ACID PRECIPITATION - ITS INFORMATION DEPOSITION AND EFFECTS ON LAKE WATER CHEMISTRY A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE JANUARY, 1978 This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp
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ACID PRECIPITATION - ITS INFORMATION …acidic precipitation are expanding (Hysing-Dahl et al. 1976, Likens 1976) and precipitation pH is decreasing in many areas (Likens 1976). Acid
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ACID PRECIPITATION - ITS INFORMATION
DEPOSITION AND EFFECTS ON
LAKE WATER CHEMISTRY
A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
JANUARY, 1978
This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp
ACID PRECIPITATION - ITS FORMATION,DEPOSITION AND EFFECTS ON
SULFUR DIOXIDE AND SULFATE EMISSION SOURCES,AMBIENT LEVELS AND TRENDS .....
CURRENT ACIDITY OF PRECIPITATION
REMOVAL MECHANISMS
ACID BUFFERING ...
EFFECTS OF ACrD PRECIPITATION ON LAKESFluctuations in Lake pHAdd i t ionalEf fee t son Wa t er Chemi st r'y
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES CITED
PAGE
ii
iv
v
1
3
6
18
22
24
. 263337
39
40
NUMBER
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
LIST OF FIGURES
Sulfate concentration in precipitation
Sulfur dioxide concentration in air
Sulfate concentration in air
Three-year running averages for S02 and S04at Minneapolis (1963-1972)
Selected precipitation pH values
Windrose diagram for Sudbury (1955~1966)
Sketch map of Sudbury area showing acontour for lakes with pH = 5.5
Lake pH
Sulfate loading from bulk precipitation
ii
PAGE
7
11
13
16
19
28
29
31
34
Nur~BER
1
2
3
4
5
LIST OF TABLES
Sulfate concentration in precipitation
Precipitcrtion pH
Rate of lake pH change due to acidprecipi t-ion
Lake pH
Sulfate loading from bulk precipitation
iii
PAGE
PAGE
8
20
30
32
35
ABSTRf-1,CT~----- ..
Current literature on acid precipitation was reviewed to determine sources,deposit-ion meehan-isms and effects on lak(~ \vater chernistl~y. Values ofprecipitation and la pH S04 content of precipitation, ambient 502 and504, and 504 loading were obtained in order to compare northeasternMinnesota with other areas of the world.
Precipitation has become increasingly acidic in regions of North Americaand Europe during the last two decades. The most highly impacted areasinclude Norv]cJY, the northeastern U.S., and the vicinity of Sudbury, Ontario,where precipitation with pH of four is not unusual. Remote areas of theworld have Seen found to have precipitation pH values near 5.7, the pH ofwater in equilibrium with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. NortheasternMinnesota precipitation has an average pH of near five.
Decreasing precipitation pH has occurred simultaneously with increases insulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions from anthropogenic sources. Sulfuroxides are considered to be the major precursors of acid precipitation.Long distance transport of these pollutants from industrial areas causesprecipitation to be acidic in areas with no local polluters.
Lake water pH has been reduced because of acid precipitation.' Especiallyvulnerable to acidification are lakes which are poorly buffered due totheir geologic environmen North~astern Minnesota lakes have an averagepH of seven, while many lakes downwind of industrial pollution sourceshave pH values of five or less, and have experienced loss of aquatic plantand animal populations. Increased solubility of metals, which occurs at10\\1 pH'levels s causes additional stress to aquatic biota.
iv
INTRODUCTION 'ro TIlE STUDY
The Reg' , 1 Copper--Nickel Environmental Impact Study is a comprehensiveexamination of the potential cumulative environmental, social, and economicimpacts of copper-nickel mineral development in northeastern }linnesota.rTIlts study is being conducted for the Hinnesota Legislature and stateExecutive Branch a , under the direction of the Minnesota Environ-mental Quality Board (HEQB) and '\',Ti th the funding, revie'l>l, and concurrenceof the Legislative CommisSion on Ninnesota Resources.
