ka.Ta.vrrjfff(.v

xxvi xxvn IIPASEIS AHOSTOA12X 65

Trjs OTTO TOV ov a^pt T*ls uzpas TavTTjs O~TijKa /zaprupo-

fjievos /ztKpa> T Kal ucydXco, ovdev CKTOS Xe'yooi/ coi/ re oi Trpo-

23 (f)rjrai eXdXrj&av p,\\6vTO)V yivO~@at. Kal Mcoucr^ff, ei Tradrj-

TOS 6 xpicrToS) ei rrpcoroff e avaarravetos VfKpatv <p(os jiteXXfc

24 KarayyeXAeti/ rai re Xaa> KOL rot? t&Pf<riv. Tav-

ra de avrov aTroXoyov/xeVou o ^>;jo-roff /zeyaXfl rj 0a)i/5 0^~<rtV Maiz/77, IlaCXe* ra TroXXa (re ypa/i/xara ety pavlov

25 TreptrpeVet. o Se naGXoff Ou ftaivopat, cfrrjo-LVj Kparitrre

^^(rre, aXXa aXrjQcias Kal (raxfipocrvvrjs pr^/xara aTro^^ey-26 yofiai. eV/crrarat yap Trepi ro^rcov o jSaa-iXeus

1

, Trpo? oi/T

7rappr)(ria6[j.vos XaXar \av6aveLV yapravrov

n TOVTM ov

TTfiOofiai ov6eVj ov yap ICTTLV v yc0v[q 7TTrpayfjLvov roOro.

27 TTtorre^ei?, /3a(rtXei) 'AyptTTTra, rols Trpocfrrjrais ; olfia on28 Triorevei?. o Se *Aypt7r7ra$

>

Trpos TOV HavXov *Ev oXtyo)

29r/xe ireiQeis XpLOTiavbv Troi^crat

1. o Se IlauXos EvgaifjLTjv

av r<5 ^eai Kat eV oXiyw Kal ev /xeydXo) oi3 p.6vov o~

aXXa /cat Trairray rou? aKovovras pov o-ijfjicpov yevtvQaiTOIOVTOVS OTTolog KO.I Cy(O LfJLL TTapCKTOS T&V $O~fJLWV TOV~

30 TGW. 'Aveo-rrj re o jSacrtXet'ff ical o yyepatv rj

31 re HepVLKrj Kal oi crvvKadrjfjLcvot, avrols, Kal dvaxaprjo-av-

TCS \a\ovv TTpos aXX?;Xoi;y \eyovres ore Ov&ev Oavdrov

32 77 $O~fJia>vra^ioz/

n

Trpacrcret o avdpc&Tros OVTOS.>

Aypi7T7ras

Se ra) 4>?Jo-ra) e(^)/;'ATroXeXuo-^at edvvaro 6

tft)) 7TKK\7]TO Kai'crapa.

1C

Q? 5e cKpidrj TOV a7TO7rXeIi> /ftas eiV r^v *IraX/av,

7rap0'i8ovv TOV re IlavXo^ Kal Tivas mpovs fieo-ftcoras

2 eKaTOvrdpxrj ovo/zart 'loiXia> o-rreipTjs Se/Saa-r^?. eVi/3ai>-

rey Se TrXota)'

AftpafjivvTTjvcp fieXXoi'rt TrXeTi' et? rovs Kara

r7yj> A&ua* TOTTOVS dvrj^SrjfjieVy OVTOS o~vv TJ^JLLV

'

3 Ma/cedoz>off 0ecro-aXoi/iKea)S' rj} re erepa

Sidoiva, <>i\avQpw7r(i3S re o

TTpOS TOVS (f)t\OV

26 Kal|avTOV TI 28 t-..t 31

P.

66 IIPASEIS AHOSTOAflX

V TT]V Kvirpov ftia TO 4

TOVS avefjiovs flvai evavriovSj ru re Tre'Xayos ro Kara TTJV 5

KiXiK/ai/ KOL Uafj.(pv\iav bian\vo~avTS Kar^X&z/zei/ els

Mvppa TTJS Auja'a?. Ka/ceZ evpwv 6 fKarovrapx^s TrXoioi/ 6

'AXe^ar/Spt^oj/ 7r\ov is TTJV 'iraXtai/ cveftifiao'ev jjfjLas LS

avTo. v iKavais Se pjpicpatf fipaftvirXoovvrcs KOL /zoXis 7

yevofjicvoi Kara TTJV K^i'Soi/, /XT) TrpocrcwvTos ijp,as TOV avi-

/xou, vn-eTrXe^o-a/ify r;v KpTJrrjv Kara 2aX/xouV?;y, /LtoXis re 8

7rapaXeyo/xej/ot CIVTTJV ^\6op.fv els TUTTOV Ttva KaXovfjicvov

KaXovff Ai/xeVa?, co eyyvs rjv 7ro\ts Aacre'a. 'l/ca- 9

l/OV ^pOVOU 8iayVO{JiVOV KOI UVTOS IJ^T) TTlCr<J)a\OVS

TOV TrXooy Sia ro KOI r?)i/ vrjo-Tciav TJ$TJ TrapeX^Xv&Vat,

Trapyvei 6 IlaCXof Xeycoj/ avroif "A^pf ?, ^foopto ort /Ltera ic

vftp(OS KCU 7TO\\TJS f^fJiiaS OU pOVOV TOV (fropTlOV Kdi

TOV TrXoiou aXXa /cat rooi/ ^v^o^v T^JJLC^V ^teXXfti/ O~O~6aL

TOV 7T\ovv. 6 5e KaTovrdpxT)$ rw KvftfpviJTTj Kal r<u n

^au/cX^paj /zaXXoy eVft^eroT)

rot? VTTO IlavXoi; Xeyo/zewis1

.

arev^e'rou Se roO Xipevos VTrap^ovros Trpos 7rapa^Lp,ao~iav 12

ol irXciovES 0vro {3ov\T)v avaxOrjvai, e/cel^fi/, e? zrcoy St-

vaivro KaTavTijo~avT$ ei? &OIVIKO. Trapa^ft/xao-at, Xi/zeVa

r^s KpTJr^f /SXeVoi/ra Kara X//3a Kat Kara ^capov. 'YTTO- 13

7TVVO~a.VTOS $ VOTOV $6aVTS TTJS TTpO^eVeODff KKpaTT)KVCll

apavrcs ao~o~ov TrapeXcyoi/ro TT)I/ KprJTTjv. /xer' ov TroXv 14

Se e/3aXei/ Kar' aJr^s aW/xo? TV(f>covtKos 6 Ka\ovfj.vos

EupaKvXooz/' crvvapTrao-devTOS 5e rou TrXotou Kal /u) Swape- 15

z/ov dvTo<j)6a\[j.'LV TOO dvjj,(o fTTidovTcs (j)p6fji0a. vr\vlov 16

6e rt inroftpqfjLovTes KaXovpevov KauSa icr^vcra/xei/ /xoXis

TrepiKpareis yevevOat rfjs 0x0^)77 ?, ^i/ apavrcs (3or)6eiais 17

ro viroa)vvvvTs TO Tr\olov (Poftovpcvoi, re ^ ei? r^v

ro O*KVOS, ovrcor (f)povro.

TTJ e^rjs Kfio\T)v CTTOIOVVTO, 18

OI T^ TptTTj avro^eipe? rjyi> O~KVTJV TOV TrXo/ou epi^av. 19

aorpwv 7ri(paiv6vT(ov cVt

xxvn IIPASEIS AIIOZTOAflX 67

7/Lie'paff, xetjucor/os- re OVK oXtyov cTruettfteVot;, XOITTOV

21 petro \TT\S 7rao-a TOV o-o>feo-$at facis. tto\\fjs re dcrtrias

o~T]Srare o"ra$etff o JlaCXoff eV

/ze'crft)avrcoi/ etVei'

^, co avdpcs, ireidap^rja'avTa.: /not /zr) amyeo~^atarro r}ff Kpifnf^ Kp$rjo-ai re r^v vfipiv ravrr^v KOL rr\v

22 ^rj^iav. Kal ra ^ui/ 7rapati/c5 t5/zaj vBvp,fiv^ aTro^SoX?) -yap

23 ^V\fjS OV<$jJLia <TTCLL $ Vp&V 7T\T]V TOV TrXoLOV 7rap(TTl]

yap JJLOI ravrrj TTJ VVK.TL TOV Ocov ovei/xi,

co /cat Xarpeuco,

24 ay-ytXo? Xeycoz/ MJ) (o/3ov, IlaOXe- Kato-apt ere Set Trapa-

<cn-f)vai, /cat tSou /ce^aptorat (rot o ^eo? TrdvTas TOVS TrXeov-

25 ras /zera (rou. Sto eiJ^u/ietre, avSpej' 7Tt(7rei;co yap ra) ^ec5

26 on ourcos corai /ca^' oy rpoTroz/ XeXaX^rat /zot. e:y vrjo-ov

27 Se' rtra Set Ty/aa? eWeo-etz/. '12$- Sev

reo-o-apeo-/cat-

.deKcirq vvfc eye^ero StcK^epo/LieVcoi/ T^/XCOJ/ eV rep 'A^pta, Kara

jue'croz/ r^ff VVKTOS vTrevoovv of j/aDrat ^poo-ayeti/1 rtm aurot?

28 ^copaf. /cat /SoXtVarre? cvpov opyuta? et'/coa't, /3pa^u 5f

^tao-r^o-arreff /cat TraXtv /SoXtcrai/reff evpov opyvias deica-

29 Tre^re* (^o^ov^evoi re/AT/

TTOV Kara rpa^eZff TOTTOVS eKTre-

<ro)jLte^ e'/c 7Tpvfj.vr]S ptyavrts ayxvpas TO~o~apas rjv%ovro

30 rjfjLpav yveo~6ai. Ta>v Se yaurcov {TJTOVVTWV <uyeiv e'

^oO TrXot'oi; KOI ^aXao-ai/rco^ rj)i/ o-Ka(f)rjv els TTJV BdXaa-Q-av

Tpo(j)a.o-i coff e'/c irpcpprjs dyKvpas /xeXXoi/rcoi/ e'/cretVetf,

31 etrrez/ o IIaXoj rco eKaTOvrapxu KCLL TO"LS o-rparicorats

*Eaf /zi7 OVTOL fMcivcdoriv tv rco TrXoto), vfjifls o~codfjvaL ov

32 Suvao~^e. rore oVe/co^ay of o~rpartcorat ra o~^ot^ta r^9

33 o-Ka(j)rjs Kal ciao-av CIVTTJV fKnso-elv. ^A^pt de ou ijfJLepa

7jfj.\\V ylvfo~6at, napcKaXfi o IlaCXos1 anavras /zeraXa-

jSetv Tpotpfjs Xeycov Teo'O'apecrKatSeKar^i' cr^/xepoi/ Tj/zepai/

Trpoo-SoKcoj/res- aVtrot StareXetre, firjdev Trpoo'Xa/So/xei'Of

34 Sto 7rapa/caXo5 v/xay jueraXajSeii/ rpo(^)^r, rovro yap Trpo?

T^ff vfietepas o~(OTTjpias virdp^fi* ovdcvbs yap V/JLU>V 6p\^

35 CZTTO r^? K(f>a\rjs aVoXetrat. etVa? de raOra Kat Xa/3coz>

27 Trpocraxeii/ 52

68 IIPASEIS AII02TOAQN xxvn xxvm

nprov fV)^apio~TT]o~V rco $eo> CVO^TTLOV nnvrcov KOL K\do~as

7/parO 0~QllV. CV^VfJLOL fie yVOfJiVOl TTttVTfS KCU dVTOl 36

7rpoo-eXa/3oi/ro rpo(j)fjs. rjfjieda fie at Tratrat ^v^at eV ra> 37

TrXoia)ro5ff

1

fftftofjLTjKovTa e. Kopeo^eVres fie Tpo(f)fjs CKOV- 38

<f>iov TO TrXolov K(3a\\6fjiVOL TOV ulrov cis TTJV BaXacro'av.

^Ore fie TJjue'pa e'yeVero, r^i/ y^i/ OVK eVeytVaxr/coi', KO\TTOV 39

fie nra Korez/oouv e^oi/ra alytaXov et? ov e'/SovXcvovro el

fivi/aii/rorcKcr(*)crai? TO 7r\olov. KCU TCLS ayicupas TrepieXov- 40

re? eia)i/ ei? TT)J/ ^aXacro-ai/, a/ia dvvres ras fcvKTTjpias T&V

TT^fiaXia)^, /cat eVapai/reff roi' aprejiicoi/a rt Trvfovcrr] Karel-

^oi/ ei? rov aiyiaXoi/. TrcpnrcaovTfs fie eis TOTTOV fii^a- 41

Xao-oroi/ CTrtKeiXav TJ]V vavVj Kol7J y^iev Trpwpa e'peio-ao-ct

fJ,WV do~d\VTOS, ijfie TTpVfJLVO. \VTO V7TO T1JS jStQff.

Tc5i/ fie (rrpttTicorooi/ /3ouXj) e'yeVero ti/a rot'? fieo'/xcoras' 42

tiTroKTeivoixriv, prj TLS eKKoXv^fB/jo-a^ duxpvyr]' 6 be eVaroi/- 43

ftov\o[jLVOs fimcraicrat roi/ IlaCXo;/ Ka>\v(TfV CIVTOVS

K6\vo~V T Tovs fiu^a/xeVous" Ko\vfi(3air

Trpwrou? eVi rj]!/ y7Ji> e'fteVat, /<ai ro^y Xot- 44

ovs /zev eVl o~avi<riv ovs fie eVi rij/coi/ ra>v a;ro roO

TrXoiov /cai ovrcoff e'yeVero Travra? fitacrco^i/at eVi riyi/ y^.Kal fiiacrcdQevTcs rare eVe'yi/co^tev on MeXir^i/^ 77

r

y7O~os' /caXeirai. oi re ^3ap/3apot irapel^av ov TTJV rv^ou- 2

o-cu/ (j)i\av0pQ)7riav jfJilV) a^ai/re? yap trvpav Trpoo-eXa'/Sowo

dia TOV VCTOV TOV e'<^)eo"ra)ra /cat fita ro ^u^oy.vTos fie rov IlavXoi; (ftpvydvcov TL 77X^0? *a! 3

cmdfVTQS eVi r?)^ Trvpdv, e^ifiva OTTO r^s1

0pfj.r]S e'eX$o{)o~a

KadrjTJ/e TTJS x lPos avrov. cos fie etSai/ ot /3ap/3apot Kpe/ia- 4

pevov TO 6rjpiov < TTJS %ipbs CIVTOV, Trpos dXX^Xouy eXeyoi/

ITairroaff (frovcvs COTLV 6 avQpo)7ros OVTOS ov fiia(ra)^Vra e'/c

r^ff 6a\da-(TTjs rj diKrj yv OVK f'iacrfv. o fiev ovv aTrorivd- 5

^aff r<i Qrjpiov fls TO jrvp enaQcv ovdtv KGKOV ol fi^ ?rpoo"e- 6

OVTOV fJL\\LV 7Tt/i7TpaO"^ai T)KaTaTTLTrTfLV a(f)V(O

7T\ TToXl) fie avrCDV TTpOGTO'OKaVTtoV KO.I $O>pOVVTCW

37 Staxdcriat 39

xxvin IIPASEIS AIIOZTOAfiX 69

/LtT/Sev CLTOTTOV els CLVTOV yiv6fj.vov, /Aera/SaXo/zcz/oi eXeyoi>

7 O.VTOV elvai Qfov. *Ev 5e TO!? Trept, roy TOTTOV

<flvOV V7rf)pX*V X^P^ T<? TTptoTW Trjs VTjGTOV OVOpaTl Ho-

TrXio), os- avaSe^ci/iez/off jj/iasrijptpas rpeiff

1

(piXotfrpovcos

8 eevi(TV. cycvcro Se ro^ Trarepa roD IIoTrXiou Trvperois

KOL $v(TVTpioi> (Twcxofjievov KaTdKclcrflai, Trpos ov o IlavXo?

6i(jeX^(Wj/ KCU 7rpo(Tv^d[j,pos 7rid\s ray ^etpaff avTO) iao"aro

9 avrov. roi;rov &e yevopevov [/cai] ot XOITTOI ot eV r^ vr)G<f>

10 e^ovreff dcrdeveLas TrpocrTJpxovTo KOL e^epaTre^oi^ro, ot Kat

TToXXai? ri/taiff tripijCTav TJ/JLCIS KOL dvayopevois 7T0vroTO. Trpos ras xpeias-.

11 Mcra 5e rpzls jjLrjvas dvrjx^^v *v 7rXot'o> Trapa/ce^et-

12 KCU >cara^^erref fiff 2upaKovcraff eV

13 rpfTf, o^fv TTfpieXo^rey Kar^i/TTycra^fV iy 'P^ytov. Kai

juera /ii'ai> yjjifpav fmyevofjievov VOTOV favrepcuoi rj\0o-

14 /zei' eiff norioXov?, ou cvpovres ddcXffrovs 7rapK\TJQr)iJLV

Trap* avroiff fin^lvai rj^pas eVra- /cat ourcos- ei? T^I/ 'Pco-

15 /ZT^I/ rj\@afjLV. KaKeWcv ol ddeXffrol aKoixravTes ra Trept

T)/ZOOV f)\6av els aTrdvrrjo'iv i^fjuv axpt 'ATTTTIOU 4>opou Kat

Tpicov Ta/3epi/o5/, ovs tScoj/ o naLiXo? eO^apicrrryo'as' ra5 $eai

16 eXa^e 6dpo-os. "Ore de L(ri]\6afjLV els 'PcofjLrjv,

TTTpa7rrj ra> Ila^Xa) peveiv naO* eavrbv (rvv rw

crovri avrov

17 *Eyevero Se /zera ^/zepas- rpris crvvKa\O'aa'6ai avrbv

TOVS OVTCLS TO)V 'lOfSa/O)^ TTpWTOVS' CTVV\66vTO)V $ aUTOOI/

eXeyev Trpbs avrovs 'Eyca, avdpcs aScX^oi, ovftev fvavriov

TroiT/Va? ra) Xaa> ^ Tots e^eo-i roiy irarpwois deo-fiios l

'lepo(roXi;/za>i> Trapedodrjv els ras ^e?pas reoi/ 'PooyLtaicav,

18 OLTIVCS dvaK.piva.VTts p, efiovXovTO diroKvcraL 8ia TO firjdc-

19 /iiai^ aiTtav OOVCLTOV t$7rap^eiz> eVe'jiioi* aiTtXeyoKra)!/ 5e

eVi^aXe'o-ao-^at Ka/crapa, ov^ <Jf

7 rpet?'

70 IJPASEIS AIIOSTOAflX xxvm

rou cdvovs fJLOv e'^coj/ TL KaTTjyopclv. &a TavTrjv ovv TTJV 20

alrlav TrapeKaXeo-a vpas ISclv KOL Trpoo-XaX^o-at, eJW/cei>

yap rijs \7ri8os TOV 'lo-paiyX rrjv aXvoriv ravrrjv irtptJMlfMtt.

Ot $ TTpOS CIVTOV (ITTdV 'H/ZClff OVT ypaflfLCLTa 7Tpl (TOV 21

TTO rrjs 'lovSa/as1

,OVT Trapayevofjievos TLS TMV

a7TijyyL\V rj eXaXrycreV TL TTfpt (TOV irovrjpov.

a^Lovjjicv 8 irapa crov aKoCo-at a (^poi/eis1

, Trepi /xev yap 22

r^f cupeVfoo? ravrrjs yvto&rov TJ/JUI^ early on Travra^ou

a.vn\yTai. Ta^afMfvoi 5e avroi ry/zepav ^X^ai/ 23

avTuv els Tr]v ^viav TrXe/oi/es-, offf eferi^ero Sia/zapru-

TTJV /3acrtXe/ai/ rou ^foO TrciOoov re aOrou? TTfpi rov

'I^o~o0 OTTO re rov vopov Ma)uo"c'a)f Kai r<5i> 7rpo(^)^ro5v arra

Trpcoi eooff (T7Tpas. Kai ot /xi/ tireldovro rots \yofj.(vois 24

ot 5e TjTrl&Tow, acrviJL(f)o)voL de orrey TTpos aXX^Xous 25

aTreXvoi/ro, etTrwroy ro{i IlavXoi; p^/xa ev ort KaXoos

TO TTi^eufta ro aytoi/ eXaXr/o-ev 5ta 'Ho-ai'ou roO 7rpo(j)iJTov

irpos TOVS Trarepa? v/icoi/ Xe'ycoi/ 26

TTopeySHTi npoc TON AAON TOYTON KA! einoN

'AKOH AKoycere K<\1 oy MH cyNHre,K<\I BAenoNTec BAeyere KA! of MH fAHre-

en<\XY N ^ H f^P H K<\pA(<\ TOY A&OY TOYTOY, 27

KA? ToTc cbc)N B^peoac H

KA! TOYC 64>9&AMOYCMH HOTS TAoociN ToTc 6<})6<\AMoTc

K<\1 TOTC COCiN AKOYCCOCINKd.J Tl? K<\pA(<^ CYNCOCIN Kd.1 CTTICTpevfCOCIN,

yi/coo-roi'o*^ v/xti' eo-ra> on ToTc 60N6CIN aTrecrraX?; rouro 28

TO CCOTHplON TOY GOY* avroi at a/cova-OKrai.9

Evfj.ivV 5e dicriav O\TJV V iSift) /iio-^co/zari, *at arre- 30

aj^ras rovj eio-TTopcvofjLevovs npos avrov, Krjpvcrcrcov 31

/3ao-iXeiay rov ^eoO KCU 5t5ao-Kcoi/ ra Trepi rou Kvpiov

Xpio-rov /xera irdo-rjs TrapprjO'ias aK<o\i>T<t>s

NOTES.

Referredto as

A.

A. V.

B.

Baum.

Bruder.

C. & II.

Cook.

deW.

Eder.

F.

H.

La.

Lumby.

M.

R. V.

LXX.

Smith.

T. R.

\V.

W. & II.

V.

LIST OF BOOKS CHIEFLY CONSULTED.

The Acts, by Dean Alford. Sixth edition, 1871.

The Authorized Version of 1611.

Bengelii Gnomon Novi Testamenti, originally published 1742.

Die Apostelgeschichte, by Dr M. Baumgarten. 2nd edition, 1859.

Concordantia Novi Testamenti Graeci, by D. II. Bruder. Leipzig,1880.

Conybeare and Howson, Life and Epistles of St Paul, 2 vol. 1875.

The Acts, by Canon Cook, 1880.

Kurze Erklarung der Apostelgeschichte von Dr \V. M. L. deWette, 4th edition, revised and largely increased by F. Over-beck. Leipzig, 1870.

Edersheim, A., Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah. 2 vol. Lon-don, 1883.

The Life and Work of St Paul, by Canon Farrar, Popular Edi-

tion, 1884.

A Commentary on the Acts, by W. G. Humphry, B.D. 2nd edi-

tion, 1854.

Der Apostel Geschichten in Lange's Bibelwerk as revised by DrG. V. Lechler. Leipzig, 1881.

The Acts, by Prof. J. R. Lumby. Cambridge, 1885.

Die Apostelgeschichte in Meyer's Kommentar, 5th edition, revised

by Dr H. H. Wendt. Go'ttingen, 1880.

Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirchevon Dr August Neander. Gotha, 1862.

The Revised Version of the New Testament, 1880.

Vetus Testamentum Graece juxta LXX. Interpretes. TextumVaticanum Romanum edidit Constantinus Tischendorf. 2ndedition, 1856.

The Voyage and Shipwreck of St Paul, by James Smith of Jor-danhill. 2nd edition, 1856.

The Textus Receptus, the text of the second Elzevir edition,

Leyden, 1633, founded on a collation of the third edition of

Stephanus, 1550, with the editions of Beza: it differs veryslightly from the text which had been employed for theAuthorized Version.

The Acts, by Bishop Wordsworth. New Edition. 1860.

The New Testament in Greek, by Dr Westcott and Dr Hort, 2 vol.

1881.

The Vulgate or Latin version of Jerome, circ. 383.

THE

ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.

CHAPTEE I.

1. TOV \ikv -irpwrov Xo-yov] 'The Gospel according to

St Luke', which also commences with a formal inscriptionto Theophilus, Luke i. 1 4.

Xo-yos ('treatise' A. and E.V.) is a very general term

applied to any 'narrative' or 'account'. Plato contrasts it

with fjivOos 'a (fictitious) tale', Phaedo 61 B iroielv ptOovs,d\X' ou \6yovs. The phrase \6yov eiroLfiad^v is more simpleand less formal than the iaTopirjs airodei^is of Herod. I. 1,

or the vvypa\{/ of Thuc. I. 1.

irpwTov hy a natural inaccuracy= Trpbrepov. \j.h has

nothing formally to answer to it : Luke glides impercept-

ibly into 'the second narrative'.

<3 eocjnXc] Luke i. 4 /cpdrto-re 0e60iXe ; from the epi-thet KpaTurre which is applied to Felix twice, xxiii. 26, xxiv.

3, and to Festus xxvi. 25, it has been inferred that Theo-

philus held some high official position.

<5v] by attraction for a, a very frequent idiom, cf. e.g.

iii. 21 &V i\d\f]ffev^ iii. 25 ys ditOero, vju. 17 rjs ui^

TJplaro -irotetv] The work which Jesus '

began' on earth

is regarded as continued by the Apostles with the aid of

Jesus in heaven. Luke marks his second narrative as a

natural and necessary sequel to his first.

Others say that the use of tipxeffOcu with the inf. (whichoccurs 28 times in Luke) is only a slightly more

' vivid and M.

dramatic' way of putting the simple verb: but a careful

examination of the passages (e.g. Luke iii. 8, xi. 29; Acts

ii. 4, xi. 4, xi. 15, xviii. 26) will shew that, although dpxo-

fj.a.1is not always emphatic as here, where the context

throws emphasis upon it, yet it never entirely loses its

meaning or degenerates into a mere auxiliary verb.

74 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.[i.

2

2. axpi ^S TIJI.] by attraction for a. r?Js T]fitpas y. Cf.

ver. 22, &os r^s -fyufyas ^s.

igcX^aro] a word frequently used of the '

choosing'

of

the Apostles, e.g. Luke vi. 13 tK\%a/jivos cbr' avr&v 5u>5e/ca :

also of the 'choosing' of Israel, xiii. 17 n.; and Christians

are often called 'chosen', e/cXe/crot.

3. irap&rrrjo-ev...] e.g. on the mountain in Galilee,Matt, xxviii. 16, to the eleven as they sat at meat, Markxvi. 14, at the sea of Tiberias, John xxi. 1 23.

iraOeiv] So absolutely of 'the passion' xvii. 3, xxvi. 23.

TK}U]pt<us]' infallible proofs

'

A.V.,'

proofs' K.V. re/c-

> is denned as avayKcuov ffij/j-elov Arist. liliet. i. 2. 16.

81*-fy. Tccr<rpaKovTa] The length of time is given here

only. At the flood 'it rained upon the earth forty days',Gen. vii. 4; Moses was in the mount forty days, Ex. xxiv.

18;Jesus fasted forty days, Matt. iv. 2.

orrravdfwvos] 'being seen' A.V.; but E.V. rightly 'ap-pearing'. The word only occurs here in N.T., and seemsto describe '

transitory appearances attended with miracu-II. lous circumstances

',cf. the use of dirraaia ' a vision

'

xxvi.

19 ;Luke i. 22, xxiv. 23.

TTJS PCUT. TOV Ocov] This phrase occurs 33 times in Luke,15 times in Mark, but Matt, almost always has 97 /3a<r. TVovpavuv. It represents that kingdom which the Messiahwas sent to establish. The meaning attached to it has

naturally varied with the belief held as to the person and

purpose of the Messiah. The Jews looked for a restora-

tion of their empire as it had been in the days of David.The same feeling was entertained by the first disciples,cf. ver. 6, Matt. xx. 21, and only gradually disappeared.On the other hand, in their widest sense, the words mayinclude (1) the spiritual kingdom which our Lord cameto establish upon earth, (2) His kingdom in heaven.

4. <ruvoXit;ofAvos] 'being assembled together withthem ' A. and E.V. The marg. gives

'

eating with them '

and V. convescens, but this derivation of the word from

a\s, 'salt', is without authority, and probably due to a com-

parison of passages such as Luke xxiv. 41;John xxi. 12,

where the risen Jesus is described as 'eating' with His

disciples.

irapTJ-yY^^v...] Cf. carefully Luke xxiv. 49. The'

promise of the Father '

is the Holy Spirit, cf. ii. 33. TOV

frarp6s is the subjective gen.; the Father gives the promise:on the other hand ii. 33 roD Trveij^aros is the objective gen.;it is that to which the promise refers.

L 7] NOTES. 75

is regularly used in N.T. of 'divine promises'

(cf. ii. 39, vii. 17, xiii. 23) which are not promises madeunder an agreement (vwoax^^^) but voluntary offers; cTray-

yt\\ff6cu= ultro offerre.

TJV TJKovo-aT fxov] R.V. '

which, said he, ye heard from,me'. Transition to direct speech, cf. Luke v. 14.

5. 'Iwav^s ixh>...] John's own words are eyu /ULGV (3air-

ri$u vfJLcis ei> u5art...aur6s v/Jt,. pairricrei ev irv. ay. /ecu irvpi

(Matt. iii. 11).

ov jiTd...] At Pentecost (see ch. ii.), 10 days after the

Ascension. In the Church Calendar Ascension Day is the

40th day after Easter, and Whitsunday the 10th dayafter Ascension Day.

6. olJJL^V ovv...] 'So then they (the eleven) having

come together...'. At this point the regular narrative of

the Acts begins, viz. with an account of the Ascension.

ofo connects it with the brief Introduction and Summaryof yv. 1 4, which in its turn connects the Acts with the

Gospel.

E.Y. rightly here commences a fresh paragraph.

tcvpic] Kvpios= (1)*

having strength ',*

power ', (2)* master ',

'lord', dominus; frequently applied to men, e.g. xvi. 30;Matt. xxi. 30 70;, ictf/ue,'

*I go, Sir'; to an angel x. 4; but

especially in LXX. to God, cf. Gen. ii. 15 Ktpios 6 6eos ' theLord God', and Acts ii. 34 elirev Kvpios r$ Kvpiy JJLOV : it is

used in prayer to the Father, e.g. i. 24, iv. 29 ; it is however

especially applied in N.T. to Jesus 'the Master', cf. xix. 5,

10, 13, 17; and in prayer to Him, vii. 59.

cl] The use of cl after phrases like OVK olda in classical

Gk. ='* whether '

is well known. Hence its use in N.T.to express a direct question in the form of a doubt whichthe utterer desires to have solved, cf. vii. 1, xix. 2, xxi. 37,xxii. 25; Matt. xii. 10; Luke xiii. 23.

4v TO> XP V<? TOVTW] Emphatic. *Is it now that thoudost re-establish?' The resurrection of Jesus and His sub-

sequent words about 'the kingdom of God' (ver. 3) hadre-kindled their hopes of the immediate re-establishment of

an earthly Jewish empire.

7. xpov ^ fl Kaipo\>s] Usually distinguished as '

pe-riods

' and 'points (i.e. critical moments) of time'. Thedistinction cannot however be maintained, cf. icaipovs (xvii.

26) of long periods of national existence, and the commonphrase 6 vvv K. = ' the present life': see too iii. 19, 21 n.

76 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.[i.

7

e',*

period of time '

merely ; Kcnp6s,' a period

of time ' not with reference to its length, but regarded asfixed upon, marked out, or adapted for some end.

296TO...] An absolute monarch may 'place' certain

affairs 'in the hands of his ministers': others he may*

place within (or'

subject to') his own personal authority':these latter he would be said riOeo-dai v rrj Id. e^ovala. Thephrase is an emphatic one, Idia being as much strongerthan tavTov as proprius than suus, and Qovala. expressesfull and uncontrolled authority (cf. v. 4).

8. Kal &r<r0...TTJs yfjs] The Acts themselves form thebest commentary on these words, and the words them-selves might be given as the best summary of the Acts.

We have first the preaching of the gospel' in Jerusalem '

until the martyrdom of Stephen ; then the dispersionthroughout Judaea and Samaria, viii. 1

; Philip going downto Samaria, viii. 5 ; and afterwards Peter and John, viii. 14 ;

then the conversion of Paul * the Apostle of the Gen-tiles

' and the vision of Peter; finally a full account of the

missionary labours of Paul and others, culminating in

the establishment of the gospel in the capital of the

world.

jidpTvps] 'witnesses': doctrind et sanguine, B. Noticethe first duty of an Apostle and cf. iv. 33, x. 39, xiii.

31.

9. virc'Xapev]' received him '

so that He seemed to be

supported by it. tfx^ia pa>ffi\tK6j>, Chrysostom.

10. a*Tvfi;ovTs] A. and K. V. '

looking stedfastly'. Theword (from a intensive and relva) occurs 10 times in the Actsand describes a somewhat strained, earnest gaze, cf. iii. 4,

12, vi. 15, vii. 55.

ls TOV ovpavov] Notice the quiet emphasis of thesewords four times repeated.

ws^.tjo-av, Kal iSov] Cf. Luke vii. 12 arc tfyytcre...Kal Idot.

The simplest method of representing two events as happen-ing together is to place them side by side, and this method,very common in Homer, is fairly frequent in classical

v.Stallb. Gk, e.g. Plat. Symp. 220 c, ydy peer)imppla fy Kal dvdpwiroi

Curthis yvOavovTo,'it was midday ivhen they began to notice '. Cf.

Gk Or too iii. 2 n.; Mark xv. 25 T\V wpa rplrt] Kal eGratipwaav avrov,

pp. 213, an(j the use of atque in simul atque. Hence even where a

temporal particle, e. g. ws, is used we often find, as here, a

i. 13] NOTES. 77

pleonastic KCLL added to mark that the two events happenedexactly together.

cv8ps] Cf. Luke xxiv. 4 : so too an 'angel' is called4 a man' x. 30. Cf. xi. 13.

11. OVTWS...SV Tpo-irov] Emphatic repetition.

12. 'EXcuwvos] 'Olivet', V. Olivetum, 'the olive-

garden'

(cf. dju.Tre\ui>} ; only here, usually rb opos ruve\cuwi>. The Mt of Olives is a ridge about one mile long,

running N. and S., on the E. of Jerusalem, separated fromit by the narrow ravine of the Kidron.

...] Cf. Ex. xvi. 29,* abide ye every man in

his place, let no man go out of his place on the seventh day'.This special command had been made by the Babbis the

basis of a general rule fixing the -distance which might be

lawfully traversed on the Sabbath at '2000 cubits' (aboutsix furlongs), the space kept between the ark and the peoplein the wilderness Josh. iii. 4, the distance to which the

suburbs of a Levitical city extended, Numb. xxxv. 5, and the

traditional distance which separated the tabernacle fromthe furthest part of the camp.

2xov is not= &TTxov : the distance is regarded as a

quality possessed by the mountain. Many consider that B.W.A.Luke here describes the Ascension as taking place at some

spot on the Mt of Olives distant a sabbath day's journeyfrom Jerusalem, and the present Church of the Ascension is

on the central peak of the mountain, which is at about that

distance. But this view does not agree with Luke xxiv. 50where it is said that ' Jesus led them out to over against

(?ws 7rp6s) Bethany', which is a village on the E. slope of theMt of Olives '

fifteen furlongs' (John xi. 18) from Jerusa-

lem. Probably therefore Luke here gives the distance of

the Mt of Olives from Jerusalem for the information of

his Gentile readers and does not fix the exact spot of the

Ascension, which took place amid ' the wild uplands Stanley,

which overhang Bethany, in a seclusion which would per-Sinai

haps nowhere else be found so near the stir of a mighty c.\

city'.

13. TO vircpwov] Possibly the avuyeov fjL^ya of Markxiv. 15, Luke xxii. 12, where the Last Supper took place.The virepyov in a house was a large room suitable for

gatherings, cf. xx. 8.

6 TC Herpes...] The following table gives the four lists

of the Apostles to be found in the N. T.

Men-vale,c. 59.

78 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.[i.

13

Matthew x. 2. Mark iii. 10. Luke vi. 14. Acts i. 13.

i. 15] NOTES. 79

James and Joses', and Salome the 'mother of Zebedee's

children ', Matt* xxvii. 56.

. rots dScXcjxHs] Cf. Matt. xii. 46 ; Mark iii. 31 ; Lukeviii. 19,

' his mother and his brethren '

; mentioned with'his mother' and 'his sisters', and their names given'James and Joses and Simon and Judas' Matt. xiii. 56;Mark vi. 3

;

' his brethren ' John vii. 9 ;

' James the Lord'sbrother' Gal. i. 19.

The fact that they are invariably termed d5e\0o/, and so

often mentioned, as here, with 'his mother', seems to

make it certain that they were actually His brethren the

sons of Mary. No other meaning can naturally be given to

the words.A strong desire however to make Jesus the only son

of ' the Virgin' has given rise to many theories, of which

the two chief are :

(1) A theory advanced first by Jerome A.D. 383 that

they were ' cousins'

of Jesus. To assign such a meaning to

dde\06s is distinctly contrary to its biblical usage (its

application to a 'nephew' Gen. xxix. 15 being exceptional,and its frequent metaphorical use, e.g. i. 15, being quite

distinct). The theory is built upon a series of assumptionsof which the first is that Mary had a sister also called

Mary (a most improbable view and only supported by a

very doubtful punctuation of John xix. 25), and that this

Mary is identical with 'Mary the mother of James andJoses', Matt, xxvii. 56. It is sufficiently disproved by Excur-

Lightfoot.<l

(2) A theory held in very early times and stronglyadvocated by Epiphanius bishop of Constantia A.D. 367,that they were the sons of Joseph by a former wife. Accord-

ing to Epiphanius Joseph was eighty years old whenbetrothed to Mary. This theory being purely suppositionaladmits no proof or disproof. It is advocated by Lightfootwho refers to the fact that the dying Jesus commended His Light-

mother to John (John xix. 26, 27) who took her ' unto his^own home', as a 'fatal objection' to her having had sons of ed. 2,

her own. P- 2t>4.

15. Ivratsf\\>.. Tavrcus] i.e. between the Ascension and

Pentecost.

A. V. 'names' ; E. V. rightly 'persons'. For"this Hebrew use cf. Numb. 1. 2, 18, 20; Bev. iii. 4.

eirl r6 avro] of place 'gathered together', cf. ii. 1,

iii. 44'; Luke xvii. 35.

80 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.[i.

16

16. av8pS...] The clear and telling argument of this

speech is so obscured in both A. and K.V. that it needscareful attention.

In it Peter brings forward a Messianic prophecy to shew

(1) that a certain event in the past was necessary, viz. the

betrayal of Jesus by an Apostle, (2) that thereby a neces-

sary duty is imposed upon them in the present, viz. the

selection of a successor. This connection is emphaticallymarked by the prominent 5ei the first word of the speech,and the equally prominent del (ver. 21) the first word of the

second half.

With regard to the first division of his speech the

method Peter adopts is not to give the prophecy first andthe corresponding facts afterwards, but to give the facts

first and the prophecy afterwards.

(a) He states that the prophecy had to be fulfilled whichwas spoken concerning Judas, and argues that its applica-tion must be to Judas because Judas was an Apostle. (Itwill be seen that the prophecy refers to one who held an'

overseership ', so that the fact of Judas being an Apostleis the proof of its reference to him.)

(/3)He then proceeds (v. 18) further to prepare the way

for the quotation of the prophecy by referring to anotherremarkable fact, viz. the purchase by Judas of a field and

(i) his suicide in that field, (ii) the consequent pollution of

the field, which became * a field of blood ' and uninhabit-

able.

Then he brings forward the prophecy which accuratelytallies with these facts, ((3) (i) as invoking a curse on the

betrayer, (ii) as referring to an ^TrauXis he possessed

(=-%upiov 6 cKTrjcraTo) which is to be desolate and unin-

habitable, and (a) as mentioning the betrayer as holding an'

overseership'.

' It was necessary '. Throughout the Acts Jesus is

regarded as the Messiah whom the Jewish scriptures fore-

told. The circumstances of His life and death must there-

fore necessarily fulfil the prophetic passages of Scripture. It

is the constant endeavour of the Apostles to shew that the

life and works of Jesus do accurately correspond with these

prophecies.

TI^V ypcuj^v]' the passage of scripture', i. e. the one he

is about to quote, ver. 20. A. V. wrongly refers in margin to

Light-Ps - xli. 9.

"

foot, i rpne ginguiar ypa^ij in the N. T. always means & parti-iii. 22. cular passage of Scripture'.

i. 19] NOTES. 81

fjv irpociirc...] The Psalmist spoke of his own troubles,but through his instrumentality (5ta) the Holy Spirit fore-

told the sufferings and betrayal of the Messiah.

TOV -ycv. oSrjYov] Cf. Matt. xxvi. 47.

17. on] 'that', 'in that', 'seeing that', 'because'.H. gives ort=' although

'

a typical instance of mistrans-lation intended to save, and in fact ruining, the sense.

icXtjpov] (1) 'a lot', (2) 'a thing assigned by lot',

(3)' allotment

',

'

portion '. Hence clerus= ' the clergy '.

18. OVTOS p^v ov>v...AfyxaTos] Marked off in E. V. asa parenthesis, (and so in the text,) and generally regardedas inserted by the historian. But it has been rightly re-

marked that (1) such an insertion of a historical notice is A.M.La.

unnatural, (2) the use of ptv ovv (a formula of transition='so then') to introduce a parenthesis is unknown, (3) thewhole verse is rhetorical not narrative in style, cf. ouros,

/JLLO-OOV TTJS ddidas, \dK7)cre ju&ros, and beyond all (4) thewords are absolutely necessary to Peter's argument.

On the other hand in ver. 19 ry diaXtKry CLVTWV and TOUT'

<TTLV XW/H'OJ> Afytaro? are clearly explanations inserted

perhaps awkwardly but very naturally by Luke writing inGreek for Greek readers who would not have understood theword

'

AK\dafjLdx-

KrqcraTo \...] 'acquired (i.e. made a KT^/JLO. or posses-

sion) a field from the reward of his guilt', i.e. from the ' 30

pieces of silver' which the chief priests had

' covenanted ' to

give him, cf. Matt. xxvi. 14 16, and xxvii. 3 8, where theaccount given differs considerably from that given here.

