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PRACTICUM REPORT OF BASIC OF BIOLOGY
USING THE MICROSCOPE
NAME : LULUK MUKARRAMAH
NIM : 140210103021
CLASS : A INTER BIOLOGY
STUDY PROGRAM OF BIOLOGY EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATIC AND SCIENCE
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF JEMBER
2014
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I. TITLE
Using The Microscope
II. OBJECTIVE
2.1. Introducing the components of microscope and how to use
them
2.2. Determining wide the field of view from the microscope
2.3. Learn how to prepare materials that would be observe under
microscope
III.BASIC TEORY
Microscope and its function
A microscope is a high precision optical instrument that uses a
lens or a combination
of lenses to produce highly magnified images of small specimens
or objects especially
when they are too small to be seen by the naked (unaided) eye. A
light source is used
(either by mirrors or lamps) to make it easier to see the
subject matter (Alan Hale, 2007:3). Three important parameters in
microscopy are magnification, resolution, and contrast.
Magnification is the ratio of an objects image size to its real
size. (c ampbell, 2008 : 95).
The function of microscope is to increase separation ability, so
the object will larger and
possible to be observed.
Parts of microscope
Microscope divided into two big parts. That are optic part and
non-optic part. Optic
part consist of objective lens, ocular lens, condenser lens, and
mirror or other light source
as light controller. And non-optic part consist of base, stage,
arm, coarse adjustment, fine
adjustment, tubular body, revolver, and diaphragm,
Objective lens is a lens that near with the object that will be
observed. This lens form a
real, inverted, and magnified image. Ocular lens is lens near
with eye or usually called as
eyepiece. It has function to form an illusion, inverted, and
magnified image from objective
lens. The condenser functions to focus the light source on the
specimen. It also eliminates
stray light and provides an uniform illumination.
A base is a part of microscope that has function to support the
microscope so that it
can stand steady. Arm is the curved, upright structure which is
attached to the base at the
inclination joint. Arm is the place to carry the microscope. A
stage is the horizontal
platform which is attached to the arm. Stage is a place where
the observation take place.
The stage contains a centrally located opening through which
light can be reflected by the
mirror. The stage also has tow clips on it. The coarse
adjustment consist of the larger pair
of discs which extend laterally from the upper part of arm.
These may be used to
accomplish major changes of focusing distance. Fine adjustment
consist of the smaller
pair of discs located just below the base. These may be turned
to bring object into sharp
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focus. Tubular body is the cylindrical part of the microscope
into which the ocular fits.
(Thomas, Jeanette. 1996 : 1) Under of the tubular body there is
a place for objective lens
that can be rotated is called revolver. Diaphragm has function
to control the light that will
enter to microscope by control the iris diaphragm lever.
How to use microscope
When doing an experiment or observation on laboratory, it is
very important to know
how to use a microscope. In order to obtain the maximum
separation ability, do the
following steps :
1. Use both hands to carry the microscope to your seat. Place
the microscope on the
table in front of you and position yourself so that you are
comfortably seated while
looking through the microscope.
2.
Place the microscope in the light, open the diaphragm until
maximum.3.
Arrange the position of the flat/concave mirror, so that the
condenser glass become
light.
4. Increase the condenser until maximum by rotating the
condenser button
5.
Place a preparat on the stage of microscope
6. Pull down the tube microscope until objective lens nearly
touching the cover glass.
7. Look through the ocular lens the preparat until focus by
turning the regulator coarse
Note : when using a microscope , using a magnification of ocular
and objective lens from
weak to coarse. Arrange slit diaphragm until adequate
lighting.
The important things to Use Microscope :
1. Holding the microscope with one hand and the other hand to
hold the foot microscope
2. The stage of microscope should be horizontal to keep from
falling preparations
3. Clean the lens only with paper/special cloth to the lens
(soft tissue)
4.