A region along the surface contact of the Duluth Complex in St~ Louis andLake counties in northeastern Minnesota contains a major domestic resourceof copper-nickel sulfide mineralization. This region has been e).rplored byseveral mineral resource development companies for more than twenty years,and recently two firms, i~U~ and International Nickel Company, haveconsidered commercial opera tlan.s These explora tion and mine planningactivi ties indica te the poten tial establishmen t of a nev] mining and pro-cessing industry in Minnesota. In addition, these activities indicate theneed for a comprehensive environmental social, and economic analysis bythe state in order to consider the cWTIulative regional implications of thisne~'l industry and to provide adequate infonnation for future state policyrevie\\7 and development. In January, 1976 ~ the HEQB organized and initiatedthe Regional Copper-Nickel Study. .
The maj or ob:] ec ti '\les of the Regional Copper--Nickel Study are: 1) tocharacterize the region in its pre-capper-nickel development state; 2) toidentify and describe the probable technologies which may be used to exploitthe m~.neral resource and to c.onvert it into salable commodities; 3) toidentify and assess the impacts of primary copper-nickel development andsecondary regional growth; 4) to conceptualize alternative degrees ofregional copper-nickel development; and 5) to assess the cumulativeenvironmental, social, and economic impacts of such hypothetical developments. The Regional Study is a scientific information gathering andanalysis effort and will not present subjective social judgements onwhe ther ~ \\1here, wben, or how copper-nickel developrnen t should or shouldnot proceed. In addition, the Study will not make or propose state. policypertaining to copper-nickel development.
lne Minnesota Environmental Quality Board is a state agency responsible forthe implementation of the Hinne-sota Environmental Policy Act and promotescooperation betVleen state agencies on environmental matters. The RegionalCopper-Nickel Study is an ad hoc effort of the HEQB and future regulatoryand site specific environmental impact studies will most likely be theresponsibility of the ltinnesota Department of Natural Resources and theMinnesota Pollution Control Agency.
v
INTRODUCTION
Rain or snow with a pH of less than 5.6 is considered acidic (Likens 1976),
since water in equilibrium with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere produces a
precipitation pH of about 5.7 (Heuss 1975, Kramer 1976a). Precipitation pH
values of close to 5.7 have been recorded in remote areas of the world, long
distances from sources of atmospheric pollution (Kramer 1976a)(see Figure 2).
Many other regions receive acid precipitation, sometimes with pH levels of
three or lower (Likens and Bormann 1974, Likens and Bormann 1975, Cogbill
1975, Likens et ale 1975, Hutchinson and Whitby 1974). Zones of highly
acidic precipitation are expanding (Hysing-Dahl et al. 1976, Likens 1976)
and precipitation pH is decreasing in many areas (Likens 1976).
Acid precipitation is of concern because of its effects on aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems. Acidification of lakes and streams due to acid
precipitation has eliminated or severely reduced populations of aquatic,
plants and animals (Leivestad et al. 1976, Beamish and Harvey 1972,
bulk precipitationbulk precipitationbulk precipitationbulk precipitationprecipitation events--variationover 11 days 1,2, & 3/76152 rain samples 1967-70, mean
Pearson and Fisher 1971Cogbill and Likens 1974
Likens et a1.1975
Whelpdale and Summers 1975
Kramer 1976b
Summers and Hitchon 1973
Table 1. Cab",,'..!.
LocationNon,ray
17 stationsSouth Coast100 k~ from coast'VJesternBirkenes watershed
:Forest
Sweden
SO~(!i1g/l).1-12.8-3L~
21-23.24
.05-56
7-7.33.3-6.51.5-2.7
Corm:Ilentsprecipitation eventsprecipitation 1974-75mean in precipitation 1972-73mean in precipitation 1972-73mean in precipitation 1972-73mean of 20 precipitation events,197precipitation
bulk precipitationbulk precipitation
Referenc.eScholdager 1973Summers and Hitchon 1973Dovland et al 1976
Hubbard Brook ExperimentalForest, N. Hamp. (nonearby industrial orpop~lation centers)
Ithaca, N.Y.