Attempts to reconcile the two passages by translating e/cr^-

craro '

gave occasion to the purchase of involve a perversionof the plain meaning of the Greek.

.] 'having fallen face-foremost'. The wordsindicate suicide by jumping or falling from a height of somesort, and the suicide is clearly referred to as connected withthe field. Matt, has a,ire\dwv

\ciKT]<rv, from Xctcr/cw, always of sound, is here used of

bursting accompanied with sound, cf. frango, fragor;'crack'.

19. TTJ 8ia\KTco avTcGv] inserted by Luke from the pointof view of himself and Theophilus who used Greek.

8id\KTos, from dLaXtyeo-Oai,' to converse ',

= '

language'

not '

dialect', cf. ii. 6, xxi. 40.

Xwpfov AfyiciTos] Matt, has d-ypbs afytaros, adding thatits former name was 6 ay. TOV Kepajmews.

P. 6

82 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES.[i.

20

20. 7VT]9iiTa). . .] Ps. Ixix. 25 :

ycvrjOrjTb) TJ iTravAis avruv Tjprj/MWfjLfrTj

Kal &V TOiS (TKflV(l}^CL(JiV OVTUVfJLTJ <7T(i} 6 KCLTQIKUV.

David and his kingdom are types of the Son of David andHis kingdom. Hence words used of his own enemies byDavid are applied to the enemies of the Messiah, or referred

H. specially to one such enemy as here. ' The 69th Psalm is

with1 '

ften quoted in St Matt, and St John and seems to have

Chrys. been regarded as peculiarly prophetic of the Messiah '.

Clearly parallel to %uplov.

n^v cirio-Koirnv...] Ps. cix. 8. For CTT^KOTT^V A. V. givesthe derived word '

Bishoprick', but B. V. *office' and in the

margin* overseership'.

21. <S l<rijX0v K. ij. <)>* iijias] versabatur inter nos, of

habitual daily intercourse, cf. ix. 28 ; Ps. cxxi. 8;1 Sam.

xxix. 6;John x. 9.

22. TOV PO/ITT. 'Lootvov] which immediately preceded the

public ministry of Jesus, cf. Luke iii.

TOVTCOV] Deictic, and emphatic by position.

23. ^o-rqcrav] i.e. the whole company did so.

'Ia><rii<|>...] Nothing is known of either.

Joseph's regular name (cf. KdXot/j.evoi') was JosephBarsabbas, i.e. son of Sabbas, it being common thus to dis-

tinguish men by adding the name of the father, cf. Matt. xvi.

17 Simon Barjona, Acts xiii. 6 Barjesus. To this name wasoften added an additional name, a sort of * surname' (cf.

tireKXydrj), sometimes expressing some personal characteristic

(cf. iv. 36 'Iw<7?}0 6 tiriK\Tidels Bapvdpas, i. e.* son of con-

solation'; x. 5 *2iifj,d}va os ^TTi/caXetrat Il^rpos, i. e.' the rock'),

v. F. frequently Latin in form, for use no doubt in dealingc. 19, s. f. with non-Jews, and often similar in sound to the Hebrew

name, as here Joseph Justus ;cf . xiii. 9 Saul, Paul.

Ma06iav] Short for Mattathias ( Theodorus), a commonJewish name.

24. KapSuryvwora] Emphatic. He 'who knows theheart' must judge right. The same adj. applied to Godxv. 8.

dvdSeij-ov] 'appoint', cf. Luke x. 1, dv8ei%ev 6 Kvpios

25. ls TOV TOITOV TOV t8iov] Euphemism. The phrase is

a strong antithesis to rbv T67rov...dTro(TTo\i]s; he was chosenfor the place of an Apostle, he had chosen his own place

II. 1] NOTES. 83

for himself. In Numb. xxiv. 25 'Balaam returned to his

place' (TOV TOTTOV avrov) was interpreted by the Eabbis of

Gehenna.Not only is the adj. I'Sios a strong one, cf. i. 7 n., but it

is emphasized by its position, as always, when the adj. is

thus placed after the noun and preceded by the article, cf.

ii. 20 7]fj.pav rj]v fjLeydXtjv Kal Tri(f>avr], ii. 40 rrjs yeveas TTJS

cr/coXias ravrris, vi. 13 TOV TOTTOV TOV aylov, xi. 23 TTJV X&pwT^V TOV 6., xiii. 10 ras 68ovs TCLS evOeias.

26. 8a>Kay K\rjpovs] 'cast lots'; avTots, ethic dat. 'for

them'. Decision by lots is very frequent in O.T. Thescape-goat was chosen from two by lot Lev. xvi. 7 10,Moses ordained (Numb, xxxiv. 13) that the inheritance ofthe 12 tribes should be assigned by lot, and Joshua so

assigned it, Josh. xiv. 2, xviii. 6 an instance which wouldnaturally be considered here in filling up the number ofthe twelve Apostles, who represent the twelve tribes (cf.

Luke xxii. 30).The two names would be written on small tablets and

cast into a vessel (or 'the lap', cf. Prov. xvi. 33) and thenshaken (cf. TrdXXw, TraXos) until one fell (Zirecrev) out.

<ruvKaT\|/T]<)Hcr6T]] The word is exactly = o-iryAcarapitf/^w,'reckon in along with', 'number with': ^??0ot, calculi,were regularly used in counting. Cf. avve^rj^iaav, xix. 19.

CHAPTEB II.

1. ev TW <rwirX/r]p<>vo-0<u...] lit. 'on the day of P.

being fulfilled'. Pentecost was a festal day looked forwardto as completing the period of harvest: hence, when it

arrives, it can be spoken of as 'being fulfilled', 'filled up',' added to the now full tale of days '.

Cf. Luke ix. 51 ev ry avfJLirXvjpoiJo'da.i TCLS rjfjitpas r?7s aVa-

X-^ews aurou, /ecu auV6s...ecrT?7pt^e, i.e. simultaneously withthe days of his taking up being completed (filled up to the

proper number) he set his face

T-qs ircvrrjicoorTTJs] A feast, as its name implies, held onthe fiftieth day from the second day of the Passover, onwhich day a sheaf of the firstfruits was 'waved' before the

Lord, whereas at Pentecost a sacrifice was made for the

completion of the harvest, cf. Lev. xxiii. 15 21. ThePassover, Pentecost, and the Feast of Tabernacles were thethree great feasts of the year, on which all males were ' to

appear before the Lord in the place that he shall choose',Deut. xvi. 16. It is also called the 'feast of weeks', from

62

84 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [n. 1

the 'numbering seven weeks'. Whitsunday, on which the

sending of the Holy Spirit is commemorated, is the 10th

day after Ascension day, and so 50 days from the day when1 Christ our passover was sacrificed for us '.

7rdvTs] All the believers in Jesus.

2. w<nrp] Note that it is not * the sound of a blast'

but 'of as it were a blast': so too w<re irvpos.

3.Sui|j,cpii;6|i.cvai]

Not ' cloven' as A.V. (for the wordis not an adj., but a present part.) but 'distributing them-selves ', i.e. one to each, a meaning which is necessary to

account for the singular verb ^/caflurej', the nom. to whichis yXuVo-a, which can be naturally supplied after the 7X0)0--ffai have been referred to as 'distributing themselves', butnot otherwise. V. has dispertitae, and cf. dtefdpifov ver. 45.

For the resting of a flame on the head as a sign of

divine favour cf. Virg. Aen. 11. 683,

Ecce levis summo de vertice visus lull

Fundere lumen apex.

So too Ov. Fast . vi. 635 flammeus apex, and Horn. II. xvni.214.

4. XaXeiv er^pais yXcooro-cus] 'to speak with tonguesdifferent to their own ', for repos expresses something dif-

ferent (cf. ver. 13), not merely, like d\\os, somethingadditional.

With regard to this event nothing is known but whatLuke tells us. From his words it is clear (1) that hedescribes the speakers speaking in languages they did notknow before, and the hearers understanding them, w. 8 and11, (2) that the event is described as exceptional andaccompanied by great excitement, ver. 13, (3) that it is

connected not with teaching but with praise and adora-

tion, ver. 11. Compare x. 46 48 where 'speaking with

tongues' is also spoken of as an exceptional event andconnected with 'glorifying God', and xix. 6 where it is

again exceptional and distinguished from 'prophesying'or preaching.

'

Speaking with tongues' seems to have been used as a

regular form of worship in the Corinthian Church. St Pauldescribes the practice at length 1 Cor. xiv., but it is clear

that as in use there it differed from what is described

here, for he dwells on the fact that the utterances couldnot be understood without an interpreter : he also distinctly

deprecates the practice : he speaks of it as inferior to preach-

ing (irpo^reTueLv) and adds ver. 19 'I would rather speakfive words with my understanding (ry vot), that I might

ii. 9] NOTES. 85

instruct others also, than ten thousand words in a tongue(ev y\u)acrr)) '.

Mark xvi. 17, where to 'speak with new (KCUVCUS)

tongues'

is promised by Jesus, is a doubtful passage, andthe reading Kcuvals is also extremely uncertain.

diro<J>04Yycr9ai] eloqui : expresses eager impassionedutterance, cf. ver. 14 and xxvi. 25, the only other passageswhere it is found in N.T. Lucian (Paras. 4) uses it of the*

ring' of a vessel when struck.

5. KCITOIKOVVTCS]'

dwelling'

A. and B. V. The wordcertainly usually describes residence in a place, cf. iv. 16,vii. 2, 4, ix. 22, 32, but should here perhaps be taken in

a fairly wide sense, to include those who were '

dwelling' in

Jerusalem temporarily for the feast, as well as those whohad returned to reside there, either hoping for 'theconsolation of Israel', like Simeon (Luke ii. 25 foOpuiros

ei)\a/3?7s), or desiring to die and be buried in the Holy City.

6. yevo^'vTjs 8 Tqs <J>WVTJS] A. V. ' when this wasnoised abroad', which would require (frrjws, 'a rumour',*

report' : B. V. rightly 'when this sound was heard ', referringto the rjxos f ver - 2

;cf . (pwf), of the sound of the wind,

John iii. 8; of an instrument, 1 Cor. xiv. 7, 8, 10.

<rvv)(v0T]] mente confusa est. V.

7. FoXiXaiot] All the Apostles and many of the disci-

ples came from Galilee, the chief scene of Jesus' labours.The word is used here in its simple geographical sense : asGalilaeans their natural language was Aramaic, not the lan-

guage of any of the nations about to be named.There is no trace of contempt in the word here, although

Galilee was looked down upon (cf. John vii. 52), nor is

there any reference to the Galilaean 'accent' (cf. Markxiv. 70), for 5id\KTos is not =' dialect', cf. i. 19 n. The Gibbon,

contemptuous application of Galilaei by Julian to the Chris-c* 23 -

tians is of course wholly distinct from the use of the wordhere.

9. IlapOoi...] i.e. Jews who had settled and becomenaturalized in those districts. They were known as ' Jewsof the dispersion' (Sicunropd) ;

cf. too xxi. 21 roz)s Kara ra tdvrj

'lovdaiovs. They may be divided into four divisions :

(1) The Eastern or Babylonian, originating in the

carrying away of the ten tribes by Shalmaneser B. c. 721,2 Kings xviii. 11, and of Judah and Benjamin under Nebu-chadnezzar B. c. 588, 2 Kings xxiv.

(2) The Syrian, due to the removal of Jewish colonists

by Seleucus Nicator (B.C. 312280) from Babylon to the

86 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [n. 9

west. Antiochus the Great also removed 2000 Jewish fami-lies from Judaea to Lydia and Phrygia.

Meri-(3) The Egyptian, due to the Jewish settlements esta-

2g'Wished in Alexandria by Alexander and Ptolemy I., where

and 29. at the Christian era Jews formed two-fifths of the popula-tion. Cf. xviii. 24 n.

(4) The Roman Jews brought to Rome by Pompey after

his occupation of Jerusalem B.C. 63 and settled in the trans-

Tiberine region.The text corresponds to these four historical and geo-

graphical divisions : (1) ndp0ot...Me<ro7rora/^ai>, (2) 'Iou5a/cu>

...IIa/-i0uAcu>, (3) A.'iyvirTov...'Kvp7)V'r)v, (4) ot eiri. 'Pw/jLaioi.

The Cretes and Arabians are mentioned last somewhat

awkwardly as not falling into any group.

IlapOot] Put first as most important : their empire at

this time extended from India to the Tigris.

MrjSoi] A name strictly applied to a people of WesternAsia, who were merged with the Persians into one powerfulempire by Cyrus the Great (B.C. 559). They were subdued

by Alexander the Great, and after his death soon absorbed

by the Parthians. The Greek writers use the word vaguely= '

Persians',* the inhabitants of the Persian kingdom'.

'EXajwiTai] 'inhabitants of Elam', a district S. of As-

syria and E. of Persia, with Susa (Shushan) for its capital.

Between the Euphrates and Tigris.

Clearly not Judaea as distinguished fromSamaria (cf. i. 8) but the ' land of the Jews ', i.e. Palestineand perhaps some part of Syria. It is naturally placed at

the head of the second group with which it is geographicallyconnected.

Cappadocia extends from Mt Taurus northward to

Pontus, which extends to the Euxine; Phrygia lies inland

W. of Cappadocia ; Pamphylia on the S. coast E. of Cilicia.

TTJV 'Ao-Cav] As throughout the Acts= the Roman pro-vince of Asia comprising Mysia, Lydia and Caria, with

Ephesus for its capital.

10. TO, |i.pT]...] The singularly fertile district to the W.of the Greater Syrtis known as the Cyrenaic Pentapolis,the modern Tripoli.

' Simon a Cyrenian'

is mentionedMatt. xxvi. 73.

Used generally of temporary stay in a

foreign place, cf. xvii. 21 ot CTTL. %evoL. The word is not how-ever here contrasted with KarotKovvres (ver. 5), but seemsadded to shew that'Pco^ucuoi is used in a geographical sense

ii. 14] NOTES. 87

= 'from Rome', and not, as often, in a political sense= ' Roman citizens', cf. xvi. 21, 37, 38.

'lovScuoC T Kal -irpcxrrjXvroi] In apposition with and So A.

defining all the preceding proper names, and not merelyM- La-

'Popcorn. This would have been perfectly clear had it notbeen for the addition of the 'Cretes and Arabians', appa-rently as a sort of afterthought, to what was already a

complete and symmetrical list.

irpoo-TJXuTos (from irpoffep^adaL^1 one who joins') is

used in LXX. to render the Hebrew word for which A. V.

gives'

stranger ', e. g. Ex. xx. 10 o TT/OOCT. d TrapoiKaw iv vol.

Instances in the O. T. are Uriah the Hittite and Araunahthe Jebusite. Matt, xxiii. 15 refers to the zeal shewn for

'making proselytes'; cf. Hor. Sat. i. 4. 142 ac veluti te\Judaei cogemus in hanc concedere turbam. For the numberof Jews and Jewish proselytes in Italy cf. Tac. Ann. n. 85,who refers to a decree made by Tiberius (A. D. 19) ut quattuormillia libertini generis ea superstitione infecta..,in insulamSardiniam veherentur,..ceteri cederent Italia. The division

into Proselytes of the Gate, who were not bound by circum-cision and the other special laws of the Mosaic code, and

Proselytes of Righteousness, who were circumcised andcarried out the full Judaic ritual, seems later than this

period.

12. SiTjiropovvTo, 8iax\uaovTs] Cf. x. 17 n.

13. Y^ ^KOVS] A. and R. V. ' new wine', somewhat un-

wisely, as Pentecost came before the vintage. From Lucian

Ep. Sat. xxn. it is clear that it is raw young wine with fer-

mentation still going on, indigestible and intoxicating,served to poor guests, while the rich man drinks olvos

dvOoo-fJilas. Cf. too Job xxxii. 19 d(r/cds y\evKovs ewv 5e5e^-vos. The use of the word clearly implies contempt, cf. Juv.

in. 292 cujus aceto...tumes ? where aceto is contemptuous.

14. <rrci0ls 8...] Peter's object is to explain and

justify what has occurred, his whole argument being fromthe fulfilment of prophecy. Signs and wonders were to

accompany the coming of Messiah, and the speaking with

tongues is one of these signs. Moreover that Jesus is Mes-siah is shewn by His works (ver. 22) and especially by Hisdeath and resurrection, which exactly fulfil the words of

David.

<rTa9ts, einjpv rr\v ((xoviiv, air<f>66t

yaTo] These intro-

ductory words mark the importance of the speech. This

pictorial use of oraflets is a marked peculiarity of Luke,being used by no other writer in N. T. Cf. Luke xviii. 11, 40,xix. 8 ; Acts v. 20, xvii. 22, xxvii. 21.

88 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [n. 14

TOVTO] explained by ov yap... below :'

this, namely thatthese men are not... '.

15. oSroi] Deictic.

wpa TpCrT]] The Jews, like the Romans, divided thetime between sunrise and sunset into 12 equal parts, whichwould vary in length according to the time of year. At the

equinoxes the 'third hour' would be 9 a.m. It was thefirst hour of prayer, and the time of the offering of the

morning sacrifice in the Temple.* Before it no pious Jew

might eat or drink'.

16. TOVTO ICTTIV r6 lpT]|Jt^vov...] i.e. 'this, which is hap-pening, is identical with' or 'the fulfilment of what wasspoken...'.

The quotation is from Joel ii. 28 32 and closely followsthe LXX.

17. 4v rats (T)(aT<us ijp..]Joel has merely pera Tavra,

but himself proceeds to define the time as i^pcus e/ceiVcus andTjfji. Kvplov (Joel ii. 29, 31), and so Peter, interpreting the

prophecy as foretelling Messiah's kingdom, naturally substi-

tutes for fjLera ravra the well-known phrase' the last days',

which is frequently used to indicate the time of Messiah's

coming (e.g. Is. ii. 2; Micah iv. 1), and which Peterwould naturally use of the time when he was speaking, for

the Apostles regarded themselves as living' in the last days

'

and looked forward to the coming of Christ in glory in thenear future. (Cf. Heb. i. 2 e?r' ecrxdrw ruv

TJ/J.. TOVTWV.)

opdorcis] 'visions': this word, for which Luke alwaysemploys opa/xa, indicates something clearer than 'a dream'.Matt. xvii. 9 describes the appearance (ufiOrjaav) of Mosesand Elias at the transfiguration as opafj.a, cf. vii. 31 wherethe '

burning bush '

is tipa/ma : its clearness is marked x. 3v opdfjLari (pavep&s. On the other hand it may occur to a

person' in an ecstasy', xi. 5, or ' in the night', xvi. 9, xviii.

9 ;and xii. 9 it is marked as something which the beholder

knows to be unreal.

18. TO^S SovXovs JAOV] A. V. in Joel, following the He-brew, has 'the servants and the handmaids', i.e. actual

servants. Peter here follows LXX.

19. The words cu/w and a-rj^a /carw are not in LXX. andseem to be introduced to make the antithesis between whatshould happen in heaven and on earth clearer. In heaventhere are to be r^para, 'marvels', 'prodigies', such as

changes in the sun, on earth arrjju.e'ia, 'signs', events which

symbolize some great change. The next words illustrate

these r^para and o-^/xeta in inverse order (per Chiasmum),

ii. 22] NOTES. 89

and therefore af/xa /ecu irvp... must be taken as = bloodshedand devastation by fire', and not 'bloody and fiery appear-ances'. Cf. the prediction by Jesus, Matt. xxiv. 6, 29, of

wars on earth and portents in heaven.

20.TJ jx. KvpCov...] The second coming of Messiah in

glory. For the adj. emphatic by position cf. i. 25 n. m-0CU/T7 (in the Heb. 'terrible'; A. and E.V. 'notable'; V.

manifestus) describes a day which will be 'clearly visible'

to all in its occurrences and meaning.For bri<t>dvia used of ' the second coming', cf. 2 Thess.

ii. 8;1 Tim. vi. 14. We use the term 'Epiphany' of the

' manifestation '

to the Gentiles : cf. Collect for the Epiphany*

God, who by the leading of a star didst manifest thyonly-begotten Son to the Gentiles '.

22. 'Irjorow TOV N<xwpcuov] The names applied to

our Lord in the Acts deserve careful study.

(1) Jesus is His name as a man. It is an ordinaryname, and is the Gk form of Joshua (cf. vii. 45 '

broughtin with Jesus'), which is contracted from Jehoshua = ' the

help of Jehovah' or '

Saviour', cf. Matt. i. 21.

'Jesus of Nazareth1

is used when reference is made to

Jesus as a man needing thus to be identified (cf. carefullyJohn xviii. 5, 7, xix. 19; Acts vi. 14, xxvi. 9, and the veryinteresting instance xxii. 8 with note). In the absence of

surnames this addition of their birthplace is one of thebest known methods of identifying individuals.

In the healing of the impotent man, iii. 6 and iv. 10,Paul twice speaks of 'Jesus Christ of Nazareth', thus (1)

clearly identifying the person, (2) giving Him the title in

virtue of which the act of healing is performed.

(2) Christ, 6 x/>io-r6s, 'the anointed one', is a ren-

dering of the word 'Messiah' (cf. John i. 41), the nameapplied by the Jews to the Great Deliverer whom the Pro-

phets foretold. He is described as 'the anointed one'

because priests and kings were anointed, and He was to bethe Priest and the King. The descent of the Holy Spiritat His baptism is regarded as the '

anointing' of Jesus, cf.

Luke iv. 18;

Is. Ixi. 1;Acts x. 38 ^xpurej/ CLVTOV 6 debs irveij-

fjLari ayiy.

(3) Jesus Christ has not in the Acts yet become amere name, but involves a statement, viz. the identity of

the man Jesus with Messiah ;

' Jesus Messiah '

may be

compared as an appellation with ' Caesar Imperator'. Toprove the claim of the man Jesus to the title ' Christ '

is

one main purpose of the Acts. As ascribing the title Mes-siah to Him the name 'Jesus Christ' is very frequently

assigned to our Lord when authority, power, or dignity is

90 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [n. 22

ascribed to Him, e.g. ii. 38, iv. 10 'in the name of Jesus

Christ', ix. 34 * Jesus Christ healeth thee'.

The following passages afford instances of the use of

XPKTTOS as applied to Jesus :

ii. 36 xpurrbv ciroi^aev d Oebs TOVTOV rbv 'I^ff., 'madeJesus (to be) Messiah'.

iii. 20 T&V . . .xpi<TTbi> 'lrj(rovv= lthe... Messiah' and then

is added in explanation 'Jesus'; so too v. 42.

xvii. 3 OVTOS tcmv d xpio-rds 6 'iT/troOs, 'this man is theMessiah even Jesus '.

xviii. 5 dia/j.apTVp6fJLevos elvai. TOV ^KJTQV 'Irjcrovv, 'that

the Messiah is Jesus '; so too xviii. 28.

In xxiv. 24 TTJS els Xpttrrd*' 'lyaovv TrtVrews is somewhatdoubtfully supported and probably wrong, being contraryto the entire usage of the Acts.

diroScSei'YjJL^vov] A. and E.V. 'approved'. The wordis a strong one, 'clearly shewn', 'pointed out specially',

'apart from others', cf. 1 Cor. iv. 9: it also, while thus

expressing clearness, suggests certainty, cf. xxv. 7.

diro TOV 0ov] divinitus ; not 'by', but 'from God',from whom he received His mission and authority; cf.

Gal. i. 1 OVK a?r' dvBpunrajy. Notice how Peter marks thedivine origin of the mission of Jesus by emphatic repetitionof 6 0eo's, TOV 0., d 0eds (vv. 2224), d 0e6s, TOV 6eov (w. 32,

33), d 0eds (ver. 36).

8\)vd|J.(rt, Tpa<ri, CTT^JLCLOIS] The same acts viewed in

different lights, (1) as indicating power in the person doingthem, (2) as exciting wonder in the persons seeing them,(3) as being signs from which inferences can be drawn.

23. TOVTOV] recalls attention with emphasis to the

person described, a very frequent use.

povXfj] 'will', 'purpose', 'counsel'; cf. Horn. II. i. 5

Ai6s 5' ereXetero jSouX^.

irp<ryvwo-i]'

praescientid' V., 'foreknowledge' A. andB.V. The death of Jesus is described as willed and knownbeforehand by God, and for that reason alone possible.

8id x tPs dvojicov] through the instrumentality of law-less men, i.e. the Eoman soldiers. The Jews did not

actually crucify Jesus, although they caused His crucifixion.

n-pocrmiJavTes] A graphic and realistic word, used de-

signedly.

dvtXa,T] 'made away with', 'destroyed'; a word veryfrequent in the Acts of putting to a violent or unjust death,cf. v. 33, vii. 28, ix. 23, 29, x. 39, and dvalpeau viii. 1;Luke xxii. 2.

ii. 27] NOTES. 91

24. \vo-as rds...] The 'pangs of death' had 'laidpee

M.

hold' of Jesus (cf. Kpareio-Qai, and its use iii. 11, xxiv. 6;ere>

Luke viii. 54); from this 'hold' God had 'loosed' Him.For pain or disease described as 'confining', 'holding pri-

soner', cf. xxviii. 8 dvaevrepiij} ffvve"xo^evov\ Plat. Rep. 574 A

cuSTcrt <nW%ecr0cu.The phrase o>5. Oavarov is from LXX. Psalm xviii. 4,

cxvi. 3 Trepie(j'xpv ^ &dwes Oavdrov, where the Hebrew how-ever gives 'snares' or 'traps of death', death being com-

pared to a hunter. Having regard to the sense of \6aas

and KpareiffOcu, and to the fact that Peter was not speakingin Greek but to Jews, it is not improbable that he used the

word ' snares' and that Luke has replaced it by the well-

known LXX. rendering.

25. irpoopw|AT]v...] Almost verbatim from LXX. Psalmxvi. 811. Peter argues that the words of David could notall have been spoken of himself alone, especially ver. 27, andshould rather be regarded as applicable (cf. A^yet els avrbv)to Messiah in His hour of trouble : he therefore interpretsthem of Messiah, who is regarded as uttering them as an

expression of His trust in Jehovah, even when 'held' bythe 'pangs of death'.

7rpoop6fji.r)j>= l l saw before me', i.e. present: A.V. gives

'foresaw', obscuring the sense. Ktipioi>= Jehovah.

IK StguSv] In the position of a defender : the advocate M.stood at his client's right hand, cf. Psalm cix. 31.

26. ere 8 Kdl] Emphatic. 'Nay more my flesh (i.e.

my actual body) shall dwell awhile (i.e. in the grave) sup-

ported upon hope (e?r' e\irl8i) '.

For KaracrKT]V(o<ri, 'pitch a tent', 'rest', 'dwell awhile',cf. Matt.xiii. 32 'the birds of the air come and lodge (KO.TCL-

ffKrjvwv)\ John i. 14 d \6yos ffdp eyfrero /cat <TK7)vwffj> ev

T]IMV.

27. els a8i]v] Constructio praegnans. A.V. has 'in

hell', E.V. 'in Hades', i.e. 'the unseen world'. $drjs repre-sents the Hebrew sJieol, 'the grave' (e.g. Gen. xxxvii. 35),a very negative word, 'the place not of the living but of

the dead'. It is often used locally as the opposite of

'heaven', e.g. Job xi. 8, and cf. Matt. xi. 23; Luke x. 15.

Neither it, nor $drjs, denotes a place of punishment ; even in

Luke xvi. 23 'in hell (ev T< #cfy) he lift up his eyes', themarked addition of the words inrdpxwt> ev /Sao-d^ots shewsthat the idea of torment is in no way involved in the word.'Death' and 'Hades' are strictly parallel terms: he who*is dead' is 'in Hades': the word is used four times in

Eev., and always with 6dvaros, 'death'.

92 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [n. 27

The 'in Hades' of E.Y. is not a translation but a meretransliteration, and does not to an ordinary reader conveythe simple meaning of the Greek, viz. 'in the grave', whileto an educated reader it is useless.

From this passage are derived the words of the Apostles'Creed ' He descended into hell'. The English word 'hell'

is derived from 'helan', to hide. The bad sense whichattaches to it is partly due to its having been employed not

only as a rendering of ydys but also of ytevva, e. g. Matt,v. 22.

28. 68oi>s COT[S] i.e. as applied by Peter to Jesus, His

rising from the dead : so too the next words describe Hisascension and position in heaven enjoying the presence of

Jehovah.

29. d'v8ps <x8\<j>ot] The addition of the word &vdpesin addressing an audience is respectful and therefore neces-

sary in any speech that is in any way formal, cf. the well-

known avdpes 5i/cacrra^ 'A0ipcuoi, &c., and cf. i. 11, ii. 14,ii. 22, vii. 2. It may often be rendered ' men

', but in the

present phrase we are compelled to omit it and translate

'brethren', thus losing the distinction between this moreformal phrase and the affectionate d5eX0ot of iii. 17 and thePauline epistles.

ci-ov] sc. tcrl.' I may speak freely to you about David',

for you are Israelites and know (1) the facts of his deathand burial, (2) his hopes and predictions about his descend-

ant, the Messiah.

jrciTpicipxov] Usually applied to Abraham, or thetwelve sons of Jacob (cf. vii. 8) as the great

'

originalfathers

'

of the race. Here to David as head of the familyfrom which Messiah was to come.

rd |ivij|ia CLVTOV...] Cf. 1 Kings ii. 10; Neh. iii. 16.

Jos. The sepulchre is said to have been opened and robbed byAnt vii.

Hyrcanus B.C. 134 and again by Herod.

30. xnrapxttv] Strictly 'to be originally', 'in the be-

ginning', 'to start with'; hence ret VTrapxovra, 'property',iv. 32, and often in Luke, and U7raps ii. 45. It is a favour-

ite word with Luke (never found in Matt., Mark, or John),and though perhaps never quite losing its strict meaning, it

becomes often almost= ' to be', e.g. vii. 55. Hence the useof irpovirrjpxev viii. 9 when the sense of ' before

' has to be

clearly expressed.

opKw...] Cf. 2 Sam. vii. 16 with Ps. cxxxii. 11.

KaGurcu] Active,' set

',

' cause to sit '. There is no ace.

after it, for the words 'from the fruit of his loins' practi-

ii. 38] NOTES. 93

cally contain the object of the verb, viz. 'a son',' descendant '.

32. TOVTOV TOV '!.] Emphatic, bringing home and

summing up the argument.' David foretold that Messiah

should rise from the dead : this man Jesus (of. ver. 22) Goddid raise from the dead : therefore Jesus is Messiah'.

ov = ' of which fact'.

33. TTJ 8eia] 'by the right hand' : dat. of instrument.

Throughout Peter emphasizes the action of God. Therenderings

' at' or 'to the right hand '

are impossible, but

Bengel's dextra Dei exaltatus est ad dextram Dei is a fair

deduction from the Greek, especially when compared withver. 34.

ovv] 'therefore',' and so' : -God's raising Him to heaven

is the natural sequel to His raising Him from the grave.

TTJV T...X.o,pwv] i.e. having received the Holy Spiritwhich had been promised, cf. i. 4.

Ifjc'xcev, referring to ver. 17. TOVTO o...i.e. the phenome-non, which you have just witnessed, which was an '

outpour-ing of the Holy Spirit'.

34. ov Y&p---] Dilemma. Propheta loquitur aut de se

aut de Messia. Non de se v. 29, ergo de Messia. B.

K(9ov IK Scgiwv pov] Cf. Matt. xx. 21. 'Be thou a Lumby.

sharer of my throne and power. This is a commonEastern expression'.

KaOov is conversational and late Gk for the classical

KaOr)(ro imperative of KdOrj/jiai.

35. &os av 0(o...] Indicating complete subjugation, cf.

Josh. x. 24.

36. do-<|>aX(5s ovv...] Summary of the argument in-

troduced emphatically by <xcr0aXa)s.

avTov...TOVTOV Tov'L] 'him...even this Jesus', a strongassertion (for the second time, cf. ver. 32) of the identity of

Messiah and the man Jesus, introducing also the power-ful contrast between Messiah whom God glorified andJesus ' whom you crucified'.

oV v|Xis lo-Tavpwo-aTi] Note the position of these

words. Aculeus in fine, B. ;cf. KaTevvyyo-av.

37. Ko/rviryT]o-av] They felt the sting of his words,felt compunction (compungo). The same metaphor in the

famous description of Pericles' oratory rb Ktvrpov tyKar- Eupol.

AITTG rots ct/cpow/^ois.

38. pairrur6^T...] In accordance with the commandof Jesus, Matt, xxviii. 19. The same phrase is used x. 48,

94 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [n. 38

and jSaTTT. els rb ovo^a TOV Kvptov 'I^o*. viii. 16, xix. 5. Lukedoes not give the form of words used in baptism by the

Apostles, but merely states the fact that they baptizedthose who acknowledged Jesus as Messiah or as Lord.

The Church has made the words of Jesus (/3a7TT/o?/Tes els

TO ftvOfJiCL TOV TTCLTpOS Kdl TOV VLOV KCLl TOV dy'lOV TTVeVfJUjLTOs)

into a baptismal formula: 'I baptize thee in the name of

the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost'.

ls <x<f><riv] of the object or aim of the baptism.

T-fjv Swpedv TOV...] The Holy Spirit is itself the gift,cf. viii. 17 n.

39. 11 eirayycXCa] The promise contained in the pas-sage quoted from Joel, ver. 18.

ircuri TOIS ls |A<xKpdv...] i.e. to the whole heathen world,cf. ver. 21, a verse which Paul (Kom. x. 13) quotes as prov-ing that there is to be no distinction between Jew andGentile ; cf. Eph. ii. 13, where he speaks of the Gentiles aso'i wore 6vres [J.a.Kpav.

A. La. The command of Jesus (Matt, xxviii. 19) is clear,' Go

and teach all nations' (TTCLVTOL ra ZOvy}', and Messiah's

kingdom was generally expected to be universal: Peter

expresses this belief, but (cf. ch. x.) it had not yet beenrevealed to him that the Gentiles as such, i.e. without

becoming proselytes to Judaism, were to be included in it.

40. 8i[xapTt>pa.To] A. and R. V. 'testified', and so

throughout the Acts. In classical Gk /j,apTvp^= t I am a

witness', 'testify'; juaprv/x>/xcu,=='I call to witness' (often

invoking God), 'I protest', and this distinction is main-tained in N.T., cf. n. on fjt,apTvpofjLai. xx. 26. It seems un-reasonable therefore to translate Sia^tapru/jo^at 'testify'.

L. & Its exact sense is 'to protest solemnly', especially in theScott, case of falsehood or wrong, and it is accurately used in the

Acts of the witness borne by the Apostles to Jesus, viewed asa protest against the false view of Him held by those theyare addressing, cf. x. 42, xviii. 5, xx. 21. Cf. also its use in

Luke xvi. 28 of a warning, protesting message ; Acts xx. 23of a warning spiritual voice. In 1 Tim. v. 21, ia/j.apTi>-

poyuat evuiTLov rov 6eov, it is distinctly' I protest solemnly',

'I conjure you': so too 2 Tim. ii. 14, iv. 1.

o-KoXids] pravus; opposite of evdtis (xiii. 10), rectus.

41. 42, 43. ol jxcv ovv tfcrav SI eyivcro 8*...] 'Sothen they indeed and were but fear fell'.

The use of pkv odv should be carefully noticed : it is a

formula of transition very frequent in the Acts, oftv con-

nects with what precedes; pkv points forward to an anti-

ii. 42] NOTES. 95

thesis to follow. Here juei> ovv introduces a brief statementof the immediate effect of Peter's speech and prepares the

way for the general account of the condition of the Church

given in vv. 43 47.

The statement introduced by /z&/ otiv need not consist of

only one clause, but may consist of several clauses parallelto or subordinate to the first clause ; such clauses may beintroduced by d (as for instance the clause r)<ra.v 5... here),and it is therefore important not to confuse these with thereal antithesis to the ^ev clause, which must be discovered

by attention to the sense. It is by no means necessary that

the first dt which follows it should be the antithesis to pv.Simple instances of the use of yuez> o$v are v. 41, viii.

4, 25, ix. 31, xi. 19, xvi. 5. Instances where several

clauses intervene between the /x*> clause and the clausewith the antithetical d are xii. 5, xiii. 4, xiv. 3, and the

very important xvii. 17, in all of which R.V. is entirely at

fault; also xxiii. 31, xxv. 4.

42. TTJ KOIVWVUX]*

fellowship ', i.e. in daily intercourseand also in mutual sharing of goods, cf . ver. 44, and the useof Kowwvia= i

contribution', Eom. xv. 26; Heb. xiii. 16.

rrj K\d(ri TOV d'prov] 'the breaking of bread', E.V.The 'breaking of bread' at common meals, which waspractised by the other believers, cf. ver. 46, is mentioned asthe third point in which these new converts observed thesame practices.

At a meal he who presided first blessed and then broke

bread, cf. Luke xxiv. 30; Acts xxvii. 35. This act Jesushad performed (Matt. xxvi. 26 \a(3uv aprov evXoyycras ZK\aae,Luke xxii. 19 X. a. evxapLartfaas &cXacre) during

1 the Last

Supper, and had by a solemn command added to it a spe-cial significance. Thenceforth with the disciples that spe-cial significance attached to the 'breaking of bread' at

their common meals. It so attaches to the 'breaking of

bread' in the Holy Communion. At first, however, "andfor some time till abuses put an end to the practice (cf.1 Cor. x. xi.), the Holy Communion was inseparably con- A. andnected with the dydTrai. or ' love-feasts

'

of the Christians and so B.

1 Matt. xxvi. 26 says 'while they were eating'. Edersheimdescribing the Paschal ritual says that the 'Head of the Company'would at the commencement of the meal "break one of the un-leavened cakes, of which half was put aside for after supper andcalled the Aphikomon or 'after-dish'." The Aphikomon is againbroken and eaten at the close of the meal in connection with thethird cup, or 'cup of blessing'. Although this custom only com-menced when the Paschal Lamb ceased to be offered, Edersheimconsiders that the 'breaking of bread' by Jesus during the meal is

to be connected with it. u. 510.

96 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [n. 42

unknown as a separate ordinance". Cf. ver. 46 /cAu^res

...dprov, fj.Te\d/ui(3cLi>oj' rpo07?s, and xx. 7, xxvii. 35.

To simply explain rrj KAdcra TOU aprov as='The HolyCommunion', is to pervert the plain meaning of words,and to mar the picture of family life, which the text placesbefore us as the ideal of the early believers.

Before rfj /cAd<ret T.E. has KaL, which does not alter thesense : in the text the four things are put in two pairs.

rats irpoo^vxats] For the regular hours of prayer cf.

iii. 1 n.

Vv. 43 47. A brief general description of the positionof the Church (1) as regarded by the people with a certain

'fear' due to the wonders wrought by the Apostles, (2) asSo B. being a brotherhood or *

single family'

living in commonBaum. an(j regarding all they had as belonging to the common

stock, (3) as increasing in numbers.

44. eirl TO avro] of place, 'being together', cf. ver. 47,and i. 15.

efyov diravTa KOIVCL...] The text clearly describes the

early believers as treating individual property as subject to

the claims of all members of the community; cf. iv. 32.

It may be remarked, however, that (1) the rule was notabsolute even at first, cf. v. 4, and the special mention of the'alms' of Dorcas ix. 36 ; (2) it is nowhere mentioned exceptin the church at Jerusalem.

45. KT-qjiara] landed property; t>7rd/>eis, other property.For the sense cf. Luke xii. 33 TrojA^o-are raKdl d6re

aura] 'them', i.e. the price received for them.

Herrn. KaOort av...lxv] Cf. iv. 35. Ka06rt= 'just as'; KaOonadmg'' *v *s more indefinite,

l non certo quodam tempore, sed quo-tiescunque occasio ita ferret'.

46. Kar OLKOV] 'at home', opposed to ev r< lepy, cf.

v. 42.

d<|>\6TT]Ti] The adj. a0eA?fc = '

simple ', 'blunt',

'straightforward', e.g. Dem. 1489, 10 d^eA^s Kal Trappycrias

HCO-TOS (dpriv. and 0eAAetfs, 'stony ground').

47. TOVS <ra>o(Avovs] A.V. wrongly, 'such as shouldbe saved': E.V. rightly, 'those that were being saved', i.e.

those who joined the new Church (cf. (rddrjre ver. 40), andso came to be on the road to salvation.

in. G] NOTES. 97

CHAPTEE HI.

1. crrl TO avro] T.K. reads T KK\rt o-[g. after *a0' Text

r/nepav, and begins the next sentence with ^Trt TO aur6 5 KABCD-

lWr/>os....

IIrpos Kal 'Ittdvtjs] Frequently mentioned together:as partners Luke v. 10

;sent to prepare the Passover Luke

xxii. 8; running to the sepulchre John xx. 2 5. See too

Acts viii. 10.

dWp<uvov] The temple stood probably on Mt Zion, Smith's

the 'holy hill' (Ps. ii. 6), to the E. of Jerusalem.fv^Jeru-

eirl TTJV wpav...] 'for', i.e. to be there at that hour. r\\vsalem

tj>dri)v: the adj. is often thus added after the noun to

make clear or definite some point as to which there mightotherwise be doubt, cf. ver. 2 TTJV XeyofjL^rjv.

There were three hours of prayer, the 3rd, the 6th, andthe 9th the time of the evening sacrifice, cf. Dan. vi. 10;Ps. Iv. 17.

2. KO. TIS avnp...] A. and K.V. wrongly place a full

stop before Kal: the sentence is 'they were going up...anda lame man was being carried', cf. i. 10 n.

ri]v 9vpav TI]V...] Not named elsewhere. It is perhapsthe gate of Nicanor on the E. side of the outermost court

of the temple looking towards Kidron, which Josephus, B. J.

after describing the other nine gates overlaid with gold and v- 5-

silver, describes as jj.ia r\ '^wdev TOU veu KopivOiov ^aA/coO,TroXi) rrj TL/j.rj rds Karapyvpovs Kal ras Trpixpij(rovs virepayovffa. M. La,

TOV alrciv] gen. of purpose, or the thing aimed at : verycommon, cf. ix. 15 TOV /3a<rrcx(rcu, xx. 30 TOU dirco"ira.v.