Get used to keep both eyes open when observing
5. After using the microscope, turn rough regulators on so there
is a distance between the
objective lens with table microscope, arrange the position of
the mirror in an upright
position. Clean the objective lens when struck oil emersion and
clean up the table
microscope from dirt or spills medium using a tissue
6.
Store the microscope in cupboard with control temperature.
(biology team lecturer,
2014 : 2-3)
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Putting the pieces of the letter q or b on the object glass
covering with the cover glass
Putting the preparat (object) of q or b letter on the stage
of microsco e.
Observing a preparat (object) using a magnification of the
ob ective lens weak
Looking and comparing the location of shadow with the
location of the object in ocular lens
drawing the shadow that has been compared with the
ob ect
sliding the preparat from left to right
Recording the result of observation
Moving the preparate up and down
Recording the result of observation
IV.PRACTICAL METHOD
4.1TOOLS
a. Microscope
b. Object glass and cover glass
c.
pipettes
4.2MATERIALS
a. The cut of pepaer writing q and b
b.
Water
4.3 WORK METHOD
1. Observations piece of letter q or b
.
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2. Measuring an area of field of view
Putting the letter q or b in the object glass,
Looking in the left and back side of the praparat
table. There is a scale that determine of two axis.
Observing from ocular lens where is the location of
letter q or b
Making a mark of the result in the notebook by
seeing the scale number in preparate table
Moving the letter to the left side till the position
same with the right position.
Calculating a wide field of view by calculating the
difference
between two points (diameter of field of view) with formula
:
Known : L = wide field of view, = 3,14 /
, r = radius
Covering slowly with a cover glass
Observing the preparat (object) using a weak
magnification of objective lens
Putting the preparat (object) of q or b letter on
the stage of microscope.
then moving the preparat to the right till the limits of
letter visible
Recording the result of observation
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V. OBSERVATION RESULT
From the experiment, we get a result :
1. Observations piece of letter q or b
1. Picture : letter b in microscope
become q
magnification = 40x
Description :
The image of letter b, in microscope
become letter q. The image form are
illusion, inverted, and magnified
the image moveoppositewith the object.
a. If the object move to the right side, the
image move to the left side,
b. If the object move to the left side, the
image move to the right side,c. if the object moving up, the
image moving
down
d. if the object moving down the image
moving up.
Picture : letter q in microscope
become b
magnification = 40x
Description :
The image of letter q, in microscope
become letter b. The image form are
illusion, inverted, and magnified
the image moveoppositewith the object.
a. If the object move to the right side, the
image move to the left side,
b. If the object move to the left side, the
image move to the right side,
c. if the object moving up, the image moving
down
d. if the object moving down the image
moving up.
Image in
microscope
object
b
q
objectImage in
microscope
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2. Measuring the area of field of view
Objective lens : 4x
Ocular Lens : 10x
Magnification : 4x10 = 40x
VI.DISCUSSION
A microscope is an optical instrument or tool that usually used
for observing a
specimen or object especially very small object that cant seen
by the naked eyes.
Microscope is very important tool in biology field. It has
several parts. Each part of
microscope has important role. For example objective lens that
has function for forming
an image of an object, and then continued by an ocular lens.
From the experiment, known
that the image of letter b in microscope become q, and letter q
become b. But,
this image is not the mirror image. Because, if mirror image
letter bbecome d and
letter q become p. This image is from lens image, that is
objective lens, and ocular
lens. These lens is positive lens. Objective lens has character
for forming a real, inverted,
and magnified image. And ocular lens has character for forming
illusion, upright, and
magnified image.