4.03-4.21
3.0
3.82-4.18
average annual Likens et al. 1975pH 1964-74event minimum
rain and, snow, Feb-June 1975 Galloway et ala 1975
Adirondacks
Sudbury, Ontario
4.05-4.31
<4
2.85
4.34
rain and snoT,rJ"
rain and snow average,within 10 miles of Sudburyrainfall, dust fall average1 mile south of ConistonSmelterrainfall, dustfall average12 miles east of CouistonSmelter
Schofield 1975
Hutchinson and ~~itby 1974
Table 2. (cop' ',)
Location
Sudbury contd.
LaCloche Mountains, Ontario(remote area southwest ofSudbury)
Kentville, Nova Scotia(agricultural area, littleindustrial pollution)
Norway
S'Yv·eden
pH
3.6
3.8-5.2
4.3
3.6-5.52.9
5.7
4.3
3.5
3.7-4.93.35-5.8
4.3-4.43.9-5.9
Comments
rain event falling throughplumeprecipitation events,variation over 11 days
average of ,18 tationev,ents 1972-735 rainfall events, 1969-71
tioneventminimum
23 rain and snow samples1952-54
annual mean--south coast,area of most acidic precip
mln1.mumseveral stations
eve.ntsforest) precipitation
bulk sample
Reference
l'Tiebe and ~~111elpdale 1975
Kramer 1976b
Beamish and Van Loon 19,
Beamish and HarJey 1972
Herman and Gorham 1957
Dovland et ale 1976
Scholdager 1973Bjor et al. 1974
Hornstrom et al. 1973Andersson 1972
1".:'1-'
Page 22
generally have pH values a 5, whereas values near 4 re not unusual in
highly impacted areas. In much of nort stern U.S. precipitation has
an average pH of between 4.0 and 4.2 (Li 1976). The average precip"i=
tation pH in the Sudbul"y area "is repor-ted to be about 4.5 (Kr'amer 1976a).
Most precipitation pH values in Figure 2 are below 5.7, indicating acidic
precipitation.
REMOVAL MECHANISMS-~-_._~--
Po 11 utants are removed from the atmosphe-r'e by severa1 d-j fferent rnechani sms.
Wet deposition, in the of rain and snow; and dry deposition, composed
of dry fallout, impacted S, and adsorbed gases; contribute to the
total amount of pollutant which rea 1a d and r su ces (Galloway
and Likens 1977). Bulk p h and dry deposition.
Types of precip'j tion co"llector's are discussed generally in Gal"loway and
Liken~ (1977), and in more detail in Galloway and Likens (1975).
Rain is a more efficient scavenger of pollutants from the air than snow
(Summers and Hitchon 1973 Hennan and Gorham 1957). Nova Scotian rain and
snow samples collected for 16 months from J.95;2 through 1954 revealed 40
percent as much sulfur~ 33 percent as much almlonia, and 50 percent as much
nitrate in snow as in rain (Summers and Hitchon 1973). Average S04
concentrations in precipitation in Alberta were 2.0 to 3.0 mg/l in summer
and less than 0.5 mg/l in winter (Summers and Hitchon 1973). Kramer (1975)
found maximum S04 loadings in summer and Likens (1972) found summer rains
to be generally more acidic than winter precipitation. In the northeastern
u.s. higher hydrogen ion concentrations occur in summer precipitation than
in winter precipitation (Hornbeck et a"l. 1975). Sulfate deposition exhibited
a nearly identical seasonal pattern as hydt~ogen ion deposition.
Page 23
Several hypotheses have been advanced to explain the different concentrations
of pollutants in rain and snow. Herman and Gorham (1957) suggest that either
snovJfl a have a 10\'Jer ciency of remov'ing material from the atmosphere
than raindrops, or that air masses from which snow falls have lower concen-
trations als than air masses from which rain falls. Summer convective
storms are ve ci in removing S02 from the atmosphere, whereas stable
air masses from v'Jhich snow occur's have very little vertica-' transport of
air, causing 502 emissions to be trapped in the lowest few thousand feet of
the atmosphere and not enter the precipitation mechanism (Summers and Hitchon
1973). Honibeck et al. (1975) su9gest that summer electric power gener-at-ion
produces more acid-forming emissions than winter heating.