XTj[i.ocrvvT]v] 'that which is given in pity' (2Xeos).Hence our word 'alms'; Germ. Almosen.

3. -qptCra...]l in me benefac tibi' is a form of asking

alms quoted from the Eabbis. M,

6. !irt)(v] sc. TOV vovv\ cf. Luke vii. 14 cirexw, TT&S

'when he marked how', 1 Tim. iv. 16 ^Trexe treaimp. Inclassical Gk much more frequently

6. 4v TW ovojiari. . .] 'in the name. . .

'

: the healing poweris in that name, and so by it the power is exercised. SoLuke ix. 49 cv T< oj/o/uari vov Kpd\\oj>Ta dai/j,6via ;

x. 17ra daifj.6vta uTrorcuro'eTcu 77fjuv iv T< ov. crou, and Acts iv. 7,

10, ix. 27, xvi. 18.

For i> cf. cv rtVt iv. 9 n,

P. 7

98 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [in. 6

The 'name of Jesus' is a phrase frequent in the Acts.

It should be borne in mind that in Hebrew 'name' often

does not "mean a definite appellation but denotes office,

rank, dignity. The 'Name of God' in the O. T. denotesthe Divine Presence or the Divine Majesty, more especiallyas the object of adoration and praise. To praise the name,.to bless the name, to fear the name of God are frequent ex-

Light, pressions. Gesenius defines the 'name of God' (Thes. p.

cd^Phil. 1432) as 'Deus quatenus ab hominibus invocatur, cclebratur'."

In the Acts the ' name of Jesus'

comprehends the idea

of His person, power, and dignity as acknowledged to beMessiah and Lord; it sums up the cause which the Apostlesadvocated ;

hence such expressions as virtp TOV ovo/maras dn-

fjt,aff6rjvai v. 41, iraOeiv ix. 16, TrapadeduKoc'i rd? i^i^ds virkpTOV 6vo/JiaTos TOV Kvpiov TI^V 'ITJCT. X/>. xv. 26.

7. Trapaxpfjjia] A strong word. 'Parallel to' or 'alongwith the act', i.e. of Peter's taking him by the hand; 'then

and there'. The word occurs ten times in Luke, six timesin the Acts, twice in Matt., and nowhere else in N. T.

at |3a<ris] 'things to go upon', 'feet*, as in Plat. Tim.92 A.

rcL <r4>vSpa (T. R. <r(f>vpd) 'ankle-bones',l tali\ Pro-

prie locutus est medicus Lucas. B.

8. aXX6pvos] 'leaping p*. Cf.Is. xxxv. 6, 'Then shall

the lame man leap as a hart'.

&nrr]] one single act; irepieirdTet, 'kept walking about'.

10. era-yCvtto-Kov] A. Y. 'knew'; B. V. rightly 'took

knowledge of. The word indicates the direction of the

perceptive powers towards an object, often producing con-

sequent recognition. Cf. iv. 13, xii. 14, xix. 34, xxvii. 39.

Octp-Povs] amazement mingled with awe, cf. Luke iv. 36,

V. 9 6d/j.(3os irepieffxtv OLVTOV. So often in classical Gk, e.g.Od. III. 372 0d(j.(3os 6' e\e TTOLVTCLS idjvras.

iKo-Tcla-ews] The condition of one who is no longer ia

his ordinary state of mind. Like the frequent e^iffraffOai

(cf. ii. 7, 12) it often describes amazement, as here, andMark v. 42. But x. 10, xi. 5, xxii. 17= 'a trance'.

cirl TW 0-vp.p ] e?rt with the dat. is very frequently usedof that which is the ground ox foundation upon which some

feeling or act is based. Here the miracle is the ground of

their amazement.Cf. iii. 12 Oav^oL^iv ewl Totfry; iii. 16 eiri ry Triffrei, rest-

ing on faith as the foundation ; iv. 9 dvaKpivo^eOa eV evep-

ai$, of the subject-matter of the inquiry; XaXetv ewl rep

in. 13] NOTES. 99

making the name the basis of the preaching, andv. 28, 40, xv. 31, xx. 38.

11. KpaTox!vTos...Tov II.] 'holding', and so naturallywith ace. Where the sense of *

winning', 'gaining posses-sion of prevails the gen. is more common, cf. xxvii. 13,and Soph. O. C. 1380 rous croi>s Opwovs Kparovaw with 1385

yys /j.(fiv\iov Kparrjaai.

cirl TTJ oroa...] Solomon's porch was on the E. of the Jos.

temple. It was said to be an original work of Solomon xx<

which had survived from the former temple.

6 Xa6s...^K0a|ij3(H] Construction according to the sense.

Cf. v. 16 ir\r)6os...<j>povTS, vi. 7 6x^05... UTT^/COUO^, xi. 1

12. direKptvaTo] 'answered', i.e. not any expressedquestion, but their obvious desire for information, cf. v. 8

direKpid-rj, where Sapphira had probably come desiring infor-

mation about her husband; cf. too x. 46; Luke iii. 16; andMatt. xi. 25.

j^jiiv] Emphatic by position, and so parallel to idiq.:

'Why gaze on us ? It is not by our own power...'.

Svvdjxci] causa effectiva; ei)c-e/3eta, causa meritoria. M.

7r7rot7]K6<riv TOV irepiTraTctv] The gen. of purpose withthe inf. (cf. iii. 2 n.) becomes increasingly frequent in later

Gk, and the idea of purpose passes often, as here, into

that of result : or rather it may be said that the gen. givesthe contents of the action described by the verb, cf. xxvii. 1

eKptdt] TOU cLTroTr\dv where the gen. gives the contents of the

decision (cf. xx. 3 ey&ero yvup.T]s TOU vTroffrpefaw, where TOU

UTT. gives the contents of the yvu/jL-tj: 'the determination'

was 'to return'), and vii. 19 e/cd/cw<7e...Tou Troiav, where the

gen. gives the act in which the Ka/cams consisted. Cf. also

ix. 1 n.

13. o Ocos...] Ex. iii. 6; Matt. xxii. 32; Acts vii. 32.

For o 6. TUV irarepwv cf. v. 30;

1 Chron. xii. 17.

86curv] 'glorified', i.e. by means of the miracle just So La.

wrought, which was wrought through faith in Jesus (ver.M-

16) and set forth His 'glory'; and this is no cause for

wonder, Peter urges, but is in accordance with Jehovah'sclear declaration of Jesus as Messiah, as shewn in raisingHim from the dead (ver. 15) and receiving Him intoheaven (ver. 21).

TOV ircuSa] E. Y. 'his Servant', adding in margin 'or Baum.Child', and so throughout the Acts. The phrase 'servant and

of Jehovah '

is specially applied to Messiah in the second /^^^part of Isaiah. Cf. Is. xlii. 1 7, xlix. 1 9, Hi. 13 liii. EssayT

72

100 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [m. 13

12. Cf. too Matt. xii. 18, where Is. xlii. 1 * Behold myservant (TTCUS) whom I have chosen '

is referred to Jesus.The term TTCUS 0. is also frequently applied to Israel, cf.

Luke i. 54 'loyxrqX ircuSds aurou; it is used of David, LukeM. i. 69; Acts iv. 25. The term for 'Son of God' is vl6s 0eov.

The Apostles do not call themselves Traces 0. but SouXot 0.,cf. iv. 29

;Tit. i. 1, IlaCXos SouXos 0.

v|iis pv...] Nothing formally answers to pv. The real

antithesis is ver. 15, ov 6 0eos tfyetpev. Cf. the strong oppo-sition throughout, 6 cos... vpels /^...v^ets 3...o 0e6s.

TJpvijo-aorOc] 'denied', i.e. that hewas Messiah, Luke xxiii.

2; John xix. 15. ypv-fiaaro is the word used by all four

Evangelists of Peter's 'denial'.

Luke xxiii. 13 22.

Ktvov] Not aurou, and so pointing the antithesis be-

M. tween them and 1dm.

14. TOV ctyiov Kal 8fo.] Strong contrast to avdpa (povta.

For rbv ay. cf. Luke iv. 39, 6 ay. TOU 0eov, and 6 aytos 'I(rpar)\

is applied continually to Jehovah in Isaiah, e.g. xliii. 3,

Jesus is also called o St/ccuos vii. 52, xxii. 14.

avSpa <|>ova] Luke xxiii. 18, 19.

XapicrSTJvat] The word indicates 'to grant as a favour',not as a matter of right or justice: it is used accuratelyhere and xxv. 11, xxvii. 24.

15. TOV eipXTyov TTJS ] A. and K.V. 'Prince of life',

and in margin 'Author'. For apxyyos applied to Jesus cf.

v. 31, apx- ACCt ^ ffUTypa', Heb. ii. 10 dpx- TTJS (ruTijpias', xii. 2

TTJS 7ri<TTWS dpX' Kal T\Llt}T^V 'Il)<70VV.

In classical Gk the word is used= * founder' of a race

(Soph. O. C. 60) or city (Plat. Tim. 21 E), and also='a

general', Aesch. Ag. 259; Thuc. i. 132 'EXX^wp apx- of

Pausanias.It seems here (and v. 31) rather to mean 'Prince' or

'Leader of life', i.e. he who leads to life and salvation : the

idea seems that of a chief who leads his followers to winlife. The words are in strong contrast to aTre/cretWre.

16. TTJ morel TOV 6v.] For 6vofj.a cf. iii. 6 n. TOV 6v. is

the objective gen. The name of Jesus is that to which their

belief is directed: they believe that He is Messiah and so

has power to heal. Observe the emphatic repetition of m<rrts

and TO 6vofjia.

q irCon-is "H81* avrov] 'the faith which comes through

Him' : Jesus gives the faith, and is also the object of it.

in. 20] NGMS: 101

6XoK\r]pCav] Cf. Plat, Ti/n. it c cXo/cX^cs v-flrjy re TTUV-

reXws. TO.VTTJV: deictic.

17. teal vvv] Favourite particles of transition in speechesin the Acts

;cf. vii. 34, x. 5, xxii. 16. So too Kai TO. vvv iv,

29, v. 38, xx. 32, xxvii. 22. KO! vvv, iSotf not only connects

a new statement with what precedes, but gives marked em-

phasis to it, cf. xiii. 11, xx. 22.

d8X<(>ol] Much more affectionate than tivdpes d5., cf.

ii. 29 n. Appellatio comitatis et misericordiae plena. B.

Kara d-yvoiav] Luke xxiii. 34.

18. iravTiov TWV IT.] Luke xxiv. 27; Acts x. 43. ThatJesus is the Messiah, to whom all prophecy points, is the

argument of all speeches addressed to Jews in the Acts.

7ra0tv r6v XP10"T^V]' that the Messiah should suffer

'

;

cf. xvii. 3 and xxvi. 23, el TraQyTos o xp. To Peter's hearers

the words would be an immense paradox. They looked for Cheyne,a triumphant Messiah : a crucified Messiah was an idea they

|*-r

could not reconcile with their hopes, a '

stumblingblock' as ssay '

Paul calls it 1 Cor. i. 23 ^piarov ecrraupwyu^o^, 'loudcuots

<rKdvda\oj>. Cf . too Peter's own use of ra rov X/>. Tratf^ara1 Pet. iv. 13, v. 1. In all these cases no version can repro-duce the force the words originally had.

19. |ATavoii<raT...] Change of mind is to producechange of attitude. They are to ' turn ' from sin (cf. ver. 26)and look 'towards (i.e. keep before them as their object) the

blotting out of their sins'. Cf. eTrurTptyeiv eirt rbv Kvpiovix. 35, xi. 21; tni rov Oeov xiv. 15, xv. 19, xxvi. 20; cts 0c3sxxvi. 18; absolutely xxviii. 27; Luke xxii. 32.

|aX.w|>0TJvcu] 'blotted out', and so commonly in classical

Gk, e.g. Dem. 791, 12 ^a\r)\nrrat TO 60X^0. Lit. = 'smearout

',of obliterating the writing on a wax tablet.

20. oircDsav...] *in order that so'; K.V. 'that so'. OTTWS Jelf, Gka.v differs from O'TTWS in making the end spoken of somewhat Gram.

more conditional or dependent upon something else hap-*

pening; here it gives the sense 'repent that so(i.e. when

you have repented) times &c.' The words convey the ideathat the ' times of refreshing

' can only follow the repentance.Cf. carefully xv. 17, and Luke ii. 35 OTTWS dv duroKa.-

Kcupol dva\|/.] These words are defined by the wordswhich follow (/cat aTro<rrd\ri..,) as referring to the second

coming of Messiah in glory. This was the irapaKXycris TOVLuke ii. 25.

102 ACTS W THE APOSTLES, [in. 20

TCV 7rpcKXipwr|j^vcv. .]cliim who was appointed (or

'elected') for you as Messiah, even Jesus'. For 7r/>oxei-

pifea-Oai cf. xxii. 14, xxvi. 16.

Text T. E. reads 'I-ncrovv Xp. an excellent specimen of ignorantXBDEP. correction.

21. ovpavov jx^v] The ace. before the verb. Take away3e?, and the statement is 6v ovpavos i&v 5^ercu.... Nothingformally answers to fj.lv, but the real antithesis is clear.

Jesus shall remain in heaven 'until the restoration of all

things', then He shall return in glory to earth.

Xpovwv diroKcxT.] The same as the Kaipol avaffli-ews.The phrase describes the period of Messiah's reign in glory,

II. cf. i. 6 n. 'The word diroA:ard0Ta<rts is applied by Josephusto the return from captivity, and by Philo to the restitution

of inheritances in the year of jubilee'. The phrase 'restora-

tion of all things' seems to have been used specially with

reference to the Messianic time, cf. Matt. xvii. 11 'HXias i*.ev

2pXCTO.i Kal airoKaraa'TrjO'eL travra.

wv] with xpovwv ;the words O.TTOKCLT. travrbiv form a single

idea, and if the reference were to them ?Js would be needed.

8 to. <TTo(JLaTos] as the channel or instrument throughwhich God's words were communicated.

22. MCOVO-TJS p^v] Peter justifies his reference to * all

the prophets' (1) by quoting from Moses, the greatest of

them, (2) by referring to 'the prophets from Samuel' whoalso all (/ecu TrcWes) foretold Messiah. The same division

into * Moses ' and 'all the prophets

'

is made xxvi. 22; Luke

xxiv. 27.

irpcxjnJTTjv] Quoted again vii. 37; taken with slightvariations from LXX. Deut. xviii. 15 19. For irpo^nivcf. xi. 27 n.

ws fie]A. and R.V. 'like me', but B.V. in margin 'as

he raised up me ',which is the only rendering the Gk will

bear.

For Moses as a type of Christ cf. Stephen's speech chap,vii. The Jews regarded him as the greatest of the prophets

(cf. Deut. xxxiv. 10), with whom alone 'the Lord spake face

to face, as a man speaketh to his friend', Ex. xxxiii. 11.

avrov] Emphatic. a/cotfcre<r0e, 'hear' with the combinedidea of 'hearken', 'obey', cf. iv. 19 0eoO cl/couew.

23. |o\0p.] LXX., following the Hebrew, eyu ^K&Acrjcrw

O.VTOV, 'I will require it of him', i.e. exact punishmentfrom him. For this Peter substitutes a phrase very common

M. (e.g. Gen. xvii. 14) in LXX. 'that soul shall be cut off

iv. 2] NOTES. 103

(eo\e0/>.) from his people', which indicates (1) separationfrom among the chosen people, (2) sentence of death.

24. euro 2. Kal TOOV Kd9.]* from S. and those that suc-

ceeded him ', a slightly inaccurate but very clear expression= 'all the series of prophets beginning with S.' For the

absence of prophecy before Samuel cf. 1 Sam. iii. 1: it is in

his time that we first hear of the * schools of the prophets'.

25. v|Ats...tifJLtv irpwrov] The emphatic position of these

words marks the argument.' You are the... therefore to you

first...'.

8ta0T]KT]s] Cf. vii. 8n. For the covenant cf. Gen. xii.

1 3. The quotation is from Gen. xxii. 18. In Gal. iii. 16 thewords

r<jJ cnrepfjLarl <jov are definitely referred to Christ. ' In Light-

Him the race was summed up. In Him it fulfilled its pur-

pose and became a blessing to the whole earth'.

26. irpwrov] Praevium indicium de vocatione gentium.B. It must not however be supposed that Peter as yet hada complete idea of the universality of Messiah's kingdom.Like the Jews generally he believed that other nations wouldshare its blessings, but he was as yet ignorant that theycould do so otherwise than by accepting Judaism.

a,vacrTT]<ras] as in ver. 22.

v TW ...... ] 'the turning away each of you' is that inwhich the blessing has its place of action.

CHAPTER IV.

1. 01 ctpx-] v - 24 n.

6 orpaT. TOV Upov] The temple was guarded by 24bands of Levites, one band being on duty at a time. Thecommanders of these bands are the o-rpar^yoi of Luke xxii.

4 rots dpxtepeDcrt Kai ffTparyyols, and some think that o arpar.here = ' the commander of the band then on duty', but fromthe prominent position assigned him v. 24 it is perhapsbetter to regard him as the captain of the whole body.

Kal ot SaSS.] Naturally 'sore troubled', because theydenied a resurrection, cf. Matt. xxii. 23 Za5o. Ae-yci/res fMrj

elvai a.va.ffTa.<n.v, Acts xxiii. 8. They were the opponents of

the Pharisees (1) as denying that an oral law had been

given to Moses in addition to the written law, (2) as deny-ing a resurrection because it is not mentioned in the writtenlaw.

2. v TW 'Iiio-.] 'in', i.e. in the person, or in the case of

Jesus. Unico exemplo refutabantur penitus. B.

104 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [iv. 4

4.-yvi}8i]]

i.e. the total number of believers was madeby this addition about 5000.

5. crvvaxOrjvat...] i.e. a meeting of the Sanhedrin.Little is known of it, except that it numbered 70 or 72members. The Rabbis referred its institution to Numb,xi. 16, 17, but its Gk name (ewtdpLov) shews its late origin.It may be the same as the yepova-ia r&v 'lovdaiwi' 2 Mace,i. 10, iv. 44, xi. 27.

Before it Jesus was brought, cf. Matt. xxvi. 3; Mark xiv.

53, and Luke xxii. 66, where it is also called TO irpecrfivrepLovTOV Xaou; its members are described as * chief priests

'

(= ol

fipXcvres here), 'elders' and 'scribes' qui conspicui erant

impcrio, consilio, doctrina. B.

TOVSypafj.na.Tcts] Soplierim, 'writers'. A body of men

who rise into importance during the Captivity, probablyowing to the growing necessity of carefully preserving thesacred writings. Ezra (vii. 12) was 'a scribe of the lawof the God of heaven'. Gradually, as Hebrew ceased tobe the language of daily life, they became the expoundersof scripture. The comments and expositions of their greatteachers or 'Kabbis' were handed down by 'tradition', andbegan to be treated as more authoritative than the originaltext, the plain sense of which they frequently altered, cf.

Matt, xxiii. These 'traditions' were, subsequently to theChristian era, embodied in the Talmud. At this time thescribes were practically the religious teachers of the Jews.

6. KaVAvvas] E.V. rightly supplies' was there '. He

was high-priest A.D. 7 14, and was then deposed by theKoman governor. Five of his sons became high-priests.

Caiaphas was his son-in-law and legally high-priest at this

time, having held the office A.D. 25 37. The influenceof Hannas was clearly great among the Jews : Jesus was led

away 'to Hannas first', John xviii. 13; he was to them still

'the high-priest' though no longer legally so. Luke(iii. 2)

mentions both ' Hannas and Caiaphas' as being the high-

priests, the one being so in the opinion of the Jews, the

other by Eoman law.

Of John and Alexander nothing is known, but no doubt

they were prominent members of the 'kindred of Hannas'

(ytvos apxiepariKov), which is clearly described as forming aconsiderable portion of the Sanhedrin.

7. cv TW |io-w] The council sat in a semicircle.

V Trcao,...] Cf. iii. 6 n. Luke represents the Sanhedrinas ignorant, or ignoring, that they were disciples of Jesus,cf. ver. 13. Both the use of TTOCOS and the position of v/xets

mark contempt.

iv. 13] NOTES. 105

8. irXr]<r0ls irv. a^ov] Cf. Luke xii. 11, 12. See too

xix. 1 n.

9. cl] 'if, used with great rhetorical skill here, instead M.

of orei:*

if... for a good deed...we are being tried'.

avaKpivofieOa] ai/a/cpiffis at Athens was a preliminaryenquiry to see whether an action would lie. Here, xii. 19,and Luke xxiii. 14, of examination by a judge.

cir* cuep-yco-ia] Emphatic, as benefactors, not male-factors.

Iv T(VI]* wherein' or 'in whom', i.e. in what or in

whom is the healing power which has made him whole, cf.

iii. 6 n. and xi. 14 prj/j.ara ev ots o-wtf^crr; ; Soph. Ajax 519 iv

ffol TTCW-' Zyuye <rwb/x,cu. Practically ey = 'by'.

o-^rwcrTcu] The word can bear a double meaning, cf.

ver. 12V) ffurvipia and ffu6r)va.t.. The bodily healing is the

work of Him, who also heals the soul. Cf. the Collect

for St Luke's Day,' that by the wholesome medicine of the

doctrine delivered by him, all the diseases of our souls

may be healed'; Matt. i. 21 'Thou shalt call his nameJesus, for he shall save (ai/ros o-wo-ei) his people from their

sins '.

10. 8v...Sv...] The repeated word emphasizes the

antithesis.

^v TOVTW] After 6V... oV and before euros at the be-

ginning of the next sentence, clearly masculine = ' in Him'.

11. 6 XC6os] Ps. cxviii. 22 \ldov 6V diredoKifMacrav ol OLKO-

So/xouVres, euros eyevrjOrj els K<p. y&vla.s. Jesus had used this

quotation of Himself Matt. xxi. 42; cf. 1 Pet. ii. 7. The

'head of the corner' was the highest corner-stone, of great

importance in supporting the roof.

12.i] crwTTjpua] Absolutely, 'the salvation', i.e. the pro-

mised salvation which Messiah is to bring, cf. Mai. iv. 2.

4v aXXa>../<-Tpov] aXXos, 'one more', ere/>o*, 'one of two*.

Salvation is not to be found 'i?i any besides, for indeedthere does not even exist a second name...'.

13. irappi^ortav] 'frank', 'free', 'fearless speech', cf.

w. 29, 31. TrappTjo-id^fffOaL is also frequently used of the

preaching of the Apostles, cf. ix. 27, 28, xiii. 46, xiv. 3.

ISuurai] A. and P^.V. 'ignorant', which conveys a wrongidea. The word in classical Gk = (l) a private person, (2)one who is without special or professional knowledge of a

subject, 'a layman', e.g. Thuc. n. 48. That it does not F. M.mean 'ignorant' cf. Plat. Legg. 830 A avopwv <ro<j>uv, idiuruHt La-

T Kal TrotTjrcSf. Here, like a7/>d/u/*aros, it describes men who

106 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [iv. 13

had never studied in the rabbinic schools, and had nospecial knowledge of rabbinic teaching.

ITTCY^VWO-KOV]*

began to take notice of them ',

'

began to

recognize who they were '.

16. on fiev] answered by d\Ad ver. 17.

yvttorov] A. and E.V. 'notable', yvwffrov is opposedto bo^aarov (e.g. Plat. Rep. 479 r>), as that which is the

object of knowledge to that which is the object of opinion.The healing w

ras a fact about which definite knowledge wasattainable; it was not a matter of mere conjecture.

17. d7rL\T]<rw(Ji0a...|JLT]KTt XaXetv] 'Let us threaten

them', i.e. 'order them with threats, no longer...'. T. K.jiag {j7rci\g diri\r)(rufjieda

'

straitly threaten '.

TOVTW] ?io?i dignantur appcllare nomen lesu, cf. v. 28. B.It is "an. instance of that avoidance of the name of Christ,

F. which makes the Talmud refer to Him most frequently asPeloni 'so and so'."

19. evwiriov TOU Ocou] coram Deo. tvu-mov, tvavrlov,

ZjUiTrpoffOfv, ZVO.VTL followed by Oeov or KvpLov are very fre-

quent in O.T. The phrase expresses a belief in the imme-diate presence of Jehovah as viewing, judging, or attesting

something ; cf. vii. 46, viii. 21, x. 33;hence it is used in

asseverations, e.g. Gal. i. 20 Idob tv&iuov TOV Oeov on ov

^euSo/zcu, and adjurations, e.g. 2 Tim. ii. 14 dLajjLapTvpo/^aL

if. TOV KvpLov. Here that which is 'just in the sight of God'is appealed to as something higher than human justice.

II. With Peter's answer cf. Socrates' words (Plato Apol. 17),

^yci> V/JLCLS, w uz>5pes 'Adrjvouoi, d<nra^ofjLat fj.cv KOI 0i\w, TraVo/xai

21. flT]8V Vp^(TKOVTS TO TTWS...] Tll6 WOrds TO 7TW9...

are explanatory of the positive part of /jLydev :' not finding

anything, i.e. any means of punishing them...', cf. xxii.

30 n.

They asked themselves TTWS /coAa<rt6/>te0a O.VTOVS;to that

question they could find no answer 'owing to the people',i.e. because they feared an outbreak of indignation.

24.6|Ao9v[ia8ov]

A strong word, 'with one impulse','with united eagerness': cf. v. 12, vii. 57, xv. 25. It is

frequent in the Acts, but only used once elsewhere in N.T.

. tirav] 'they said'. The words which follow are clearly

ul?A no* a Seneral an(l fixed form of prayer, but refer definitely'

to the special circumstances. We may therefore supposethem to be uttered by some one Apostle, the rest of those

present assenting to them, and possibly audibly joining in

the well-known words of the Psalm.

iv. 27] NOTES. 107

A&nrora] The word seems to imply the ascription of

supreme power and authority. It describes the relation ofa master to servants or slaves, cf. dovXois ver. 29, Luke ii.

29 vvv airokueis rbv dov\6v crou, 8e(nroTa;

2 Pet. ii. 1 rbv

ayopdffavra avTote deaTroT-rjv apvoij^evoi. It is only usedelsewhere of God in Jude 4 and Rev. vi. 10.

6 iro6i<ras] cf. Gen. i. 1 v apxy eTroirja-ev 6 6ebs rbv ovpa-vbv /cat Tyv yrjv, and for the full phrase Ex. xx. 11.

25. 6 TOV iraTpos...] T.R. omits rov Trarpos TJ/J&V andTTV. ayiov. The text given 'doubtless contains a primitive West-

error'. 'A confusion of lines ending successively with Al<\ Jort

and

A&A Ai<\ may have brought irv. ayiov too high up, and West-

caused the loss of one 5id\ a view supported by E.V. which cott*

gives 'by the Holy Ghost by the mouth of...'.

Aavi8] Throughout the Acts the Psalms are spokenof as written by David, in accordance with the commonusage of speaking of them as 'the Psalms of David', he

having been the great psalmist and the author of verymany of them.

The reference is to Ps. ii. 1.

(j>pvaav] (1) 'to neigh eagerly' or 'violently' of horses,

(2) 'to be proud', 'haughty'.

20VT]...] The explanation is given in ver. 27. Zdvythe Romans

;Accoi = the Jews (commonly called in LXX.

6 Aaos, the plural in ver. 27 perhaps referring to the 12 tribes) ;

/3a<7tXe?s= Herod

; dpxovres= Pilate.

The distinction between 26vri = 'the nations', gentes, all

non-Jewish peoples, 'Gentiles', and Xaos 'the people', 'the

chosen people', must be most carefully noticed in the Acts.Cf . the use ofpopulus = ' the Roman people

'

opposed to gentesLucan Phars. i. 82, 83.

27. crvv/

nx0<

n<rav../Hpw8T]S T Kal II. II.] Luke alone

(Luke xxiii. 12) mentions that in this matter Herod andPilate ' were made friends together, for before they were at

enmity '.

Herod Antipas was son of Herod the Great and tetrarchof Galilee and Peraea (xiii. 1). See Mark vi. 14 28; Lukeiii. 19, 20, ix. 7, xiii. 31, 32. He was subsequently per-suaded by his wife Herodias to go to Rome to obtain thetitle of king, but was opposed by his nephew Herod Agrippa,who had great influence with Caligula, and banished to

Lugdunum A.D. 39. He died in exile.

Pontius Pilatus was appointed A.D. 25 sixth procurator of

Judaea, which on the deposition of Archelaus, A.D. 6, hadbeen attached to the province of Syria. A.D. 36 he wassent to Rome by Vitellius, governor of Syria, to answer a

108 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [iv. 27

charge brought against him by the Samaritans. His namePontius suggests a connection with the great Samnite

family of the Pontii, and Pilatus is perhaps =pileatus('wearing the pileus' or cap worn by manumitted slaves)and so may indicate that he was a libertinus.

Bv c'xpicras] i-e ' a* His baptism, cf. ii. 22 n. 2.

28. iroiTJ<r<u] Inf. of purpose. The sentence is some-what concisely put : they came together to bring about thedeath of Jesus, and so (unwittingly) 'to do all that thyhand...', cf. ii. 23 n.

29. frnSe] occurs only twice in N.T., but is speciallyused in classical Greek of the gods : it signifies to *

regardwith attention', either with a view to bless (cf. Luke i. 25

eTretfof) or to punish. Cf. Horn. Od. xvn. 487 Oeoi...a.vd

Trwv v(3piv re KO.L euvofjii'

30. cv TW KTivtv] duYii extcudis B., and so K. V. 'whilethou stretchiest forth'. Better 'in stretching out' (or, asA.V. 'by'); God gives His protection in stretching out Hisarm.

The phrase 'with a stretched-out arm', cv ppaxiovt.is common in O.T., e.g. Ex. vi. 6; Ps. cxxxvi. 12

Kparaig. /ecu iv p. v\{/.,where the use of iv is clear.

Kal <rt]Hia...<

yv(r0cu] Subordinate to iv r<, and so

closely connected with rrjv x* iKrdveiv : the miracles are thevisible proof of the outstretched arm. A. and K.V. put a

stop after frunv and make yiveadat. depend on 56s.

31. <ra\v0T]] Used of the effect of an earthquake xvi.

26: for 'earthquake' as a sign of the Divine Presence cf.

Ps. cxiv. 7 euro irpo<rit)Trov Kvpiov effaXeuOir) i) yij : Is. ii. 19, 21.

See too Virg. Aen. in. 90.

XaXow...irapp']<rfas] Luke, with simple skill, describes

the fulfilment of their prayer in the very words of the

prayer ver. 29. Note the emphatic position of /xerct irappr)-

ffias, and cf. xxviii. 31.

32. KapSta Kal fyv\T\ |A^a] in credendis et agendis.

Egregius character. B. So too others distinguish between

Kapdia, the seat of thought and intelligence, and ^i/x^, theseat of the active affections and impulses. Such distinctions

are however hard to maintain, cf. 1 Chron. xii. 33 'the rest

of Israel were of one heart (\f/vxrj pia) to make David king';2 Chron. xxx. 12 'the hand of God was to give them oneheart (Kapdiav /j.iav) to do the commandments*.

The expression, with emphatic fulness, describes com-

plete unanimity of thought and feeling, resulting naturally,and not as a matter of enforced rule, in their considering

iv. 36] NOTES. 109

all believers as brothers, who could have no separate inte-

rests in heaven or on earth.

ov els] Much stronger than ovdeis. For the fact cf.

ii. 44 n.

i-Xe-ycv] 'said', i.e. 'reckoned' or 'considered'.

33. d-TTcSiSovv] 'gave', A. and K.V. inadequately. Theword indicates 'giving back', 'duly delivering' somethingentrusted to you. It is used for 'paying' a debt, Matt,

xviii. 25; Luke vii. 42, for 'duly rendering' an account,Matt. xii. 36. The 'witness of the resurrection' was the

special charge entrusted to the Apostles : they were bound

'duly to deliver' it.

TOU Kvp. 'L]<r. TTJS dvaorcurccos] T. K. has rijs avacrr.

rov Kvp. 'I?7<T. In the text the second gen. explains anddefines the first: their testimony was 'of the Lord Jesus

1

that is, of 'his resurrection '.

\clpis] Clearly= gratia Dei, as vi. 8 and St Paul passim.The proof of its presence is given in the next words ' Fornone was in want'. In the similar summary ii. 47 X"P S ig

definitely described as 'favour with the people ', but that

cannot affect it here, where it is used absolutely.

35. irapa TOVS iroSas] To be taken literally, for teachers

among the Jews (cf. xxii. 3n.) and magistrates among the

Romans sat on a raised seat, cf. Cic. pro Flacco c. 28 ante Quoted

pedes praetoris inforo expensum est auri pondo centum. At by A>

the same time the words convey the ideas of submissionand deference.

38. 'Io><r]<|>] T. E. 'Iwtr^s. The case of Joseph Barna-bas is specially mentioned because of the important positionBarnabas subsequently takes in the Acts, but the fact of its

being mentioned at all shews that there can have been noabsolute rule as to the sale of property.

For iriK\T]6Cs cf. i. 23 n.

Ytos napaKXi'jo-ews] A. Y. ' son of consolation'

;B. V.

more accurately 'son of exhortation'. The sense of 'en-

courage', 'exhort' is certainly the first and most usualsense of irapa.Ka.Xe'iv and Trapa.K\T]<ris. The phrase here clearlydescribes one who was remarkable in speaking for his powerof 'encouraging',

*

cheering', or 'exhorting'; cf. xi. 23where Trape/cciXec

' exhorted' is used of Barnabas, and 1 Cor.

xiv. 3, where it is said that a preacher speaketh either

'instruction' (oiKodofjujv) or 'exhortation' (irapa.Kk'irtct.v}or

'consolation' (Trapafj.vOiav).

110 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [iv. 3G

7rapcUX77<ns is also used ix. 31, xiii. 15, xv. 31, and bothA. and E. V. give three different renderings, viz.

* com-

fort', 'exhortation' and 'consolation', though in all threecases the word "encouragement' would be suitable. In2 Cor. i. 3 7 the sense of 'encouragement' is clearly

marked, e. g. irapa.Ka\civ rovs i> 0\L\f/t. In Luke ii. 25

Trpoffdexo/J-evos ira.paK\T]crtv TOV 'Iapa.ri\-='

waiting for the en-

couragement of Israel', i.e. by the corning of Messiah.The verb irapa.Ka\eiv is very frequent in the Acts and

means either to 'invite', 'beseech', e.g. xvi. 9 or * to en-

courage', e.g. xx. 12.

7ra/)ct/cX77<ns ubi desides excitat est hortatio, ubi tris-

titiae medetur est solatium. B.

A jL AevcCrrjs] Levites were not allowed to hold land (Numb,xviii. 20), but the Mosaic laws about the division of theland seem to have been neglected after the Captivity.

Kvirptos TW -yevci] Cf. xviii. 2 HOVTLKOV T$ ytvei ;

xviii. 24 'AXe^apSpeus r. 7., in all three cases of Jews, the

phrase indicating their place of birth.

CHAPTEK V.

1. 'Avavfas] The Hebrew name of Shadrach (Dan.i. 6, ill. 13), found in the Kenedicite, = 'God is gracious'.

^air^eipf] probably= ' beautiful'.

2. 4vo<r<j>o-a.To] 'set apart', not to be handed over withthe rest. The same \vord is used of Achan taking for him-self some of the dedicated spoil of Jericho, cf. Josh. vii. 1,

where ' committed a trespass in the accursed thing'

is in

LXX. tvo<T<}>iffa.vTO CLTTO TOV dvadefJLaros.

3. 6 2a.To.vus] A Hebrew word= 'adversary'. Forthe sense cf. Luke xxii. 3 clff-fjXOev S ^aravcis e/s 'Iotf5cu>,

and John viii. 4-4* he is a liar and the father of it'.

The question addressed to Ananias implies that he mighthave resisted.

\|/il<rao-0ai ere]' so that thou shouldest cheat '

;cf. ver. 21

a7r&rreiAai'...ax#77*'cu avrovs.

SoValck. \|/vcra<r6ai TO irvcSjia : l\|/v<r<o @o)] ^. rivd is directlyin M. to cheat ' or ' deceive a person

'

; \f/.TLV'L is

' to lie'

or ' cheatin the presence of a person ', suggesting the idea of an in-

sult or outrage against him.

ovdeis \f/evdofJLevos 6eov \jsevderai, ^evderai #e>ocrris ^/evderai.

TO irvv|j.a TO a-y.] i. e. as present in the Apostles. The

Holy Spirit had been given them to guide them 'into all

v. 11] NOTES. Ill

truth' (John xvi. 13); an attempt to deceive them is an

attempt to deceive Him, or, as in ver. 9,* to make trial' of

Him.

4. ov<rta] I. 7 n.

ri on] quid est quod? Cf. Luke ii. 49 rl OTL eftreiTt /j.e;

The form of question expresses some astonishment or in-

dignation.

5. e\|/vv] Only here and xii. 23 inN.T., apparentlyconnoting a violent, not peaceful death. Classical Gk has

dzro^xw animam agere.

Kal e-ye'vcTo <j>6p<>s...] Emphatically repeated ver. 11.

TOVS CLKOVOVTCIS] Probably as at ver. 11 * those whoheard of it

'

: had the phrase referred only to those presentwe should expect

* those who saw it'.

6. ot vWTpoi] = ol veavio-KOL ver. 10, the younger mem-bers of the congregation.

<rvv<TTtXav] A. V. 'wound him up', B.V. 'wrappedhim round'. The word means *draw together',

*

pack up',and here describes the '

putting together'

of the extendedlimbs and 'wrapping up' of the body for carrying it out.

The regular word for '

arranging'

a corpse for burial is

7Tpi(rT\\o}, compono.

c^V-yKavT6s] 'having carried him out', a regular wordin connection with burial, which with the Jews, as with theGreeks and Eomans, took place outside the city walls arule founded partly on a reasonable regard ftfr health,

partly on fear of ceremonial defilement (Numb. xix. 11).

7. ey'VTO 8...] The construction is ' But it happened

an interval of about three hours and his wife came in'.

We should say'it happened that'.

That dLdcrTrjfj.a is not the norn. to eykvero but parentheti-cal is shewn by comparing Luke ix. 28 eyevero 5 fj.era

TCVTOVS u<

8. direKp^T]] iii. 12 n. Peter answers her expectantlooks with a question.

Toerovrov] Pointing to it. a7rc'Soo-0 : plural, 'ye' not*thou'.

9. ot 7ro8cs] A dramatic form of expression, cf. Is. Hi. 7'How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him...'.

Alford remarks that the young men were probably bare-

footed and would not be heard coming.

11. Tqv KK\T]<rtav] Here first used in the Acts of the

'assembly of believers'. The word is only found twice in

112 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [v. 11

the Gospels : Matt. xvi. 18 ' I will build my church', and

xviii. 17. It was however a well-known term for the * con-

gregation'

of Israel, cf. vii. 38 n. In the Acts it is used of

any assembly ', as xix. 32, but usually of the body of be-lievers in any one place or town.

1216. A brief description of the state of the Church(viz. rapid growth and increasing influence due to the mira-cles wrought by the Apostles), introduced to explain the

strong and decisive action of the high-priest and rulersdescribed ver. 17.

That this is the connection is clear from the use of the

imperfect tense w. 12 16, contrasted with the dramaticdrao-rds of ver. 17 and subsequent aorists. The imperfectsdescribe a state of things during a period of some duration ;

the aorists express the single action which resulted fromthat state of things.

The paragraph describes,

(1) The miracles wrought by the Apostles.

(2) The gathering of all believers in Solomon's porch.(3)

J The fact that, though none of the rest (i.e. the

priests and rulers) dared to join them, yet the people mag-nified them.

(4) The great increase of believers, naturally resulting(wore) in a great public manifestation, viz. the placingsick folk in the streets by the inhabitants of Jerusalemand even the bringing them in great numbers from neigh-bouring cities.

It was this public manifestation which at last roused the'

envy'

of the rulers.

H. M. 12. irctvTcs] i.e. all the believers, cf. ii. 1.

rfj 2-roq. 2oX.] iii. 11 n.

13. TWV 8 XoiircSv] 8 is not adversative, but merely a

particle of transition here. So too /mXXoj> 5^, and avvripx^robt ver. 16.

W. Xoiirwv is not opposed to the believers mentioned before,but to Xao's which follows. The opposition of the rulers

and the Xaos has already been referred to iv. 21. Others,who contrast Xoirro)^ with iravres and make it= non-

believers', are driven to render KoXXcurOat 'obtrude onthem

',

* interfere with them',

whereas it always denotesclose friendly intercourse, cf. ix. 26, x. 28, xvii. 34.

15. -rrXarefas] sc. oSous.

1 I do not understand the punctuation in the text, and adopt theusual punctuation, removing the colon after avroZy and placing it

alter Aaos.

v. 21] NOTES. 113

KpapcLTT<ov] grabatus, said to be a Macedonian word=' a camp-bed'.

tva...Kav TJ cTKid iiruriucicrci] T. E. cirLffKidarj. The con-

struction in the text is that which is common with OTTWS in

classical Greek.

Kav = Kal ecu/; the sentence fully expressed would be,* that the shadow even if only the shadow of Peter... ',=' that at any rate the shadow... '.

16. 6xXovfjtvovs] The same word as 'vexed'; the root Curtius

expresses 'restless movement'.

17. dvacrras] A pictorial word representing the com-mencement of vigorous action. It is frequent in Luke andthe Acts and is sometimes to be taken literally, e. g. ver. 34,

ix. 11 avaa-ra TTopevO-rjTL, sometimes, as here, metaphorically,

e.g. ix. 18 dvacrrcts e/SaTm'^^ ; xi. 7 aya0T&s dvcrov, xxii. 16

avaaras {SaTTTLcrai ;in both cases it vividly depicts action.

The similar use of aveaTrjv is also very common.

iravres] i. e. those mentioned iv. 6 and other Sadducees..

crfp<ris]=

(1) 'a choosing', (2)' a set of philosophic or

religious principles chosen', (3) as here, 'those wiio have

so chosen certain principles', 'a school', 'a sect'. It is

applied to the Pharisees, xv. 5, xxvi. 5. The Christians

were regarded as 'a sect' by the Jews, xxiv. 14, xxviii. 22.

