ACOS 4.0 Describe forms of energy, including chemical, heat, light, and mechanical.

ACOS 4.0Describe forms of energy, including

chemical, heat, light, and mechanical.

What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work. Work is the use of force to move

an object. Therefore, energy is the ability to

cause something to move. Energy can change from one

form to another.

Types of EnergyThere are two main types of

energy; potential and kinetic. Potential (stored energy) Kinetic (moving/motion) energy

come in many forms.

4.1 Identifying types of potential and kinetic energy.

Potential and kinetic energy come in many forms.

When energy is stored it is potential energy. Examples of potential energy are stored mechanical energy (or elastic energy) and stored chemical energy.

Chemical energy is energy found in batteries, food, and fuel. Examples of kinetic energy are thermal (heat), light, sound, and electrical.

Mechanical energy can be both potential and kinetic.

4.2 Describing alternatives to the use of fossil fuels.

A fossil fuel is a non-renewable energy resource; it cannot be replaced as quickly as it is used.

Renewable energy resources can be replaced quickly or not be used up at all. Important renewable energy resources are wind, solar, tidal, hydroelectric, biomass, and geothermal.

4.3 Identifying the transfer of energy by conduction, convection, and radiation.

Heat is transferred to objects in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Conductors are materials that transfer heat easily.

Insulators are materials that do not transfer heat easily.

Vocabulary…Energy- the ability to do workpotential energy- energy that is not in

motion.kinetic energy- energy in motionchemical energy- that part of the

energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction.

thermal energy- the exertion of power that is created by heat, or the increase in temperature.

More vocabulary…mechanical energy- A combination of kinetic

and potential energy resulting from the force of gravity or the movement or release of a machine component, such as a spring, clamp, or wheel.

light energy- Light energy is the only visible form of energy. Light energy is the energy produced or given off directly from the sun causing the growth of plants and the existence of most life forms.

sound energy- Sound energy is energy produced by sound vibrations. Sound vibrations cause waves of pressure. These waves lead to some level of compression and refraction through which the waves travel. So, sound energy is a form of mechanical energy

Vocabulary continued…electrical energy- energy made

available by the flow of electric charge through a conductor

stored mechanical energy- (stored energy of position).

Fuel- is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner.

fossil fuel- hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and animals.

Vocabulary…geothermal energy- is thermal energy

generated and stored in the Earth.solar energy- The radiant energy

emitted by the Sun. Energy derived from the Sun's radiation.

hydroelectric energy- Generating electricity by conversion of the energy of running water.

heat transfer- the transfer of thermal energy from one physical system to another.

Vocabulary…conduction- the transfer of thermal

energy through matter convection- the movement of molecules

within fluids (i.e. liquids, gases) and rheids. It cannot take place in solids, since neither bulk current flows nor significant diffusion can take place in solids.

radiation- energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space. Light, heat and sound are types of radiation.

Vocabulary continued…insulator- A material or an

object that does not easily allow heat, electricity, light, or sound to pass through it

conductor- Any of various substances that allow the flow of electric current or thermal energy. A conductor is a poor insulator because it has a low resistance to such flow.

ACOS 10.0 Identify spheres of the Earth, including the geosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere.

all spheres are interacting and in a constant state of change.

Earth can be thought of as being made up of three interacting systems, or spheres:

the geosphere, or solid portion of the Earth;

the hydrosphere, the Earth’s water;

and the atmosphere, the layers of air that surround the Earth.

10.01 Describe technology used to investigate the Earth.Scientists use instruments to help

them learn about the Earth’s spheres.

seismograph- An instrument that records vibrations in the earth, especially earthquakes.

sonar- device used underwater for locating submerged objects and for submarine communication by means of sound waves.

More Vocabulary…radar- system or technique for detecting

the position, movement, and nature of a remote object by means of radio waves reflected from its surface.

weather satellites - artificial satellite, object constructed by humans and placed in orbit around the earth or other celestial body (see also space probe). The satellite is lifted from the earth's surface by a rocket and, once placed in orbit, maintains its motion without further

10.02 Describe the rock cycle.

Earth’s rock is always changing. Each of the three types of

rock can change into the other.

Igneous rock is formed from magma, sedimentary rock forms from layers of sediment over a period of time.

Metamorphic rock forms when igneous or sedimentary rock undergo a change from heat, pressure, and time.

Vocabulary…geosphere- The solid mass of earth, as distinct

from the atmosphere and hydrosphere. The lithosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere combined.

hydrosphere- Discontinuous layer of water at or near the Earth's surface. It includes all liquid and frozen surface waters, groundwater held in soil and rock, and atmospheric water vapor.

atmosphere- the mixture of gases surrounding a celestial body with sufficient gravity to maintain it.

troposphere- extends upward from the earth to a height of about 5 mi (8.1 km) at the poles, to about 7 mi (11.3 km) in mid-latitudes, and to about 10 mi (16.1 km) at the equator.

weather- state of the atmosphere at a given time and place with regard to temperature, air pressure, barometer , instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure.

water cycle- the circulation of the earth's water, in which water evaporates from the sea into the atmosphere, where it condenses and falls as rain or snow, returning to the sea by rivers or returning to the atmosphere by evapotranspiration (see note)

sedimentary rock- Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediment that is deposited over time, usually as layers at the bottom of lakes and oceans. This sediment can include minerals, small pieces of plants and other organic matter. The sediment is compressed over a long period of time before consolidating into solid layers of rock.

metamorphic rock- Metamorphic rocks can be formed by pressure deep under the Earth's surface, from the extreme heat caused by magma or by the intense collisions and friction of tectonic plates.