Junge (
content of
) s that rainout efficiency is proportional to the liquid
clouds, Rainout is the incorporation of 502 or sulfate
aerosols into the physical processes of the cloud and subsequent fallout in
rain (Swnmers and Hitchon 1973). In Alberta the liquid content of winter
snow-producing clouds -is typicarly one-tenth of the value found 'in summertime
cumulus. In addition, the oxidation rate of 502 is lower in the presence
of cloud droplets in summertime clouds. These factors account for much of
the difference in rain and snow sulfate concentrations (Summers and Hitchon
1973). vJork by Bushtueva (1954,1957) -indicates that oxidation of 502 to
H2S04 occurs more readily in high relative humidity conditions.
Wet deposit-ion of pollutants may be greater than dry depos-it-jon. Garland
(1974) found from the literature that annual wet deposition of sulfur
compounds Vias 1.5 to 6.4 times greater than dry deposition of SO') gas and(..
S04 particles. f\ d-ispers'ion model used to estimate the amount of dry
deposition in Nor'way showed that VJet deposition of 502 ;s about three times
Pa
as 1a s dry depo -i"Uon (Dovland et ale 1976). Other scientis
hO\'1ever that dr-'j'
(Kramer 1976b)<
-i tion"' a
is approxima ly equal to wet deposition
Dry fa 11 out of OX"j is relatively greater near the emission sources,
whereas depos i ti on -j s more -j mportant hundreds or thousands of ki -1ometers
from the sources (Overrein 1975). Thus, Norway, which is a greater' distance
from the major sources of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide emissions in
Europe, recei yes a gr'eater \-'<Iet depos it i on of po 11 utants than dry depos i t ion.
It should noted t Figure 1 and Table 1 include both wet and bulk
deposit"jon , as well as some seasonal da Based on the information
and ble
-I rIg pa
not be di
SO~ concentration values in the figure"'
1y cornparab"le
ACID BUFFER NG--,_._~_.~_._. ---~~,-==-
The acidity of precipitation can be neutralized by various substances in
the atmosphere. Additions of even small amounts of particulates to the
atmospher'e may raise the pH of precipitation because their surfaces have
+the ability to adsorb H (Kramer 1976a). Norton (1975) reports that most
inorganic particulates tend to react with and consume acid in precipitation.
In -areas where there is abundant windblown dust, pH values for precipitation
of 7 to 8 are not unconmon (Kramer 1976a). Gorham (1975) found differences
in sno\;/ acidity in Ivjinnesota during 1974-1975, presumably related to greater
dustfall in the western cultivated area than in the eastern forested area.
Western snow was alkaline (pH up to 9.5) with a high particulate content
and eastern snow was acid (pH 4.5-5.6) with a low particulate content.
Bases in the atmospher'e which are capable of neutral'izing acid precipitation
Page 2~)
inc"lude sea sp
~ested as sources
and al1ll1l0lria (Gorham 1975). Da"l
a:trnospher"i c arrllnOlrl a in pa
nns have been sug-
of Denmark and southern
Sweden (Barrett and Brodin 1955).
Likens and Bormann (1974) found th the sulfur content of rain and snow in
Ne\'1 York State 70 pe t lower now than prior to 1950, while precipi-
tation acidity has increased since 1950. They hypothesize that a conversion
of fuel source from wood and coal natural gas has caused this change.
Particu"la when eoa'i was burned neutra"1 i zed the aei d formed by
502 emissions. Present use of natural gas produces less 502' but also fewer
neutralizing componen Tall s cks, equipped with precipitators to remove
pa l"ti c ates, ca use 50<,)L
transported to long distances The
auth0 r's conc "j ud(; t hat 10 ca -I II s() at prob1ems Ii have transf~rmed into a
b"1 ern, II
Befot(0 a.cid precipita"Uon Y'eaches a "lake or' stream~ 'it may be additionally
neutralized in the watershed. Henriksen and Wright (1977) found that 75
percent of the incoming acid was neutrailzed in the watershed of a small
acid lake in Norway. When rain fell through the forest canopy in the
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire, the pH rose from 4.0-4.1
to LL7~5.0 (Hornbeck et a"l. 1975). Soils also have a neutralizing capability,
especially those derived from carbonate-rich sedimentary rocks (Gar-ham 1975).