The word does not in itself imply condemnation as '

heresy'

does, but a bad sense naturally soon attaches itself to the

word as implying division and disunion, cf. its use by Ter-

tullus xxiv. 5 and Paul's objection to the word xxiv. 14.

qXov] A.V. 'indignation', E. V. 'jealousy'. The word

(from ew) indicates '

eager action', and according to the

context bears a bad sense= *

jealousy', or a good sense=* emulation'.

18. 4v Ttjp. 8T][AO<rwj]' in the public prison

'

: not as

A.V. ' the common prison', giving a somewhat wrong idea.

Cf. Thuc. v. 18 TO

20. crraOevTcs] cf. ii. 14 n. The word is not only picto-rial but suggests the idea of firmness. Cf. too the emphaticclearness of ev TQ tep< and TTOLVTO..

TTJS tw<ns TO/UT^S] Cf. xiii. 26 6 \6yos rrjs (ruTrjpias Tavrrjs.' This life', 'this salvation

'= the life, the salvation, whichJesus came to give and which it is the duty of the Apostlesto preach. Here the word 'life' suggests an antithesis to

the denial by the Sadducees of a life after death.

21. VTTO TOV opOpov] sub lucem.

P. 8

114 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES,[v. 21

irdcrav rr\v ytpov<r(.av] The yepovo-ia of Sparta andSenatus of Eome are well known. The word yepovela. is

used in 2 Mace, of the Sanhedrin, which is also called irpeff-

pvrtpiov, cf . iv. 5 n. But here, as the Sanhedrin has been

specially mentioned, probably the word does not describe

any official body but is used generally to indicate men of

age and experience who, though not members of the Sanhe-

drin, may have been summoned to its meetings on occasionsof importance.

24. ot dpxtpts] The heads of the twenty-four coursesof priests, and possibly the relatives of the high-priest, cf.

iv. 6. The word is used loosely, cf. xix. 14.

T(, dv ys'voi.TO TOVTO] The question rl yev^aercLi TOVTO

('what will be the end' or 'result of this') put obliquely.

26. ov fj.T<x |5Cas] Emphatic by position. E. V. there-

fore rightly,' but not with violence'.

28. irapayyeX.^ irap.] cf. vii. 34 n.

4-ira-ya-yeiv...] i.e. to make them responsible for His

death, cf. Matt, xxvii. 25;and for the expression 2 Sam,

i. 16 ; Matt, xxiii. 35.

TOU dvOpoSirov TOVTOV] cf. iv. 17 n.

29 31. 96U...6 0os...v vfXis...To{m>v 6 Gcos] Note the

emphasis of these words.

30. ifycipev] Without e/c veKpuv (like dvLa-TTjfjLi iii. 22,

26) = 'raised up', 'brought forward', cf. Luke i. 69 rjyeipe

Arepas (ruTrjpiasi

r\^lv ;Acts xiii. 22 yyeipev avrdis rov Aaveid.

The reference is to His birth and coming forward as Mes-gjan> rpiie or(jer Of events is this : God raised Him up ;

you crucified Him;God exalted Him,

8tXipC<racr0] cf . xxvi. 21. The word connotes violence

and injustice:* made away with violently'. The words

Kpefji. ewl ti\ov pointedly call attention to His treatment as amalefactor and accursed man, cf. Deut. xxi. 23 Ke

vos VTTO 6eov irds Kpe/uLa/mevos CTTL %v\ov '. Gal. iii. 13.

31. <xpXTY v] i"- 1^ n - Here clearly 'Prince'.

(TOV) Sovvat] 'to give', i.e. that He may give, in Hischaracter of Prince and Saviour. The passage must be

compared with Luke xxiv. 47, 48, where Jesus gives His

parting injunctions to the Apostles and orders that there

be proclaimed as by heralds (/ojpux^aO 'repentance' the

condition He imposes as a Prince, and 'remission of sins'

the reward He offers as a Saviour. He then adds v^ets

fjidprvpes TOVTWV, to which here T^ets iaptv ftaprvpes ruv

pTj/jLarwv Totruv accurately corresponds. Finally He says,

'and behold I send the promise of my Father (i.e. the

v. 37] NOTES. 115

Holy Spirit) upon you', and so here Peter speaks of the

Holy Spirit as actually sent and present in them, joiningthem as a * witness' to the events they relate.

32. pT][iaTa)v] Not *

sayings' but *

things expressed in

words', 'history', 'story'; cf. Luke ii. 15 TO p-ij^a rb ycyo-vos, and the important instance Acts x. 37.

34. <

l>apicraios]=*

separated', the name of an import-ant Jewish sect ; they believed (1) that an oral law had been

given to Moses in addition to the written law, and had beenhanded down by tradition

; (2) that the actual law needed to

be supplemented by the explanations of the great doctors,which established 'a hedge round the law' and enjoined animmense number of minute ritual observances

; (3) in oppo-sition to the Sadducees, that there is a future life.

FajxaXi-qX] Grandson of the great teacher Hillel;afterwards president of the Sauhedrin; known as 'the

glory of the law '

;one of the seven Rabbis to whom the

higher title of Rabban was given: teacher of St Paul, xxii. 3.

vo|Ao8i8curKaXos] So VO^LK^ Matt. xxii. 35. A teacher

or expounder of the Mosaic law.

iravrl TW Xaw] Ethic dat. = ' in the opinion of, cf.

Eur. Hec. 309 T?/XU> 5' 'AxtAAei>s atos n/^s, and vii. 20 n.

TOIIS dvOpcoirovs] T. R. roi)s dTTcxTToXous, Gamalielwould certainly not call them '

Apostles'

: the reading of

the text is much more vigorous and real.

36. @vScis] Gamaliel clearly speaks of the revolt of Jos.Ant.

Theudas as preceding that of Judas. On the other hand xx - 5\ l >

Josephus describes a revolt very similar to this one andfSlfaiheaded by a Theudas in A.D. 44, and therefore subsequent to A.

this speech. Commentators therefore either (1) assume ahistorical error here, (2) or, not unreasonably, consider that

among the many risings which took place in Judaea aboutthe time of the birth of Jesus, there may have been another w.insurgent leader of that name.

Xe-ywv clvai rtva ICIVTO'v] cf. viii. 9 ;Gal. vi. 3 e/ yap 5o/ce?

rts elva.1 TL fjiydtv &v ; Soph. El. 939 r)&x L $ rts clvai, thenom. after the verb being more classical. The use of'

somebody' = ' some great person', as opposed to 'a no-

body', is common in many languages. From the use how-ever of almost the same phrase of Simon Magus (viii. 9)it would seem that Theudas is described as having claimedto be more than human, possibly to be the promised Mes-siah, j os. Ant.

37. 'Iov8as 6 TaX.] In Josephus calledf

loi55. 6 Fau- i^ivenX<m'r7?s, having been born in the city of Gamala in Gaulani- in A,

82

116 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [v. 37

tis. His insurrection was in connection with * the taxing7,

and he maintained that God alone was the king of Israel.

His followers known as Gaulonites seem to have passed intothe well-known Zealots.

kv TCUS...] i.e. the celebrated 'registration' or 'enrolr

ment ' with a view to taxation referred to Luke ii. 2, whichtook place A.D. 6 under the prefecture of P. SulpiciusQuirinus.

38, 39. 4dv Y]e dv9. . . .d 8 IK Oeov lo-rCv]

' in case it be. ..

if it is'. d with iiid. represents a thing as less conditionaland more possible than tav with subj. It must not be

La. A. inferred however that Gamaliel indicates the second alterna-

ousiy.^ve as more likely to be true ; the change of construction

only indicates that he puts forward one of two alternatives,as the one impossibility of which he wishes to be considered,as being the foundation of his argument.

39. 0e6|xa)(0i] II. vi. 129 OVK civ gyuye 6eoi<nv t

41. KaTT]|uu9T]<rav aTi|JLacr6T]vat] Oxymoron.TOV OVOJACLTOS] iii. 6 n.

42. KO.T' O!KOV] ii. 46 n.

evayy. TOV XP 10"1"

01''!1! "-] 'preaching the Messiah, even

Jesus'.

CHAPTER VI.

1. yYYvo"H' s] Imitative reduplicated word =' mur-

muring'.f

E\\T]vio-Twv] from 'EA\?7z>i)y' to imitate or use the

manners, customs, or language of the Greeks' [cf. Act/cow w,

M^Si^w, 'louScu^w (Gal. ii. 14), <J>iAi7r7rtw] = those Jewswho, having settled out of Palestine, habitually spokeGreek, and probably adopted many foreign customs, whereas

'E/3pcuoi those Jews who, continuing to live in Palestine,

spoke Syro-Chaldaic, and were more strict in their obser-

vance of the laws of Moses.

2. OVK dpecrrov ICTTIV] non placet, a somewhat authori-

tative phrase, cf. ver. 5, fipeaev, placuit, of the adoption of

the proposition by the assembly.8io.KOVtv Tpaire^ais] Note the emphatic position of

rpair^ats. The Apostles do not object to *

serve', but to4 serve tables '

: they desire to confine themselves to the* service of the word' (ry diaKovia TOV \6yov).

The seven men here appointed are usually called ' the

seven Deacons', but there is no authority for this in N. T.,where they are only alluded to as 'the seven' (cf. xxi. 8).

Their '

ministry3

is distinctly opposed to the 'ministry of

vi. 9] NOTES. 117

the word ', and it therefore seems clear that they are notto be identified with that class of Christian ministers called

dt-ciKovoi (1 Tina. iii. 8; Phil. i. 1) after whom 'Deacons' arenamed.

The words foa/copos, dcaKovew, diaKovia are used (1) in the II.

Gospels, usually of ministering to bodily or temporal wants,e.g. Matt. iv. 11

; Luke x. 40, (2) in the Acts and Epistles,

usually of ministering to spiritual wants, e.g. Paul calls

himself SLCLKOVOS XpicrroO, d. evayyeXiou. Lastly diaKovos is

used in a special sense of a definitely appointed minister='a Deacon' e.g. Phil. i. 1, uvv eTuaKOTroLS /ecu 5ia/coms.

rpairlais] Used with some indignation = * food',

*

eatingand drinking '. rpdirefa is also used of the table of a money-changer (e.g. Matt. xxi. 12), and rpaTre^r^s= ' a banker',but here the connection with diaKovetv precludes the explana-tion 'tables at which the alms were distributed in small H.

coins'. umby,

3. jj.apT-upov|j.e'vovs] i.e. of acknowledged good life andcharacter, cf._ x. 22, xvi. 2, xxii. 12.

ot)s KaTacrTi]<ro{jLv] 'whom we may appoint', A. andB. V. rightly. The future describes the second action as

subsequent to and dependent on the first; cf. the use of

OTTWS and 'iva with the fut. ind. To render ' whom we will

appoint' would convey a wrong idea, cf. vii. 40 ol Trpoiropev-

GOVTCLl.

5. 2T6<f>avov...] Notice with reference to the cause oftheir appointment that all bear Greek names. Seven is a

;sacred number. Of none except Stephen and Philip (cf.viii. 5, xxi. 8) is there anything further mentioned in

K.T. Nicolaus has been identified with the founder of thesect of ' the Nicolaitans ' mentioned Rev. ii. 6, 15, but this

seems conjectural.

6. erreGiiKav...] The laying-on of hands was used in

blessing, cf. Gen. xlviii. 14 20 ; Matt. xix. 13;

at the

appointment of Joshua, Numb, xxvii. 18, and in healing byJesus, Mark vi. 5. The act seems symbolical of the trans-

mission of some divine power, cf . Acts viii. 17, ix. 17, xiii. 3,xix. 6, xxviii. 8. It is employed in the Church of England at

Confirmation and Ordination.

7. 6'x.X.os...t>ir^Kovov] iii. 11 n.

8. xaptTOS] as iy - 33. Gratia Dei vva[jn.v cfficit: duva-

fjnv demonstrant rcpara /ecu c

9. <ruvaYcoyqs]'

place of meeting'. The institution of Eders-

'

synagogues.' dates from the Captivity. They were so 431^450.

118 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [vi. 9

arranged that the congregation turned towards Jerusalem,and at the end opposite them was an ark or chest contain-

ing the Book of the Law. Towards the middle was a

pulpit in which the reader stood and the preacher sat.

Each synagogue had a ' minister* or attendant (vTrrjptT-rjs

Luke iv. 20), and was under the management of a college of

elders (Trpeapvrepoi Luke vii. 3 ; apxiffvvarywyoi Actsxiii. 15),with a president 6 apxtawo^uryoj. There was a fixed liturgy,a reading of a first lesson from 'the Law' and a secondfrom ' the Prophets

'

(cf. xiii. 15), and afterwards the Derashor exposition. It is said that there were 480 synagogues in

Jerusalem, but the number is untrustworthy.

AippTCv<ov] libertinorum. Probably descendants of theJews taken to Borne as captives by Pompeius, who had there

gained their freedom, and perhaps also proselytes of thefreedman class, cf. ii. 10 n.

Three synagogues seem to be described: (1) of the Liber-

tini, (2) of the men of Alexandria and Gyrene, both African

cities, (3) of the men of Cilicia and Asia, who are joinedtogether, as TWJ> dirb clearly shews.

crvvfftTovvrcs] Used of the 'questionings'

of the Phariseesand Scribes (Mark viii. 11, ix. 14): cf. too ix. 29.

TWV CLTTO KiX] Therefore probably including Paul*Tarsus is the capital of Cilicia.

10. ctvTicTTTJvai rr\ <ro<J>a] Cf. the promise of JesusLuke xxi. 15 eyu a>crw vfuv oro^ia /cal ffo<pia.v $ ov dwrjaovTaL

...arrurnp'ai.

11. vircpaXov] subornarunt. The word indicates puttingforward in an underhand way for purposes of fraud.

CXKT] Koafxcv . , .] As in the case of the false witnesses againstJesus (Matt. xxvi. 60 T 61), the falsehood of these witnesses

would consist in misrepresenting what Stephen had actuallysaid. He had doubtless spoken of the transitory nature of

the Mosaic law and the Temple worship, and this theydistort. Hence they are distinctly spoken of as ' false

'

or

'lying' (^euSets), because 'a lie that is half the truth is ever

the blackest of lies'.

13. TOV TOTTOU TOV ay.] i.e. the Temple, cf. xxi. 28. Theemphatic position of the adjective marks the special holiness

of the place, cf. i. 25 n.

14. 6 Na. OVTOS] OVTOS is contemptuous, cf. vii. 40,xix. 26.

KaTaXvio-et] The word used Matt. xxvi. 61 duvct/mou Kara-

A0<rcu TOV va.6v. Stephen (vii. 48) points out that God* dvrelleth not in (buildings) made with hands '.

VII.] NOTES. 119

7rap'8o>Kv] tradidit, cf. Juv. xiv. 102 Tradidit arcano

quodcungue volumine Moses.

15. cISav...] Cf. Ex. xxxiv. 30; 2 Cor. iii. 7. Tennyson,The Tivo Voices, 'God's glory smote him on the face'.

CHAPTER VII.

The speech of Stephen must be considered in reference

to the twofold charge (vers. 13, 14) to which it is an answer.The argument is throughout from Scripture, and is twofold,but the two threads are not kept distinct, but interwoven.

(1) He meets the charge of 'speaking against this HolyPlace

'

a charge no doubt founded on the fact of his havingtaught that worship in the Temple was not essential to the

worship of God by shewing that the worship of God is notconfined to Jerusalem or the Jewish temple, this being provedby reference,

a. to His dealings with the patriarchs and people whenin foreign lands, in Mesopotamia (ver. 2) and in Egypt(vers. 928) ;

b. to His appearing to Moses * in the desert of Sinai'

(ver. 30) ;

c. to the fact that all places are holy where God is

(ver. 33) ;

d. to the * church in the wilderness'

(ver. 38) ;

e. to the fact that it was not until Solomon's timethat the Temple was built, and that even that was not thereal dwelling of the Most High (ver. 47), as is shewn by a

quotation from Isaiah (vers. 48, 49).

(2) As regards the charge of changing 'the customswhich Moses delivered', he points out that God had hadmany dealings with their fathers before the giving of thelaw (e.g. in the covenant of circumcision ver. 8), andthat, far from contradicting Moses, Jesus is the very suc-

cessor whose coming Moses had foretold (ver. 37). Hedescribes Moses at length in words which clearly pointhim out as the type of Jesus : he was the divinely ap-pointed redeemer of Israel (ver. 35), their saviour (ver. 25);the manner in which the Israelites again and again rejectedhim (vers. 25, 27, 35, 39) is typical of their rejection ofJesus. As he dwells on this theme the speaker, who beganwith calm and sober narrative, becomes gradually (as heremembers that his accusers are the children and repre-sentatives of those who consistently rejected Moses and the

prophets) more argumentative and passionate, until at ver.

51 he breaks out into indignant invective and arraigns his

accusers on the very charge which they were bringing against

120 ACTS OF* THE APOSTLES. [vn.

himself 'Not I, but you, you are the men who received thelaw and did not keep it\

The speech however is not wholly apologetic, but also

constructive. Stephen prepares the way for Paul : he graspsthe idea of a religion not exclusive but universal: he an-

ticipates the final declaration of Paul in the Acts, viz. thatthe Jews will reject and the Gentiles accept the truth offered

to them.

2. 6 06os TTJS Sofrjs] i.e. the God who reveals Himselfin Glory.

*

Glory' = the Shechinah, a visible radiance, which

indicated the presence of God, and was believed to rest

especially on the mercy-seat between the cherubim;cf . ver.

55; Luke ii. 9 ; Ex. xxiv. 16. By commencing with these

words Stephen at once refutes the charge of vi. 11.

MecroTTOTafiCa] 777 XaX5cuwz> ver. 4, used loosely for the

district beyond the Euphrates. In Gen. xi. 31 it is' Ur of

the Chaldees' a district of Mesopotamia N.E. of Haran.

Xappdv] 'Haran' Gen. xi. 31; Carrae, an ancient townin Mesopotamia not far from Edessa. Here Crassus methis death B.C. 53 after his defeat by the Parthians, cf. Luc.i. 104 miserando funere Crassus

\ Assyrias Latio maculavit

sanguine Garros.

axf>6T)...irplv...ical elirev...] The quotation is verbatimfrom LXX. Gen. xii. 1, where however the revelation is said

to have been made in Haran. In several instances however

Stephen refers to traditions not identical with the state- .

ments in our present Pentateuch. In Gen. xv. 7 ; Neh. ix. 7the removal of Abraham from Ur is clearly referred to

divine direction.

3. TJV av croi Sc^w] 'whichever I shall shew thee' : nonnorat Abram quae terra foret, Heb. xi. 8. B.

4. |iTa TO diroOaveiv...] In Gen. xi. 26 xii. 4 it is

stated that Abraham was born when Terah was 70 years old,and that he left Haran when 75, Terah dying in Haran at

the age of 205, and therefore 60 years after Abraham's de-

I _ parture.'

Stephen therefore follows an independent tra-

dition '.

JXTWKICTV] SC. 060 S.

A. 5. OVK &>o>Kv...] A perfectly natural expression: the

'burial-ground' which Abraham acquired (cf. ver. 16) could

hardly be reckoned ' an inheritance '.

IL The rendering of OVK 5w/ce*>' had not yet given

'

is down-

right mistranslation. To lay stress on ZduKev and explainB. and

^ 72071 ex donatione divina accepit Abram, quia emit implies aso de >v .

singll}ariy narrow view of God's gifts.

vii. 8] NOTES. 121

Forp-fjfjia troSos cf. Deut. ii. 5 ;

Cic. ad Att. xm. 2 pedemubi ponat in suo non liabet. H.

4-irr]yytX.aTO...] Gen. xvii. 8, xlviii. 4.

6. \d\T](rv...] A free quotation of LXX. Gen. xv. 13,

14 which ends with the words /xera 5 raOra egeXevaovTaiu>5e ^erd aTroovceuTys TTO\\T]S. The words /cat Xarp. /JLOI ei> rfT6?ry roi/ry (i.e. in Canaan) seem to be a reminiscence of

Ex. iii. 12 /cat XarpeiAjere r<J 6efj h TO; 6'pet rovr^ (Horeb).The addition is natural, for in Gen. xv. 14 it is clear that

'they shall come out' refers to a coming out into Canaan,although the c55e of LXX. is not represented in the Hebrew.

ircipoiKov] 'sojourning'. The word indicates residence

in a country which is not of a permanent character nor at-

tended with full rights of citizenship. Cf. vii. 29, xiii. 17;Deut. xxvi. 5 /care/3?; els AtyvTrrov /cat irap^Kfjaev e/cet; Eph.ii. 19 where ei>oi /cat Trdpot/cot are opposed to cruuTroXtrat /cat

ot/ceFot; this life is 'a sojourning' 1 Pet. i. 17; we are all

'sojourners' 1 Pet. ii. 11.

rq TTpaKoo-ia] So too in round numbers Gen. xv. 13.

The exact period of 430 years is given Ex. xii. 40; Gal. iii.

17. This includes the whole period from the giving of the

promise to the Exodus (the period from the going down of

Jacob into Egypt being 215 years), the 'sojourn' of the

patriarchs in Canaan as well as of their descendants in

Egypt. r?7 rerpa/cocrta does not go merely with /ca/cwcroixrtz/.

SovXwo-ovartv] sc. ot a'XX6rptot inferred from ev yy aX-

Xorpt'a.

7. Kptvw l-yw] Emphatic. Ego Deus.

8. 8ia0i] KT]V irepiToiJiTJs] A covenant ofwhich circumcision

was to be the outward sign. Gen. xvii. 9 14.

In classical Greek diaQrjKir] is almost always 'a testa-

mentary disposition', 'a will', o-wdrjK'rj being 'a covenant'

or 'agreement'. On the other hand in LXX. and N. T.

5ta077/c77 is regularly = 'a covenant', and from its beingrendered into Latin as ' testamentum' we have our curious

phrases' The Old ' and ' The New Testament '

meaning the

Old and New Dispensation or Covenant. ' The LXX. trans- Light.

lators and New Testament writers probably preferred ta- gf f$l1'

eriKf) as better expressing the free grace of God than

OVTOOS] 'thus', i.e. after this covenant had been made,and as an earnest of its fulfilment.

For the facts cf. Gen. xxi. 3, xxv. 26, xxix. 31 xxx.

t21, xxxvii. 28.

9. rj\w(ravTs] cf. Gen. xxxvii. J.1 ffi\w<rav. d/n^Sovro

122 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vn. 9

Gen. xxxvii. 28. ijv 6 6.JJLCT* avrov, cf. Gen. xxxix. 21 $v

Kupios yuerd 'Iwo-^0.

10. Cf. Gen. xli. 37 et seq.

^apaw pao-. Al-y.] Pharaoh ig not a name but atitle borne by the kings of Egypt. It corresponds with theP-RA or PH-EA of the hieroglyphics, which means 'the

sun'.

Crotius. T]

<

yov(ivov]l vice regis cuncta regentem. Gen. xli. 43'.

11. xoP rHLaTal* Fodder for their cattle

'

(cf . xopra^w),the word used in LXX. Gen. xxiv. 25, 32, xlii. 27 and trans-

it, lated 'provender'. It was the first necessity of existence for

great owners of flocks and herds like the patriarchs.

12. a,Kov<ras...] Gen. xlii. 2 idov a/c^/coa on ecrrl airos

tV AiyVTTT^.

14. iv t|/vxcus ] 'in', i.e. consisting in. The Heb.text Gen. xlvi. 26 gives the number who ' came with Jacob

J

as 66, and then ver. 27, reckoning in Jacob and Joseph withhis two sons, gives -"the whole number as 70. The LXX. in

ver. 27, reckoning in some grandchildren of Joseph, givesthe number as 75.

16. |iTT0T]crav] sc. aur6s xal ol Trarepes IJ/JLUV. Accord-

ing to Gen. xlix. 30, 1. 13, Jacob was buried 'in the cave of

the field of Machpelah which is before Mamre '

(

' the same is

Hebron in the land of Canaan' Gen. xxiii. 19): Josephwas embalmed (Gen. 1. 26), taken away at the Exodus (Ex.xiii. 19), and ultimately buried at Shechem (Josh. xxiv. 32).Of the other patriarchs Scripture records nothing as to their

burial.

<S fcv. *App.] Gen. xxiii. 3 20. Abraham bought a

burying-place at Hebron from Ephron. Jacob (Gen. xxxiii.

19) bought a field, not a burying-place, 'at Shalem, a city of

Shechem' ' at the hand of the children of Hamor, Shechem'sA ; so father'. 'The two accounts are certainly here confused'.La< H*

ripjs ctp-yvpfov] Gen. xxiii. 16 'four hundred shekels of

silver, current money with the merchant '

: Gen. xxxiii. 19

(of Jacob's purchase)' an hundred pieces of money'.

17. Ka0s] 'as', not 'when': as the time drew near so

the people....

Cf. vers. 6, 7 ; and ii. 33 n.

v, 7rXi]0tiv0T], dveo-rq ^WOTJCJ)] LXX. Ex. i. 7.

M. refer- 18 s ^K fl^ t T v '*] *- e - w^10 ^new nothing of the

ring to history and services of Joseph. 'The previous dynasty

s

VEx*

6

/^ia(^ ^een ^na^ f ^ne Hyksos ; the new king was Ahmes who

8. drove out the Hyksos '.

vii. 23] NOTES. 123

19. Karacrocj). TO -ye'vos] (ro0ife<r0cu' to use subtle, unfair

means '

is intrans. but like many verbs (cf. KaTairoveiv ver.

24, KXTadwao-Tevw x. 38) becomes trans, when compoundedwith Ka.ro. 'to injure by using subtlety'. In Ex. i. 10 it is

rendered 'let us deal wisely with them'.

KcxKwcrV...Tov TToiciv...]* so that he caused '

or 'by caus-

ing their children to be exposed'. The genitive describes

that in which the /ca/cw(Tts consisted (cf. iii. 12n.).,

its purposebeing expressed in the words els TO /JLT] . a>cryovior0ai='kept alive', cf. Ex. i. 17 efaoyovovv ra apaeva.

20. CUTTCIOS TO> 6w] 'fair (in appearance) to God', i.e.

'before' or 'in the sight of God', Oe$ being an Eth. Dat.

Cf. Aesch. Ag. 352 Oeois dva/m-n-XaK^Tos 'guiltless in the sightof heaven'. A. and E.V. render 'exceeding fair', treatingthe phrase as a Hebrew method of expressing extreme

fairness, cf. Jon. iii. 3 TroAts fj.eyd\r] ry #ec; Gen. x. 9;1 Sam. xvi. 12 dyados opdcret. Kvplw, 'of a beautiful coun-

tenance and (joodly to look to\

do-Tios lit. 'belonging to the city', urbanus ; 'witty';then 'elegant', 'pretty', lepidus: it is applied to MosesLXX. Ex. ii. 2, and Heb. xi. 23 'a proper child' do-raoy

jraidiov.

JJ.TJVO.S rpeis] Ex. ii. 2;dve^XaTO Ex. ii. 5

; lav-njs

is v.

Ex. ii. 10. The succeeding quotations up to ver. 35 are fromthe same chapter and the beginning of c. iii.

21. dveiXaro] sustulit, the opposite of e/crtfleVcu, ^Kderov

Troieif, exponere.

TOV Trarpos] Amram; Ex. vi. 29.

22. ircto-Tj cro(|). Ai-y.] which was proverbial, cf. 1 Kingsiv. 30 ;

Her. n. ICO rovs crotfxdTaTovs avOpuTrwv AlyvTrriovs.The priestly caste were especially renowned for their M.

knowledge of Natural Science (and Magic), Astronomy,Medicine and Mathematics.

Svvaros ev Xo-y. Kal ^p-yots] The phrase used of JesusLuke xxiv. 19. Suj>. tv \6y. must not be taken as referringto 'rhetorical skill' or 'eloquence' (cf. Ex. iv. 10 'I amslow of speech and of a slow tongue'), but to the weight andwisdom of the matter of his words, spoken or written.

23. Tco-o-epaKovracT-qs xpov s] The life of Moses is givenas divided into three periods, each of 40 years. His first

appearance before Pharaoh (Ex. vii. 7) is 40 years after this,

and his death 40 years later, when he was 'an hundred and

twenty years old' (Deut. xxxiv. 7).

lirl KdpStav dvep-q] Same words 1 Cor. ii. 9 : a LXX. M.

phrase: e.g. Jer. iii. 16 OVK dvafirjcreTai, e?rc Kapdiav.

124 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vn. 23

TOVS cL8\<j>oi;s] motivuin amoris. B. m<TK\|/cur0<u, 'visit',

but also connoting care, consideration, or regard for those

'visited', cf. xv. 36; Luke i. G8; Matt. xxv. 36.

24. eiroiTjorev iKSiK-qcrtv]'

wrought an avenging', 'avenged'.K^LKTj(TLv TTOieiV, e/coixeu> are common in N.T. in this sense,

e.g. liom. xii. 19; so /c5i/cos 'one who exacts vengeance'Bom. xiii. 4.

TW KaTairovov(jLva>] Present :' the man who was on the

point of being overcome '.

TOV AtyviTT.] As in the use of aurols ver. 26, a familiaritywith the facts of the story is assumed in his hearers.

25. !v6[uev &J Not in Exodus, but a comment of

Stephen's, who is drawing a parallel to the similar rejectionof Jesus. Note the rhetorical power of ol 5 ou arvv7JKavf

andcf. ver. 53 Kal OVK e0iAdare.

Ex. ii. 13 'two among the Hebrews'.

26. o-vvii\Xa<ro-v] Imperfect: A. and E.V. 'wouldhave set them at one again'.

29. MaSict[i] Probably the peninsula on which is MountSinai.

vlovs Svo] His father-in-law was Jethro Ex. iii. 1;his

wife Zipporah Ex. ii. 21; his sons Gershom and Eliezer

Ex. ii. 22, xviii. 4.

30. 2ivd] Ex. iii. 1 'Horeb'. Both were probablypeaks of one mountain range. The names are used almost

Stanley, indifferently. "Horeb is probably 'the Mountain of the

andPa-I>rie(i-up Ground'; Sinai 'the Mountain of the Thorn'."

lestine. Parou] "the wild Acacia (Mimosa nil&tica),under the

Stanley, name of '

sunt', everywhere represents the ' seneh '

or ' senna'

ofthemg of the Burning Bush".

JJ^^Jj ayycXos] but ver. 31 the voice is of 'Jehovah', and ver.na1 '

32 the presence of ' God' is asserted. So too in Ex. iii. 2 4.

33. Xvo-ov...] So too Josh. v. 15. The priests whoministered in the temple were bare-footed. Moslems still

enter their mosques bare-footed. Cf. too Juv. vi. 158 06-

servant libi festa viero pede sabbata reges.Note carefully the importance of these words for Ste-

phen's argument as to 'the holy place'.

34. I8wv ctSov] rendered in Ex. iii. 7 'I have surelyseen '. The Gk represents the Hebrew idiom, cf. Heb. vi.

14;and Ps. xl. 1 viro^iv^v uTr^ueti/a, expectans expectavi,

'I waited patiently'. Repetition or reduplication is one of

the earliest and most universal methods of expressing em-

phasis: the particular emphasis must be judged from the

vii. 40] NOTES. 125

context. Cf. Plat. Symp. 195 B Qctyw 0iryiJ; Soph. 231 B

77 yveL yevvaia (rofiiariKT]! Soph. 0. T. 1469 t5 yovy yevvcue ;

Acts ii. 30 opKip ajfjLO(Tv ;ii. 35 viroirbfiLov rwv iroduv ; V. 28

irapayyeXia Trap-rjyyeLXa/jLtv' we straitly charged you

'

;xxiii.

14 <xVa<9^acm dvede/jLario-a^ev] xxviii. 26; Luke xxii. 15 ewi-

OvfJila ^Tredv/Jt-Tjaa.

35. TOVTOV. . .TOVTOV. . .] Note the emphatic and rhetorical

repetition; and euros... ouros... euros vers. 36, 37, 38. The

object is to place the personality of Moses as the divinely

appointed saviour of Israel in marked contrast with the

treatment he received. The parallel thus drawn betweenMoses and Jesus is clear

;cf . too ypvyaavro with TJpvrjffaaOe

iii. 13, and \vTpwrrjv with AuV/owo-ts 'redemption' Luke i. 68,

ii. 38;Heb. ix. 12.

Note also the contrast in the clauses,

ris ere KareffTTjcrev apxovra Kal dLKacrr^v ;

6 6ebs CL7recrTCL\Ke Kal dpxovra Kal \vrpWT7}V t

i]pvtfcravTo] with ref. to ver. 27. Note the plural andcf. ver. 41 e/jLocrxoiroLya-av. Unius hominis dicta et facta ad- B.

scribuntur etiam illis qui eodem sunt animo.

38. TTJ IKKX.] v. 11 n. The reference is to the assem-

bly held for the giving of the commandments, Ex. xix.

6 -yevojjievos |iTa,Tov dyv-.-Kal TWV ircm'pcov] i.e. he acted

as an intermediary between them;he received (ede^aro) the

law from the angel to give (dovvai) to their fathers. SoMoses is called d ^ecr/rrys

' the mediator '

Gal. iii. 19;and

Jesus is KpeiTTovos dia.Q'rjK'rjs ytteo-tr^s Heb. viii. 6.

TOV cxY^eXov] in Exodus,' Jehovah'. The substitution De

belongs to later theology5

.

^wvra] 'living', i.e. possessing vitality and force, not

dead, cf. Heb. iv. 12 w yap 6 \6yos TOV 6. ;1 Pet. i. 23.

This answers the charge of speaking 'against the law'. Seetoo Soph. 0. T. 481 rot 5' del uvra Trepnrorarcu of oracles

which remain in force and effectual ; Ant. 457 $7 ravra of

laws.

40. i7rovTs] Ex. xxxii. 1, 4. For the pillar of fire

that had hitherto gone before them, cf. Ex. xiii. 21.

ot 7rpoiropiicrovTai] A.V. rightly' to go before us '. Cf.

vi. 3 n. B.Y. alters to ' which shall go before us ', withoutreason.

o -yap M. OVTOS...OVK oVSajicv...] euros, contemptuous, cf.

vi. 14 n. Note the vigorous change of construction ;cf,

Aesch. 8. c. Theb. 678

CLvSpolv d' 6/j,aifjLOLv Odvaros (55' auro/cropos

OUK eVrc yfjpas rouSe rou jUtdcr^caros.

126 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vn. 41

41. cjAocrxoiroiTjcrav] The Egyptians worshipped thebull Apis at Memphis, regarding him as the symbol of

Osiris, the Sun. Cf. too the golden calves set up by Jero-boam 1 Kings xii. 28 : and the winged bulls discovered at

Nineveh.Aaron made the calf, but it was at the people's request :

hence the plural, cf. Ex. xxxii. 35 ' the Lord plagued the

people, because they made the calf, which Aaron made'.

42. &rrp\|/v] intrans. like avavrptyu v. 22, xv. 16.

<TTpd(f)rj<Tav Israelitae (ver. 39), <tTpe\l/tv Deus.

A. XarpVi.v...]' This fact is not mentioned in the Penta-

teuch. In after times we have frequent traces of star-

worship, e.g. 2 Kings xvii. 16, xxi. 3, 5. See also Deut,iv. 19 '.

4v BpXo> TWV irpoc)).] The Jews divided their Scripturesinto 'the Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms' (or Hagio-grapha), Luke xxiv. 44, or less accurately into * the Law and

Smith's the Prophets', cf. xxiv. 14, xxviii. 23. 'The Law '= theWcLef five books of Moses. * The prophets' are thus enumerated:

Bible. C rlsaiah,

I

Joshua, Greater ! Jeremiah,Judges, T , vEzekiel.1 and 2 Samuel,

Later}

1 and 2 Kings.| Legger

(The twelve

L jminor prophets.

The Hagiographa includes the rest of the Hebrew Canon.The quotation here is from Amos v. 25, and apparently theBabbis regarded the twelve minor Prophets as a single book,

La. W. so that probably the words ' the prophets' should be taken

here in this narrower sense ; cf. xiii. 40 where a quotationfrom Habakkuk is referred to as ' in the prophets'.

(j,^ ...] jj.r) interrogative expects the answer, No. 'Did yeoffer me...? No. Ye actually (/ecu)

took up....'

43. <xvXdpT] 'took up', i.e. after each halt, to carryit with you instead of the tabernacle of Jehovah.

o-KTjvnv] 'tent', used as a moveable temple: the word is

frequently applied to ' the tabernacle', cf. ver. 44.

MoXoxl The Hebrew here gives'

your king '. Molech

(as the name is elsewhere rightly spelt) means 'king'.He was an Ammonite deity to whom children were offered.

The image is said to have been ox-headed, with arms out-

stretched (in which the children were placed) and hollowso as to be heated underneath: hence perhaps the phrase'pass through the fire to Molech', Lev. xviii. 21, xx. 2;2 Kings xxiii. 10.

vii. 48] NOTES. 127

TO etcrrpov...] The Heb. has Cliiun for 'Po/^d or 'Pe^av. B*Chiun' has been considered to mean 'Saturn'. Among *&*Egyptian divinities however two are found of foreign origin, 'p^dvBenpu and Ken : they occur together and form a pair, CE.

being male and female. The names so curiously correspond Smith'

to *

Rornpha' and * Chiun' that it would seem that in some JJ*1

reference to them is to be found the explanation of the Rein-

remarkable variation of the Hebrew and LXX. phan.

TO d'o-Tpov probably refers to some symbol or type (cf,

TVTTOVS) under which the god was worshipped.

BapvXwvos] Aayuao-Acou, LXX. with Heb. The date of

the ' removal to Babylon'

is 588 B.C. in the reign of Nebu-chadnezzar.

44."TI CTKT]VT] TOV |j.apT.] Verbally the mention of 'the

tabernacle of Moloch ' seems to suggest the mention of the

real '

tabernacle', but the connection of thought is loose :

a fresh division of the speech begins here : Stephen passeson from the conduct of the Israelites to his other argumentthat God is not necessarily worshipped in a particular spot.

The tabernacle is called 'the tabernacle of the testi-

mony' because it contained ' the ark of the testimony'

(Ex.xxv. 22), which contained the two ' tables of testimony

'

(Ex. xxxi. 37), or ' witness' to God's government of Israel.

Kara TOV TVTTOV] Ex. xxv. 40 Spa Trot^o-ets Kara TOV

TTUTCOV rbv dedeiy/jifrov <7o: ev r(p opei.

45. '!T]O-OI}] ii. 22 n.

cla-Tfycryov 8ia8e....&os TWV TJ|A. A.] 'brought in (i.e. to

Canaan) having received it in their turn...up to the daysof David', a slightly careless but perfectly clear phrase=' received it and brought it into Canaan, where it remained

up to the days of David'.

V TTJ Ko/rcurxcVei] 'in' or * at the time of their taking

possession of the nations '. For the ' nations'

cf. Ex. iii. 8;

Josh. iii. 10.

46. TJTi]craTo] 'asked', but did not obtain permission,2 Sam. vii. 2 et scq.

evpeiv crKTJvwjxa...] LXX. Psalm cxxxii. 5. EoXcjicov...1 Kings vi. 14.

48. dXX* o^x 6vi\|/....]

The same thought in Solomon's

prayer at the dedication of the temple, 1 Kings viii. 27:

cf. too Acts xvii. 24. Note the emphatic position of 01), andthe use of o u^tcrros for God in contrast with xeipoTroiTjra* convenient appellatio. Hunc nulla moles capit\ B.

6 irpo<|>.] Is. Ixvi. 1, almost verbatim,

128 ACTS OF .THE APOSTLES, [vn. 49

49. irolov] Not 'what', but 'what manner', 'what sort

of house ?' The word expresses scorn, and is so used fre^

quently in classical Greek. Cf. iv. 7 and -jrola %cipis Luke vi.

32, 33, 34.

51. <TK\T]poTpdxT]Xoi...] There is no need to supposeII. 'an interruption from the audience' to account for this out-

burst : the growing warmth of the speech naturally leads upto it.

Both the epithets used are frequently applied to theIsraelites in O.T., e.g. Ex. xxxii. 9 ; Lev. xxvi. 41.

' Cir-

cumcision' as a sign of purification and dedication to Godcan naturally be used metaphorically of the heart.

v[xis] Emphatic.*

You, not I'; cf. immediately after-

wards vfJuSv, 0/ze?s, vfJL&v, vfjiels.

TO> irvcvficiTi...] Apparently a recollection of Is. Ixiii. 10

7)7rci6r)(Tai> KCLI irapwi-vvav TO TTV. rb ayiov -avrov. dvTiTrforTCTC

(= in adverswn ruitis. B.) is a very strong word, not found

elsewhere in N.T., but used of Israel Numb, xxvii. 14.

52. Tiva TWV -irpo4>T]Twv...] Cf. Luke xi. 47.

irpoSoTcu] as the accomplices of Judas. <j>ovcts as urgingon Pilate.

A. 53. ol'nvs] 'yes, you who'. 'The use of otnves in-

stead of ot so very frequent in the Acts and Epistles, occurswhen the clause introduced by it contains a further explana-tion of the position or classification of the person or personsalluded to, and not when the relative serves for simpleidentification'. Cf. viii. 15, ix. 35, x. 41, 47.

II. B. \dpeT...ls Siara-yds dyy.] 'received the law as anLa- ordinance of angels'; ets= 'for', 'so as to be', 'as'. Cf.

Heb. xi. 8 \ajm^dvLv els KXypovo/niav. The expression is dis-

tinctly intended to glorify the law and so enhance their

guilt in not keeping it. It was no human ordinance butreceived by them to be treated as an ' ordinance of angels'.In the O.T. the law is spoken as given directly by God, cf.

the first verse of chapters xi. xxvii. in Leviticus;

' And theLord spake unto Moses, saying'. The mention of angels in

connection with it is first found in the poetical passageDeut. xxxiii. 2, but occupied a very prominent place in later

rabbinical speculation. In Gal. iii. 19 Paul refers to thelaw as diarayeis 5t* ayy\wv

' ordered through the mediumof angels'. This substitution of '

angels', where the O.T.

speaks directly of God, seems due to an artificial idea of

reverence similar to that which forbade the use of the actual

name of Jehovah.So A. The only other possible rendering of this passage is

'received the law into the administration of angels', which

might be considered a condensed phrase =' received from

vii. 60] NOTES. 129

angels the law which was given them to administer'. Thewords diarayr), diaTdcro-eLv do not however describe ' admini-stration

'

by an intervening agent, but distinctly'

ordering'

by a superior, cf. Rom. xiii. 2 rrf TOV Oeov diarayfi dvOccrrif)-

KCV ; Luke viii. 55 SUrcL^ev avrrj dodrjvaL ;Acts xviii. 2,

xxiii. 31, xxiv. 23.

