Acids and Bases
Acids and Bases
What are acids?
Examples?
What are bases?
Examples?
3 different definitions of acids/bases
• Arrhenius• Bronsted-Lowry• Lewis
Least broad
Most broad
Arrhenius
• Acids = a compound that increases the [H+] in aqueous solutions
• Bases = a compound that increases the
[OH-] in aqueous solutions
Ex of Arrhenius AcidH2O + HCl H3O+ + Cl-
Ex of Arrhenius Base
H2O + NH3 NH4+ + OH-
Limitations to Arrhenius’ Definition
• Aqueous = in water • Some acids and bases still act as acids or
bases even when they aren’t in water.
Bronsted-Lowry
• Acid = molecule or ion that is a PROTON DONOR
• Base = molecule or ion that is a PROTON ACCEPTOR
• Proton = H+
Example
NH3 + HCl NH4+ + Cl-
*Need to memorize that ammonia is NH3 and that it is a base
Conjugates
• Acid base reactions can go in reverse. • Each of the products can be classified as an
acid or base as well. • The species that started as an acid becomes
the conjugate base and vice versa
NH3 + HCl NH4+ + Cl-
• Which product is the conjugate acid? (can donate a H+)
• Which product is the conjugate base? (can accept a H+)
Amphoteric (Amphiprotic) Compounds
• Can act as either an acid or a base (donating or receiving an H+)
• WATER is a common example
• H2O + CH3COOH H3O+ + CH3COO-
• H2O + NH3 OH- + NH4+
Strengths of Acids/Bases
Strong Acids= easily lose protons (100%)
Weak acids= some protons are lost
Strong Bases= easily accept protons (100%)
Weak bases= some accept protons
If an acid is strong, the conjugate base is weak, and vice versa
Lewis
• Acid = an electron pair acceptor• Base = an electron pair donor• A + :B → A—B • H+ + :NH3 → NH4
+
• BF3 + F− → BF4−
Polyprotic acids
• Have multiple protons to lose• In excess base (in this case water)
• H3PO4 +H2O H2PO4 - +H3O+
• H2PO4 - + H2O HPO4 2- + H3O+
• HPO4 2- + H2O PO4 3- + H3O+
Polyprotic acids continued…
• Each time that a polyprotic loses an H+ it becomes harder to lose. Why?
• Therefore which acid in a polyprotic is the most acidic?
Prefixes: Di, Mono, Poly
• Monoprotic = only has one H+ to lose• Diprotic = has two H+ to lose (H2SO4)
• Polyprotic = has multiple (poly) H+ to lose
Homework
Chapter 16: #1,15,18,20,22,24,27,28
Autoionization of Water
Pure water self ionizes to a small extent
H2O H+ + OH-
H+ H3O+ (Hydronium ion) (Attaches onto a water molecule)
DYNAMIC equilibrium- no single molecule stays ionized for long
The amount it ionizes is very small.
In pure water [H3O+ ] = [OH-] = 1.00x10-7 M
K expression: (Kw stands for water ionization constant)
Kw = [H3O+ ] * [OH-]
K = [1.00x10-7 M ][1.00x10-7 M ] = 1.00x10-14 M (at 25 deg. Celsius)
Kw can be used to calculate hydronium ion or hydroxide ion concentrations at any time. Together their product is always 1.00x10-14M
If [H3O+] > [OH-] then the solution is acidic
If [OH-] > [H3O+] then the solution is basic
If they are equal (and therefore both 1.00 x 10-7 M) the solution is neutral
Example
Determine the hydronium ion concentration if a solution has a hydroxide concentraion of 0.00043M.
Is this an acidic, basic, or neutral solution?
pH
Hydronium power or potential
Negative Log scale of [H3O+] pure water has a pH of 7 because -log(1.00x10-7) = 7
Higher pH = lower concentration of Hydronium
Lower pH = higher concentration of H3O+
pOH is the same log scale, but for OH-
pOH + pH = 14
(because [OH-]*[H3O+]=1.00x10-14)
Helpful box
pH Convert using pH+pOH=14 pOH
Convert using: pH= -log[H3O+] Convert using: pOH= -log[OH-]
Or 10-pH = [H3O+] Or 10-pOH = [OH-]
[H3O+] Convert using Kw [OH-]
Examples
n What is the pH of a 0.040 M HCl solution?
n What is the pH of a 0.005M H2SO4 solution?
n What is the pH of a 0.008M Ca(OH)2 solution?
Homework
n 31,33,40,46,50