Gjessing et al. (1976) found that runoff in Norway has an average weighted
pH of 0.2 to 0.9 units higher than precipitation.
Finally, acid precipitation may be neutralized in lakes. Lakes in drainage
basins high in easily weathered calcareous material (such as dolomite or
limestone) are generally well buffered due to the presence of carbonate and
PdSje
bicarbonate ions (Wright and Gjessing 1976). OH- ions formed from the
hydrolysis of C0 3 2 and HC0 3- cause the water to be alkaline (Wetzel 1975).
in areas of this type have pH values above 6.5, regardless
of acid loading.
Lakes <in drainage basins composed of rdghly resistant crysta'll'ine rocks are
poorly buffered, on the other hand, and in Norway have pH levels of 5.5 to
6.0 if they do not receive acid precipitation, and pH levels ,below 5 0 if
they do receive acid precipitation (Wright and Gjessing 1976, Gjessing et 0.1.
1976, Wright and Henriksen 1976).
Cation-Al-silicates and weak organic acids are also H+ sinks (Kramer 1973b).
The cation-Al-silica buffering system involves a slower reaction than the
HCO? system, and will fix the system near pH 6. Weak organic systems..)
generally buffer be pH 4 and 5 (Kramer 1973b).
Trophic sta has an effect on buffering capacity. High concentrations of
phosphate, silicate, and bora may impart alkalinity. Eutrophic lakes
are, therefore! more strongly buffered than mesotrophic and oligotrophic
lakes (Lenhart 1976).
EFFECTS OF ACID PRECIPITATION ON LAKES.-------_.
Poorly buffered lakes will eventually become acidic if they receive
continued input of acid precipitation. This has happened in parts of the
northeastern U.S. (Likens 1976, Cogbill and Likens 1974), Ontario, Canada
(Conroy et ale 1975, Beamish 1975), and Scandanavia (Dovland et ale 1976,
Bolin 1971). Long distance transport of pollutants has been found to cause
acid precipitation and subsequent acidification of lakes downwind of
27.~ f
industrial areas (Conroy Likens 1976, Dovland 0.1. 1976).
Figures 6 and 7 are an examp"c: of hOVI ttris tyP(~ of impact is determined.
The direction of preva"j"ling \'/inds in Sudbury (Figure 6) can be matched
vJith the zone of low pH lakes (Figure 7). Smelters in Sudbury emit
1.5 X 106 metric tons of 502 per year, and this pollutant has apparently
been the co. e of the acid lakes (Conroy et 0.1. 1975).
The ra of lake pH change is slow, often less than seasonal variations or
analytical reproducib-il-ity (Almer' et 0.1. 1974). Because of this, irrever-
sib"le ecological damage may occur before acidifying trends are established
(Kramer 1 Rates of lake pH change. reported in the literature were
-.01 to .17 pH units per year (Table 3). The remote lakes within and to
tile eas t the La Cloche Mountains in Ontario were among th~ lakes which
exper"j en most rap"fd acidifica.t·jon. These lakes are about 65 km
southwest of SudbuY'j! and receive no v"isib"le surface effluent of industrial
origi~ (Beamish and Harvey 1972). pH measurements were available for 11 of
the 22 lakes from 1961 or earlier. Each of these lakes showed a ten-fold
to mote than one hundred-fold increase in H+ ions by 1971 (Beamish and
Harvey 1971, Beamish 1974). Input of acid precipitation to a group of
"lakes in southern Norway caused a 30 to 60-fold -increase in acidity from
1941 to 1975 (Gj essinget a1. 1976 ) .
Most "lakes and streams in southeastern Norv/ay now have pH values below 5
(Gjessing et ale 1976). Some high a.ltitude lakes in the Adirondacks have
pH levels of about 4.3 (Sawyer 1977). Figure 8 and Table 4 show lake pH
in other areas of the world as reported in the literature. The pH of lakes
in the Copper-Nickel Study area ranges from 6.4 to 7.6 (~1EQB 1977).