55. 'Irjcrovv COTWTO,...] cf. Matt. xxvi. 64 *

sitting';Mark xvi. 19 ' sat on the right hand of God'. Gregory theGreat is happy in his comment :

*

Stephanus stantem vidit

quern adjutorem habuit' ; cf. Coll. for St Stephen's Day:' O blessed Jesus, who standest at the right hand of God to

succour all those that suffer for Thee '.

56. 6p(3] a strong word, implying clear vivid vision ;

cf. viii. 13 n.

TOV vlov TOV dvOpw-rrou] This name for the Messiah (cf.A. H.

Dan. vii. 13) is often applied by Jesus to Himself, but never La*

in N.T. applied to Him by any one else, except here, wherethere seems to be a reference to His own promise Matt.xxvi. 64.

58. 2o> Ttjs TroX.] Lev. xxiv, 14, and for the law as to

stoning for blasphemy, ver. 16.

We know too little about the Sanhedrin to decidewhether they were acting within their legal rights or not,but cf. John xviii. 31. Probably the exact limits of their

authority as opposed to that of the Roman Procurator wereill-defined and variable.

01 |idpTvps...] In order to cast the first stones, cf. Deut.xvii. 7.

SavXov] "Like Theaetetus means e asked' (of God)". F.

Note the effect of the repetition of eXi#o/36Xow.

59. eirucaXoiSfAevov] Regular word for calling upon a godfor aid. Translate,

*

calling upon (the Lord Jesus) andsaying

' Lord Jesus. . . '. The only ace. that can be grammati-cally supplied after eiriKa\. is rbv Kvp. 'lyvovv. Bentley's

conjecture that 9N is lost after the final ON is unnecessary.For the 'invocation' of Jesus cf. ix. 14, xxii. 16.

60. fnj cmjo-Tjs auTots.. .]* do not establish (make fixed,

irremoveable) for them (Eth. Dat.) their sin'. icrrdvaL nvl

afj.apTLCLv is the opposite of d^teVcu nvl a^apriav. For the

prayer cf. the dying words of Jesus (Luke xxiii, 34) irdrep,

cf. xiii. 36. The metaphor is common to all

languages, but the. word is used here in striking contrastwith the scene just described. Note too the cadence of the wword expressing rest and repose, and cf. the last word of the xxvi-

Acts, a/cwXi/rws,

P. 9

130 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vm. 1

CHAPTER VIII.

1. 2av\os 8^...] Kightly appended to tlie precedingnarrative in E.V., and not cut off from it as in A.V. Thehistorian leaves our eyes fixed on him who is from this

point to be the central figure of the narrative. That this is

done purposely is marked by the reference to Saul vii. 58,and the repeated reference to his activity which immedi-

ately follows here, ZauXos 5 eXv^caiVero....

v KIVT| TTJ i^|i.]'on that day' K.V. ;

not 'at that

time', as A.V/ The persecution took place (ey&ero) thenand there. AT

o/i dijferebant adversarii. B.

Sajiapfas] The district between Galilee on the N., andJudaea on the S. Its capital was Samaria,

' the watch-

mountain', built by Omri B.C. 925 (1 Kings xvi. 24). It

was afterwards named Sebaste by Herod the Great in honourof Augustus (SejScwTos). Most of the inhabitants had beencarried away by Shalmaneser B.C. 721 (2 Kings xvii. 6) andafterwards by Esarhaddon, who replaced them by settlers

from Babylon, Hamath, &c. (2 Kings xvii. 24). The mixedrace (dXXoyeveis Luke xvii. 18) which subsequently grew upwere regarded by the Jews with peculiar hatred, John iv. 9et seq.

2. <rwK<5|iiorav] Cf. Soph. Aj. 1048 ouros, <r (frw

* devout ', 'god-fearing'. The word onlyoccurs in N. T. three times elsewhere ; Luke ii. 25 (of

Simeon) ;Acts ii. 5, and xxii. 12, and in each case is applied

to Jews. It is certain that the word here indicates that Jewsas well as Christians took part in the burial. Had Chris-

tians alone been meant, jmadrjraL would have been used. It

is not however necessary to confine the word here to Jewsbecause of Trdvres in ver. 1

; iravres diea-Trdp. merely describes

a general dispersion; many Christians were left, cf. ver. 3.

KOITCTOS] Lamentation, consisting chiefly in beating the

breast, cf. planctus (TrX^-y^u^t).

3. \v|xatvTo] A very strong word, implying not onlyinjury but insult. Frequent in Demosthenes. Only herein N.T. but found Ps. Ixxx. 13 of a wild boar destroyinga vineyard eXu^paro avrbv <rus e/c dpvjjiov. Cf. ix. 21

crvptov] 'haling', A. and K.V.(= hauling). Cf. Plant.

Poen. in. 5. 45 collo obtorto ad praetorem trahor.

Text 5. els TTJV iroXiv TTJS SttjA.]' the city of Samaria '. T.E.

NAB. omits T7)v ;if so, we should render ' a city of (the district

of) Samaria ',and the words could not refer to the capital.

vni. 9] NOTES. 131

4, 5. vaYY\it6[Avoi, 6KT]pu<ro-6v] It is dangerous to

distinguish words too minutely. Of the various wordshowever used for '

preaching ',

\aXelv rov \6yov merely expresses without emphasis theutterance of the word

;

cvayyeXifeaOcu rbv \oyov draws attention to the charac-ter of the word (1) as a message conveying news, (2) as con-

veying good news. It is distinctly a missionary word and,as such, very frequent in the Acts.

Krjpvo-o-eiv calls attention to the character of the speakeras * a herald', and suggests the idea of some great person heis charged to proclaim. Hence the special use of the wordin Matt., Mark, and Luke, of John the Baptist, and its use inthe Acts here followed by rov %/>. ; by rov 'Ir)<r. ix. 20, xix. 3;

by M.wv<rrjj> xv. 21; by ryv paaiXdav rov Beov xx. 25.

diddo-Keiv is the word specially used of Jesus in all the

Evangelists, and suggests His special name 6 SidaffKaXos. It

certainly implies authority in the speaker- Cf. Matt. vii. 29.

^CXtimros] the deacon; called 'the Evangelist' xxi. 8,

clearly from his special power of t

preaching'.

6. Trpoo-ctxov] sc. rov vow, as often in classical Greek=4 attended to'.

7. iroXXol "yap...] T.E. TroXXw^, an obvious correction. Text

The construction is loose, Tor many of those having*ABCK

unclean spirits, shouting...they (the spirits) went out'. Thenom. is perhaps due to an unconscious tendency in thewriter to make this clause strictly parallel with the next,which begins iro\\oi 8t.

c'voi] 'palsied', i.e. paralysed; lit. 'loosenedat the side', i.e. having no power to contract and so exert

the muscles which regulate the limbs.

9. SIJAWV] Usually called ' Simon Magus'. There are See A.

many legends about him but nothing is really known ;e. g.

Justin Martyr relates that he subsequently went to Rome,performed miracles and had a statue erected to him withthe inscription Simoni Deo Sancto; but in this he was un-

doubtedly mistaken, as a stone found in the Tiber A. D. 1574bears the inscription SEMONI BANCO DEO FIDIOSACRUM, Sancus being a Sabine name for Hercules, andSemo = Semihomo (^u#eos) 'a hero'.

The Magi were the priestly class under theMedian and Persian empires. The founding of their order

is ascribed to Zoroaster. Their influence and learningwere very great. Hence the word is used in a good sense,

92

132 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vm. 9

Matt. ii. 1, 'There came wise men (^icfyoi) from the East'.

But, as their scientific knowledge was most frequently usedto impose on the vulgar, the word has generally a bad sense

in Greek, as here and xiii. 6 and in our '

magic '.

jiordvv... (rTaK^v(u ver. ll...furTa,To ver. 13] Thismarked repetition clearly indicates that the ' amazement '

produced by Simon on the Samaritans was exactly thesame effect which was produced on him by Philip. The' belief spoken of ver. 13 is the result of this amazementnot of any real conversion.

10. diro juKpoO...] cf. xxvi. 22; Heb. vm. 11.

N. La.-rj Avvajjus TOV Oeov

i^ KaXov^vrj McYaXt]] There seems

HiCh. a*^S tmie to ^iave keen a belief current in Oriental specu-Bkii.c.5.' lation that certain '

powers' (dwdfjiets) or emanations of TheGodhead were revealed or became incarnate in the personof men. The *

power' described in the text is marked with

emphatic clearness as * the one which is called Great' theone which beyond all others was considered to mark divinity.This being so, it seems that Simon is described as supposed to

be little less than himself divine. "With this later traditions

about him agree, for Jerome (in Matt. c. 24) states that Simonsaid 'Ego sum sermo Dei,... ego omnipotent, ego omnia Dei 1

.

The theory of divine emanations rises to considerable

importance in later Gnostic speculations, dtivaijus is usedof ' a being endowed with power' parallel to dyye\os, Rom.viii. 38.

13. irpo(TKapTp(3v TW <.] i.e. persistently clinging to,

or keeping with Philip ;cf. x. 7.

0a>pa>v] This word, which is frequent in the Acts,

always seems to describe clear vision (cf. vii. 56 n.), whether

physical (as here, iii. 16, xvii. 16), or mental (xxvii. 10), or

a combination of both (iv. 13, xvii. 22).

14. Ilerpov K<xl 'Icoavqv] See iii. 1 n. So Jesus sent

out the Apostles 'two and two' (Mark vi. 7), and also the

Seventy (Luke x. 1). Cf. xiii. 2 'Barnabas and Saul';xv. 22 ' Judas and Silas' ;

so too xv. 39 Paul takes with himSilas, and Barnabas Mark.

15. Ka.TapdvTs] 'having come doivn' ; partly of theactual descent from the high ground of Jerusalem (Mt Zionis 2535 feet above the level of the Mediterranean), partlywith the idea of going down from the centre or capital of a

country to a provincial town ;cf. ver. 5 Kare\0uv

; Karafiai-ver. 26; dvtfiTj els

'

lepovo-dXtf/j, xi. 2; Karrj\6ov xi. 27.

Xdpcoauv irv. 0.7.] For the words irvevfjia. ayi.ov

cf. xix. 1 n. Clearly here, and elsewhere in the Acts, this

viii. 23] NOTES. 133

'

receiving the Holy Spirit'

is described as accompanied bycertain signs obvious to eye and ear sinyularia dona, qui- Calvin

bus Dominus initio Evangelii quosdam esse praeditos voluit in A.

ad ornandum Christi regnum. Cf. Mv ver. 18; and theeffects mentioned, as for example \a\eiv y\u<raais x. 44 48;

veiv xix. 6.

16. For pcpa-TTTurjievot,... cf. ii. 38 n.

18. Trpoo^v7Kv xpijjiaTa] Hence our word '

Simony*

applied to trafficking in things sacred.

20. TO dpYvpiov <rov...] Not necessarily a curse onSimon, who may repent (ver. 22) and possibly be pardoned.Grammatically the words may fairly be regarded as a brief

and vehement expression, which put more carefully would

,be, 'Thy money perish, even as thou art now perishing',* art now treading the path that leads to perdition '. Thewords are not ' Perish thou

',or ' Perish thou with thy

money', but * Perish thy money with thee'.

l'Tj is] A pregnant construction: 'go to destruction

and stay there', cf. ver. 23 els %oX ?}*>... &>ra 'hast fallen into

and art now in '

;vii. 4 els TJV Karoinelre ;

Luke xi. 7 as TTJV

Ko't,T7]V elffLV.

TTJV 8a)pav] Emphatic.

KTcLo-Gai]' to acquire',

'

gain possession of : /C^AT^CU='I possess', 'own'.

21. 4v TO) Xo-yw TOVTO>] A. and E.V. ' in this matter ' Ast in

ipsa causa de qua disceptatur.M>

T! "yelp KctpSia...] Ps. Ixxviii. 37 rj 5 Kapdia CLVTUV OVKevdela jmer' avrov. euOtis passes from the meaning of mathe-

matically straight, cf. ix. 11, to that of moral uprightness or

'rectitude'. Cf. xiii. 10, where it is to be seen in a transi-

tion state.

22. ci apa] 'if haply'; 'to see if possibly'; si forte.The expression indicates that the possibility is small. Cf.

Mark xi. 13 rfKOev el apa evpfoei TL. A still stronger form is

el dpa ye xvii. 27.

23. xMv iriicpCas Kal o-vv8<r|xova8tKtas] The gen. ineach case defines and makes clear the metaphorical word.The 'gall' or '

poison', with which he is filled, is defined as

TTLKpLa' a bitter, malignant disposition

'

(cf. Kom. iii. 14 ;

Heb. xii. 15) into which he has fallen, and the 'fetters'

which bind him are his own '

unrighteousness'

or '

iniquity'.

XoX-rjv ITIK. cf. pia civu <j>vov<ra tv xoXj Kal iriKpLa Deut.xxix. 18. crwS. a8. Is. Iviii. 6.

24. vjxis] Emphatic.

134 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vin. 25

25. Kwpas cvTjyy.] The verb is allowed to take an ace.

from the general sense of '

instructing' contained in it. Cf.

xiv. 21, xvi. 10.

26. Kard[xecrrjfi,.]

* toward the south' A. and E.V. ; hewas to proceed

' with his face to the south', cf. xxvii. 12 n.

rdav] 'The Strong' city, at the extreme S.W. of

Palestine towards Egypt, two miles from the sea; in the

portion of Judah, but soon taken by the Philistines, andmade one of their five cities ; taken by Alexander the Greatafter a siege of five months

; destroyed by the Jewish kingAlexander Jannaeus B.C. 96, and re-built by Gabinius B.C. 56

;

is now known as Ghuzzeh and has 15,000 inhabitants.

avTTj]' This (i. e. the particular road you are to take)

is desert', i.e. leads through the desert, avrrj refers to the

principal noun of the sentence, 656s, not to Tdfav, and thewords are part of the angelic direction to Philip, pointingout to him which of the roads to Gaza he was to take, viz.* the desert road'.

If avrtj refers to Ta^d, the words must be treated as a

parenthetical remark of the writer, perfectly unnecessary,and also, as regards the condition of Gaza, untrue.

27. dvd<rn]0i Kal iropevov ver. 26 : dvcurrds liropevOT]ver. 27] Specimen obedientiae.

Al9tox|/] Ps. Ixviii. 31. vvov\os: frequently employedby Eastern sovereigns in high posts.

KavSdKTjs] Like 'Pharaoh', 'Caesar', this was not a

name, but the title borne by the queens of Aethiopia. Their

capital was Meroe on the upper Nile.

yd^s] A Persian word used of 'the royal treasure':common in Latin, gaza.

os eX. irpoo-KWTJo-wv *is '!.] cf. John xii. 20. He wasclearly already a convert to Judaism.

28. dv-yCvwo-Kv] In its proper sense 'reading aloud',cf.

TJKovo-evbelow. It would probably be from the LXX.

version, naturally well known in Egypt.

30. dpd -ye]' Dost thou really?' implying that he does not.

yiv. d dvaYiv<TKis ;] quae legis, ea intellegis ? a play onwords. Cf. the famous saying of Julian with reference to

the Christian writings avtyvwv, Zyvwv, Kartyvuv, and theretort aveyvws:aXX OVK ywt* et yap Zyvus OVK dV Kartyvajs.

31. TTWS ^dp dv ..] yap, elegans particula, hoc sensu:

quid quaeris ? B. You need not ask, for how should I beable ?' The sentence in its first half expresses hopelessness :

a gleam of hope and possibility comes in with the words

vni. 37] NOTES. 135

32. ^ \ ircptoxTl TTJS ypcu^'ijs T|V]* the contents of the A. M.

passage (of Scripture) which...'. For ypa<f>r]* a passage (of \$'

Scripture)'

cf. i. 16 n. * Where the reference is to the Light.

sacred writings as a whole the plural ypa<f>at is universallyGal- *"

found'. Therefore the Vulgate, locus scripturae quern lege-

batj and A.V. * the place of the scripture ',- cannot be right.

cos irpopaTov...] Is. liii. 7, 8. The quotation is fromLXX. which differs considerably from the Hebrew.

A.V. gives :

' He was taken from prison and from judgment :

And who shall declare his generation ?

For he was cut off out of the land of the living :

For the transgression oi my people was he stricken '.

This should be thus rendered and explained : He(i.

e. Cheyne,

Jehovah's Servant) was taken- away (=cut off, -i.e. by a^ndso

violent death) through oppression and judgment (i. e, R.V.

through an oppressive judgment), and as for his generation(i.e. contemporaries)-, who considered that he was cut off

...that for the transgression of my people lie was stricken?

(i.e. no one of his contemporaries meditated on the truth

that the Divine Envoy's life was cut short for the sins of

the people.)This explanation of the Hebrew gives enough light to

make clear the general meaning of the Greek, viz. :

' he washumiliated, but who can describe (the wickedness of) his A. La.

contemporaries, in that he was put to death ?'de w *

The words 77 KPL<TLS avrou rfpO-rjcannot possibly however

be brought into conformity with the Hebrew. The meaningseems to be,

*

by his humiliation, his sentence (i. e. to death)was done away with', i.e. because he humbled himself to So La.

death he is now exalted and the sentence of death has beenJJ*

w<

annulled. Cf. Phil. ii. 8 eT<nreivu<Tev eavrov, yevo/j-evos

t 0avdTOV...dio /cat o Qeos avrov v

35. dvoii-as TO oTojxa] used only to introduce someweighty utterance, cf. Matt. v. 2, before the Sermon on the

Mount, and below x. 34.

cvTjyy- TCV Trjo-ovv] i. e. described the life of Jesus, andpointed out its correspondence with the account of Messiah

given in Isaiah.

37. T.E. reads etTre 5 o <l?t'Xi7r7ros, Et irHTreijeis e 0X17? Not in

r^s KapSias, ^CCTTLV. dnoKpiOeis de etTre, ntcrreuw rov viov TOV j*ABCG#eou elvat. rov ^Ifjcrovv 'Kpiarov.

1 The insertion seems to have been made to suit the for- A.

mularies of the baptisma] liturgies '. The phrase TOV 'Irjcrovv' could not have been written by Luke, see ii. 22 n.

136 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [vui. 38

38. Kar^p. 4s T& vScop] Literally, actual immersion

being practised, see the account of the baptism of Jesus

(Matt. iii. 16) and the rubric in the Baptismal Service, 'if...

the child may well endure it, he (the Priest) shall dip it in

the water discreetly and warily'. The Teaching of the

Twelve Apostles c. 7 prescribes that it shall be if possible'in running water' (ev vdan uWi), failing that in other

water, cold if possible, but if not in warm : only as a last

alternative may water be poured thrice on the head'.

39. irvv|xa KvpCov...] 'the Spirit of the Lord../.

Clearly a miraculous removal of Philip is described, cf.

1 Kings xviii. 12 irvevfj-a. Kvpiov ape? ere, 2 Kings ii. 16/x?77roTe

rjpev auroV TrvevfjLo. Kvplov: for TJpira<rv= a&ripwi, cf. 2 Cor.

xii. 2; 1 Thess. iv. 17.

XaCpwv] Note its position.

40. vp'9Tj els "At-] Pregnant construction. 'Wascarried to and found at A.'

Azotus, Ashdod, is CO miles W. of Jerusalem, 35 N. of

Gaza, and was one of the five cities of the Philistines andnoted for the worship of Dagon, 1 Sam. v.

Kcuo-apiav] 'the city of Caesar', called C. Palaestinaeto distinguish it from other cities of the same name (e.g.C. Philippi), originally Turris Stratonis, but largely improvedby Herod the Great and called Caesarea in honour of Augus-tus. It is 55 miles N.W. of Jerusalem, on the coast S. of

Mt Carmel. It possessed a fine harbour made at great cost

by Herod. It was the chief city of Palestine (Judaeae caputTac. Hist . ii. 79), and the- residence of the Boruan Procura-tor (cf. xxiii. 23, xxiv. 27).

CHAPTEE IX.

1. iinrvwv orr. Kal <(>6vov] The genitives indicate that

in which the ' breath ' consisted : it was ' a breath of threa-

tening and murder'. So in the Anthology 7r66W, Ipurwv,

Xapiruv Ttvelv. The cognate ace. is more common in classi-

cal Greek, e. g. irvp, <f>6vov, KOTOV irvelv.

H refer-2. eirwrroXds] 'By decrees of Julius Caesar and Augus-

ring to tus the high priest and Sanhedrin at Jerusalem had juris-Biscoe, fiction over Jews resident in foreign cities'.

pt. 2. AafJLao-Kov] About 150 miles N.E. of Jerusalem ; oneof the oldest cities in the world, situated in a singularlyfertile plain watered by the Barada (Abana, 2 Kings v. 12)on the direct line of traffic between Tyre and the East.

First mentioned Gen. xiv. 15 : taken by David but lost bySolomon, and the capital of a great Syrian power until taken

ix. 3] NOTES. 137

by Tiglath-Pileser king of Assyria (2 Kings xvi. 9) B.C. 740.

It was soon rebuilt, but its greatness was eclipsed by thatof Antioch. At this time it was in the possession of Aretas v. W.

(2 Cor. xi. 32) an Arabian prince tributary to the Romans, <*dhc.

who may have been favourable to Jewish authority. It was f 2JU

taken in A.D. 634 by the Mahometan Arabs and became the

metropolis of the Mahometan world. It has still 150,000inhabitants. Josephus mentions that 10,000 Jews were B. j,

butchered in it by Nero. IL 25-

TTJS 68oO]' the way', /car' c^ox^

' the way pointed out

by God, which leads through faith in Christ to salvation.

So xix. 9, xxii. 4, and xvi. 17 od. crurypias ; xviii. 25 65.

Kvpiov. It is opposed to aipeais xxiv. 14 q. v.

3. cv 8e TO>...] Paul's conversion is described by him-self xxii. 6 12, and xxvi. 12 19. The variations in thethree accounts are considerable and relate (1) to the words

spoken by Jesus, (2) to the effect produced on Paul's com-

panions.

(1) In c. xxvi. very much more is said to have been

spoken by Jesus, but it is not improbable that Paul there in

his speech unites to the words actually heard by him thefuller explanation of them subsequently divinely communi-cated by Ananias and in other visions.

(2) As regards his companions,(a) iffT^KL(Tav ivfoL here has been contrasted with

xxvi. 14 iravrcw KCLTCLireffovTUV T^UWP els rr\v yfjv, but the

points of time referred to are different. Here the positionof Paul's companions after the vision is described in thewords 'they were standing speechless' : in xxvi. 14 their act

on the first appearance of .the vision is described' they andPaul (r/,aaH>) fell to the ground' ; the act is parallel to theireauv of ver. 4 in this account.

(b) Here they are described as CLKOVOVTCS ph rrjs 0.

/JLydeva 5 Qeupovvrei, but xxii. 9 TO fj,tv </>ws e8ed(rai>To r^v de

0. OVK rJKovffav rov XaXowros /JLQL. It will be observed how-ever that there is no real inconsistency. What Paul hearsand sees is definite : what they hear,and see is indefinite.

They heard the $owi7, 'the utterance', but did not hear'the utterance of him ivlio spake to me\ i.e. the actualwords which Paul heard. They -'saw the light' but saw'no person' (^5eVa), whereas Paul saw Jesus.

In any case the variations are, a proof of the honesty of

the writer. Variation in, a repeated account is natural, butthe artificial introduction of this natural variation with aview to deceive is very hard to imagine.

Paul himself refers to this-event as establishing his claimto be an Apostle, i.e. <one .who had seen the Lord and

138 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [ix. 3

received his commission directly from Him. 1 Cor. ix. 1,

xv. 8, 9; Gal. i. 12,16.

jrpnjcrTpa\|/v <|><5s]It was 'about mid-day' (xxii. 6) and

the light was * above the brightness of the sun' (xxvi. 13).

TrepujffT. indicates that the light flashed around him suddenlyand unexpectedly like lightning.

4. TJKOVCTCV <j>o)viiv] but ver. 7 cLKotiovres <f>wvris. It is ex-

As La. tremely hazardous to draw the distinction that O.K. <f>wvr)v\\

r

. &.c. i fo hear and understand', d/c. 0w^s = * to hear '

merely. Forxxii. 7 Paul says TJ.KOvffa <f>wrj$ Xeyoixrys and then xxvi. 14

fjKovcra <}>uvr)i>\y., shewing that the constructions are simpleequivalents.

SaovA. Saov'X] The Hebrew form of the word (cf.

xxvi. 14) used in all three accounts and by Ananias (ver. 17,xxii. 13) but not elsewhere. The repetition of the word

expresses solemn emphasis ; cf. Matt, xxiii. 37 ' Jerusa-

lem, Jerusalem' ; Luke x-. 41 'Martha, Martha'.

jjtc]Jesus identifies Himself with His followers, cf. Luke

Augus- x. 16. Caput pro membris clamabat..tine in M.

5. eyw...crv] Very emphatic- antithesis, lost in English.

SuoKis] Here T.E. adds ' without the authority of any,ie Greek codex' <rK\Tjp6i> voi irpos Ktvrpa XaKrifav (from xxvi. 14).Wette. rp^wv re /cai Oa^dov elTre, Ku/)ter rl yue 6\eis Troiycrcn, ;

/cat 6

Kupios irpos avrov.

7. l(TTTJKi<rav] 'were standing' ; it is used as the im-

perfect of earrjKa "I stand' (cf. i. 11, xxvi. 6). The word

certainly indicates an upright position, and could not refer

to men prostrate on the ground : to explain 'had halted',

As w. ' had ceased to 'move forward', and so to reconcile it withxxvi. 14, is impossible and needless.

11. 6 Kvpios] Jesus, cf. ver. 17.

C. & H. pv|ii]V rr\v: . .] "We are allowed to bear in mind that the

and so'

thoroughfares of Eastern cities do not change, and to be-

jjeve that the '

straight street ',. which still extends throughDamascus in long perspective from the Eastern gate, is the

street where Ananias spoke to Paul".

pvp.Tj,here merely 'street' as xii. 10; Matt. vi. 2, though

Luke xiv. 21 TrXardas^Kal p.= (broad) 'streets and lanes'.

SavXov 6v6|iaTt T.] 'one S. by name, a- man of Tarsus'.

Tarsus on the GydnuSj 12 miles from its mouth, was the

capital of the Roman province of Ciiicia, It ranked with

Athens and Alexandria as a celebrated school of philosophyand literature. It was an urbs libera, i.e. a city enjoying

ix. 19] NOTES. 139

the right of local self-government. Paul himself speaks of

it as ou/c ao-^os 7r6Xt? xxi. 39.

12. avap\\|/T|] 'see again', 'recover his sight'. A.

and K.V. 'receive his sight'.

13. dyfois] The same word as ' sanctus' ' saint

'

: here

first used= * Christians'. Very common in St Paul's

Epistles.

15. <rKvos KX<>YTJS] Gen. of quality: 'vessel' or 'in-

strument of choosing', i.e. 'chosen vessel'. The object for

which the vessel is to be used is expressed in rou /3aa-rd<rcu

'to carry my name...'.

0vwv] Cf. iv. 25 n. Gentes primo ponuntur: nam B.

Paulus gentium apostolus.

Agrippa (xxvi. 2) : Nero.

16. e-yw -yelp ...... ] With the main verb iropevov: 'Go v.Lange.

(without fear)... for I will shew him what he must himselfsuffer' (so that you need not fear that he will do injury to

you). This brings out the clear contrast between 6Va /ca/ca

rots ay. eiroirjae (ver. 13) and oaa 5et avrov iradeiv, it beingremembered that iroielv and Trdo-xetv are strongly antithe-

tical words. Patitur Paulus quae fecerat Saulus. For 'the

things he suffered' cf. 2 Cor. xi. 2328.

v-Tro8^a)]=to point out beforehand, especially by way of

warning. Cf. Matt. iii. 7; Luke iii. 7 ris viredeL^ev v/xtV

Qvyeiv, Luke xii. 5.

18. direirco-av...^ Xeirtf^s] 'there fell from his eyes as

it were scales'. The Gk does not indicate that 'scales' or

'something like scales' actually fell from the eyes, but that

what Paul experienced was the 'falling away' of 'a sort of

scale' or 'film', which had previously obscured his vision.

For AeTTtSes, cf. Tobit xi. 13 e\irl(T0'r}...dTr6 TUV 600aX//,wj/

ra Xeu/cw/xara, 'the white film peeled from his eyes', and

Pope, Messiah, 39'He from thick films shall purge the visual rayAnd on the sightless eyeball pour the day'.

19. TJixe'pas Tivds] A short period, cf. x. 48, xvi. 12,xxiv. 24. Luke apparently knows nothing of the journeyinto 'Arabia' which Paul tells us (Gal. i. 16) followed

'immediately' after his conversion, he returning from it to

Damascus, and only going up to Jerusalem 'after three

years'. It would seem also that Luke was not aware of

the length of this interval, as the phrase 77^. t/cctfcu (ver. 23)is a very vague one (cf. ver. 43 n.), though not absolutelyinconsistent with the existence of a considerable interval.

140 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [ix. 19

Cf. 1 Kings ii. 38 where the words ' many days'

are in the

next verse referred to as * three years'

(though LXX. gives

rpia ?TT) in both places).Paul's own account of this period Gal. i. 13 24 is to be

carefully compared, and it should be borne in mind, (1)v. r/ight- that, whereas Luke ' derives his information at second

urf/o!!?"nan(T> the Epistle to the Galatians is written by an 'eye-witness and actor in the scenes which he describes ', and (2)

that the object of the two writers is different : Luke desires

to give a historical narrative of the outward facts of Paul's

career, Paul to explain the facts of his inward spiritual

history.* The two accounts are not contradictory, but the

impression left by St Luke's narrative needs correcting bythe precise and authentic statement of St Paul'.

21. 6 irop0i^<ras] The word similarly used of himself

by Paul, Gal. i. 13 liropdovv avrrjis (ryv tKK\-r)<riav). It is a

military word.

22. crvvpipdcov] Just as <rvvir)/ju 'to put together'means 'to comprehend', 'understand', so (rvjuLpifidfa 'to

bring together' is used of bringing several facts togetherand deducing the logical inference, 'proving'. Thus:

It was foretold that Messiah should do certain things;Jesus has done these things;

Therefore Jesus is Messiah.

The word exactly describes the method of argument con-

tinually employed by the Apostles, cf. xvii. 3.

24. 7rapT]povvTo] i.e. the Jews. Cf. 2 Cor. xi. 32,

where Paul says it was 6 ^dvdpx^ 'A/^ra TOV /3a<7iAews, 'the

governor of Aretas the king (of Arabia)'

: the Jews probably

applied for and obtained the assistance of the governor.

25. 8id TOV Tefyovs] 2 Cor. xi. 33 dia 0ipi5os...5i& roO

renews. Paul was let down through the window of a house

standing upon the town wall: cf. Josh. ii. 15, where Eahabaids the spies to escape from Jericho,

' she let them down

by a cord through the window : for her house was upon the

town wall, and she dwelt upon the wall'.

<r<[>upi8i] T.E. <T7rvpi5i ; the word used Matt. xv. 37;Mark viii. 8 : the Latin sporta, whence sportula: a plaitedbasket for holding provisions.

27. iri\a|3o'[j.6vos] Pictorial, cf. xvii. 19 :'

having taken

him by the hand'.

irpos TOVS diroo-ToXovs] Paul (Gal. i. 18) tells us that

he went up 'to visit' or 'become acquainted with (icrToprjo-cu)

Cephas' with whom he abode fifteen days, and adds 'other

of the Apostles saw I none save James the Lord's brother7.

Luke clearly possesses only inexact knowledge of this period.

ix. 31] NOTES. 141

28. ^v ts 'IcpovcraXrin] T. E. &>. The phrase^clearly means

* he was with them in Jerusalem going in and pL

out with them ', i.e. in close personal intercourse with them,cf. the use of eiffrjKdev /cat e^rjXOev i. 21. The words TJV els gotogether, and the use of eis, in preference to ez/, is probablydue to the intervention of the verbs expressing motion.

Paul (Gal. i. 22) says that he was ' unknown by face to

the churches in Judaea ', and it is to be observed that Lukedescribes the present visit as abruptly terminated, and

strictly confined to Jerusalem itself.

30. KarrJYO'Yov] 'brought down', i.e. to the sea-coast.

Caesarea, used absolutely, clearly refers to the best-knownCaesarea on the coast. The whole phrase indicates a voyageby sea to Tarsus, though e^aireareiXav does not by itself

imply 'a sending off by sea' ; it is a favourite word of Luke As A.

(e.g. xi. 22, xvii. 14)= 'send away' whether by sea or land, gj^

In Gal. i. 21 Paul says Jtiretra yXOov els ra K\i^a.Ta rrjs foot

'

2u/9tas teal TTJS KtAt/aas, but it is not therefore necessary to state,

assume that he travelled by land through Syria to Cilicia

and Tarsus. He merely states that the next period of his

life was spent in the district which he describes as that of*

Syria and Cilicia',- the name of Syria being probably y. Light-

placed first on account of its greater importance as a ^iocprovince.

Paul next visited Jerusalem '"after fourteen years'. Gal.ii. 1.

31. l\v elpijvtfv] The Jews had at this time (A.D. 39,

40) troubles enough of their own in connection with thedecision of Caligula to place his statue in the Holy of Holies.Cf. Tac. Hist. v. 9 Jussi a Caio Caesare ejfigiem ejus in

templo locare, arma potius sumpserunt: quern moturn Caesa-ris mors diremit.

olKo8o^.ov|XVT]]This interesting word is used in the

N. T. (1) in its literal sense * to build', (2) metaphorically,(a) as here, of the '

building'of a non-material fabric, such

as the Church, (b) in the more secondary sense of spiritual

'instruction', 'advancement', 'strengthening', which at-

taches to the words 'edify' and 'edification', which wehave derived from it through its Latin rendering aediftco.

It occurs eleven times in Luke and ahvays in its 'literal

sense : the only passage in the Gospels where it is not soused is Matt. xvi. 18, where it is used by Jesus, as here, ofthe Church, eirl ravrrj ry Trtrpq. oiKodojULrjcrw TTJV ^KK\riffLa.v JJLOV.

It is used in its third sense Acts xx. 32. It and oiKoSojurjare frequent in St Paul's Epistles (cf. 1 Cor. xiv.), always ina metaphorical and often in a secondary sense.

142 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [ix. 31

The use of this and similar words with a graduallydeveloping meaning deserves attention, as serving possiblyto throw valuable light on the comparative order in pointof time of the books of the N.T. Certainly the use of ot/co-

Sojuu) points to an early origin of the Synoptic Gospels or

their common source.

TW <f>6po>]The dat. expresses the rule or standard by

which they regulated their course, cf. xxi. 21 Trepnrareii'

TOtS Z0(Tl.

TT} 7rapaK\TJcri...] cf. iv. 36 n. The 'encouragement' of

the Holy Spirit is described as aiding or guiding them in

their progress.The term TrapdK\7jros is applied to the Holy Spirit only

by St John (xiv. 16, 26, xv. 26, xvi. 7) and is there rendered'

Comforter', the margin in B.V. however giving'

Helper'or * Advocate'.

32. AvSSav] In O.T. Lod (1 Chron. viii. 12) near

Joppa ; afterwards Diospolis.

34. laraC <r *Ir]<rous] Grata Lucae medico paronomasia.Cf. iv. 80 taa-Lv and 'Irjo-ou last words of two parallel clauses

;

x. 38 'IrjtroOs os dirjXdev twjuepos.

o-Tpwcrov trcavTw] Note the aorist. Now, forthwith, do

thyself what others have hitherto done for thee.

35. TOV 2apwva] Not a place, but, as the article shews,the district called Sharon (6 2d/>u>v, Is. xxxiii. 9), the famous

plain extending along the coa&t from Caesarea to Joppa, cf.

Sol. Song ii. 1.

ofarives]* and they', or * who also', cf. vii. 53 n.

36. 'loirn-T)] Now Jaffa, the port (cf. 2 Chron. ii. 16) of

Jerusalem on the Mediterranean.

Taj3ei0<x] An Aramaic word^'a gazelle', a term often

used of women in Oriental poetry. Ao/>/cas is strictly a fem.

adj. = * the creature with the beautiful look' or '

eyes' from

37. Xov<ravTs] Cf. II. xvni. 350 KCU r6rc 5?) \ovaav re

Kal 7J\L\f/av \tw' cXaly ; Yirg. Aen. vi. 219 corpusque lavant

frigentis et unguunt.

39. eTri&ucvv}Xvai] Not merely 'shewing', as A. andK.V., but 'displaying', 'exhibiting'. The word conveysthe idea of '

shewing with pride','

satisfaction', v. Lex.

Xmovas Kal ifxciTia] The two great divisions of clothes;

the %trwV, an under garment fitting close, the I/ULO.TIOV, anouter garment loose and flowing. In Latin tunica and toga.

x. 2] NOTES. 143

ocra] Not merely a '

which', but *all wr

hich': they werenumerous.

40. KJ3aXoov <(a> Trdvras] The reference to the accountof the raising of Jairus' daughter by Jesus Luke viii. 54 is

misleading, as the insertion there of the words e/c/3aXw*"eco TrcWas /cat is without authority.

43. UavcLs] This adj. is very frequent in the Acts. It

is employed to describe (1) time, (2) number, (3) size.

Derived from IKV^O^OLL it indicates that which ' does not fall

short',

'is adequate'

,

' sufficient'

,and it has a purely relative

value. For example, when applied to time it might describe

ten days, ten months, or ten years : it merely describes thetime as not out of relation to what you would expect, thoughit certainly suggests rather a long than a short time. Herefor instance IK. y/ji. might refer to a month and so xviii. 18

;

but viii. 11 IK. xpopy could hardly be so short a period, andLuke viii. 27 XP^V IK * might mean '

many years '. So toowhen applied to numbers .e.g. xi. 24, 26, xiv. 21, the adj.must be considered in relation to the number of inhabitantsin the cities mentioned. As applied to size the vagueness of

0ws IK. xxii. 6 is obvious.

pvpcrei] Classical Greek pvpao8t \prjs. The trade was v. r.

held unclean by the Jews. The word seems added inten- c* 15>

tionally and emphatically at the end, in connection with theevent which follows.

CHAPTEE X.

1. KopvijXios] Probably the descendant of some freed-

man of the great Cornelian family.

KdTovTdpx'ns] The centuria is one of the oldest divisions

of the Eoman army, and its officer was centurio ' leader of

a hundred' : the 'full legion' (justa legio) at this timeconsisted of 60 centuries or 10 cohorts.

' The Eoman centurions in the N. T. always appear in a H.

favourable light. See Matt. viii. 5 ; Luke vii. 2, xxiii. 47;

Acts xxvii. 3 '.

Like plobus= ' a band of men ', probably here*a cohort', as xxi. 31.

nfjs KaX. 'IraXtiajs] Probably as consisting of native

Italians, not troops levied in the Provinces. Such a cohortwould naturally be stationed at Caesarea, the seat of theEoman governor.

2. teal <{>op. TOV 0. ] The addition of these words to the

general epithet'

pious' seems to shew that they are intended M.

144 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [x. 2

to particularize Cornelius as not merely a god-fearing man,but as '

fearing God', i.e. the God of the Jews (cf. xiii. 16,

26), and so a Proselyte of the Gate, i.e. uncircumcised. Cf.

too the use of o-e/36/Ae^oj clearly in the same sense xvii. 4, 17.

TW Xau>] i.e. the Jews (cf. iv. 25 n.), and so confirmingthe view that rbv 0. before and TOV 6. after it must refer to

Jehovah. Moreover TOV 0. ver. 3 is certainly Jehovah.

4. ave'p-qo-av] 'rose' or 'went up', i.e. like the smokeor savour of an offering or incense. For the metaphor,applied to prayer cf. Ps. cxli. 2, and to alms Phil. iv. 18.

ls |J.VT]}JLO(rvvov]' so as to be a memorial', so as to remind

God of thee. HVTUJLOGWOV is used in LXX. Lev. ii. 2, 9, 16of the portion of the meat-offering which was actuallyburnt.

6. Trapd OdXacrcrav] Outside the town and near the sea,on account of his trade.

7. irpoo-K. avTw] Classical, cf. Dem. 1386, 6 6 epairdivas

ras Nea//> rore Trpoo-KapTcpoveas.

9. TTJ erravpiov] 1st day they set out;2nd about noon

reach Joppa ;3rd return with Peter

;4th reach Caesarea

again. Joppa was 28 miles from Caesarea.

dvcpT] irl TO 8(3|j.a] 'went up on to the house', i.e. onto the roof of the house. The flat roofs of Oriental houseswere used for many purposes, e. g. drying corn, hanging uplinen, as places of recreation in the evening and as sleeping

places at night (1 Sam. ix. 25, 26 ;2 Sam. xi. 2, xvi. 22 ;

Prov. xxi. 9) ; as places of devotion and even idolatrous

worship (2 Kings xxiii. 12; Jer. xxxii. 29).

eSpav KTTJV] iii. 1 n.

10. avrwv] i.e. the people of the house, those whosebusiness it was.

^KCTTCUTIS] The word represents a state in which a man,to a greater or less extent, ceases to be under the control of

conscious reason and intelligence : he '

passes out of himself

(i<TTaTai) and needs to come to himself '

again (cf. xii. 11

ev cavroj yeito/mevos). It may describe the effect of awe andamazement (cf. iii. 10 Od^os Kai &c., viii. 9, 11, 13), or fear

(Mark xvi. 8 Tphpos Kai &<:.),or as here and xxii. 17 a com-

plete loss of outward consciousness,' a trance '.

