Actively Combatting Trafficking The Salvation Army Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the National Referral Mechanism
Dec 14, 2015
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
The Salvation Army
Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the
National Referral Mechanism
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingThe Salvation Army’s History
The Salvation Army has been tackling the issue of Trafficking specifically since 1885, starting in London.
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
European Convention on Action against Trafficking (ECAT)
• Appropriate and secure accommodation
• Psychological and material assistance
• Access to emergency medical treatment
• Translation and interpreting services
• Information and guidance
• Assistance to take part in criminal proceedings
• Access to education for children
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
National coordination of victim care
Since 1 July 2011, the Salvation
Army has been the prime
contractor for managing the
support for adult victims of
trafficking in England and
Wales. It now includes Modern
Slavery.
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingContract Service overview
• Coverage across England and Wales
• Men and women
• Accommodation and support
• Outreach support
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingService overview
• Needs-based service
• Provides support during 45-day reflection and recovery period
• Complements existing sources of support:- Asylum support- Mainstream services- Voluntary sector support
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingEligibility
To be eligible for the service, an individual must be:
• Referred into the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) process
• Granted a positive Reasonable Grounds (RG) decision or
• Destitute with RG decision pending
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingEligibility
In addition, the individual must have:
• No other accommodation entitlements
or
• High-level needs that would not be met by accommodation available to them (e.g. support or security needs)
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral line and Process
• 24/7 referral line
• Sources of referrals include:– Police, social services, NHS– NGOs– Self-referrals
• NRM should be offered by First Responder• Welfare assessment (I.A.) is carried out to
determine client needs and risk issues
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingImpact of trafficking
Physical impact
• Lack of access to medical treatment
• Physical injury• Sexual health• Ritual abuse
Psychological impact
• Post-traumatic responses
• Depression/anxiety• Feelings of guilt or
shame• Suicidal ideation
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingImpact of trafficking
Social impact
• Difficulty relating to others• Lack of trust• Dependency• Isolation• Difficulties seeking help
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingTrafficking Indicators
Is the victim in possession of identification and travel documents; if not, who has control of the documents?
Can the victim freely contact friends or family?
Has the victim been harmed or deprived of food, water, sleep, medical care or other life necessities?
Does the victim have freedom of movement?
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral process
Referral comes into Contract Office. If possible an interview is conducted by phone to facilitate rapid intervention.This enables:-
• Assessment of eligibility
• Needs and risk assessment
• Identification of suitable provider
• Confirmation of transport arrangements
• Key worker allocated
• Ongoing monitoring and communication
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingNRM Process
Two-stage process
1) First stage is Reasonable Grounds decision
• Should be made within five working days
• Threshold is ‘I suspect but cannot prove’
• Outcome can be positive or negative
• Positive outcome entitles PVoT to 45-day reflection and recovery period
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
2) Second stage is Conclusive Grounds (CG) decision
• Should be made after 45 calendar days
• Threshold is ‘on balance of probabilities’
• Outcome can be positive or negative
NRM Process (cont’d)
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
• NCAPolice forces
• UK Border Force• Home Office Immigration
and Visas• Gangmasters Licensing
Authority• Local Authorities• Health and Social Care
Trusts (Northern Ireland)• Salvation Army• Poppy Project
• Medaille Trust• Kalayaan• Barnardos• Unseen• TARA Project (Scotland)• NSPCC (CTAC)• BAWSO• New Pathways• Refugee Council• Migrant Help
List of First Responders able to conduct NRMs
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
Making appropriate referrals
• Are the three elements of trafficking present?– Recruitment/harbouring/transit– Coercion/deception– Exploitation/intention to exploit
• Are there additional indicators of trafficking?
• Has the client given their informed consent to enter the NRM the process?
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
Trafficking and Modern Slavery - NRM Definition
Modern Slavery
• Covers slavery, servitude and forced compulsory labour and human trafficking
Trafficking involves:
• ACTION (recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt, which can include either domestic or cross-border movement); achieved by
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
Indicators of Slavery, servitude or compulsory labour (NRM definition)
There must also have been:
• MEANS (being held through, either physically or through threat of penalty e.g. use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability)
• SERVICE (as a result of the means an individual provides a service for benefit, e.g. begging, sexual service, manual labour, domestic service)
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
Difficulties with disclosure by potential victims when interviewed• Evidence-gathering rather than therapeutic
context
• Can bring up uncomfortable or distressing feelings Potential for re-traumatisation
• Feelings of guilt about surviving or shame that the traumatic event happened to them
• Betrayal of trust common to trafficking experiences can make it difficult for victims to trust anyone - Need for rapport and trust building by First Responder
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingMoving on
• Support to disengage and move on safely– Mainstream services– Asylum system– Voluntary return
• Support can be extended in some cases– Positive CG decision– Ongoing needs related to trafficking
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingChallenges When Organising
Transport
• Short-notice requests• Long-distance journeys• Difficulty anticipating demands• Delays and changes to requests• Language barriers• Forming attachments• Making conversation
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingTrafficking Awareness
Salvation Army Website
• Human Trafficking – The Salvation Army
• About Human Trafficking
• Trafficking Awareness Course
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingYear 3 Overview
• 61% of potential victims we supported were women and 39% were men.
• 889 were supported in 3rd year contract- a 62% increase on the 550 supported in Year 2 and a 135% increase on the 378 supported in Year 1.
• Types of exploitationSexual – 38.47%Labour – 42.18%Domestic Servitude – 9.11%Not known – 10.24%
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral agency figures
Top 5 referring agencies for supported victims in Year 3 of contract:
Police – 333Home Office – 233NGO – 168Self-referral – 42 Legal representative - 35
Including all agencies, 889 referrals were made in Year 3- 511 more than in Year 1 of the contract.
ActivelyCombattingTraffickingReferral overview
Year 1- 378 referrals
Year 2 – 550 referrals
Year 3 – 889 referrals
ActivelyCombattingTrafficking
The Salvation Army
Human Trafficking, Modern Slavery and the
National Referral Mechanism