Page 28
s E: . 975
Page 29
0)-(]) -- V'lanapitei
0) '- Ollaping
G) - Quirke
® - Nipissingo ~ North Shore
G) - Manitoulin Island
Km
Miles
Figure 7. Sketch map of Sudbury area showing a contour for lakes vith pH~5.5.For geographical reference the numbers indicated are:
1) Sudbury2) Lake Wahnapitae3) Lake Ollaping4) Quirke Lake
5) Lake Nipissing6) North Channel - Lake Huron7) Manitoulin Island
Note the northeast-southwest trend corresponding to the windrose depicted in
Figure 6.
SOURCE: Conroy et al. 1975.I
Table 3. F~te of lake pH change due to acid precipitation.
Location
SwedenSouthwestern
WestcentralSouthcentralSouthernmost
NorwayEast Central
OntarioIn and east of La ClocheMountains
North of La Cloche Hountains
Number of Lakes
8655
51
1011
2226
Years
1963-6919L}3-711933-711937-731933-731935-71
1941-751941-75
1953-71
1959-711970-71
plL_Cpgngej'Jr _(p_H~unit s )
-0.01 to -0.16-D.Ol"-0.03-0.06-0.03-0.015
-0.04-0.05
-0.03 to -0.09
-0.16-0.08
Reference
Oden and fu~l 1970Dickson et 2 1 • 1973
Grahn et al. 19Dickson et a1. 1975MaImer 1975
Gjessing et a1. 1976
Conroy and Keller 1972
Beamish and Harvey 1972
uOJtoI'D
wo
Page 31
Figure 8. Lake pH.
9 t
Acid input.
Easily weathered terrain
Sudbury
Sweden
Northeastern Minnesota
7
Remote
Carbonate rich terrain
Resistant terrain(Sweden)
Northeastern Minnesota
ELA
Non.my
Northeastern }linnesota; Sweden
Carbonate poor bedrock,no acid input
RemoteCarbonate poor bedrock,no acid input
Nonvay
ELANOTIvay
Carbonate poor bedrock, c:Jacid input
Acid input
Acid input
___ Nonvay; La Cloche Hts. (Lake George)__-SvJeden West Coast
La Cloche Mts. (Lumsden Lake)West Central STvJeden; La Cloche Mts. (Muriel Lake)
La Cloche Mts. (O.S.A. Lake); Sudbury
Acid input West Coast SwedenAcid input ---- ----Sudbury
pH L~ <'
~ake pH.
Number orName of Lakes
~tal Lake Area, Ontario 40102
rn Minnesota 26
as of highly resistante poor bedrock andcipitationighly resistante poor bedrock withoutcipitationarbonate rich terrain'\.;rithout acid.ation
Precipitation has become increasingly acidic over the past two decades and
pH values of four or lower are now not unusual in the areas mentioned above
(Likens 1976, Dovland et al. 1976, Hutchinson and Whitby 1974). Additional
areas can be expected re ve acid precipitation if acid~forming pollu-
tants, particularly sulfur dioxi and nitrogen oxides, continue to be
released to the atmosphere in increasing amounts. Especially vulnerable to
acid"precipitatio'n 3.1"2 <lakes v,rhich are poorly buffered due to geo·logic
environment and are located downwind of areas of high pollutant emissions
(Wright and Gjessing 1976). These lakes may suffer from, or continue to
suffer from, acidification and other associated chemical changes, and
subsequent loss of fish populations and other aquatic life.
Pa IJO
and B.t.
i on onreferred to as
Acres Consult"in19 /\Appendices.
Earth ience Consultants, Inc.t La kes Vo 1. 3.
I~domai
chaPr'oc
cal.\ ands.
Air' pollanlLN. conC-j in
°1 un es.human en
case s the1. Stockholm. 96 pp.
er 3(1): Ci
!~1ofSci.
DistributtonEnv.
ional transport and transformation of sulfurUni States. J. Air Poll. Control
flJtshull
Andersson fLSwedishSVleden.Cited in
ect'ivity of perch (Perea Fluriatilis L.)(inUmiT)ct ) • In i di 1akes on the wes t coas t ofs Laborator:fet Heport 17. Drottningholm. SVJeden.