11. 0copi] Graphic present.

T<r<rapcriv apxats KaOUfJievov] E.V. rightly 'letdown

(being lowered) by four corners' lit. 'beginnings'. In

English we say' ends

' not '

beginnings '.

x. 18] NOTES. 145

Alford says that this would certainly require the article

'the four corners'. He is wrong: a sheet so let downhas not necessarily four ends or corners : it might be lowered

by 3, 5, 6 or any number of ends, and therefore you can say'

by four ends '

or ' corners' without adding the article. His

rendering 'a rope-end' is impossible: dpx^l cannot meanthe 'end of a rope', except where a rope has been already

mentioned, e.g. Eur. Hipp. 772 irei.crfj.arwv d/>xas.

13. avcurras] v. 17 n.

14. [jLT]8a}jLws] not ou5a/uus: a protest, not a refusal.

Cf. the similar conduct of Peter, Matt. xvi. 22 I'Xetis o-ot,

KVpLC' 0V JU.TJ &7TCU (TOt TOVTOJJohn xiti. 8 0V

fJLT] vtylQS TOl>S

irddas /mov.

ov8'iroT... <

irdv] A Hebraism common in N.T., e.g.Matt. xxiv. 22 OVK dv ecrdQij Tracra ffap. Cf. Teaching of the

Twelve Apostles, c. ii. ov picrrjcreis iravra avOpuirov.

KOLVOV] Identical with aKadaprov, cf. Mark vii. 2 Koivais

X^pcrt, TOUT' tanv dviTTTois. That which is 'common', 'shared

by all', is opposed to that which is 'peculiar', 'possessed byfew'; hence the word acquires the contemptuous sense of

'ordinary', 'vulgar', or, as here, is applied to food not

specially pronounced 'clean'. For 'unclean' animals cf.

Lev. xi.

For the sense of this passage and the use of Koivbw

and KaOapi^u cf. carefully Mark vii. 18, 19, where Jesus

distinctly asserts that '

nothing that goeth into a man candefile (KOLv&craC) him', and Mark (who is said to have

* A -v-

derived much information from Peter) adds the remark- fjfnows

able comment ' This he said, making all meats clean (/ccttfa- T. R,

ptW*. **15. a 6 0os...] 'what God made' or ' declared clean ', J^._

i.e. by thus offering them to thee. fices all

16. lirl rpts] Thus emphasizing the command. Cf. cf. F.'

Gen. xli. 32.

17. Siiyrropci- 8ivOv|iov^.evov] ver. 19. Luke is sin-

gularly fond of verbs compounded with 8ca, cf. diTjTropovvroii. 12

; SiaxXefd^o^res ii. 13; diaTrovov/jLevoi iv. 2

; diarT]-

peiv xv. 29; Luke ii. 51; 5ia/caT7?X^7xeTo xviii. 28; 6*101707-

7^w Luke xv. 2, xix. 7 ; dLaypyyopew Luke ix. 32, and manyothers. The preposition strengthens and emphasizes theverb : it adds the idea of thoroughness.

TL av IT]] 'what it could be', i.e. imply. The phraseexpresses more doubt and uncertainty than rl efy,

' what it

was'.

p. 10

146 ACTS OF ^THE APOSTLES, [x. 20

20. 8iaKpivd|Avos] This verb in the middle is con-

sistently used in N.T. (e.g. Matt. xxi. 21; Bom. iv. 20, xiv.

23;James i. 6) of 'being divided in mind', 'being in doubt',

'wavering', cf. Tennyson 'hither and thither dividing theswift mind', Virg. Aen. iv. 285 animum nunc hue nunc dividit

illuc.

In xi. 12 where these words are repeated the active is

used, wdtv diaKplvavra, and B.V. substitutes for '

nothingdoubting' the rendering

*

making no distinction', in ac-

cordance with the regular usage of the active, e.g. xv. 9 6

0ebs...ovdv d^Kpivev. The difference is curious, and thoughin xi. 12 the reading is uncertain, some MSS. giving p. 5m-

Kpivbfjievov, others omitting the words, still the preponder-ance of authority for p. SiaKpivavra is very considerable,and it is not easy to get rid of the words as an inter-

polation due to an incorrect recollection of the presentpassage.

Perhaps we may say that here the idea dwelt on is

Peter's own internal doubt, whereas in xi. 12 the result of

such doubt in his active conduct to others is contemplated.Here the command is

'

Go, without letting the distinction

between Jew and Gentile perplex your mind'; in xi. 12 it

is '

Go, without letting that distinction cause you to hesi-

tate in action '.

22. jxapTvpovfJLvos] cf. vi. 3.

TOV 20vovs TWV '!.] Not XaoD, for the speaker is not a

Jew.

\pTj[iaTcr0T]] Also of a divine communication Luke ii.

TIP avr Kexp?}V-aTi(rfj.froj> virb TOV irvev^aros ;Heb. xi. 726

24. TOVS ctva^K. <|>C\ovs] So in Latin uecessarius, andnecessitudo of close, intimate friendship.

25. <os 8fc YVTO TOV i<rX0iv] The editors seem to

regard the gen. as inexplicable. It appears however that

the genitive gives the contents of the action contained in

the verb : it is parallel to, though more difficult than, the

constructions commented on iii. 12, vii. 19. The thingwhich took place is denned as consisting in Peter's entry.

elaeKOelv here of entering the house; ver. 27 i(T7]\6ev of

entering a particular room.

irpocrKvvT]<rv] Adoravit: noil addidit Lucas,' eum\

JEuphemia. B.The word does not necessarily imply worship, but is

often used of Oriental prostration, e.g. Herod, vn. 136 -jrpocr-

Kvveav /Sao-iXea Trpocnrirvovra.s. Such prostration would how-

x. 33]. NOTES. 147

ever be unnatural in a Roman centurion, and Peter clearly

regards the act as implying worship.Jesus accepts such worship, e.g. Matt. viii. 2.

27. <ruvo[uX<5v] A. and E.V. 'as he talked with them'.

o^tX^w is only found in N.T. four times (Luke xxiv. 14, 15;Acts xx. 11, xxiv. 26), and always in the sense of 'converse'.

Of. our word 'Homily'.

28. <os <x0[Ai.Tov...] There is no such prohibition in

the Mosaic law;

it seems due to the teaching of the Eabbis

exaggerating the danger of defilement. 'Any contact with Eders-

a heathen might involve such defilement, that on coming J^1"'

from the market an orthodox Jew would have to immerse'. Voi.'n.,

Though no doubt frequently modified in practice, especi- P- 15-

ally outside Palestine, yet there is abundant evidence of

Jewish exclusiveness, cf. Juv. xiv. 103 non monstrare vias

eadem 7iisi sacra colenti; Tac. Hist. v. 5 adversus omnesalios hostile odium, separati epulis, discreti cubilibus.

KoXXd<r9cur\ irpo<r.] Ko\\acr0a.i (cf. v. 13 n.) indicates

close intimacy and is much stronger than irpocrepxeffOai.

What was forbidden was not merely 'intimacy', but any*

coming near ' a Gentile.

KcijjLol 6 9....] A.V. straightforwardly gives 'but'; E.V.lias ' and yet ', which is the same thing in a roundabout

way. The only possible rendering of Kai here is 'and'.

Possibly we should explain:' Ye know that..., and to me it M nd

was God who shewed. . . ',i.e. I know the Jewish law as well as "Q^A?

you do, and a divine revelation alone explains my conduct.

29. rCvi Xo-yw] Plat. Gorg. 512 c T'LVL ducaly \6y< rou M.

30. euro TTctpTT]S TJ(Xpas...] Lit. 'From the fourth

day up to this hour I was during the ninth hour praying ',

or as E.V. 'I was keeping the ninth hour of prayer'; i.e.

four days ago (quarto abhinc die) reckoning up to this

hour (at which I am speaking to you) I was keeping...'.A person speaking at 3 p.m. on Friday would refer to

3 p.m. on Tuesday as airb TerdpTrjs TUJL. JJL.r. r. upas, accord-

ing to the Jewish method of reckoning in both days. Cf.

ver. 9 n.

T.E. has ij/uLrjv vriffreTuwv /cat r^v ev. up. Trpocrevx^bfjievos.

Xajxirpa] cf. i. 11;Mark ix. 3. The epithet indicates a

heavenly radiance.

33. KaXws eiroL-qo-as] A formula of expressing thanks.Cf. Phil. iv. 14 /caXws eTroi^crare avvKOLvwvf)<TavTs fjiov rrj

6\tyei. Andoc. de Myst. 40 dirdv ovv TQV E#0?7 /uoj> on

/caXws TrQiTiaeiev etir&v, 'that E. said he was much obliged for

the information'.

102

148 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [x. 34

34. civoas...] viii. 35 n.

cir' d\T]9fa.s...] The purport of this speech is this: 'I

now see that all men, without distinction of nation, are

acceptable to God (i.e. He is willing to accept or welcomethem). His message on this subject (rbv \6yov) He sent to

the children of Israel proclaiming peace (to be obtained)through Jesus the Messiah, yes, Jesus who is Lord (not ofone nation only but) of all men. You

(i)/xets) know the story ofthe events which took place (TO yevb^tvov p^a), how Jesusof Nazareth was 'anointed' by God and so declared to be

Messiah, His commission being demonstrated by the workswhich He performed (vers. 37, 38), and we (/cat y/jiets) are thewitnesses to that life, and to the facts of His death andresurrection (vers. 39 41); we are commanded to proclaimHim as the universal judge, even as Him to whom all the

prophets bear witness, that He is the Saviour of all whobelieve on Him'.

Observe the emphasis of h iravrl ZOvei ; iravruv Kvpios ;

travra rbv Tri<?revovra. Jesus is Messiah, and Messiah is the

Saviour of all men this is the essence of the whole speech.Jesus est Christus, Christus est omnium Salvator.

Most editors read rbv \6yov ov and make \6yov, prjfJLa,

'lycrovv all governed by oioare and in apposition, the wordseuros... Kvpiosj which contain the gist of the speech, being

placed in a parenthesis. This is extremely harsh as regards

grammar, ignores the marked difference between \6yos and

p^ua, and yields no satisfactory sense.

ov is omitted in AB and may easily be a repetition of the

final ov in \6yov. Even if it is retained, the stop after avr<

cffriv should be removed, and \6yov be governed by Kara-

\a/uLj3dvo/j.aL 'I apprehend that all... are acceptable, the

message which...'

KaToXajxpdvop,ai] Exactly{ I apprehend', i.e. 'seize hold'

or 'grasp with my mind'. Certain words had only beenwords before to him : now he really grasps their meaning.

n-poo-wTroXijii-irriis] Only here; but cf. Luke xx. 21 ov

\afJLpave LS irpoawTrov ; Gal. ii. 6 irpbffuirov 0ebs dvdpunrov ov

\a/Ji[3dvL. In Deut. x. 17 God ov 6av/j.di Trpocruirov ovot ov

pri \afir) 5wpo*>, and so 2 Chron. xix. 7 ; Ps. Ixxxii. 2 of evil

judges irpocruira d/xaprcoAcG;/ Aa^/Savere. The phrase indicates

paying regard to the external circumstances or accidental

qualities of a man as opposed to his intrinsic character.

To shew special favour to a Jew, merely because he was a

Jew, would be Trptxruirov \anfiavew.

35. SCKTOS] A.V. 'accepted with'; E.V. 'acceptableto'. The word can= not merely acceptabilis but acceptus,cf. Luke iv. 19, 24

;Phil. iv. 18 6vaiav dcKTTJv evapeo-rov TIJJ 0.

x. 42] NOTES. 149

36. TOV \6-yov...] A recollection of Ps. cvii. 20 aTr^crreiXe

rbv X. avrov /cat lao-aro CLVTOVS. \6yos is the regular word for

the divine message which was delivered by Jesus, e.g. 6 X. TOV

B. iv. 31, viii. 14; d X. TOV Kvpiov viii. 25 ; 6 X. rfjs awT-rjpias

xiii. 26;

6 X. rfjs %a/)tros xiv. 3 or simply d Xcryos xvi. 32.

cvayy. clpijvTjv] A recollection of Is. Hi. 7 TrdSes etfa77eXi-The peace is peace with God.

Sid'L] 'through Jesus', i.e. as the messenger.

OVTOS] 'He, yes he' very emphatic. If anyone will

place a comma after Xpto-rou and substitute os for euros, hewill at once see the emphatic force of euros. The fourwords ouros can TTOLVTUV Kvptos contain the very gist andessence of Peter's argument. Their strong simplicity is

admirable merely as an instance of rhetorical power.Printed as an unmeaning parenthesis in our English Ver-sion their whole power is lost.

37. TO <

YvojAvov pTJH-ct] cf. v. 32 n. Perhaps 'the storythat was enacted ' would fairly express the meaning.

dpidjxevos] So KABCDE; T.E. dp&nevov. The wordis so frequently used adverbially that possibly it is usedhere as a pure adverb or else Luke may have commenced to

write 'beginning with Galilee...how Jesus (nominative) wasanointed and then went about '.

diro TTJS TaX.] Luke iv. 14.

38. 'Iif]erovv...avTov] The ace. thrown prominentlyforward and then the pronoun inserted pleonastically after

the verb. Great emphasis is thus thrown on 'I. TOV Na., it

being Peter's object to emphasize the fact that Jesus, theman 'Jesus of Nazareth', was declared to be the Messiah.

gXP"] ii. 22 n.

KaTaSuva<rT6vo|Avovs] vii. 19 n.

TOV 8iap6Xov]= 'the False Accuser', 'Slanderer'. Cf.

5ta/3aXXw; diafioXy.

39. Kal TIIUIS] answering to v^els ver. 37. The histori-

cal part of Peter's speech is an appeal (1) to what hishearers know; (2) to what the Apostles are witnesses of.

For ftdprvpet cf. i. 22 n.

dviXav...] ii. 23 n.: v. 30 n.

41. i]|Jitv, ol'Tives...] 'even to us, for we (vii. 53 n.)...'.For the 'eating and drinking' cf. Luke xxiv. 41, 43.

42. irapijyysiXcv] i.e. d 6eos, clearly. Throughout it is

the action of God which is dwelt on : God sends Jesus the

Messiah, and commands the Apostles to proclaim and bear

150 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [x. 42

OTTO'S witness to the fact. Moreover euros (i.e. Jesus) could notNAHP. refer to the nom. of irapriyyeiXev. T. E. reads auros, thus

BCDEG. probably making' Jesus

' nom. to Trap. : in which case thereference would be to the command of Jesus Matt, xxviii. 19.

43. irio-TvovTa cis avrov] Of the person towards whom.the belief is directed, in whose existence and personality it

rests. So the Nicene Creed 7rt<7reuo/zej> els Zva. 6eoi>: Credoin Deum. So too irioreuw Trl rov KijpLov ix. 42, xi. 17. Adistinction is usually drawn between these phrases andTTio-reuw COL which is said to = credo tibi 'I believe' or 'trust

you', but the distinction cannot be maintained, cf. v. 14,xvi. 34, xviii. 8, TTKJT^IV r$ 0e<, r$ Kvpiy.

45. ot IK ircpiTopfjs arurroVj 'those who from circum-cision had believed', i.e. those who, having been Jews, hadbecome Christians. Cf. xi. 2

;Gal. ii. 12 TOVS K TrepiTOfjLrjs

of the Judaizing party. They believed that as a preliminaryto being accepted as Christians, i.e. believers in the Messiah,it was necessary to be circumcised and accept the MosaicLaw.

TO. 29vr]] 'the Gentiles': ab exempload omnes concluditur.

B.

46. <iirKp6T]] cf. iii. 12 n. The 'answer' was not

necessarily to their openly expressed questions, but to their

visible doubt and amazement.

47. p]Ti TO vSwp...]'

Surely no one can withhold the

water...?' For ^TL cf. Luke vi. 39 MTI dvvaraL ru^Xosrv<p\bv odrjyelv] Mark xiv. 19 /JLrjTi eyw;

Note the article,* the water '. Hitherto the *

gift of the

Holy Spirit' had followed the human act of baptism as avisible sign of God's presence in those baptized (cf. ii. 38,viii. 16, 17). Now the conditions were reversed: God's

presence had been made clear; it therefore rested with themto do their part. Of the two requisites of baptism, waterand the Spirit (cf. xi. 16), the Spirit had been given, the

water could not be withheld.

KcoXxxrou] Cf. Luke vi. 29 rov xirw^a /a?} KuXveys.

48. Iv TW 6v6|j.aTi...] ii. 38 n.

CHAPTEK XI.

1. 29vT] 8e|avTo] Sense construction, cf. iii. 11 n.

2. 8iKptvovTo] The idea of the word is' division' and

so ' contention '

: cf . Herod, ix. 58 fj.dxrj dcaKpiB^vaL frpos TLVCL*

3. avSpas aKp. ^x VTas] Not Wvt] : the phrase is con-

temptuous, cf. the use of the adj.* uncircumcised

'

in O.T.,

e.g. 1 Sam. xvii. 26 ;2 Sam. i. 20.

XL 18] NOTES. 151

<ruv<j>a-yv] So involving the danger of eating some* unclean' animal, or meat improperly killed. ' To this day F.

orthodox Jews submit to any inconvenience rather thantouch meat killed by a Gentile butcher '.

4. dpdnvos...] The careful particularity of dp^a/ue^o?,of e&riQeTo, and of Ka6eys (Luke i. 3), and the full repeti-tion of the whole narrative, part of it being indeed given Baum.

three times (x. 36, 3032, xi. 13, 14), make it clear that

Luke attaches much importance to it. The case of Corne-lius was a test case of primary importance. The question,whether to become a Christian it was necessary first to

accept the Mosaic law, was the first great difficulty of the

early Church, cf. xv. 1 and Gal. passim.

6. KO,Tvoow Kal eI8ov]' I was considering it (i.e. try-

ing to understand what it was) and then I saw (aorist) '.

12. SiaKpi'vavra] Cf . x. 20 n.

13. TOV ayycXov] Peter would probably say* an angel',

but Luke who knows that his readers are already acquaintedwith the story, not unnaturally writes ' the angel '.

15. iv dpxii] Originally, i. e. at the first outpouring ofthe Spirit at Pentecost.

16. 'IwcivTjs [iv...] Cf. i. 5 n. The point of the quota-tion is this : Jesus promised to us as a special gift baptismwith the Holy Spirit ; that gift He has visibly bestowed onthe Gentiles exactly as it was bestowed on us ; surely weare bound to admit to the external rite those who havereceived the reality of baptism.

17. avTots-.-irio-TC-ucracriv] 'to them as to us havingbelieved', or 'because of belief. Both in grammar andsense TRO-T. seems properly taken both with avrots and rifuvi1 belief in both cases was the condition of receiving the

gift. A. and R.V. give 'when we believed'.

i-yto TS...] Really a double question (1) 'Who was I

that I should...', cf. Ex. iii. 11 ris etjut tyu> QTL TropevcrojUiaL ;

(2) 'was I able to...'. Observe the emphatic position of

eyu heightening the contrast and emphasizing the argu-ment : it is not ' who was I ?

' but '

I, who was I ?'

18. iiervxao-av] Negative : their opposition ceased,

eSoj-oo-av, positive : their praise began.

apa] ergo, 'then', 'so then': the word draws an infer-

ence, cf. Luke xi. 20 apa g<p6aaei> e0' fycas, xi. 48 apa jmaprvpetre, and apa ovv commonly in St Paul at the beginning ofa sentence or clause (e.g. Rom. v. 18), a position which apacannot occupy in classical Greek.

152 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xi. 18

TTJV jiTcvoiav els .]' the repentance (which leads) to

life', the repentance which it was the special mission of

Jesus to offer, cf. v. 31 n.

19. olfiv ovv 8iao-irapevTs] Luke markedly connects

this with viii. 4 oi fjLev ovv dtacnrap^vres dir)\6ov. From that

point we have the description of one set of incidents, whicharose out of the dispersion and persecution consequent onthe death of Stephen : here our attention is definitely re-

called to the same point, that we may trace the same cause

acting in another direction, viz. in the spread of the Gos-

pel to Antioch, the first great scene of St Paul's labours andthe centre from which he commences those missionaryjourneys, the record of which composes the chief part of theremainder of the Acts.

6Xh|/o>s] From 6\tpw (akin to r/>t/3w); cf. tribulumwhence ' tribulation'.

iirl 2T<j>dvo>]' about S. ', as the original cause of it, cf.

iii. 10 n. Andoc. de Myst. 25 TWJ> (frvybvruv M rois ^UCTTT;-

piois.

^oivfoctjs] A plain 120 m. long by 15 broad, on the sea-

coast to the W. of Lebanon, its chief cities being Tyre andSidon.

A. F. *AvTio\as] On the Orontes, 15 m. from its portSeleucia, one of the most important cities of antiquity.It was built B.C. 301 by Seleucus Nicator, and became the

capital of Syria and residence of the imperial legate. After-

wards one of the five patriarchates with Jerusalem, Kome,Constantinople and Alexandria.

20. KvpTjvcuoi] ii. 10 n.

Kal irpos TOVS 'EXXTjvKrrds]' also to the Grecians', i.e.

as well as to the Jews mentioned ver. 19. But this is notsense, for the term 'lovdaios includes 'EXX^io-nfc.

v. A. M. The readings demand attention.La. w. Ka i js found in KAB but omitted in DEHLP.

"EXKrjvas is found in A (which however reads

wrongly ix. 29), D1(where it has been altered to

'

TEA\ sand N3 as a correction of evayye^o-ras.

given in 'EXX^ioTas is found in BD2EHLP.

g-v - The objections to

'EXX^icrras, notwithstanding its great

Chry's.,MSS - authority, are almost insuperable, for (1) the Hellenists

Grotiu's, (vi. 1 n.) had always been accepted as members of the church,

mann see ^e *n c^* "*' an^ Preacning to them would certainlyTischen- not be mentioned specially or have given occasion to the

MFA TV

sen(^mg f Barnabas; (2) they were 'louScuot and cannot be

opposed to them as they are here : the opposite of 'EXX?;-'

XL 23] NOTES. 153

The reading'

EXX^io-rds seems due to a belief that the

conversion of Cornelius was the first case of the conversion

of a Gentile, whereas, if "EXA^as be read here, we seem to

have a prior instance of such conversion, for the words whichdescribe the commission and conduct of Barnabas are A.

thought to indicate that what had happened at Antioch

startled and surprised the Church at Jerusalem. But

(1) although the case of Cornelius was first in importance

(as Luke clearly indicates by the position and length of his

narrative) it is not necessary to assume that it was first in

point of time; (2) even assuming that the case of Cornelius

was already known, it would surely be natural to send a

commissioner to examine and report on the working of the

newly-accepted principle in practice.It is also urged against "EXX^i/as that xiv. 27 when Paul

and Barnabas return to Antioch they bring back news that* God had opened a door of faith to the Gentiles', and that

there would be no need to proclaim this if the same thinghad happened at Antioch itself, It will be observed how-ever that the words in xiv. 27 are not the announcement of

a new principle, but of a new fact, viz. successful missionarywork among the Gentiles of Asia Minor, which would natu-

rally be good news to the Gentile converts in Antioch.

As a proof that 'EXX^tcrrds is a correction, observe that

all the MSS. which read it omit /cat except B, which retains

KaL This is remarkable. Any one altering'^XX^as to'

EXXij-

VLo-rds would naturally omit /cat, for * also to the Grecians'

is obviously not sense (see above). How then is it possibleto account for the reading of B, except on the suppositionthat /cat Trpbs roi)s 'EXX^icrras is an incomplete correction

from /cat Trpos roiV'EXX^as ?

21. x V Kvptov]' the hand of Jehovah ', i.e. His visibly

exerted strength; cf. iv. 30, xiii. 11; Luke i. 66 /cat %ety> K.

yv /xer' CLVTOV. The phrase is graphic, and common in O.T.,

e.g. Ex. ix. 3; Is. lix. 1.

22. irepl avrwv] i.e. the new converts.

|aTr(rTt\av] Clearly as a commissioner to examine and

report. The narrative does not seem to indicate surpriseor opposition, as when the case of Cornelius was reported, v. N.

but rather describes the conduct of those, who regarded withnatural interest the practical working on a large scale of a

principle already accepted.

23. X{*p Lv.--exap'n] Suavis paronomasia; grace brings

gladness. Cf. Luke i. 28 Xat/ae, /cexaptrw^j/?/.

TT\V TOV 6ov] Emphatic, cf. i. 25 n.

7rapKa\i] iv. 36 n.

154 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xi. 23

'purpose', cf. xxvii. 13.

26. o-vvaxO^vai ev rfj KK\.] 'assembled (with the other

believers) in the church '.

XPTlFLaT ^<rtu]*

(1) iiegotiarij (2) ita ut nomen indeadipis-car is, (3) denominari: cf. Bom. vii.

Xpurriavovs] About this word two points are clear :

(1) It was not employed by the Christians of them-selves, being only found in N. T. here, Acts xxvi. 28

(contemptuously), and 1 Pet. iv. 16. The 'believers' are oi

/jia0r)TaL, oi 017101, ol Trio-rot, oi d5e\0oi.

(2) It was not invented by the Jews, who would not

apply the term 'followers of the Messiah' to those whothey maintained were the followers of the man Jesus, whowas not the Messiah. The Jews called them 'Nazarenes'or 'Galilaeans'.

The word is formed on the analogy of Pompeiani, Caesa-

riani, 'H/wdiarol (Matt. xxii. 16), and so means 'partizans'or 'followers of Christus'. It is found Tac. Ann. xv. 44

quos vulgus Christianas appellabat. Auctor ejus nominisChristus.... It was also spelt Chrestiani, and Suet. Claud.

25) has Chrestus, apparently connecting it with xpyvThs, andcf. Fr. chr^tien= chrestien.

It is a remarkable word, being' written in Hebrew and

Greek and Latin ', for it refers to the Hebrew belief in a

Messiah, it is a Greek word, and it is formed as a Latin

adjective.

27. 4v ravTcus...] i.e. during the stay of Paul andBarnabas at Antioch.

KarrjXOov] Jerusalem being regarded as the central

point ; viii. 15 n.

irpo(j>TJTai] Both in N. T. and 0. T. the word 'prophet'Is not limited to its modern sense of one who '

foretells the

future', but is used in a wider sense of one who 'declares'

or 'forth tells the will of God', and refers either to the

present, past, or future. . In N. T. it is clearly applied to

persons possessing some special inspiration. In 1 Cor. xiv.

'prophecy' is distinguished from yKwcvais XaXetV as beingintelligent and intelligible, and (ver. 3) its objects are

denned as olKofofJvfa* Kal ircLpaK\r)(nv /ecu Trapa[j.vdiav. Theterm is frequent in the Acts, cf. xiii. 1 TT. /cat SiScur/caXot ;

xv. 32 TT. 6Wes...7ra/3e/ca'Xeo-aj> /cat eTrecrr^yoi^ay.

28. avcwrTas] v. 17 n. "A-yapos, also xxi. 10.

XIJJLOV...] We have no knowledge of any universalfamjne jn fae reign of Claudius, but Josephus speaks of' the great famine

'

in Judaea A.D. 44, and describes how pro-

XII. 1] NOTES. 155

visions were purchased for the Jews from Egypt by Izates

king of Adiabene and his mother Helena, who were Jewish

proselytes. Famines in various places however characterized

the reign of Claudius, and Suet. Claud. 10 speaks of assiduas

sterilitates; cf. too Suet. 18; Tac. Ann. xn. 43.

XLJJLOS fern, is Doric, from which dialect many forms

passed into Hellenistic Greek. Cf. xii. 4 Tridcras for Trieaas.

KXcvuSiov] Eoman emperor 41 54 A.D.; born B.C. 10;son of Drusus the brother of the Emperor Tiberius

; prede-cessor of Nero.

29. TWV 8e jjLaGi^Twv] Strict grammar would require oi

pad. as nom. to upicav, but the gen. is due to TIS occurringin the intervening clause icatfcos cvTropelro rw. 'But the

disciples according to every one's means determined each of

them to send with a view to help...'.The complexity of the sentence is due to Luke's desire

to insert so much, viz. (1) the general determination, <Spi<rav t

(2) the rule which determined the amount of the contribu-

tions, K<x#cbs euTropetro rts, (3) the individual interest excited,

&CCC<7TOS dVTUV.

30. TOVS irpcr|3uTpovs] Here mentioned for the first

time. They probably occupy a similar position in the

church to the 'elders' in the Jewish synagogue. The'elders' naturally become marked off in all communi-ties (cf. vi. 11 TOV \abi> Kal robs irpff(3., and the words sena-

tus, yepovaia, alderman, Trpeo-fivrepLov xxii. 5), and the* elders

' were treated with especial reverence by the Jews and

spoken of as a separate body, v. O. T. passim. The wordsoon begins to indicate not so much superior age as superior

position. The Apostles appointed 'elders' in every cityxiv. 23 : they ranked next to the Apostles (xv. 2, 4, 6), andare also called eirlvKoiroi 'overseers' (xx. 17 compared withxx. 28).

From the word our 'priest' is derived, being, like the

French pretre, a contracted form of 'presbyter' ; some con-

fusion has arisen from the fact that '

priest'

is the ordinaryrendering of tepefo, which is quite distinct in meaning from

irpecrfSvTepos.

SavXov] St Paul in Gal. does not mention this visit.

CHAPTEE XII.

1. KCIT* Ktvov...] i.e. about the time of the mission of

Barnabas and Paul.

eire'paXev rds X-] to De taken literally: 'laid his hands

on', KCLKUCTCU giving the object of his doing so. It is not

merely= e7rexeip77<je^, 'attempted', cf. iv. 3, .v. 18.

156 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xn. 1

'

HpwS-qs 6 p.] Herod Agrippa, son of Aristobulus andBerenice, grandson of Herod the Great, educated at Borne.

Caligula at his accession (A.D. 37) gave him the tetrarchyof Trachonitis and the title of king, subsequently addingGalilee and Peraea. He was at Home at the death of

Caligula, and aided Claudius in acquiring the empire ; in

return for his services Samaria and Judaea were added to

J. Ant. his government. He is described by Josephus as a pleasant,xix. 7. 3. vajn man, very anxious to secure popularity with the Jews,

whose rites he scrupulously observed (TO, irarpia KaOapus

2. 'IctKwpov] Son of Zebedee, Matt. iv. 21. Speciallychosen with John and Peter to be present at the raising of

Jairus' daughter (Mark v. 37), at the transfiguration (Matt.xvii. 1), and the agony in the garden (Matt. xxvi. 37). Ofhim and John Jesus had specially said 'Ye shall indeeddrink of my cup' (Matt. xx. 23). He is the only Apostlewhose death is mentioned in N.T.

By beheading ; cf. the case of John the BaptistMatt. xiv. 10.

W. 3. irpo<re'0TO o-vXXapciv] 'A Hebraism. See Luke xx.

12 TTpoo-tdero TT^I/'CU'; Gen. iv. 2irpo<r{6r)KTKii>', xxxviii. 26

Trpofftdero TOV yv&vai.

TWV dtv|j.wv] 'bread not made with yeast' (#w and*

yeast' being from one root). It was to remind the Israel-

ites of the liaste with which they left Egypt and ate the

first passover (Ex. xii. 34, 39). It was eaten for seven daysafter the eating of the passover lamb on the 14th of Nisan

(Ex. xii. 14; Lev. xxiii. 6).

4. TeWapcriv rcrp.] Four bodies of four men, each of

which would be on duty for six hours out of the twenty-four. The Romans divided the night into four 'watches'

(rigiliae), and so perhaps each 'quaternion' would take one4 watch' of the night. Two of the soldiers were chained to

Peter, and perhaps two kept watch outside the cell, but it

As M. A. is an error to identify these with the Trp&T-rj 0uXa/c^ KCL! 5ev-do*

rtya of ver. 10, as the words <pv\aKri and SieXdovres do notadmit this.

. TO IT.] Clearly not merely the 14th of Nisan, the

day of the eating the passover lamb, but the whole pass-over week, for the reference to at TJ/J,. T&V af. and the im-

perfect errjpe'iTo ver. 5 imply a duration of several days,and Luke himself defines TO ira<r-xa, cf. Luke xxii. 1

rj eoprrj

TUV dfyfjLWV rj \eyofJLevTr) Trdcrxa.M.W.A. Nonjudicant diefesto was a Jewish rule.

Herod would take his place on the raised

xii. 12] NOTES. 157

judgment- seat (/3?7/xa, tribunal) and the prisoner be led upto it, and there condemned in the presence of and for the

pleasure of the Jews (T$ Aa; Ethic Dat. embracing boththese ideas). Cf. John xix. 13 16.

5. 6 |AV oflv II....] 'So then P. was being guarded...and prayer was being made but when Herod wasabout...'.

The clause irpoaevx^ 5e... is parallel to o ^ev o$v II,

the antithesis to which is ore 5e.... Both A. and E.V. arein error here; cf. ii. 41 n.

6. 8Se|j.vos d\. 8v<rCv] cf. xxviii. 16, 20. The prisonerwas chained by the wrist usually to one soldier, here for

more security to two. Cf. Sen. Ep. 5 eadem catena et mi-litem et custodiam copulat.

7. luc'o-TT]] cf. verse 10 dirforij. Both words connote Ln.

suddenness. Cf. Luke ii. 9 dyye\os Kvpiov eTrecrr^. The2nd aorist of tylffTijfu occurs seven times in Luke, eighttimes in the Acts, and nowhere else in N.T.

olKTJiux,Ti] a room in a house', 'chamber', but fre-

quently used euphemistically= 'a cell', 'a prison', e.g.Dem. 890.

8. gwrai] 'put on thy girdle', worn round the Che- Eders-

thoneth (XITWV). 'It was not a hasty escape as in Hor. Sat. " r*

i. 2. 132 Discincta tunica fugiendwn est ac pede nudo\ ^"Cf. too a^wcrros= ' hurried

' Hes. Op. 343.

10. 8i\06vT6s...] 'when they were past the first andsecond ward', A. and E.V. rightly.

The word di\66j>res suggests 'traversing a place', andso seems to necessitate rendering $vAa/c^, 'ward': other-

wise it might'

guard', 'body of men on guard'.

avTOjj.a,TT]] So of things without life, II. v. 749 auro/xa-

rat de irvXat JJ.VKOV ovpavov.

11. ev iavrw YV.] Peter had hitherto regarded the

impressions he had received as visionary and unreal, as

similar to those received x. 10 when he was in an '

ecstasy';now having 'come to himself, i.e. finding himself in his or-

dinary everyday waking state, he perceives that they are real.

12. <rwi8wv] cf. xiv. 6; 'having viewed and compre-hended the case', having grasped the situation; so Dem.17 Trdvra 77 ravra dec (rvvidwras cLiravTas fioydetv....

Maptas] Otherwise unknown. In Col. iv. 10 Ma/>/cos

6 aveifstbs Bapvafia is rendered in A.V. ' sister's son to B.',

thus making Mary sister of Barnabas, but the rendering of

is quite arbitrary, and R.V. rightly gives 'cousin'.

158 ACTS OF. THE APOSTLES, [xir. 12

1 John surnamed Mark' is generally identified with Markthe Evangelist. As with Saul, so with him, his Hebrew nameceases to be used generally, cf. xiii. 5, 13 'John', but xv.

39; 2 Tim. iv. ll;'Philem. 24 'Mark'. Notwithstandinghis desertion of Paul recorded in the Acts he was withhim during his first imprisonment at Borne, cf. Col. iv. 10.

Ancient testimony agrees in making him the epwvevT'/i*of Peter, cf. 1 Pet. v. 13 Map/cos o vios JJLOV.

13. KpoiSo-avros, vuaKovcrcu] Both classical in this sense.

Cf. Xen. Symp. I. 11 Kpoveas r^v 6vpav eiTre r VTraKoixravTi.

T-qv 6upav TOV irvXwvos] From this phrase it is clearthat TTV\WV '

gateway', 'gate', is a more inclusive term than

Oupa' door '

: the words are often however used indifferently,cf. ver. 14.

15. MaCvT]] cf. xxvi. 24.

Siurxvp^ero] Classical. A very strong word, 'keptconfidently affirming '.

6 d/yyeXos] It was a popular belief among the Jewsthat each man had ' a guardian angel '. Cf . the genius ofthe Romans, and Hor. Ep. n. 2. 188

Genius, natale comes qui temperat astrum,naturae deus humanae, mortal-is in unumquodque caput, voltu mutabilis, albus et ater.

And Pind. 01. 13. 148 5afyton> yevtdXios.Matt, xviii. 10 .is important as regards the validity of

this belief.

17. Karao-cCo-as] cf. xiii. 16, xix. 33, xxi. 40, of a

speaker, who indicates by a downward movement of thehand a desire for silence.

For 'IaKco|3a>] cf. xv. 13, xxi. 18, president of the Church at

Jamesv. Jerusalem ; specially mentioned by Paul (Gal. i. 19) as

13.

a XV*

seen by him and 'a brother of the Lord', and an 'Apostle'

v. Light- (but not therefore one of the Twelve, or to be identified withfoot, ad James of Alphaeus ').

18. OVK oXfyos] Litotes; cf. xix. 11 ov raj ruxo&ras.The phrase occurs eight times in the Acts; e.g. xv. 2.

rt apa...] 'what could have become of P.'; ri apa ex-

presses much more doubt and astonishment than rl ; cf.

Luke i. 66 rl apa TO Traidiov TOVTO &JTCU ;

19. dvaKptvas] iv. 9 n. airaxO-rivai here absolutely= 'to be led away to execution'; cf. Matt, xxvii. 31 air'f)-

yayov avrbv et's TO oraupwo'ai; Dem. 736, 2 dirayaye^v rots

ZvoeKa. So too duel, cf. Plin. ad Traj. 96 (of the

Christians) Confitentes iterum ac tertio interrogavi, sup-

pllcium minatus: perseverantes ducijussi.

xii. 23] NOTES. 159

20. 6vp.ojiaxwv] Late Gk,= 'to fight passionately', but deW.M.Herod could have no power to go to war with Tyre and

Sidon, and so here 'have an angry quarrel with'. A.

and R.V. 'was highly displeased with'.

Tvpiois Kal 2.] Both cities are on the coast; Tyre is

20 m. S. of Sidon, of which it was a colony, though it be-

came more important than the mother city ;it was almost

the first commercial city of the ancient world. The main

part of the town was on an island half a mile from the shore.

It was taken by Alexander (B.C. 322) after a siege of seven

months, and never regained its former consequence.

TOV iirl TOV KOITWVOS] praefectus cubiculo, cubicularius,'chamberlain' an officer who from his opportunities of

personal access might naturally obtain great influence

with a monarch.

8i<i TO Tp<J>o-0cu...] They were large commercial cities

with an amount of territory not proportioned to their

population, and so looked largely to Palestine for their food-

supply, cf. 1 Kings v. 9; Ezek. xxvii. 17. Herod mightrender this importation of food very difficult.

21. raKTirj...] Josephus gives a full account of Herod's Ant.

death. The occasion he describes as a festival held in J1^ jn

'

honour of the emperor : on the second day Herod having A.

put on a robe all of silver tissue (crToXfy evdv<rd[jt,evos e

dpyvpov TreTroLrjfjLevr]^ Travav) came into the theatre at day-break, and, the rays of the sun striking full on this robe,it gave forth a marvellous radiance (OavfjiaaLus airearLXfiev]

striking awe and terror into the beholders. Thereuponflatterers hailed him as a god with the words Ei^ez/r/s efys.

He did not rebuke them, but shortly afterwards observedan owl ((3ov(3&i>a) perched on a rope above his head and atonce took it for a messenger of evil (dyye\ov...evdvs eVoT/cre

KCLKUV elvai) ;he was presently seized with pain in the pit

of his stomach and died (yaarpbs aXy-r^avi. dLepya<r6ds) five

days later after continuous suffering.

eirl TOV PI) pares] From Jos. we know that this tookplace in the theatre, which was often used for public assem-blies (cf. xix. 29). Pwa, originally the platform in thePnyx at Athens from which the orators spoke, is frequentlyused for the raised seat or platform (suggestus, tribunal] ofa Eoman magistrate or officer

;cf. Matt, xxvii. 19 ; Acts

xviii. 12, xxv. 6.

ISTjp/rj-yopei] Contiondbatur : he addressed the ambassa-dors in a 'public harangue' before the assembly.

23.^iiraTagv...ayy\os Kvpi'ov] cf. xii. 7 dyyeXos Kvpiov...7raraas : observanda antithesis.

160 ACTS OF .THE APOSTLES, [xn. 23

For the 'angel of Jehovah', cf. 2 Kings xix. 35, of thedestruction of Sennacherib, e^rjKdev dyy. K. /cat <?7raraei>

;

also 1 Chron. xxi. 15.

v. F. ad <TKw\T]K6ppcoTos] Apparently this disease, whatever ittoe. was, was regarded as a divine judgment on the pride of

tyrants. Cf. 2 Mace. ix. where the death of Antiochus

Epiphanes is described, the disease being spoken of as

aTT\<iyxywv aXyrjduv /cat Trt/cpai TU)I> 2v5ov fiaffavot, akrre

e/c roO 0-cfyiaros tr/cwXTj/cas a.va.eiv, and it is emphatically de-Ant.

^scribed as a punishment of his pride and cruelty. Herod

xvu. G.o.tjie Qreat according to Josephus died of ey^is cr/cwA?7/cas

fj,Trotov<ra. Cf. too Herod, iv. 205 y 3>epert/x?7 ^wcra evXtwv

eee<rej/, where it is mentioned as a divine punishment.At this point begins the history of St Paul's three mis-

sionary journeys, and the rest of the Acts is confined tode AV. an account of his life.

* Each journey is commenced fromAntioch and ends with a visit to Jerusalem, each is illus-

trated with a speech, the first before Jews (xiii. 16 41), thesecond before Gentiles (xvii. 22 31), the third beforeChristians (xx. 1835)'.

CHAPTER XIII.

1. 7rpo<|>T}T(u KO.I 818.] xi. 27 n.

Sv(jLcov ... Mavaijv] Unknown. Mava-^v = Menahem(2 Kings xv. 14).