When the light trough the object, the light will continued by
objective lens getting an
image, this image become object for ocular lens, then ocular
lens getting an image thatenter to our eyes. This image that seen
on microscope. Objective lens make the image of
object become large and inverse too, then ocular lens make the
image from objective lens
Left limits =
161 mm
Right limits =
165 mm
d = 4 mm so, r = 2 mm
L = r2
= 3,14 (2)2
= 12,56 mm
d on x axis= 165mm - 161mm= 4mm
Bottom limits = 11 mm
Upper limits = 16 mm
d on y axis = 16-11= 5 mm
d = 5 mm so, r = 2,5 mm
L = r2
= 3,14 (2,5)2
= 19,625 mm
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become larger. From this explanation, known that the
magnification of microscope got
from the result of multiple magnification of ocular lens and
objective lens. The
magnification that we use on this experiment is 10x from ocular
lens, and 4x from
objective lens. So, the total magnification is 10x4=40x
magnification. The final image that
we see in the microscope are illusion, inverse, and magnified
image. it is the result of
reflection of objective and ocular lens.
The result from our observation about the movement of the object
that had been see on
ocular lens, are :
a. If the object move to the right side, the image move to the
left side,
b. If the object move to the left side, the image move to the
right side,
c. if the object moving up, the image moving down
d. if the object moving down the image moving up.The conclusion
from that result is that the movement of an image is opposite with
the
object. The image that formed by object (inverted image )
influence the movement too.
Area of Field of view is an image area that seen from ocular
lens. To know the area of
field of view moving forward, backward, left, and right the
object and recording the left,
right, top, and bottom of limit of the object that can be seen
on the scale of microscope.For
example when the object moved to the right side, the getting
result is the left limit of the
object etc. Knowing the size of the field of view will enable to
determine the size of the
object. The area of field of view get from these formula A= r2.
is constant that the value
is 3,14 or 22/7. And r is the radius. From the experiment
result, the right limit of the object
is 165 mm and left limit is 161 cm. The top limit is 16 cm and
bottom limit is 11 cm. The
radius get from the difference between the right and left limits
or top and bottom limit. The
result of radius from this experiment are d on x axis = 2 cm and
d on y axis = 2,5 cm. and
the field of view for x axis = 12,56 mm and for y axis = 19,625
mm. The area of x and y
axis must be same because the image that showed by microscope
has circle shape, and the
radius of circle always same. So, the field of view between x
and y axis must be same.
However, the result of the area of field of view from this
experiment are not same. This is
because a human error. when used the microscope, observer (me)
used the microscope
careless. Besides that, the object that will be measured must be
on the fix place, dont
make the object move because it will make the measurement is not
accurate. Because the
accurate measuring can be very important when identifying an
object. The stage or object
table must be horizontal.
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VII. CLOSING
7.1 CONCLUSION
A microscope is an optical instrument or tool that usually used
for observing a
specimen or object especially very small object that cant seen
by the naked eyes.
microscope has a function to increase separation ability so, we
can see a small object.
Microscope has several parts that are objective lens, ocular
lens, condenser lens, and
mirror or other light source as light controller, base, stage,
arm, coarse adjustment, fine
adjustment, tubular body, revolver, and diaphragm, The image
that formed on
microscope are illusion, inverse, and magnified image. the
movement of an image is
opposite with the object. The area of field of view will gotten
by using these formula
A=r2. The are of field of view must be same because the image
that showed by
microscope has circle shape, and the radius of circle always
same.7.2SUGGESTION
Always be careful when doing an experiment or observation,
because the
carelessness will make the result of observation will not
accurate. Should be careful in
using the tool or material and always pay attention on safety
work in laboratory. Always
pay attention the explanation of the practical assistant when
doing a practical work.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
The lecturer team, 2014.Basic of Biology Student Lab
Manual.Jember : University of Jember
Campbell, Neil.A., Jane B. Reece., 2008.Biology Eight
Edition.England: Pearson Education
Inc.
Thomas, Jeanette. 1996.Laboratory exercise in the principles of
Biology. USA : Burgess
Publishing company
Hale Alan. 2007.
http://www.celestron.com/c3/images/files/downloads/1211246798_microscopesinfo.pdf
[accessed on September 25, 2014].
Purnomo Bambang. 2008.
www.geocities.ws/bpurnomo51/mik_files/mik2.pdf [accessed on
September 25, 2014]
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ATTACHMENTS
The picture of image of letter q on
microscope
The picture of image of letter b on
microscope
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