Achieving Effective Social Protection for All in Latin America and the Caribbean: From Right to Reality

8/9/2019 Achieving Effective Social Protection for All in Latin America and the Caribbean: From Right to Reality

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Hmbicviko Cggcmtivc

]emihj Vretcmtiek ger Hjj

ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk`

tbc MhriddchkGrea Tiobt te Tchjity

Bcjckh Tidc, @hvi` H. Tedhjike,

Ihk _hjlcr

@ I T C M P I E K ] I K @ C W C J E V A C K P

Buahk @cvcjepackt


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Hmbicviko Cggcmtivc ]emihj Vretcmtiek

ger Hjj ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk


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Hmbicviko Cggcmtivc ]emihj

Vretcmtiek ger Hjj ik JhtikHacrimh hk` tbc MhriddchkGrea Tiobt te Tchjity

Bcjckh Tidc

@hvi` H. Tedhjike

Ihk _hjlcr


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4686 Pbc Iktcrkhtiekhj Dhkl ger Tcmekstrumtiek hk` @cvcjepackt / Pbc _erj` Dhkl8282 B ]trcct K_

_hsbikotek @M 460==Pcjcpbekc> 464-0?=-8666Iktcrkct> www.werj`dhkl.eroC-ahij> gcc`dhmlFwerj`dhkl.ero

Hjj riobts rcscrvc`

8 4 = 0 8= 84 88 86

Pbis vejuac is h preùmt eg tbc sthgg eg tbc Iktcrkhtiekhj Dhkl ger Tcmekstrumtiek hk`@cvcjepackt / Pbc _erj` Dhkl. Pbc gikìkos, iktcrprcthtieks, hk` mekmjusieks cxprcssc` ik tbisvejuac è ket kcmcsshrijy rcgjcmt tbc vicws eg tbc Cxcmutivc @ircmters eg Pbc _erj` Dhkl er tbcoevcrkackts tbcy rcprcsckt.

Pbc _erj` Dhkl ècs ket ouhrhktcc tbc hmmurhmy eg tbc `hth ikmju`c` ik tbis werl. Pbcdeuk`hrics, mejers, `ckeaikhtieks, hk` etbcr ikgerahtiek sbewk ek hky ahp ik tbis werl è ketiapjy hky nuòcackt ek tbc phrt eg Pbc _erj` Dhkl mekmcrkiko tbc jcohj sthtus eg hky tcrriteryer tbc ckèrscackt er hmmcpthkmc eg sumb deuk`hrics.

Tiobts hk` Vcraissieks

Pbc ahtcrihj ik tbis pudjimhtiek is mepyriobtc`. Mepyiko hk`/er trhksaittiko pertieks er hjj eg tbiswerl witbeut pcraissiek ahy dc h viejhtiek eg hppjimhdjc jhw. Pbc Iktcrkhtiekhj Dhkl gerTcmekstrumtiek hk` @cvcjepackt / Pbc _erj` Dhkl ckmeurhocs isscaikhtiek eg its werl hk` wijjkerahjjy orhkt pcraissiek te rcpreùmc pertieks eg tbc werl preaptjy.

Ger pcraissiek te pbetemepy er rcprikt hky phrt eg tbis werl, pjchsc sck` h rcqucst witb mea-

pjctc ikgerahtiek te tbc Mepyriobt Mjchrhkmc Mcktcr Ikm., 444 Tescwee` @rivc, @hkvcrs, AH6894=, S]H< tcjcpbekc> 9?2-?36-2066< ghx> 9?2-?36-00?6< Iktcrkct> www.mepyriobt.mea.

Hjj etbcr qucrics ek riobts hk` jimckscs, ikmjuìko sudsiìhry riobts, sbeuj` dc h``rcssc` te tbcEggimc eg tbc Vudjisbcr, Pbc _erj` Dhkl, 8282 B ]trcct K_, _hsbikotek, @M 460==, S]H< ghx>464-344-4044< c-ahij> pudriobtsFwerj`dhkl.ero.

I]DK> 9?2-6-248=-2=92-2cI]DK> 9?2-6-248=-2=99-3@EI> 86.8397/9?2-6-248=-2=92-2

Mevcr hrt> Mhrjh TedhjikeMevcr `csiok> Xuhktua Pbikl, Ikm.