<ruvTpo<f>os] Y. collactaneus ; R.V. 'foster-brother'. A.V.

'brought up with'. There are no grounds for decidingbetween the two senses.

SoM. o T Bapvapas...Kat SavXos] The marked insertion of

the other names between these two names, hitherto men-tioned in close connection (e. g. xii. 25), is curious. It

would seem that Luke before describing their special'

sepa-ration

'

for their missionary work, is desirous to point outthat previously they were not '

separated' from, but onlytwo among the other '

prophets and teachers'

at Antioch.

'HpwSov] iv. 27 n.

2. XeiTOupYowTwv] In classical Greek ' to undertakethe performance of one of those public services' (\eLTovpyiai)such as the equipment of a trireme, which fell in turn onall wealthy Athenian citizens : in LXX. used of ' minister-

ing' in the temple, e.g. 1 Sam. ii. 11; Ex. xxviii. 39 (43),cf. Heb. x. 11: here apparently of 'worship' generally, cf.

our word 'liturgy', and 'service' in the phrase 'MorningService '.

'Fasting' and 'prayer' are continually connected, cf.

x. 30; 1 Sam. vii. 5, 6; Dan. ix. 3.

xiii. 6] NOTES. 161

cx<f>op<raT 8ij] 5?j gives vigorous emphasis to the

command. Cf. xv. 36 ; Luke ii. 15 5tA0w/xej/ 77, and the

frequent use of aye 5rj, <pepe 5rj, &G.

Paul speaks of himself (Eom. i. 1) as dtpupurfjievos eh

eva.yy\iov deov.

6] els is to be repeated before the pronoun, cf. ver. 39wirb TTO.VTUV u>v

; Stallb. Plat. Phaed. 76 D ev roury a7r6\-

\vfjiev $Trep KO! Aa/x./Sawyuef non iteratur praepositio ev more

loquendi paone legitimo ; Soph. 0. C. 749.

4. avrolIJL^V ovv] The antithesis is dteXQovres <5e, cf.

ii. 41 n.

uiro TOV cry. TTV.] Note this repeated reference to thesource of their authority, and cf. ver. 9.

ScXeuKiav] Seleucia 'by the sea', as it was called to

distinguish it from other cities of the same name, wasfounded B.C. 300 by Seleucus Nicator at the mouth of the

Orontes.

Kxnrpov] The birthplace of Barnabas, cf. iv. 36. The F.

number of Jews was so great there, that A.D. 116 they rose

upon the native inhabitants and massacred, it is said,

240,000.

5. 2a\ct|jiLva] The principal town of the island, onthe E. coast in what is now the harbour of Famagousta ;

said to have been built by Teucer, son of Telamon king of

Salamis, whom his father refused to receive home after thedeath of Ajax, and to have been called after that famous

island, cf . Hor. Od. i. 7. 29 ambiguam tellure nova Salamina

futuram.

KanyyyX.\ov...] It was Paul's regular practice to enterthe synagogues and preach, cf. xiv. 1, xvii. 2 /card rb eludes,xviii. 4, 19, xix. 8. His rule in preaching the Gospel was,*to the Jew first and also to the Greek', Eom. i. 16; cf.

Acts xiii. 46 vjuuv irp&rov.Jesus in the same way preached after reading the lesson,

cf. Luke iv. 20. For the synagogue worship, vi. 9 n.

uiTT]pTT|v] Probably in the same sense as Luke iv. 20,where it is used of the ' minister* (Chazzan) or '

assistant'of the synagogue, cf. vi. 9 n.

6. IIa<|>ov] New Paphos on the W. coast, 8 m. N. of

the old Paphos celebrated for the worship of Venus.

pd/yov] viii. 9 n.

BapiT]<rovs]' son of Jesus ' or ' Joshua

',cf. i. 23 n.

dvOvirciTa)] 'proconsul'. Under the emperors the pro-vinces were divided into two classes, imperial and senatorial.

P. 11

162 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xm. 6

The former were usually such as needed the presence of a

military force and were governed by a military officer

(legatus) immediately subordinate to the emperor : for theW. F. latter the governors were nominally appointed by the senate

rn? an(l termed proconsuls, that term being applied to themv^aSblUSj , 1 IJ.-IIT i v. i t

mi. 13.*

though they had only been praetors '.

Dio Cas- Cyprus had been an imperial province but had beensmsjLin. restored to the senate by Augustus in exchange for Dal-

'

. matia. General Cesnola discovered an inscription inLa. irom ^ .,-, ,-, -,

*< Cesno- Cyprus with the wordsla, Cy- EirniATAOT...prtlS, its rpj-r * rnrvivk

Ancient 111A1U1Cities, the letters AN0 being probably to be supplied.

1877'. 7. <ruvTw] from (rvvlrj/ju ('I put together', 'grasp','

understand') indicates the possession of sound sense and

sagacity. Amid the decay of belief in their own mythologymany inquiring minds at Home turned their attention to theconsideration of foreign religions, and especially that of the

Jews. Hence the influence obtained even with 'sensible'

men by such impostors as Barjesus, cf. Juv. vi. 543 Arca-nam Judaea tremens mendicat in aurem

\ interpres legumSolymarum.

v. F. 8.'

EXvjias] Probably an Arabic word =fjidyos* the

wise man '

: still found in the Turkish title Ulemah.

8iaoTp\J/ai]= 'to pervert', 'turn aside', or into a wrongdirection some one who is taking the direct road to an

object, cf. ver. 10 &a<rr/>6/>ct> ;Luke ix. 41 yej/ea

9. 6 Kal IlavXos] Up to this point the Apostle has

always been called by his Hebrew name 2aAos, hencefor-

ward he is always called by his Koman name, IlaOXos. It is

clear that S. Luke notes the change of name as importantand marking an epoch ; it would seem that his non-Jewishname is thus introduced at the commencement of his mis-

sionary labours as the Apostle of the Gentiles, in order to

indicate that the narrative is no longer concerned with a

comparatively unknown Jew, but with one who, under thename of Paul, was to win a wider and universal fame.

E. g. Je- Many connect the name with Sergius Paulus (ob tarn

rom'e, magnae insigne victoriae, Aug.), but in the text no such con-

tinegXB~ 5iection seems hinted at, and the similarity of the Latin

Baurn.* name to the Hebrew one is probably its real origin (cf. i.

23 n.). It may have been always borne by the Apostle,

though hitherto, while among Jews, not generally used.

JSpjp^a Augustine remarks nomen elegit ut se ostenderet parvum,Mt. c. 7. but as a proper name the word rather suggested the glories

XIIL 15] NOTES. 163

of the Aemilian family, and even to us recalls the name of Hor. Od.

another Paulus, who was 'lavish of his noble life'.

10. iravT6s...'irdcrT]s...<

7ra<rqs] Note the emphasis.

paSioup-yCasl^' acting lightly', 'easily', 'without prin-

ciple', cf. pydLovpyrjima xviii. 14.

rds 68ovs...Tds cv0.] The adj. emphatic by position.The opposite expression is 'crooked ways', Ps. cxxv. 5;Prov. ii. 15. Isaiah had specially foretold of Messiah that

'the crooked shall be made straight' (Is. xl. 4, xlii. 16 rd

oTcoAia ets eu0e?az>;

cf. Luke iii. 5).

11. x V Kvpiov] xi. 21 n. Cf. Job xix. 21 %p ydp K.

TJ d\fsa/jL&r) [jLoti ecrTW.

12. eirl rfj...] For Iwl cf. iii. 10 n. KvpC<yu is the objec-

tive gen. :'

teaching about the Lord'.

13. dvax0VTs] 'having put out to sea', classical, andthirteen times in the Acts, cf. too Luke viii. 22 dv^xdrjcrav.

The Greeks regarded the coast line as lying low : from it

you go up inland (dj>a/3cuVeu') or up on to the 'high seas'

(dvdyeadai.), the opposite words being Karapalveu', Kard-

ol ircpl II.] 'Paul and his companions' : so Plat. Crat.

440 c ol Trepl 'Hpct/fXetrov. Note that now Paul becomesthe main figure, and contrast his secondary position ix. 27,

xi. 30, xiii. 1, 2.

ne'pyijv]On the river Oestrus 7J m. from its mouth.

Pamphylia lies along the coast between Cilicia on the E.

and Lycia on the W.

'Loaves...] Cf. xv. 38.

14. 'AvTi6)(iav] Like the great Antioch built by Seleu-

cus Nicator and named after his father;made a ' free city

'

189 B.C., and a colony by Augustus, who called it Caesarea.

TV o-appdreov] Heb. word=' day of rest', cf. Gen. ii. 3.

15. irpo<))t]Twv]' The Prophets were not read in the H. from

synagogues till B. c. 163, when they were substituted for the ^ro

,wn

ls

Law, which was prohibited by AntiochusEpiphanes. After the Jews,the removal of that prohibition by the Maccabees, both Law i. 610.

and Prophets were read'.' On the Sabbath at least seven persons were called on to Eders-

read successively portions of the Law '. ^|gm

'L

Xoyos irapaKXiicrews] iv. 36 n. Any Rabbi or distin-

guished stranger might be called on to preach : ordinationwas not requisite. Cf. the case of Jesus, Luke iv. 16 et seq.

The outline of Paul's discourse is this : as God has shewn

special care for Israel in the past (16 22), so He has now

112

164 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xm. 15

sent to Israel the promised Saviour Jesus (23). The mes-

sage of this salvation, long promised to our fathers, hasbeen sent to us (26). The Jews at Jerusalem did not recog-nize Jesus as the Messiah but crucified Him as had beenforetold. God has however proved His claims by raisingHim from the dead (27 30), and of this fact we, the Apostles,are witnesses, and accordingly preach to you that Jesus is

the Saviour whom the Scriptures foretell (31 37), and warnyou to give heed to our message (38 41).

16. Kal ot <)>op. T. Oeov] Cf. x. 2 n.; not Israelites,

but proselytes, as is clearly shewn by comparing ver. 43.

17. TOVTOV] deictic.

|\|aTo] Cf. i. 2 n. and Deut. iv. 37 ee\<faro rb

o"jrtp/j,a avruv ; Ps. Ixxxix. 3 dteOtjJL-riv dtadrjK'rjv ro?s e/cAe/crcus

fj.ov. Israel was 'the chosen' people.

M. v\|/wo-v] 'raised', i.e. increased in numbers, strength,and dignity, the last especially in connection with their

miraculous delivery. So the sojourn in Egypt and deliveryfrom it are referred to with grateful pride, Ps. cv. 23 38.

A. andB.V. 'exalted'.

irapoLKia] vii. 6 n.

ppa\fovos...] Ex. vi. 6 Xurpwo-o/xat tyxas iv

18. Kal ...] This reading makes u;s='when', butthe alternative reading is much simpler, placing a Kal before

Ka0e\uv and making s= 'about', as in A. and E.V.

iTpo-iro^op-qo-cv]' suffered he their manners' A. and E.V.

For tne meaning of the word cf. Cic. ad Att. xni. 29 In hoc

rbv Tv(f>6v fjiou 7rp6s 0<2v TpoTTO(p6p'rja'ov ; Schol. Arist. Ran.1432 17 JIT) Karad^aaOai 07 /caradea/xei>ous rpoirotyopeiv.

There is a distinct reference to Deut. i. 31 rpoTro^o/^Veto*e Ktipios 6 6eos crou, us et rts Tpoirocfiopya'cu &v6pwiros rbv vibv

avTov, Kara wacrai> rriv odoy...

The original Hebrew word means simply 'to bear'

('carry'; or 'endure' 'be patient with'), and both in the

LXX. and here^rpofocpop-rja-ev

is also read. Whether it

means merely 'nourished' (=

26pe\pev Hesych.), or 'bare

erpo^. them as a nursing father' (B.V. in margin), <?77>o0o06p?7<re*>is given seems clearly required by the sense here (and also in Deut.

SB' w * 31)>

for the Apostle is dwelling not on the perversity of

F.'de w! Israel but on the care and affection of God for them : erpo-

jro(p6prjffv distinctly is out of place.Tulit Deus populum Israeliticum in deserto beneficentissi-

ma, eaque plane singulari ratione, quae proprie illi conveni-

ret aetati tenellae, qua populus non ipse se tulit, ut homo

xiii. 23] NOTES. 165

adultus, sed Dens eum, ut parvulum necdum sibi suppetentem,

gestavit. B. Cf. Is. Ixiii. 9 ;and especially Num. xi. 12.

19. frrra e(9vT]...] Cf. Deut. vii. 1.

KdTKXi]pov(|AT]<rv]*

gave (them) as an inheritance':

T.B. without any authority /care/cX^yooSor^tTe^* divided to

them by lot '.

20. ws r<ri . . . ] The text seems to mean that the whole Text in x

of the events from God's 'choosing' Israel, i.e. from His ^^SvS?covenant with Abraham up to the entrance into Canaan, by W.B.took place in 'about 450 years'. For the dat. cf. viii. 11 R -v

T.B. places these words after juerd raura, thus making Cf. Jos.

the period of the Judges 450 years. This was the popular ^f;^ ^

chronology, and the figure is apparently obtained by addingtogether the dates assigned in the O.T. to the various Judgesincluding Eli

;this method of calculation however does not

take into account that several Judges may have been con-

temporaneous, and is inconsistent with 1 K. vi. 1, whereSolomon's temple is said to have been begun 480 yearsafter the departure from Egypt.

Many consider that the reading given in the text is a ^-P.A.correction, and that the reading of T.B. (following E, G, H)

lN

is right, Paul having used the popular, though probablyinaccurate, chronology.

28wKv KpiTcts] Judges ii. 16.

21. TJTi]<ravTO |3curiX&i] 1 Sam. viii. 5. 28a>K6v...l Sam.ix. 1 et seq.

<ITK\ T<r<rpaKovTa] The time is not given in O.T. ;

Josephus however tells us that Saul reigned 18 years during Ant. vi.

the lifetime of Samuel, and 22 after his death.U' 9>

22. jxeTcumjcras] 'having removed him from his office',

i. e. by the sentence of deposition recorded 1 Sam. xv. 23.

Cf. Luke xvi. 4 OTOLV /xera<7ra^u) TTJS olKovo/mias.

vpov...] A combination of Ps. Ixxxix. 20 evpov Aavld

rbv 5ov\6v /ULOV, ev eAeet 0,7^ %/Hcra O.VTOV, and 1 Sam. xiii. 14

7]T'f)(reL Kvpios eaury avOpwrrov /card TJ\V Kapdiav avrov /cat

VT\lrat Kvpios aury...

23. TOVTOV] Emphatic.' Of this man from the seed. . .

'

KCIT' eircryycXiav...] The promise is to be found 2 Sam.vii. 12; Ps. cxxxii. 11, both passages being Messianically

interpreted.The verb ayo> is found in Zech. iii. 8 of the sending of yy

Messiah ayu rbv dov\6v pov Q,va.TO\r)v ('the Branch'). T.B.JJ

has ijycLpev.

166 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xm. 24

24. irpoKT]pvavTos] As a herald before a king.

irpi irpoo-wirou] 'before', 'in front of, with a recollectionof Mai. iii. 1 (the passage quoted Mt. xi. 10) <?a7ro0T&Xa>rbv dyye\6v yuov, Kal ^7rt/3X^ercu odbv irpb irpoff&irov fJLOV.

25. <os 8^ errX/rjpou...] Paul's favourite metaphor fromthe race-course, cf. xx. 24; 2 Tim. iv. 7 TOV Spo^ov rereXe/ca;

lw*Qr. Gal ' " 2 ' An inscription found at Tarsus refers to thein. 209,

"

completion of the stadium there. Note the imperfects.

OVK cljil l-yco] A. andE.V. rightly 'I am not he', i.e. Hewhom you expect, the Messiah. Cf. the question put tohim ; John i. 25 rt ovv /3a7rr/fas, el ffv OVK el 6 X/HOTO j ;

a\\f

I8ov...] Johni. 27.

SoL&M. 26.ijjJ.iv]

'To us': emphatic. The message of this

salvation, of the salvation brought by Jesus the Saviour

(cf. ver. 23 o-wr^pa 'Iiqffovv), long promised to our fathers (cf.

ver. 32), has been sent to us, in our day (cf. n. on ijfiGv ver.

32). The clause which follows, viz. ol yap..., does not givethe reason why this is so, but tells how it is so. yap intro-

duces the narrative which explains the message.Vv T.E. has fyu*>, thus drawing a contrast between the

J^j^ Jews of Antioch and the Jews dwelling at Jerusalem 'we

B.v. come to you with this message because the Jews at Jerusa-

lem rejected it'. But it seems impossible that Paul at this

emphatic point in his speech, marked as emphatic by the

repeated personal address (avdpes a5...), should explain whyhe was preaching to the Jews of Antioch and not to thoseof Jerusalem. Nowhere else is such a distinction drawnbetween the two classes, nor is it drawn here, for Paul point-

edly addresses his hearers as viol ytvows 'A/3/oact/x, i.e. as in

common with all other Jews, children of the promise now ful-

filled. The introduction of such a distinction between twoclasses of Jews mars the whole meaning of the speech,which is not a justification of Paul's presence in Antiochbut a great argument that Jesus is the Messiah.

27. TOVTOV] i.e. Jesus the Saviour, implicitly referred

to in TTJS O-UT. ravTTjs and the subject of the whole discourse.

aYvoTJ<rayTs]A mild word, purposely chosen, as sug-

gesting unwilling error, cf. iii. 17. It governs both TOVTOV

and rds (puvas (as A. and B.V.) : they failed to recognize Jesus

and they failed to recognize the prophetic utterances aboutv, A. a suffering rather than a triumphant Messiah. Others take

Kal almost= 'also' and joining dyvorjo-avres with e7r\ripu(rai>.

28. fXT]8|jLtav ali-Cav...] Cf. Pilate's words Luke xxiii. 22

a'LTiov Oavdrov evpov kv avrq).

xm. 35] NOTES. 167

etsi quaesiere B. pointedly, but wrongly : it is

not Paul's object to suggest the guilt of the Jews at Jeru-

salem.

32. vjxds] ace. after eucryy* as a verb of teaching, cf.

viii. 40; ryv cTrayyeXLav is the second ace. of the thingtaught,

* we teach you the promise, how, that is, God hasfulfilled it...'.

T.E. avT&v Tjfuv, rightly as regards sense, butwithout any authority. 'It can hardly be doubted that W.&H.

77/Awj> is a primitive corruption of 77^'. Indeed y/uuv is

necessary to the sense :

* the promise made to the fathers,that (promise) God has fulfilled to the children, having for

us raised up...', or 'to the children, even us, by raising

up...'.

dya<rrq<ras 'I^o-otiv] as iii. 22, vii. 37; certainly not AsA.M.

'having raised him from the dead', for the Psalm imme- Era^'diately quoted, which refers to the sending of Messiah, mus,&c.would have no relevance. Paul refers to the 'raising up of

Jesus '

i.e. the sending of Him as Messiah as fulfilling one

prophecy, and the '

raising Him from the dead '

as fulfillinganother. The two are separate acts, though forming part La- do

of one divine purpose, and the one is the natural and ne-w*

cessary complement of the other, as the use of the same verbseems to indicate (cf. below the repeated words 5c6o-w, 5oWs;TCG offLCL, rbv offtoy).

33. mos,..] Verbatim from Ps. ii. 7. For Seur^p^ D has SoF. M,

TT/jwry, which is not improbably right, the first Psalm being Tischen-

regarded by the Jews as introductory, and the second one dorf.

counted as 'the first'.

34. |JLT]KTI fiAXovra...] Cf. carefully Eom. vi. 9 'Christ

being raised from the dead dieth no more '.

Swcro)...] Is. Iv. 3 dLaOricrofJiaL vfuv dia6iJK'r)i> aluviov, TO.

offia Aaui5 rot iriara,. Translate 'I will give to you (the

Israelites) the holy promises of David that are sure', ret

oVict is the noun, ra Tnard the predicate, marked by its posi-tion as emphatic. What ' the holy promises of David '

areis immediately made clear by the second quotation, whichrefers to 'the Holy One', i.e. Messiah, the great Son of

David.

35. SIOTI...] 'Because...': Paul immediately justifieshis application of ra 6W A. to the Messiah by referring to

Ps. xvi. 10 which, he says, shews that the 'holy promisesof David' cannot merely mean that David was God's holyone, for the Holy One spoken of is described as 'not seeing

168 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xm. 35

corruption', and so cannot be David who died, but mustbe the Son of David who had been raised from the dead.

36. yVql iSCcj...] Of the various ways in which thesewords may grammatically be taken, the clearest sense is

obtained by rendering, 'Having served his own generation,

by the will of God fell asleep...and saw corruption'. Thusthe words are taken in their natural order and we havea double distinction marked between David and Jesus, for

(1) Jesus 'is of service

'

to all generations, and (2)*

by thewill of God He fell asleep' but did not 'see corruption'.

irpocreTeBt]...] 'An expression arising from the practiceof burying families together'. Cf. Gen. xv. 15; Judgesii. 10.

39. OTTO TTCLVTCDV WV] i.6. C10' WJ>, Cf. V6r. 2 n. 5lACCUOW='to make' or 'declare righteous': SIKCUOUTCU a7r6... = 'is

justified (by being set free) from...' The believer receives

'remission of sins', and so is freed from them and 'maderighteous'.

Opposed to Jesus in whom (v TOIJTIP) is to be found

justification from all sin, is the law of Moses in which (vvbfjLy) no justification is possible, according to Paul's con-

stant argument (e.g. Gal. iii. 11) that no man can keep theLaw or be 'declared righteous' under it, but that for thus

being made'

righteous'

forgiveness of sin through Jesus is

needed.

40. Iv TOIS irpo^iJTais] vii. 42 n. The quotation is almostverbatim from LXX. Hab. i. 5. The immediate reference

See F. of the prophecy is to the Babylonian captivity. For '

yedespisers

'

the Heb. has '

among the nations '.

42. avrwv] i.e. clearly Paul and Barnabas, the nom. to

irapeKaXovv being 'those in the synagogue'.T.E. without any authority c&ovrwv d K rrjs (rvvaywyTJs

TWV 'Iou5cucoj>, irapeKaXovv ra Wv-rj. The correction is dueto some one who considered that the Jews were opposed to

the Apostles from the first, whereas the reverse is described

as being the case.

A. F. cis TO p,To|v <r.] 'the following sabbath', a late use of

jjLeraty, e.g. Plutarch Inst. Lac. 42 Qi\unrov...Kal /uerat> 5'

'A\%av5pov rbv vibv.

43. XvOefo-Tjs...] Apparently subsequently to the depar-ture of Paul and Barnabas.

46. r\v dva-yKaiov. . .]Cf . the command of Jesus i. 8. See

too iii. 26 n., xiii. 5 11.

KptvT IO/UTOVS] Emphatic, 'ye judge yourselves': it is

your own choice.

xm. 52] NOTES. 169

47. OVTCO -yap..-] The quotation almost verbatim fromLXX. Is. xlix. 6.

Paul states that this Messianic passage (1) 'declares that

Messiah is sent not only to the Jews but to the Gentiles,

(2) is therefore a direct injunction from God as to their

conduct in preaching.For els 0ws Qv&v cf. Luke ii. 32 0u's els diroKaXv^iv

tBv&v.

48. ocroi TJo-av TTO/y|j.Voi...] 'as many as were or-

dained' A. and E.V. The word reray^evoL is distinctly

passive, = 'placed in a certain position' or 'order'. Tothe Jews, who of their own choice rejected God's word, are

opposed the Gentiles who believed; but, as the term rd gOvrj La.

was too wide, the historian adds a correcting and limiting

phrase, 'such of them, that is, as had been appointed',1 marshalled '

'placed in the ranks of those who were on the

road toward(ei's)

eternal life'.

Luke is simply recording a fact; he describes certain

Gentiles as reray/mevoL els f. at.;he uses a participle passive

to describe their position, but there is no shadow of anindication that the question of 'predestination' was before

his mind. He could not have used simpler language. Cer-

tain men were in a certain position: he states that theywere in that position, but by whom placed there, or why,or how, he does not say. Cf. the use of the passive forms

7rpo(reK\'y]pu>6'r](Tav xvii. 4, avrLra.(j<jo^evwv xviii. 6.

For the use of raver co cf. xviii. 6 cwmracro-OyU^uH' ; Lukevii. 8 virb e^ovaiav ra<r<rd/xej'os ;

1 Cor. xvi. 15 els diaKoviav

ro?s ayiois raaj> eavrovs ;Horn. xiii. 1 cu oforat e^oucncu UTTO

6eov rerayjUi^vaL elo'lv.

V. has praeordinati, unfairly : Aug. destinati, a much too

strong word: A. 'disposed', an ambiguous term: H. 'whohad set themselves to attain that great end ', cf. xx. 13.

50. rds <rpo[Xvas *y ] Proselytes of distinction, as

xvii. 12. For aepo/mtvas cf. x. 1 n.

51. iKTiva|dl|Xvoi] Cf. xviii. 6 and the command of

JeSUS, Mt. X. 14 KTLvd^CLT TOV KOVLOpTOV TWV 7To5wj' VfJidoV. It

is a sign of the rejection of all intercourse.

'IKOVIOV] Four or five days' journey S.E. of Antioch, onthe table-land of Lycaonia, at the meeting-point of several

Boman roads. It was reckoned at various times as in

Pisidia, Lycaonia, or Phrygia. Still a large town Koniehwith 30,000 inhabitants.

52. ot re (idOiyral...] 'Another joyful peroration; like W. and

a calm after a storm. See viii. 4, ix. 31, xii. 24'.soH*

170 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xiv. 2

CHAPTEK XIV.

TextNA 2. diri0TJ<ravTs] T.K. has a7rei0ow>res: the aorist is1*C' much better, = ' those who disbelieved' i.e. when Paul

preached. R.V. gives 'that were disobedient '. No doubt

strictly aTreiOtu= '

disobey ', cnrurTtu= ' disbelieve'

; but thesedistinctions cannot be accurately maintained

; cf. xix. 9 17-

ireWovv with xxviii. 24 Tjirto-rovv. Moreover in John iii. 36the opposite of 6 irurrefav ds TOV vibv is 6 aTreiflwi/ ry vJ<,'he that disbelieveth'. In the Greek language 'belief and' obedience ' were regarded as almost the same thing and re-

presented by a single word wdOofjiat.

3. IKO.VOV n^v ovv...] The antithesis is not ecrx^Orj 5

(as A. and E. V.) but ws 5 tyevero, cf. ii. 41 n. The sense is

clear. Tor a considerable time they stayed, God givingthem clear witness and the multitude being divided so that

they were not actually molested, but when they found that

they were going to be attacked...they took refuge'.

lirl] iii. 10 n.

Text 8i86vTi] T.B. Kal SLOOVTL marring the sense. The LordABDEP. < bears witness to the word of His grace by granting' : 5i56vn

is subordinate to f^aprvpovvri.

v. Light- 4. TOIS dirooroXois] i.e. Paul and Barnabas (cf. ver. 14),

Excu?-^'here so called for the first time ' The term <aP stle

' wassus.

"

not confined to 'the twelve', whom our usage designates'The Apostles'. The word was in use among the Jews to

indicate any one sent on a mission by some central authority,and was especially applied to those who were sent fromJerusalem to collect the temple tribute. To be an '

apostleof Jesus', a direct commission from Him would be needed;this Paul had received, and probably Barnabas. Moreoverto have seen the risen Jesus was essential to their first

duty; cf. i. 8 n.

5. cos eyVTo opfxi]] 'when there was an assault made'A.Y. ;

'onset' R.V. It is clear however from crwi&Wes

Ka.T<pvyoj> that no 'assault' or 'onset' took place; dp/i/7

A. M. therefore is better taken with the infinitives = eagerness'

or 'impulse to outrage'; cf. Thuc. iv. 4 (rxoXdfbuo-iv op^r)eTr^Treffev e/crei%iVcu TO X^/HOP; Dem. 309. 4 els op/m-riv TOV radeovra TTOLCW.

rots apxovanv O/UTWV] Not rots ap'xovcn.v absolutely (cf.

xvi. 19) 'the magistrates', for they would not take part in

such a proceeding, but, as the addition of avruit shews, 'the

rulers of the Jews'. Cf. xiii. 27 oi dpxovres CLVTU>J>; as it

had been with Jesus, so it was with His followers.

Xi0opo\ii<rai] Cf. vii. 58 n.

xiv. 12] NOTES. 171

6. cruvi86vTs] xii. 12. Ka0j>vyov : confugerunt, cf. the

command of Jesus Mt. x. 23.

AvKaovfcxs] A high table-land, ill watered, bleak, butsuited for sheep pasture. Both Lystra and Derbe are S.-E.from Iconium but their exact site is unknown. Lystra was

probably the birthplace of Timothy, cf. xvi. 1.

8. Kci0T]To]' used to sit ', probably in some public place

regularly : cf. rJKove 'used to listen ', i. e. to Paul when speak-

ing to the people.

9. cmvio-as] i. 10 n. Of Paul, xiii. 9, xxiii. 1.

irCorriv TOV <ra>0TJvcu] The gen. describes not only the

aim but the result of the faith. Faith to be healed is the

cause of healing, cf. iii. 16 ;Lukevii. 50 97 irlans crov o-eVw/ce ere.

<T(adr)VQLi (cf. iv. 10 n.) primarily of bodily healing, butalso conveying the idea of spiritual healing.

10. TJXaro]* he leapt up

'

suddenly, and ' was walking '.

11. AvKoovurrl] lit. 'in Lycaonian fashion', i.e. in the

Lycaonian speech. So 'EAA^io-rJ avv^vai 'to understand

Gk', and AW/HOT/, ^pvyurri, Avdiarl applied to styles of music.

What the Lycaonian speech or dialect was we do notknow. Living in a mountainous and secluded district theyprobably only used Gk in their intercourse with strangers, as

Welshmen might use English. It is clear that the Apostlesdid not understand the cry that was raised, or they wouldhave protested at once.

ot 0ol...] One of the oldest of beliefs, cf. Horn. Od.xvn. 484

Kal re deol ^eLvoLffiv eoi/c6res

It was in the neighbouring country of Phrygia thatPhilemon and Baucis were fabled to have entertained thetwo divinities here mentioned, Jupiter and Mercury, cf. Ov.Met. vm. 626.

12. TOV B. Afa] Perhaps from his more imposing N.

appearance. Paul (2 Cor. x. 10) says of himself ?/ TrapovataTOV (rw/xaros dcrdev^s ;

and cf . 2 Cor. xii. 7 edoOtj [JLOL ovcoAoi/'

TTJ trap/ct; Gal. iv. 14. Tradition, probably exaggeratingthese references, describes him as fjLiKpos r$ fjieyeBei, \f/i\os AdaT7]v /ce^aA^, dyKvXos TCUS Kvr}/j,ats, but it is clear from the

j%w^

comparison of him to Hermes that the writer had no idea

of his presence being mean or contemptible, for Hermes,the herald of the gods, is a beautiful figure.

6t]-y.

ToO Xo-yov] Hermes was the inventor of speech,cf. epfjLTjvevcj ;

Hor. Od. i. 10. IMercuri ......| quiferos cultus

hominum recentum| voceformasti catus.

172 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xiv. 13

13. TOV OVTOS. . .] The god is identified with his temple,which was 'before the city'.

o-T^jxara] Kegularly used in sacrifices: worn by the

priests, carried by the attendants, placed on the victim.

A. W. TOVS irvXwvas] Some say* the gates of the house where

the Apostles were', but if so the plural is strange, cf. xii. 13.

It can only be conjecture, but it seems better to refer to the

gates of the temple of Zeus, the altar being in front of thev.Renan. temple : this gives great force to TOVTUV in ver. 15, which

thus becomes deictic and vigorous.

14. 8iappii|avTs Td IjAaTia] A sign of grief andhorror, cf. 2 Kings xviii. 37, xix. 1

; Matt. xxvi. 65.

15. 6|Aoioira6is] 'of like passions' A. and E.V., theword 'passions' being used in a technical sense as in Art. I.,

where God is described as 'without body, parts or passions'.The rendering here is however hardly happy, as the ancients

always represented the gods as influenced like men by love,

anger, hate and those feelings which are usually termed

'passions'. The word b^oLoirad^ is of far wider meaning,and describes one who is in the possession of a like nature,and therefore has like feelings or sensations, is affected in

the same way by the same things, as heat and cold, pleasureand pain, disease and death.

The word may be well illustrated from Shakespeare,Merck, of Ven. in. 1, 'Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not aJew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions?fed with the same food', &c.

OTTO TOVTCDV...] Cf. 1 TheSS. 1. 9 eTTHTTpt\{/aTe TTpOS TOV

Oeov CLTTO rwv etwAwj>, dovXevew deQ frtjjvriKal dXyOivy.

TOVTWV is deictic. Paul points to the heathen templeand its altar and images, and calls them 'these vain things',i. e. things which do not represent reality, cf. 1 Cor. viii. 4

Oida/mev ore E&C0X09 ovv.

Text AB Gcov WVT<X] 'a living God', opposed to the 'vain', non-CDE. existent gods of the heathen. T.K. has TOP 6. TGV {wra,

probably as seeming more precise and emphatic. Paulhowever very frequently has Oeos u>v, e.g. 2 Cor. vi. 16;Eom. ix. 26, where he is quoting from Hos. i. 10 K^O-fiffovraiviol 6eov fuwros; and so regularly in LXX. with no article.

Cf. too in illustration of the phrase the well-known Hebrewmethod of confirming an oath, 'Jehovah liveth', e.g. Hos.iv. 15 pr] 6/j.vvere {WTO, Kvpiov, Jer. iv. 2 dfj-ber) y Kvpios.

6s eirofrjo-cv...] Gen. i. 1 ev dpxy eiroiyvev 6 0e6s rov

ovpavov Kal rrjv yfjv. Ps. cxlvi. 6 rbv iroirjcravra rbv ov. Kal

T7]v yyv, rr)v 6d\a<T(rai> Kal irdvTa rd iv avroTs.

It will be observed that to the men of Lycaonia, though

xiv. 23] NOTES. 173

Paul quotes O.T., he does not rest his argument upon it,

as when addressing Jews, but on the witness that naturebears to God. For this cf, the fine passage Cic. Tusc. i. 28,and Rom. i. 20; Ps. xix. 1.

17. aYctOovpi

yc3v...8t8ovs...|J.<

irt7r\(ov] Notice the three M.

participles, the second subordinate to and explaining the

first, and the third the second, 'He gave witness of Himself

by doing good, that is, by giving rains, &c., in that wayfilling....'

oi5pav60ev] Not otiose : caelum sedes Dei. B.

iTovs] It has been pointed out that the district was A.

one which was liable to suffer from drought, and that thewells were of unusual depth.

v<|>po<rvvT]s] Specially used in Gk of the cheerfulnesswhich attends a banquet

*

good cheer '.

18. TOV pr\ 0tiv] gen. dependent on KaTtircLvvav, 'madeto cease from sacrificing ', ^ being redundant as commonlyafter verbs containing a negative idea like forbidding or

stopping.

19. eirrjXOav 8...] Probably after some interval; thenarrative is here very brief.

Xi6ao-avTs] Cf . 2 Cor. xi. 2, a?ra e\i6d<70r]i>. The at-

tack is evidently an irregular proceeding, for a formal or

quasi-formal stoning for blasphemy would have been outsidethe city, cf. vii. 58.

20. avacrrds...] Luke clearly describes a sudden, mira-culous recovery.

Aepprjv] The exact site is unknown, but it was pro-bably to the E. of Lycaonia, near the pass called 'the Cili-

cian gates'. Their return over the same road by whichthey had come must have been intentional, for their naturalroad to Antioch would have been by the Cilician gates, or asimilar pass over Mt Taurus, the very road taken by Paulin passing from Antioch to Derbe at the commencement of

his second missionary journey, cf. xv. 41 xvi. 1.

22. Kal on. . .]' and saying that. . .

'

; Luke draws specialattention to this point in their exhortation, which he gives

verbatim, the quotation being marked by 6Vt, cf. xv. 1.

i][xds] 'we': the speakers are subject to the same condi-tions as their hearers : 'we' is more sympathetic than 'you'.It is quite unreasonable to infer the presence of Luke from As A.

the use of 'we' here. does -

23. x tPOTOV1i~avT s] lit. 'having voted for', strictly ofelection by show of hands in a public assembly, but hereused generally :

*

appointed'

: cf. x. 41

174 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xiv. 23

ots: Ethic Dat. For 'presbyters' xi. 30 n.

KCIT* KK\T]<rfo.v] Kard is distributive.

irap^0VTo] Cf . xx. 32;Luke xxiii. 46 TLdrep ets %a/>as aov

TraparLOefjLaL TO irvevfM /JLOV. The word is not so classical as

7ra/>aAcaTaTi0e<r0cu= ' to place a deposit (irapaKaraOrjK'r}) with

any one', 'give to be taken care of, e.g. of money with a

banker; hence generally 'to entrust'.

24. 'ArroXCav] W. from Perga at the mouth of theriver Catarrhactes, near the borders of Lycia ; at this timethe capital of Pamphyh'a ;

built by Attains II. king of Per-

gamus.

27. o<ra] 'all the things that', implying that they were

many.

(iTJ

avrwv] Cf. the promise of Jesus Kal Idoij, eyu jmed''

vfji&v dpi. The phrase expresses the presence and impliesthe assistance of God.

TJvot|V...] Cf. 1 Cor. xvi. 9 Oijpa yap JJLOI dvtyye fjt,eyd\f) ;

2 Cor. ii. 12 0vpa dve^y^vT} ; Col. iv. 3 ifa 6 0ebs avoi^y TJIUV

6tipcu> TOV \6yov. The phrase expresses in a vivid and

pictorial form the result of their first missionary journey.

Gvpav irC(TT<)s] i.e. a full opportunity of belief and so

of entrance or admittance into all the blessings attendingon that belief.

28. OVK oXfyov] cf. xii. 18, implies a considerable time,

e.g. a year or more.

CHAPTEE XV.

1. KaC Ttvcs...] This visit of Paul to Jerusalem is

usually identified with the one he describes Gal. ii. 1 10,fourteen years after his conversion.

The question, whether for admission to the ChristianChurch it was necessary first to accept the Jewish Law, and

especially, as a sign of that acceptance, to submit to cir-

cumcision, might appear to have been settled by the case of

Cornelius and the discussion which ensued upon it ; but it

would seem that many still regarded that case as exceptionaland by no means clearly establishing a general principle.The question revived again in full vigour, even after the

present decision, and is the cause of the Epistle to the

Galatians, in which Paul establishes the freedom of theGentiles. It must be remembered, with regard to the

great importance which this question assumed, that theJews considered themselves a peculiarly privileged people,and even those who acknowledged Jesus as the Messiah

xv. 4] NOTES. 175

may not unnaturally have held that those Gentiles whoaccepted the Jewish Messiah were also bound to acceptthe Jewish Law.

TIV&] Paul describes these men as TrapeicraKrovs if>evd-

a5eX0ous, oirives TrapeicrTJXQov /caraovcoTnJcrat r^v eXevOepiav

TJI^WV. Gal. ii. 4.

ISCScuTKov] Note the imperfect, and also that the word

implies a definite purpose.

on] Introducing their very words, cf. xiv. 22.

TO> 20ei] Cf. ra dr) vi. 14; same as ro> vb^ov ver. 5. Dat.

of the rule by which.

2. <TTao-a>s] A strong word, used= 'uproar', 'riot'

xix. 40 :' sedition' Luke xxiii. 25. Here ' a division between

two opposing parties', cf. xxiii. 7. It is the well-knownclassical word for an outbreak between the democratic and

oligarchical parties in a state.

rojav] sc. ol dd\<j>oi from ver. 1. Paul says (Gal. ii. 2)

dveprjv /car' airoKoXv^iv \ Luke gives the external, Paul the

internal history.

Kal nvas d'XXovs] e.g. Titus; Gal. ii. 13.

3. irpoTrcfjw^Oc'vTcs] The verb signifies 'to accompanysome one setting out on a journey a part of the way' as amark of affection and honour. Cf. xx. 38, xxi. 5.

4. -irapeSc'xOiicrav...] The narrative is by no meansclear, but seems to mark three main points :

(1) A public reception by the whole Church of Pauland Barnabas.

(2) The raising in a definite form by 'certain convertsfrom among the Pharisees' of the question of circumcision,but whether at the first reception or later is not clear.

(3) A subsequent meeting of the whole (vers. 12, 22)Church to decide the question.

Paul's own account is (Gal. ii. 2) /cat aved^^v avrois TO

cvayyeXiov o Ktipvaaw ev rots %6ve<nv, /car' tdiav d row doKOVffiv,

fjLrj TTWS els Kevov rp-U TJ gdpa/JLOv.

Alford fairly observes,' Paul did not lay before the So N.

whole assembly the Gospel which he preached among the ^J1*"

Gentiles, viz. the indifference of the Mosaic Law to their

salvation (Gal. i. 7 9), for fear of its being hastily repu-diated and so his own work hindered (^ TTCOS...). But hedid so in private interviews with the chief Apostles'. Cf.

his conduct xxi. 18.

TTJS IKK. Kcd...] The words /cat TWV aVo<7T. /cat TO;*/

Trpecrp. are added because the 'Apostles and elders' would

naturally take a prominent part in the reception, and their

176 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. [xv. 5

presence is therefore specially noted. So ver. 6 they arementioned without the Church, because the decision of the

question would naturally be left with them, though as wesee from vers. 12, 22, 'the Church' was present and agreedin the decision.

5. avrovs] The converted Gentiles.

6. TOV XOYOV TOVTOV] The subject under consideration,cf. viii. 21 n.

7. rUrpos] Here last mentioned in the Acts.

eu(>' i^|Ap(3v dpxaCwv] About 15 years before. The phraseseems to refer to the 'early days' of the Church, cf. xi. 15,

A.M. v dpxy referring to Pentecost; xxi. 16 apxaii^ fj.a67jrrj. It

seems designedly chosen to indicate that the acceptanceof Gentiles was no new, novel principle.