Vocabulary…rock cycle- The interrelated sequence of

events by which rocks are initially formed, altered, destroyed, and reformed as a result of magmatism, erosion, sedimentation, and metamorphism.

igneous rock- originates from the cooling and solidification of molten matter from the earth's interior. If the rock is formed on the earth's surface (i.e., from the solidification of lava), it is called extrusive rock; igneous rock that has cooled and solidified slowly beneath the earth's surface is intrusive rock.

The Rock Cycle

Earth’s first layer consists of about 1o miles of rock and loose materials, scientists call the crust. Underneath the continents, the crust is almost three times as thick, as it is under the oceans.

mantle- extends to a depth of approximately 1,800 miles, and is made of a thick solid rocky substance that represents about 85% of the total weight and mass of the Earth. The first 50 miles of the mantle are believed to consist of very hard rigid rock.

Mantle continued….The next 150 miles or so is

believed to be super-heated solid rock, that due to the heat energy is very weak. Below that for the next several hundred miles, the Earth's mantle is believed to once again be made up of very solid and sturdy rock materials.

Traveling still deeper within the Earth, we next would encounter the Earth’s outer core, which extends to a depth of around 3000 miles beneath the surface. It is believed that this outer core is made up of super-heated liquid molten lava. This lava is believed to be mostly iron and nickel.

Finally, we would reach the Earth’s inner core. The inner core extends another 900 miles inward towards the center of the Earth. It is believed that this inner core is a solid ball of mostly iron and nickel.

ACOS 11.0 Compare distances from the sun to planets in the solar system.

What are the planets in our solar system?

What are the inner and outer planets?

How do the inner and outer planets compare?

What are some scientific tools used to investigate our solar system?

Our solar system contains eight planets, some with moons, an asteroid belt, and dwarf planets.

The planets in our solar system can be classified as inner planets and outer planets based on their distance from the sun and their distance from each other.

Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are the inner planets. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are the outer planets. Pluto is considered a dwarf planet.

11.1 Relate the size of Earth to the size of other planets in our solar system.The Earth is classified as one of the inner

planets. It is smaller than the outer planets and of

similar size to the remaining inner planets. The inner planets are smaller, rocky,

have no orbiting rings, few moons, and are closer to each other.

The outer planets are larger, have rings, more moons, and are farther apart.

The eight planets that orbit the sun are (in order from the sun): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Another large body is Pluto, now classified as a dwarf planet or plutoid. A belt of asteroids (minor planets made of rock and metal) lies between Mars and Jupiter.

11.2 Identify technology used to study planets.Scientists use a variety of equipment to help them

collect data and explore our solar system. space probe- is a scientific space exploration

mission in which a spacecraft leaves Earth and explores space. It may approach the Moon; enter interplanetary space; flyby, orbit or land on other planetary bodies; or approach interstellar space.

spacecraft- is a vehicle, vessel or machine designed to fly in space. Spacecraft are used for a variety of purposes, including communications, earth observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of humans and cargo.

Space Probes

Space Craft…

satellite- is an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from natural satellites such as the Moon.

telescopes- is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light).

Satellites…

Telescope…

Hubble Space Telescope- is a space telescope that was carried into orbit by a space shuttle in 1990 and remains in operation. Hubble's orbit outside the distortion of Earth's atmosphere allows it to take extremely sharp images with almost no background light.

International Space Station- is a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit. It follows the Salyut, Almaz, Skylab and Mir stations as the ninth space station to be inhabited.

International Space Station…

Vocabulary…solar system- consists of the Sun and its

planetary system of eight planets, their moons, and other non-stellar objects. It formed 4.6 billion years ago from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud. The vast majority of the system's mass is in the Sun, with most of the remaining mass contained in Jupiter.

planet- is a celestial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity.

star- is a massive, luminous sphere of plasma held together by gravity. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the energy on the planet.

moon- is the only natural satellite of the Earth, and the fifth largest satellite in the Solar System. It is the largest natural satellite of a planet in the Solar System.

Each orbit by a member of the solar system is its revolution. A revolution is also called a year. The Earth takes 365.25 day to revolve around the sun. It is during this year or revolution that brings Earth it’s seasons.

axis- A straight line about which a body or geometric object rotates or may be conceived to rotate.

inner planets- Any of the four planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars, whose orbits are closest to the sun.

outer planets- Any of the four planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, with orbits outside that of Mars.