Jidrhry eg Mekorcss Mhthjeoiko-ik-Vudjimhtiek @hth

Tidc, Bcjckh, 8909-Hmbicviko cggcmtivc semihj pretcmtiek ger hjj ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk > grea riobt te

rchjity / Bcjckh Tidc, @hvi` H. Tedhjike, hk` Ihk _hjlcr.p. ma. (@ircmtieks ik `cvcjepackt)

Ikmju`cs didjieorhpbimhj rcgcrckmcs hk` ik`cx.I]DK 9?2-6-248=-2=92-2 (hjl. phpcr) I]DK 9?2-6-248=-2=99-38. ]emihj scmurityJhtik Hacrimh. 4. Cmekeaim hssisthkmc, @eacstimJhtik Hacrimh. =. Vudjim

wcjghrcJhtik Hacrimh. I. Tedhjike, @hvi` H. II. _hjlcr, Ihk, 893?- III. _erj` Dhkl. IW. Pitjc.B@?8=6.3.T3= 4686

=78.92`m4446866830?7


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v

Gercwer` ix

Hmlkewjcòackts xi

Hddrcvihtieks xiii

Evcrvicw 8

Iktreùmtiek ?Tcgcrckmcs 86

Mbhptcr 8 Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh

hk` tbc Mhriddchk> Tcmckt Vreorcss hk` Vckìko

Mbhjjckocs 8=

Tcmckt @cvcjepackts hk` Mbhjjckocs ik

]V ]ystcas 80

Mbhjjckoc I> Mektridutery ]emihj IksurhkmcMevcrhoc Tcahiks Jew hk` Jiaitc` te tbc

Gerahj ]cmter 83

Mbhjjckoc II> JHMs ]emihj Iksurhkmc ]ystcas

hrc Grhoacktc` hk` Skmeerìkhtc` 48

Mektckts


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vi Mektckts

Mbhjjckoc III> Tc`istridutiek witbik tbc ]emihj

Iksurhkmc ]ystcas is Ephquc, Egtck Tcorcssivc,

hk` Mhk @istert Ikmcktivcs te _erl hk` ]hvc 4?

Mbhjjckoc IW> Ckbhkmiko tbc Cggcmtivckcss hk`

Buahk Mhpithj Iaphmt eg Ikmeac ]uppert

Vreorhas =7

Mbhjjckoc W> Ikmrchsiko Hmmcss te Xuhjity Neds 00

Ketcs 0?

Tcgcrckmcs 09

Mbhptcr 4 H Vejimy Grhacwerl ger ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik

Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk 3=

Mekmcptuhj Grhacwerl> Sk`crsthk`iko tbc

]V ]ystca 3=

Vejimy Iapjimhtieks eg tbc Mekmcptuhj

Grhacwerl 39

Epckiko ]emihj Iksurhkmc Hmmcss te Hjj 78

Tcvicwiko tbc Ahk`htcs (Dckcgits Vhmlhocs)

eg ]emihj Iksurhkmc Vreorhas 74Ahliko ]emihj Iksurhkmc ]udsi`y ]ystcas

Prhksphrckt hk` Vreorcssivc 7?

Ahliko ]emihj Vretcmtiek Vreorhas

Aerc Mebcrckt ?4

@ccpckiko ]hgcty Kcts hk` Ghmijithtiko Hmmcss

te Dcttcr Neds ?7

Ketcs ?2

Tcgcrckmcs ?9

Mbhptcr = Iapjimhtieks ger ]emihj Vretcmtiek Vreorhas 28

Vcksieks 28

Bchjtb 20

Skcapjeyackt Dckcgits 2?

Hmtivc Jhder Ahrlct Vreorhas 29

]hgcty Kct Vreorhas 9=

]trckotbckiko Mrisis Tcspeksc Mhphmity 97

Ketcs 97

Tcgcrckmcs 9?

Mbhptcr 0 Pbc Prhncmtery eg Tcgera 99

Tcgeracrs 866

Vhrtihj Tcgeracrs 864


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Mektckts vii

Prh`itiekhj ]ystcas 860

Pbc _hy Gerwhr` 863

Ketc 86?

Tcgcrckmc 86?

Ojesshry 869

Ik`cx 88=

Dexcs8.8 Pbc Cggcmt eg ]cttiko _erlghrc _hocs Pee Biob>

Pbc Mhsc eg VJHKC, Dejivih 0=

4.8 Pbc Jiaithtieks eg Guk iko ]I Cktircjy grea Ockcrhj

Phxhtiek ik JHM 7=

Giourcs

8.8 Mektridutery Vcksiek Mevcrhoc ik Jhtik Hacrimh

hk` tbc Mhriddchk, 8996s te 4666s 878.4 Mektridutery Vcksiek Mevcrhoc Thtcs ik Jhtik Hacrimh

hk` tbc Mhriddchk ik tbc 4666s, dy Xuiktijc eg pcr

Mhpith Ikmeac 8?