7
Anonymous. 1975. Air qua.lity and stationary sautee emissioYl control.Commi nn P ic Works, serial #94-4, U.S. Senate, 909 pp.(Same as CNR 1975).
Armstrong, F.tLJ. and D.v!. Schindler. 1971. Prel-im;nary chemical charac-terization in the expetimental lakes area, northwesternOntario. J. Board Can. 28:17 187.
Barrett E. and G. Brodin" 1955. The acidity of Scandinav-jan precipitation.Tel1us 7:251--257. Cited in Gorha.m~ 1975.
Beamish, R.J. 1974. Loss of f-ish populations from unexplaited remote lakesin Ontaroio, Canada, as a consequence of atmospheric fallout of acid.\!later Res. 8:85~95. Cited in Beamish, 1975 and Conroy et al., 1976.
Page 41
Bearn'ish, R.J. 19ancl the resul
T.1\. '1acid p.jDochi
acid ip tationL. Dochinsymposium onre asDar'by, Pa
, R.:J.fvio un ta. inRes. Boa r'cl
1972.resu·j
1
Aciding
cation ofsh mortalities.
C~j ocheJ sh
Beamish, R.J., L. Milanese. and G.A. Me rlane. 19survey of 110 ELA lakes th appended repoerrors and northwes Onta 0 it fisTech. . (in s). Ci in Beamish, 19
A fish and chemicalon white sh aging
Fish Res. Board Can
Beamish, R J. and J.e. Van Loon. ipi tion loading acid,heavy m(~ ls, and other subs nces smarl 1a near Sudbury,Ontario, Canada (Manuscript in preparation) Ci d in Beamish 1975.
Benarie M.19 Transport of pollutanof a short and rnedium rnaDoehinger and 1i
considered froma1 lance
poi nt ,of vj ew1- in
Bjor, K. et al 1974. Dis bution and chemical enrichment of precipitationin a southern No forest s F Proj Research report # 74.Aas, Norway. Cited in Kramer,
Bolin Bo, ed. 19710 Report of sh Preparatory CO!TlfTlit theU.N. Conference on Human Environment. Norstedt and Saner, Stockholm,S~/eden. Cited in L-ikens, 1976.
Bushtueva, K.A. 1954. Ratio of sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid aerosolin atmospheric air, in relation to meteorological conditions. Gigo iSanit. 11.11-13. Pages 193-196 in B.S. Levine, nslator. 1960.U.S.S.R. literature on air pol 1utlon and related occupational diseases,a survey. Vo'}. 4.. u.s. Dept. of Commerce. ~'Jashington, D.C. Cited in~1i ddl eton, 1970.
Bushtueva, K A. 1957. The determination of the limit of allowable concentrations of sulfur ac~id in atmospheric air. Pages 20-36 in B.S.Levine, translator. Lim; of allowable concentrations o~atmospheric
pollutants. Book 3. U.S. Dept" of Commerce. Hashington D.C. Citedin Middleton, 1970.
Cadle, R.D., W.H. Fischer, E.R. Frank, and J.P. Lodge, Jr. 1968.'Particulates in the Antarctic atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 25:100.Cited in CNR 1975.
Cogbill, C.V. 1975. Acid precipitation and forest growth in the northeastern u.S. Masters thesis, Cornell University, Ithica, N.Y. Citedin Likens, 1976.
Pa 42
Co precipi on in the no heas rnr~ in 11 1, I ,
lison, fLC. and10
NY.Borrnann~
o Gen(~va
Commission onsource endPublic
'I
u
and s tionaryCommittee on
pp.
c. Lafrance.udbury area. J.
of the
Conroy ~ N.lakes inr~ino ofC-j ted in
Report on a prelimi survey of selectedon st'ica rest Dis i (Draft).
r Qua'l Branch, ul t~arie, On rio.
Dickson, W. 1 5. TheRes. Drottingholm.
SV/edish 1 . I . Freshwa r
Oi , \L, Eol'~ om
Fr'es tsumrna ) ..
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