8. KapSuyyvwo-TTjs] qui cor non carnem spectat. B.

9. Ka6ap(<ras] Markedly recalling the word used x. 15.God had taken away the 'uncleanness' of their hearts.

10. iri0iv<u] The inf. completes the notion of theverb by explaining wherein the 'tempting' consists: the

ireipacr/jibs is denned as eiridetvcu....;it is an extension of the

epexegetic inf. and may fairly be rendered *

tempt byplacing...': cf. ver. 14 eireo-K^aro Xa/3eti/, where the 'regard'is defined as 'a taking...'; Luke i. 25 ^iretdev a^eXeu'.

For ireipdT TOV 6. cf . Ex. xvii. 7 (where' Massah '

is in

LXX. IlcipafffjiAs) ; Deut. vi. 16 ; Matt. iv. 7 ;1 Cor. x. 9.

The phrase expresses acting without trust in God, refusingto follow His guidance till He has been tried or tested bysome overt proof, such as the sending water from therock in Horeb, or the vision sent to Peter at Joppa.

vyov] i.e. the burden of fulfilling the Law; fvyov dovXela?

Gal. v. 1. Opposed to it is the '

easy yoke'Matt. xi. 30) of Jesus.

11. 8id TTJS x^P- T. K. 'Itjo-.]With <Tud'f)i>a.i not with

. Thehe words are thrown forward for emphasis :

'not through the Law, but by grace...'.

12. Bapvdpa Kal II.] Notice the reversion to this order,

possibly because the events take place in Jerusalem, whereas yet Barnabas was better known than Paul. So too ver. 25.

IfrjYovfUvwv b'cra...] Paul and Barnabas simply reportthe facts. The Council discuss and decide. The triple

repetition of 6Va eTrolrjaev 6 tfeo's (xiv. 27, xv. 4) is note-

worthy. Throughout Paul does not argue, but appeals to

the facts as a visible proof of God's presence.

13. direKpfth]] 'answered', i.e. spoke in reply to the

xv. 17, 18] NOTES. 177

general expectation of a closing opinion from the presidentafter the debate.

14. 2v|xcov] Found also 2 Pet. i. 1 ; a by-form of

Simon. James uses Peter's Hebrew name.

ir<rK\|/aTO Xapiv] A. and K.V. * did visit the Gentiles

to take...'; but the sense of 'regard', 'consideration' is

stronger here in eTretr/ce^aro (cf. vii. 23 n.) than that of'visit '. It is= ' shewed regard

'

or ' consideration in taking'

.

4J eOvwv Xaov] Egregium paradoxon. B. Cf. x. 2 n.

Israel is no longer to be alone 'the people': from 'the

nations ' God may take Himself a people the Israel of God,not after the flesh but after the spirit.

TW 6v. CIVTOV] i.e. to be called 'God's people', 'the Israel

of God' (Gal. vi. 16). Cf. ver. 17.

15. 01 Xo-yoi] Plural: 'the utterances', of which he

proceeds to select one.

16. [iTd Tadra...] Prom LXX. Amos ix. 11, 12 tv rfj

TjfjLepa eKeivrj dvaffTr/crb) rr)v ffK^VTjv Aavid rrfv TreTTTUKviav, KO.I

aLVOiKodo]ULr}(ri>) ra TreTrrajicora avrrjs, Kal ra /careerKafAjmfra CLVTTJS

avaarrjcraj...ending with Ayet Ktf/nos 6 TTOLWV ravra irdvra.

The passage of Amos refers in the first instance to the

restoration of the Davidic empire (instead of the ' house of

David' it speaks poetically of 'the fallen tent') : secondly, it

refers to the Messiah's kingdom ('the throne of David his

father' Luke i. 32).

17. OTTWS OLV K'-r]Ti]<ra>oriv ol KaraXonrot...] In AmosA.V.

, following the Hebrew, has ' that they may possess the

remnant of Edom', referring probably to the slaughter M.

already inflicted on Edom by Amaziah (2 Kings xiv. 7).

Certainly, though the general Messianic reference of the F. and so

passage be undisputed, the Hebrew text 'that they (the g^mJews) may possess' is 'much less apposite to the purposeof the speaker' than the LXX. version.

<(>' ovs...] A Hebrew expression, for those who acknow- M.

ledge Jehovah as Lord,' God's people ', cf. Deut. xxviii. 10

;

Is. Ixiii. 19.

17, 18. Xe'-yci Kvpuos irouuv ravra -yvwo-Ta air* al.] So NBC.

'saith Jehovah, making these things known from of old'.

By omitting the article before Trotwj/ and adding the words Omit 6

yvwara cbr' aluvos James incorporates with the quotationNrB-

certain explanatory words of his own, intended to shewthat the extension of Messiah's kingdom to the heathen ' is

not a chance occurrence or trivial, but much rather God's Baum. r.

determined act'.

T. E. reads 6 TTOLWV ravra. ira,vra. yvwo-ra a?r' aiwvos tan

rf Bey irdvra. ra Zpya avrov. The addition seems due to a A.

p. 12

178 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xv. 18

desire to make the words yvucrTa air al. intelligible : not

being found in Amos they would be regarded as a separatesentence needing some addition to give sense.

For COT' aiwvos cf. iii. 21 rwv ayiwv an aiuvos TrpcxfryTuiv,

and Luke i. 70, and for the whole phrase Is. xlv. 21.

19. e-yw Kptvw] Ego censeo. Not 'my sentence is', as

A.Y., but 'I judge' ('my judgement is' E.V.): Jamesexpresses his own 'judgment', not the 'sentence' or 'deci-

sion'

of the assembly, which is given ver. 22.

20. <TrurTlXai...Tov d-ir^ttrOcu] The gen. gives the' aim '

or the ' contents'

of the ' letter '. For e7ri<7Te?Xcu cf.

tTTiffTo\r)i> ver. 30, and (?7r<?<rretXa vtfv Heb. xiii. 22. It is

safer to render eTrtcrrerXcu. 'write' and tirio-ToXr) 'letter' (asA. and B.V.), but the sense of *

enjoin', 'injunction'

strongly attaches to both words, cf. our Use of '

message'

and 'mandate'.

TWV d\. TWV l8Xttv] By a comparison with ver. 29, xxi.

25 clearly= e5wX60ura 'meat sacrificed to idols'. Lit. ' the

pollutions of idols' from the late Greek dXiffyetv,

' to pollute'.With the ancients sacrifice was always accompanied byfeasting : the parts not burnt on the altar or taken by the

priests afforded the materials for a feast or were sold.

Paul in 1 Cor. viii. clearly lays down his view with regardto eating or not eating such meat : in no case will he ' makea brother to offend', though such meat is really but as othermeat.

The four things specially prohibited are those referred

to as '

defiling' in Lev. xvii. and xviii. and forbidden not

only to Jews but to 'strangers that sojourn in the land',M.deW. and it is probable that the same prohibitions were enforcedum- on all

'

proselytes of the gate '.

(1) r&v d\. T&V eidu>\ui>, cf. Lev. xvii. 1 9. Of all

beasts killed the blood was to be offered to the Lord, andthe offering to devils was prohibited.

(2) and (3) rov TTVIKTOV Kal rov afyt. cf. Lev. xvii. 1016. No blood was to be eaten, and consequently no flesh

of anything of which the blood was not '

poured out '.

(4) r?7s iropveias, of. Lev. xviii. 1 18. All forms of un-cleanness forbidden.

With regard to the classing of a moral offence apparentlyon an equal footing with other merely ritual offences, it

should be remembered (1 )that iropveia. was hardly looked

upon as wrong by the ancient Gentile world, (2) that to theJews the distinction between moral and ceremonial offences

was hardly as clear as it is to us; they regarded all the

offences mentioned as direct violations of divine laws.

21. Mwvorfjs 7&p] i.e. they are to abstain because their

xv. 26] NOTES. 179

conduct would give offence. The prohibitions enforced byMoses on '

strangers', and consequently by the Jews on all

proselytes, were so well known to all their Jewish brethren

that to neglect them would cause offence. They are a

minimum with less than which the Jewish Christians could

not be satisfied rd, t-n-dvayKes ver. 28. Some explain the

words as an apology to the Jews present for requiring so

little : nee est metuendum ne Hoses antiquetur, habet enim mus,

ille....

22. <(8o|] A regular word at the commencement of

decrees.

and so N.Baum.

5

^8o|e TCHS

Tes] An instance of loose sense construction. The first

participle is attracted from the dat. into the ace. by the

proximity of the inf., and the second is in the nomin. by a

reversion to the logical nom. of the sentence (5oe rots

dTToo-roXois ' the Apostles determined').

'lovSav] Not otherwise known. Silas is an abbrevia- v. w.tion for Silvanus (cf. Lucas= Lucanus, Epaphras^Epaphro-ditus &c.) as he is called 1 Thess. i. 1

;2 Cor. i. 19 : he ac-

companied Paul in his second missionary journey, cf. xv. 40,

23. KCII 01 irp<r. dSeX^oC] T. R. has /cat ol ddeXfolwith poor Text KA

authority. The embassy had been sent to ' the Apostles andBCD>

elders' (ver. 2) ;it is answered by

' the Apostles and elders',

and in the reply the word d<5eX0ot is added to emphasize the

unity of feeling which the letter was intended to produce ;

it is from 'brethren to brethren', from Jewish Christians

at Jerusalem to Gentile Christians at Antioch. Translate4 The Apostles and elders, brethren to the brethren...'

E.V. gives' The Apostles and elder brethren' a meaning-

less phrase.

dS\4>ol...Tois d8X<J>ois...xa p^v] Fratres Fratribus

Salutem. Auspicata salutatio, fratrum enim TO avrb <ppovew,cf. 2 Cor. ii. 13 d5eX0ot, rb avrb (frpovelre.

For xcupei?= salutem at the beginning of a letter, cf.

xxiii. 26;James i. 1.

24. dvacrKeud^ovTs] Only here in LXX. and N.T. It

is the opposite of KaraffKevdfav 'to equip', 'furnish', and^'unfurnish', 'destroy', 'subvert' (as A. and B.V.); it

is especially used as a rhetorical term of ' destructive argu-ments', cf. Ar. Rhet. n. 24. 4 rb Set^wo-et Karaa-Kevafcuf rj

dva<TKvdei.i>; Quint, n. 4. 18 opus destruendi confirmandi-

que quod dvacrKevrj et /caracr/ceur? vocatur.

The rendering'

turning up the foundations 'is totally Given by

wrong, cf. Thuc. i. 18, iv. 116, and Poppo ad loc.

ots ov 8iOTiXdfJi,0a] Observe the forcible brevity:

122

180 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xv. 26

weakened in A.V. 'to whom we gave no such command-ment'. E.V. omits 'such'.

26. wapaSeSwKocri] 'hazarded' A. and R.V. The word= 'to give' or 'place out of your own power into that ofanother '. By their actions they had '

placed their lives outof their own power '. Cf. Thuc. v. 16 rvxy O.VTOV Trapadidua-Lv.

Optime rem commissam curant, qui suam vitam non curant.

vir^p TOV ov.] iii. 6 n.

27. avrovs 8td Xd-yov] Personally, and by word of

mouth.

28. $>oV...] The words express a distinct belief that

the Holy Spirit was present and inspired their resolution

(cf. John xvi. 13), and there seems also a reference to thefact that the right of the Gentiles had been proved by the'

gift of the Holy Spirit', cf. ver. 8, x. 47, xi. 15.

29. v irpaT] A.V. *

ye shall do well', an ambiguousrendering, as 'do well' may= * act rightly' or 'farewell',whereas e5 TrpaTretv can only mean the latter, and so E.V,

rightly 'it shall be well with you '. Cf. Plato Protag. 333 Del ev TrparrovcTLV adtKoOvres ; Dem. 469. 14 e5 t-jroiijaev v/uLas e$

<fppo>o-0] Valete.

31. TTJ irapaKXijcrei] Contained, that is, in the letter;

this '

encouragement'

the bearers of the letter repeat andincrease by their spoken words (dih \6yov IT. TrapeKdXeo-av).

33. iroti]<ravT6S 8 \povov] cf. Dem. 392 OVK av^eivavTQV KrjpVKa ouS' eiroirjcrav yjpQvov ovdtva.

Text fol- After ver. 33 T. R. with very poor authority inserts 5oe

BEHLA ^ T(? ^^V eirifjielvai CLVTOV, an addition apparently to explain

p. ver. 40. But the /-cera rii/as ri^pas of ver. 36 allows for a

considerable interval during which he may have returned

from Jerusalem.

38. (16TO, 84...] Commencement of Paul's second mis-

sionary journey.

mcrrp\|/avTS 8ij lirio-Kexl/wjjicOa]For 877 (particula exci-

tandi] cf. xiii. 2 n. Note the vigour of the repeated twi-.

37. IpovXero] volebat ' wished '

; fjov, aequum censebat*

thought right'

;but probably there is no real difference of

meaning between the two verbs, r)iov...fjLTj being simply=As F.

'

refused','

objected'. To note ' characteristic mildness' in

the one and 'characteristic vehemence' in the other is

imaginative.

37, 38. crvn-irapoXapeiv, ji^ o-vvirapaXa^pavetv] simul

assumere, non simul assumere. Contradictio sententiarum

vivide expressa. B.

xvi. 3] NOTES. 181

Note too the emphasis with which TOVTOV is added pleo-

nastically at the end. Its force is best felt by reading over

the Greek without it. Even in the indirect form in whichthe historian gives it, the refusal is instinct with energy* One who deserted us before, and went not on with us!

No, I will not take him '.

Mark was subsequently reconciled with Paul;Col. iv. 10;

2 Tim. iv. 11; Philemon 24.

39. irapo|v<r(x6s]*irritation '; the word is a strong one,

but has not necessarily a bad sense, cf. xvii. 16 iraputyvero ;

Heb.x. 24 et's 7rapo^vcrfj.6y dyd-ir^s /ecu Ka\&v pyw, but on the

other hand 1 Cor. xiii. 5 dydir-rj..^^ irapo^vvercn.

40. irapaSoeels] Cf. xiv. 26.

41. 8i/jpxTo...] His way would be by the Gulf of La.F.

Issus through4 the Syrian gates ',

a narrow road between

steep rocks and the sea, and then inland, probably pastTarsus and over Mt Taurus by the ' Cilician gates'.

CHAPTEE XVI.

1. TijAoOecs] Probably a native of Lystra (to whichKi must refer), not of Derbe, as has been wrongly inferred

from xx. 4. His mother's name was Eunice 2 Tim. i. 5.

He had probably been converted on his former visit by Paul,who calls him TKVQV JJLOV dyaTr^rbv Kal TTLVTOV h KvpL^j.

I Cor. iv. 17.

2. jxapTvp6LTo] vi. 3 n.

3. Xapwv irpiT|Av] To be taken literally: anyIsraelite might perform the rite.

8id TOVS 'Iov8cUovs...] Clearly not Christian Jews (forthem the Jerusalem 4 decrees' referred to ver. 4 would have

sufficed), but Jews generally. Paul saw that in preaching SoM.La.

to the Jews, if Timothy was to be of any use to him, he Baum-F-

must be circumcised: they would not have associated withone who was uncircumcised or allowed him to preach in the

synagogues. He circumcised him * because of the Jews, for

they all knew that his father was a Greek', and therefore

that he was not circumcised.The refusal of Paul to circumcise Titus (Gal. ii. 3) is

quite different. Titus, who was a Greek, had gone up withPaul on the mission referred to in the last chapter. A de-

mand had been made that he should be circumcised. Tohave complied would have been fatal to the cause of Gentile

freedom, which Paul was sent to represent. Idem non est

semper idem.

182 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xvi. 4

4. irapeSCSocrav]'

they kept handing over'

: the decrees

had been entrusted to them;

it was their duty to *

passthem on', 'deliver them'.

6. SujXOov 8...] 'They went through the Phrygianand Galatian district having been hindered (i.e. because

they had been hindered) from preaching in Asia'.

Had they kept on in the direction in which they were

going, following the great line of traffic to the West, theywould have reached Ephesus, the chief city of proconsularAsia

(ii. 9, vi. 9), but their progress was 'barred' by a

divine prohibition and they turned off either to the N. or

N.W. T.R. has 5teX06Vres 5 ryv <. Kal rr}v P. x^Pav obscur-KABCD

jng an(:i probably altering the sense; cf. A.V.

KO.I Ta\. r^v <ipvyCav Kal FaX. \. ] Not two districts (as readingKABCD. of T.E. makes it) but one: it was 'the country which could

Light- be termed indifferently Phrygia or Galatia. It was in factfoot. fog land originally inhabited by Phrygians but subsequently

occupied by Gauls'. See however xviii. 23.

Galatia is the land of the PaXdrcu, KeXrcu or GaZZi, the

same race who B.C. 390 sacked Eome, and in B.C. 279 pouredover Greece : a portion of this latter body, instead of proceed-

ing S. ,turned E. and crossed the Hellespont into Asia,

where they finally occupied the territory called Galatia. It

was made a Roman province B.C. 25.

So The Churches of Galatia to which Paul addressed his

Light- Epistle were probably founded during this journey, thoughAw. N. I^ke gives no hint of it. It may be noted however that

the narrative here is extremely brief, the writer being clearlyanxious to pass on to the preaching of Paul in Europe,

e.g. Others consider that Paul uses the word 'Galatians'Lunge, jn an Officiai sense = ' inhabitants of the Roman province of

Galatia' and that the Epistle is addressed to the Churches

of Lycaonia, which formed part of that province.

7. Kara rr^v M.] R.V. rightly 'over against': withit opposite them.

rd irvv|ia 'Itjo-ov] T.R. with poor authority omits

'Irjffov. R.V. gives the 'Spirit of Jesus'. The exact ex-

pression occurs nowhere else, but cf. Phil. i. 19rou Trv.'Irjcrov

X/H(7Tou ; Romans viii. 9 Tr^eu/xa XptcrroG. In all these casesR.Y. gives

'

Spirit' not '

spirit '.

8. irapX0ovTs] A. and R.V. 'passing by', which mayeither mean 'neglecting' or 'passing along the edge of.

It is certainly natural to take the word literally andM.La.A. not metaphorically, as merely describing their route (cf.

f^eg

e

e

ct. 8trj\6ov, tXdovTes, KaTtpyaav) 'having passed along the side

ing\

"

of Mysia ',' skirted it ', keeping it, that is, on their right. In

xvi. 12] NOTES. 183

this case Mysia must= Mysia Minor which belonged to Bithy-

nia, whereas Mysia Major was part of the province of Asia.

TpwdSa] Alexandria Troas, S.W. of Troy on the sea-

coast, a Komaii colony.

9. 6'pajj.a]Hitherto they had been simply 'hindered',

'forbidden' to approach certain places; now there is a

positive direction.

10. 4|T]rqcrafi,v]' We sought'. The introduction of

the first person plural, in a writer with such considerable

literary skill as Luke, cannot be set down to the inartistic

incorporation of some narrative written by an actual com-

panion of Paul, but clearly indicates the presence of Lukehimself. The use of it ceases xvii. 1 when Paul leaves

Philippi, and is resumed six or seven years later (xx. 5) onhis sailing from Philippi, and continued to the end of the

Acts.

crvvpipaovTs] ix. 22 n. dvax&'vres xiii. 13 n.

11. i59vSpo^r,crajjL6v] expresses a straight run withthe wind well astern: the journey from Neapolis (xx. 6)took five days.

Sajxo9paKT]v] A small island opposite the mouth of the

Hebrus, distant about 38 m.;celebrated for the worship of

the Cabiri.

Ne'av IIoXiv] Just opposite Thasos; at this time be- M. La.

longing to Thrace, but from Vespasian's time to Macedonia.

12. ^iXC-mi-ovs] Founded by Philip, father of Alexan-der the Great, on the site of the old Krenides, 'Wells';near the sources of the river Gangites or Gangas, whichflows into the Strymon, about 30 m. distant. On the

intervening plain took place the battle of Philippi B.C.

42. The city lies on the great Via Egnatia (see xvii. 1 n.).

Augustus, as Philip had done, recognized the strategical im-

portance of its position and founded a Roman colony there,Colonia Augusta Julia Philippensis.

TJTIS. .

.]

' for it is, first in the district, a city of Macedonia,a colony'.

Whatever the exact meaning of these words, it is clear So Light-

that the clause, introduced by the explanatory IJTLS, is in- foot (q.

tended to call attention to the fact that Paul had reacheda

the place to which he had been specially directed in ver. 9.

It seems plainer to take rrjs /jiepidos M. = 'that portion'or 'district of Macedonia' than to make juiepl6os=' province'and render 'the province Macedonia'. 'Macedonia' is theBoman province of that name (including Macedonia proper,

184: ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xvi. 12

Illyricum, Epirus, and Thessaly) which had been divided

after its conquest 168 B.C. by Aemilius Paulus into four

districts, of which one, Macedonia Prima, between the Stry-mon and the Nestus, had Amphipolis for its capital, butwhether this district still existed and is referred to by the

words TTJS /jiepidos is doubtful.

The word Trpwrrj cannot = ' chief city', as it otherwise

naturally should, for Amphipolis was the chief city of thatSo Light- district and Thessalonica of the whole of Macedonia. Itfoot. remains therefore to explain it with Erasmus : prima occur-

rit a Neapoli petentibus Macedoniam. Passing from Neapolisthe traveller has to cross the lofty ridge of Syrnbolum before

entering Macedonia, and the first city he comes to is Phi-

lippi.It must be admitted however that the use of Trpwros in

this sense without any words to make it clear is unexampled.

KoXuwa] colonia. A colony consisted of a body of Ro-man citizens publicly sent out to occupy some town, usually

important on military grounds, who in their new homestill continued to enjoy the full rights of Roman citizens.

Cicero calls colonies propugnacula imperil, and Aulus Gel-

lius (xvi. 13) describes them as 'offshoots' or 'miniature

copies of the Roman people'

quasipropagatae . . .pop. Romani

quasi effigies parvae simulacraque. The name is still foundin 'Lincoln', 'Cologne* (=Koln).

13. irapo, jrorajxov] The Gangites. The term irpoffevv. reff. in xt *s applied to any 'place of prayer', whether a building,A - or open space as here (cf. evo^o^ev).

It was a well-known

term, cf. the sneer in Juv. in. 296 in qua te quaero proseucha?The choice of a spot by a river had probably reference to

Jos. Ant. ceremonial washings. A decree of Halicarnassus allowed

23^^ ^e ^ews r<*s 7rpo<reuxas iroieiffBcu Trpbs ry OdXaaari /card TO

wdrpLov ZBos. Cf. Ps. cxxxvii. 1, 'By the waters of Babylon...'.

Ka0C<ravTs IXaXovjuv] Non statim se contulere ad docen-

La. F. dum B., and so others speak of it as ' informal conversation '

;

but to sit was customary for a preacher (vi. 9n.),and XaA*>is a regular word for preaching, e. g. xviii. 25, and by nomeans denotes 'conversation', 'talk', in N.T. The words

clearly describe preaching.

14. Av8Ca] Probably so called from her birthplace beingin Lydia, though 'Lydia' was a common female name.

^ irop<(>vp6ir&)Xis] 'The guild of dyers at Thyatira haveleft inscriptions still existing '. The celebrity of the purpledyeing of the neighbourhood is as old as Homer, cf. II. iv.

141, ws 5' ore ris r' e\<j>avra yvvj] </)OLVIKL fJ-Lrjvy

T] Kdeiyoa, wapfy'ov fy/JLevat. iTnrtp.

19] NOTES. 185

Claudian de Eapt. Pros. i. 270

non sic dccus ardet eburnum

Lydia Sidonio quod femina tinxerit ostro.

varcCpttv] In N. of Lydia on the river Lyctis: one of

the seven Churches mentioned Kev. ii. 18.

8ujvoiv] A strong word, such as might be used of

opening folding-doors and throwing them wide back. Cf.

Luke xxiv. 45 Sifyoi^ev avr&v rbv vovv. It occurs four

times in Luke, three times in the Acts, once elsewhere in

N/T.

15. irto-T^v TW Kvp.] 'believing on the Lord', one who La.

really believes on Jesus as Lord. A. and K. V. ' faithful to'

an ambiguous rendering.

TrapcpidcraTo] Cf . Luke xxiv. 29 /cat Trape^idcravro avrbv ;

1 Sam. xxviii. 23 OVK efBov^Orj (frayeLv KCLL Trape^La^ovro avrov ;

in all three cases of gentle, hospitable constraint.

16. fycvcro 8fc...] i.e. on a subsequent day.

eis TTJV Trpocrcvxijv] i. e. the Trpocrevx'n already mentioned.T.B. omits rr)j>: 'as we went to prayer' A.V. Text

K A RC~P

irvevjxa iruOcDva] In apposition: T.E. HvQuvos. HtiOuv Textwas the name of the serpent slain by Apollo, whence his NABCD.

name of IIu&os, and the prophetess of Apollo at Delphi(anciently IIu0w) was called ILv0ia.

Plutarch however tells us that in his day (50 100 A. D.?) de defec-

tive term IluQuves was applied to TOI)S yya.<rTpt/j.v6ovs Evpv-tH

?SS*c -

K\tas or '

ventriloc[uist prophets ', and so too Hesychiusp *

explains the word. It is also used in LXX., cf. Lev. xix. 31OVK. 7raKo\ov6r}(TT eyyao-rpifjivOois, and xx. 6, 27, whereA. and R.V. give 'that have a familiar spirit'; and of the

witch of Endor 1 Sam. xxviii. 7 yvvcuKO. eyy.The derivation of the word is unknown. Bengel (as the

ancients probably thought) says ex quo TrudeaOaL datur.

Lange gives the root budh, 'depth', whence (3vOos, puteus;Curtius doubtfully the same root asjpws, putidus.

17. &<pav...] So too the unclean spirits recognizeJesus, e.g. Mark i. 24, iii. 11.

18. 19. Kal ffj\0v...(m IfJTJXOcv] Note the simple skill

of this repetition, not reproduced in A. or B.V. Bender,

'departed'.

19. t\Kv<rav] denotes violence. Cf. Plaut. Poen. in. 5.

45 obtorto collo adpraetorem trahor.

els TTJV d-yopctv] i.e. into the forum, near which wouldbe the courts,of law.

186 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xvi. 19

TOVS upxovTds] 'the magistrates', a general term; theactual magistrates before whom they were brought are imme-diately specified as rots (rr/xxr^ois, which is the Gk renderingofpraetor. Colonies were actually governed by duumviri, whooccupied a position similar to that of the consuls at Home,

de Leg. but we learn from Cicero that at Capua cum in ceteris colo-Agr. 34. n^s Duumviri appellentur, hi se Praetores appellari volebant,

and it is probable that the same vanity was not uncommon,cf. the contemptuous Lusco praetore Hor. Sat. i. 5. 34.

20. ovrot ol avOpttiroi] Contemptuous.

KTapacr<ro\xriv...] Suberat utilitas privata, publicaostenditur. B.

'lovSaioi virapx..] Used to excite prejudice in strongopposition to'Pw/xa/ots O$<TLV. For the unpopularity of theJews cf. xviii. 17, xix. 34

; Tac. Hist. v. 5 Caetera instituta

sinistra, foeda, pravitate valuere....Apud ipsos fides obsti-

nata...adversus omnes alios hostile odium, and cf. Juv. xiv.

96106 and Mayor ad loc.

It will be observed that their accusers speak of them as

Jews, and it is most probable that the Christians were for

some time confused with the Jews in the general estimation.

21. 9t|...] The exact nature of this the first chargemade against Christians before a Eoman magistrate shouldbe noted. It is that they preach 'unlawful customs', i.e.

the practice of things unlawful. No Eoman magistrate woulddeal with abstract theological questions (cf. xviii. 15) : re-

ligion only became a subject for the magistrate, when it

(1) might tend to create a breach of the peace (cf. eKrapdcr-

aovffiv), (2) or tend to the encouragement of illegal acts, espe-

cially to the formation of secret sects, organizations, &c.

Brisso- 22. TrcpipTJjjavres] Summove, lictor, despolia, verbera,nius, de might be the order. Cf. Liv. n. 55 Consules spoliari ho-

lit

1 ''~

tninem et virgas expediri jubent. Provoco, inquit, ad popu-ZMWI, Volero... Quo ferocius clamitabat, eo infestius circum-

lib, ix. scindere (cf. -jrepLpfe.) et spoliare lictor. So Dion. Halic.p. 440. has TrepLKa.Tapp7)aL in this sense. pap8i^tv=viV^is caedere.

24. qcr^aXCa-aTo] Cf. aa<pa\us rripelv above.

IL r6 5^Xov] 'used at Sparta (Herod, ix. 37), Athens (Ar.

Eq. 366), Eome (Plaut. Capt. in. 70nam noctu nervo vinctus custodibitur) '.

25. vjjtvovv] Clearly connotes thanksgiving, cf. Is. xii. 4Kal epels cv rrj ri/ut,epa eKe'ivy, 'T/mveTre Kvpiov...\ Dan. iii. 23

Altered (Shadrach, Meshech and Abednego) Trepieirdrovv iv [

j

oniipXoybs vfJLVovisTes rbv 6e6v.

lian.

U Cms in nervo cor in caelo. W.

xvi. 37] NOTES. 187

eirr^KpowvTo] aKpodo/jLai= 'hear' 'listen to with pleasure',

especially of listening to a recitation, music or the like :

eiroLKp. also suggests the idea of attention. Cf. d/coi;w='hear', e7ra/oww= 'hear attentively'.

27. 60/uTov dvaipeiv] It was near Philippi that Brutuscommitted suicide. For the fact that it was so frequentas to become almost a 'national usage' under the empirecf. Merivale c. 64.

For the punishment of those who had allowed a prisonerto escape cf. xii. 19.

30,31. Kvpun...T&v Kvpiov]Nonagnoscwit sedominos. B.

o-0o>] In the same sense as 65bi> o-^rrjptas ver. 17, andcru>w throughout the Acts. The keeper was acquaintedwith the purport of their preaching.

31. <rv Kal 6 O!KOS <rov] These words are added to

supplement and make more correct (per Epanorthosin) the

statement irLo-r. Kal vudr]vri. Cf. xi. 14.

E.V. rightly, 'Believe...and thou shalt be saved, thouand thy house '.

A. V. wrongly, Believe.. .and thou shalt be saved, and thyhouse'.

33. J-Xovo-V...Kcu (3airTio-0T]] Chrys. Rom. xxxvi. 2

e'Xoucrei' avrotis Kal eXovdrj'

CKC'IVOVS JJL^V CLTTO rQiv jrXyyuvXov(rev, avrbs 5 drro r(cv a^apTiusv eXoudrj.

Both acts would perhaps take place at a well in the

courtyard, cf. Trpoayayuv 2aj.

34. dva-ya-ycov] Perhaps his house was over the prison.

irapeO-qKev Tpdirc^av] Cf. Od. v. 92 cos apa 0wf?;cracra^ea 7rap^6t]K rpdire^av. The tables being small and easilymoveable, were actually placed before the guest.

nravotKel] Not classical, but cf. TravoiKfjaia (Thuc. n. 16,III. 57), Traj'S^et, Tr

ireirio-T. TW Gew] Hitherto he had been a heathen.The words could not have been used of a converted Jew.

35. TOVS papSovxovs] ='

fasces-bearers', regular Gk for

lictor. Cicero appears to suggest that the lictors of the deLett,

duumviri should have carried baculi not the fasces Ayr. 34

'anteibant lictores, non cum baculis, sed, ut hie praetoribusanteeunt, cumfascibus duobus'.

37. ScCpavTcs...] Note the rhetorical power of thisverse. First the statement of the wrong done (deipavres) :

then the threefold aggravation of it by the circumstancesunder which it was done, (1) d^oaia, (2) d/cara/c^rous, (3)

188 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xvi. 37

&v6. 'Pw/zcuous UTT. : then the wrongful imprisonment; andlastly the enhancement of the injury by the inadequatereparation offered, which was (1) \d8pa, not drj/j.oa-ia, (2) notoffered personally, cf. avrol eZayaytruaav, (3) without

courtesy, cf. Kpd\\ov<rii>.

SeCpavres] Cic. in Verr. v. 66 Facinus est vincire civem

Romanum, scelus verberare; v. 57 ilia vox et imploratio,Civ is Romanus sum, quae saepe ultimis in terris opem inter

larbaros et salutem tulit.

This immunity was secured by the Lex Valeria B.C. 500and the Lex Porcia B.C. 248.

The praetors do not question Paul's claim, nor doesClaudius Lysias xxii. 27. A false claim might be punishedwith death, cf. Suet. Claud. 25 civitatem Eomanam usur-

pantes.. .securi percussit.

'Pttfiafovs to.] Cf. xxii. 28. How Paul was 'free-born'

we do not know; certainly not merely as citizen of Tarsus,which was only an urbs libera. Of Silas we know nothing.

KpdXXovo-iv] 'cast us out', a strong word; cf. <rya<y-

Taxrav,* conduct us out'.

ov "yap] ydp is the yap so frequent in answers: the

question it answers here is implied in the indignant protestwhich precedes.

*

They propose to do this ! Shall they doit? No, indeed'. So too ou yap ovv.

avrol] In person, not by sending their attendants.

39. irapKaX<rav] Cf. v. 15; Luke xv. 28: 'invited',*

besought', its earlier sense. In ver. 40 as usual 'en-

couraged', 'exhorted'.

40. l^rjXOav] 'they went out': not Luke.

CHAPTEB XVII.

1. 8io8v<ravTs] The 656s was the via Egnatia, so

called from Egnatia, on the coast of Apulia, where the

Appian road reaches the sea. It passes from that pointto Brundisium, and then leads from Dyrrhachium to Byzan-tium. It was the great road from the W. to the E.

'AjjK^CiroXtv] On the left bank of the Strymon, justbelow L. Cercinitis, 3 m. from the sea: the river flows

almost round it, whence its name. On account of its situa-

tion it was an important town in Gk history, several times

colonized by the Athenians and recaptured by the Thracians.

Acquired by Philip B.C. 858. An urbs libera and capital of

Macedonia Prima.

xvii. 5] NOTES. 189

'AiroXXwvfavJ About 30 m. S.-W. of Amphipolis, half-

way to Thessalonica.

0<r<raXoviKT]v] Originally Therma, at the head of theThermaic Gulf

; Cassander largely increased it and called it

Thessalonica after his wife, the sister of Alexander theGreat. It is still the second city of European Turkey,with 70,000 inhabitants, and called Saloniki.

T|V o-uvcrywyTJ] T.E. rfv ij aw. In either case the town Text

is distinguished from the other towns mentioned, in which KA:BI> '

there was no synagogue. This implies the existence of butfew Jews in Macedonia.

2. SieXefjaTo] Used 9 times in the Acts, 3 times in the v. de w.rest of N.T. The word originally indicates an interchange of

words, conversation; it is then used of reasoning or arguingby means of question and answer the * dialectic method '

as illustrated in the Dialogues of Plato. In Luke howeverthe word has lost this meaning, and does not imply discus-

sion, though sometimes conveying the idea not merely of

'reasoning' but 'arguing', 'disputing', as perhaps here;ver. 17, xviii. 19, xxiv. 12. In other places it is simply= 'discourse', as xx. 7, 9.

ciiro TWV ypcujxwv ] A most important description of

the Apostolic method of teaching, cf. ix. 22 n.

Paul first 'expounds' (5tcu/oryei xvi. 14 n.) and 'bringsforward' (TrapariOerai) passages of 'the Scriptures', i.e. ofthe O.T., to shew that the Messiah (6 xpia-ros) must docertain things. He then shews that Jesus did these things,and so draws his conclusion ' that this man is the Messiah

(on OVTOS 6 %.), even Jesus whom I preach to you '.

For Trapariidt/jLevos= '

bring forward',

'

quote as evidence',

cf. Plat. Polit. 275 B TOV pvOov TrapedejuLeOa, IV evdei^airo

3. T&V XP- ^Sei iraOeiv] Luke xxiv. 26 ovxl ravra Zdci

rbv x/HcrToV, and cf. iii. 18 n.

4. <

7rpocrKX<

r]pw0T]o-av] Strictly passive, 'were allotted

to', but A. and E.V. probably rightly 'consorted', cf. n.

on TTayfjL^voL xiii. 48.

5. TWV d-yopafav] The dyopd was the natural resort

of those who had nothing to do, cf. Matt. xx. 4. Hencedyopcuoi= 'idlers',

'

good-for-nothing fellows',

cf. Plat. Prot,347 c rdov <f>av\wv Kal dyopaiuv civdp&irw, Xen. Hell. vi. 2. 23TOV dyopalov 6x\oi/; Dem. 269 Trepirpt/tyia dyopas, where it is

put side by side with o-rrep/jLoXoyos (cf. xvii. 18 n.). So sub-

rostrani, subbasilicani.3

Id(rovos] A common name in Thessaly; or possibly hewas a Jew and it is here a Gk form of Joshua or Jesus, asin 2 Mace. i. 7.

190 ACTS OF THE APOSTLES, [xvii. 5

els r6v STJJIOV] Thessalonica was an urbs libera, retainingits own government (cf. rbv dy/mov) and its own magistrates

(cf. rovs TroXirapxas).

6. TOVS iroXirapxas] It is noteworthy that this word,which never occurs in Gk literature (iro\irapxos occurs once

'Now in in Aeneas Tacticus), is found in the verbal form in an in-

jlritishscl'ip*i n f about the date 69 79 A.D. found on an arch at

Mu- Thessalonica, which begins TroXeirapxouVrwp Zuffiirdrpov...seum '. and names seven such politarchs.

The word literally= '

burgomasters', and is formed onthe analogy of Boiwr

oi TT\V oU...] Note, in this the second instance of accu-

sation before non-Jewish magistrates, (1) the exaggeration,

(2) that the charge is not made on religious grounds but for

disturbance and treason. Cf. xxiv. 5.

7. ofls v-rroSe'ScKTai'L ] Added because he is the prisoner,and they are justifying their apprehension of him. inrodc-

-%ffdat, is especially used of 'receiving with hospitality', cf.

Luke x. 38 VTred^aro avrbv els rbv OLKOV CLVTTJS.

Kalovroi...] A charge against all Christians as guiltyof treason. Under the emperors to accuse any one of treason

(majestatis deferre; laesae majestatis accusare) was the surest

method of procuring a conviction. To acknowledge allegi-ance to another king would be treason and render the offender

liable to the Lex Julia de Majestate (cf. r&v doy/jLaTuv

KcuVapos). The Jews here bring the same charge againstHis disciples which they had brought against Jesus, cf.

Luke xxiii. 2 KwXtiovra. Ka/trapt 06pous Sidbvai \tyovra eavTov

Xpicrrbv (BaaiX^a elvcu.

Although the emperors never ventured to assume the

title rex at Eome, in the Eastern provinces they were regu-

larly termed /SacnAeiys.

<-T6pov] 'different' i.e. from Caesar.

9. Xo,p6vTs TO IKCIVOV] The Eoman law would be in

force even in an urbs libera, and this is clearly the Gk for

the legal Eoman phrase satis accipere or exigere* to take

security', the opposite of satis dare, 'to go bail', 'give

security'. Probably security for the departure of Paul was

required.

10. B^potav] About 60 m. S.W. from Thessalonica,near Pella.

A. 11. v-yevcrTpoi] that is, in disposition: 'stirred upnot to envy but to inquiry*.

irpoOvjjiCas] 'readiness of mind '

A. and E,Y. , but the wordis stronger=' heartiness', 'eagerness'.

xvii. 17] NOTES. 191

TO Kci0' Tijj^pav] So in the Lord's Prayer, Luke xi. 3^ rcV

aprov 'rj/j.uv rbv eiriovciov didov i)(juv TO KaO' Tj/m^pav 'day by day'.

dva,KpCvovTs] implies careful and often judicial exami-

nation into facts, e.g. Thuo. i. 95 Havaaviav dvaKpivovvreswv irpi eirvvdavovTO. Cf. iv. 9 n.

For the sense cf. John v. 39 epevvare ras 7pa0as...

Tavra] Paul's statements : OVTCOS, as he stated them.

13. ol euro 0eo-a\ '!.] Const, praegnans. They are

regarded not merely as * the Jews in Thessalonica ' but as

'the Jews who went from Thessalonica to Beroea '.

Kdxci] with c-aXetfovTes,c

stirring up the people there

too'

i. e. as they had done at Thessalonica.

14. <(cos irl...] 'as far as to...'. T.R. ws M..., whichdoes not imply that it was a feint, Paul actually going byland (as A.V. seems to think, 'to go as it were to the sea'), HLP,but ws merely expresses their intention or tliought. ecus omitia.

seems a correction, ws being misunderstood.He would probably reach the sea at Dium.

15. Ka0urravovTs] so classical of 'conducting to' a

place, e.g. Time. iv. 78 ol oe ILepcupoi avrov . . . /care(m7<7cu> es

Alov.

tva...^\0wcrtv] Cf. xviii. 5 ; they joined him at Corinth.

16. v 8 rats 'A3.] Athens had been captured by Sulla

B.C. 86 and suffered greatly. Her renown was however

great as a place of education : she was ' the classic university Meri-

of the ancient world'. J*Jirctp<ovvTo] xv. 39 n.

KaretSwXov] 'wholly given to idolatry' A.V., but E.V.

rightly, 'full of idols', i.e. statues, &c. For the formationof the word cf. /cara/36o-r/3uxos vtavias Eur, Phoen, 146 ;

Karddevdpos', /card/^TreXos ; Kardxpvo'os.For the fact cf. Xen. de Rep. Ath. where he describes La,

Athens as 6'X?? pwfws, 6X?; 6u^a deots /cat dvd6r)[j.a, and LivyXLV. 27 alludes to simulacra deorum hominumqueomnige?iereet materiae et artium insignia.

17. SteXe-yeTo |Xv oSv...] The sense of this passageis lost in A.V., and is not clear in E.V. or in the text as

punctuated.Before coming to the special event which he wishes to

narrate at length, Luke by means of several parallel clauses,

loosely connected, describes the general condition of things

preceding it. These clauses have their verbs in the im-

perfect (dteXtyero, ffvv(3a\\ov, 2\eyov, evyyyeMfiTo), the

special event being markedly introduced by two aorists

i 7770.70*'),

192 ACTS OF THE APOSTLS.[xvu.I7

While he was thus waiting in Athens Paul's spirit was

gradually provoked by the number of idols he saw. In con-