8.= Mektridutery Bchjtb Iksurhkmc Mevcrhoc ik JHM,

Ai`-4666s 82

8.0 Mektridutery Bchjtb Iksurhkmc Mevcrhoc ik JHM,

Ai`-4666s, dy @cmijc eg pcr Mhpith Ikmeac 89

8.3 Skcapjeyackt Iksurhkmc ]hvikos Hmmeukts pcrCapjeyc` _erlcr 89

8.7 Pbc ]bhrc eg tbc Gerahj hk` Ikgerahj ]cmters ik JHM

Jhder Ahrlcts 48

8.? Mektridutery hk` Kekmektridutery Vcksiek Mevcrhoc

haeko tbc Cj`crjy dy Ikmeac Xuiktijcs hk` ]eurmc ik

tbc 4666s 44

8.2 Mektridutery, Kekmektridutery, hk` Meadikc` Bchjtb

Iksurhkmc Mevcrhoc ik tbc Ai`-4666s dy Ikmeac

Xuiktijcs hk` ]eurmc 4=

8.9 Ahk`htcs eg Vcksiek ]ystcas (hvcrhoc werlcr) 43

8.86 Ahk`htcs eg Skcapjeyackt Dckcgit ]ystcas

(hvcrhoc werlcr) 47

8.88 Iapjimit Phxcs hk` ]udsi ics ik tbc Drhzijihk

Vcksiek ]ystca 49


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viii Mektckts

8.84 Mbhkocs ik Thtcs eg Tcturk ek Mektridutieks ger

Vcksiek Tcsujtiko grea h Ekc Vcrmckthoc Veikt Ikmrchsc

ik tbc Orewtb Thtc eg _hocs ùriko h _erliko Jigc =6

8.8= Iaphmt ek Thtc eg Tcturk ek Mektridutieks eg Ikmrchsiko

tbc Tctircackt Hoc grea 73 te ?6 =4

8.80 Pbc Iaphmt ek Mbeimc eg Ikgerahjity hk` Ikmrchsc ik tbc

Cggcmtivc Ahroikhj Phx Thtc ek Gerahj _hocs =3

8.83 Mevcrhoc eg Ikmeac Prhksgcr Vreorhas ik JHM =7

8.87 Mest eg MMP Vreorhas ik JHM =?

8.8? O@V pcr Mhpith, Jhder Vreùmtivity, hk` Capjeyackt

Orewtb 008.82 Phx _còcs ik JHM Meuktrics hk` tbc _erj` 07

4.8 H Mekmcptuhj Grhacwerl ger ]emihj Vretcmtiek 33

4.4 Cxhapjcs eg @iggcrckt Ahk`htcs ger Vcksieks 73

4.= Pbc Edjiohtery Ahk`htc hk` Eptiekhj H`ìtiekhj Vjhks

eg h Bypetbctimhj ]emihj Bchjtb Iksurhkmc ]ystca 77

4.0 ]bhrc eg ]emihj ]cmurity Mektridutiek Thtc Hjjemhtc` te

Kekcsscktihj Dckcgits ?3

0.8 Vejimy Ikkevhtieks hk` Ikmeac pcr Mhpith 866

Phdjcs

8.8 Mektridutiek @cksitics ik Hrocktikh, Mbijc, hk` Sruouhy 44

8.4 Ikstitutiekhj Iktcorhtiek eg JHMs ]I ]ystcas 40

8.= @istridutiek eg ]udsi ics te ]emihj Iksurhkmc hk` ]emihj

Hssisthkmc ik JHM =8

4.8 Capjeyackt Dhrricrs hk` Vetcktihj Merrcmtivc Achsurcs ??

0.8 Ikitihj Mekìtieks Pbht Hggcmt Tcgeras 868


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ix

Jhtik Hacrimh rcahiks tbc werj`s aest ukcquhj rcoiek, hk` ekc wbcrc

pevcrty is tbcrcgerc orchtcr tbhk it sbeuj` dc, oivck its jcvcj eg cmekeaim

`cvcjepackt. Ik tbc jhst `cmh`c, bewcvcr, ikcquhjity gcjj ik 84 eg tbc 8?

Jhtik Hacrimhk khtieks ger wbimb meaphrhdjc `hth whs hvhijhdjc, hk` h

kuadcr eg stuìcs bhvc httridutc` h kek-trivihj phrt eg tbht `cmjikc te hk

cxphksiek ik tbc mektikckts semihj pretcmtiek systcas. Ik seac meuktrics,

hk iaperthkt sbhrc eg tbc rcùmtiek ik hdsejutc pevcrty hppchrs te bhvc

dcck `rivck dy jhroc-smhjc semihj pretcmtiek ikkevhtieks, sumb hs mekì-tiekhj mhsb trhksgcrs hk` kek-mektridutery semihj pcksieks.

Kcvcrtbcjcss, tbc vcry premcss eg cxpcriackthtiek hk` erohkim orewtb

dy wbimb semihj hssisthkmc hk` semihj iksurhkmc preorhas bhvc `cvcjepc` ik

ahky meuktrics bhs sphwkc` hk ikmeapjctc hk` grhoacktc` systca, pesiko

h kuadcr eg mbhjjckocs te tbc rcoieks pejimy ahlcrs. Mektridutery semihj

iksurhkmc mevcrhoc rcahiks tee jew, hk` rcstrimtc` te gerahj scmter werl-

crs. Tcìstridutiek witbik tbc semihj iksurhkmc systca is usuhjjy ephquc hk`

egtck rcorcssivc. Grhoackthtiek hk` ijj-`csiokc` rcìstridutiek hjse mrchtcukiktck`c` ìsikmcktivcs ger werl hk` shvikos. Hk` iaprevcackts ik tbc

cggcmtivckcss witb wbimb semihj iksurhkmc ikstruackts preaetc ikvcstackt

ik buahk mhpithj hk` ghmijithtc trhksitieks ikte oee` neds rcahik detb kcm-

csshry hk` pessidjc.

Gercwer`


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Duijìko ek mhrcguj, `cthijc` hkhjysis eg h wchjtb eg `hth ek semihj pretcm-

tiek preorhas hmress Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk (JHM), tbis deel

h``rcsscs tbcsc vhrieus mbhjjckocs ik h tbereuob yct hmmcssidjc ahkkcr.

Hjtbeuob tbc hkhjysis is meaprcbcksivc, tbc hutbers gemus priahrijy ek

tbrcc guk`hackthj qucstieks tbht aust dc ghmc` dy hky cggert te strckotbck

semihj pretcmtiek ik tbc rcoiek> Bew te pretcmt tbc aest vujkcrhdjc witb-

eut preaetiko ikgerahjity hk` `hapckiko ikmcktivcs te werl hk` shvc.

Bew te cksurc tbht smhrmc pudjim rcseurmcs hrc usc` ger sudsiìcs tbht hrc

trhksphrckt, ghir, hk` cggcmtivc hk` ket ger dh`jy throctc` hk` rcorcssivc dck-

cgits ger gerahj scmter werlcrs. Bew te rcikgermc buahk mhpithj `cvcjep-

ackt se tbc aerc aedijc werlcrs tbc rcoiek kcc`s hrc hdjc te iksurctbcascjvcs tbreuob shvikos er risl peejiko hrrhkocackts, rcùmiko vujkcrh-

dijity hk` tbc kcc` ger sudsiìcs.

Ik previìko tbeuobtguj, cvi`ckmc-dhsc` hkswcrs te tbcsc qucstieks,

tbis vejuac ahlcs hk iaperthkt mektridutiek te h orewiko `cdhtc

haeko pejimy ahlcrs hk` semihj hmters ik JHM hdeut tbc mests hk` ikcg-

gimickmics eg wbht hrc ht prcsckt ùhjistim systcas eg semihj iksurhkmc ger

gerahj werlcrs hk` semihj hssisthkmc ger etbcrs. Dy kcmcssity, tbht mektri-

dutiek is ikgerac` dy h `ccp uk`crsthkìko eg bew Jhtik Hacrimhkjhder ahrlcts werl, hk` cspcmihjjy eg tbc mbhjjckoc pesc` dy tbc prcvh-

jckmc eg ikgerahjity.

Pbc hutbers cvcjep h meapcjjiko, phrsiaekieus mekmcptuhj grhacwerl

ger tbc ockcrhj prikmipjcs eg semihj pretcmtiek rcgera, biobjiobtiko tbc

iaperthkmc eg tbc dcbhvierhj rchmtieks eg werlcrs, giras, hk` scrvimc

previ`crs te tbc rujcs hk` ikmcktivcs cadc``c` ik semihj pretcmtiek peji-

mics hk` preorhas. Dut tbcir prepeshjs hrc hjse reetc` ik hk ik-`cptb

lkewjcòc eg tbc meapjcx rchjitics eg tbc rcoiek. Pbcy rcmeokizc tbht tbcsthrtiko peikts, mekstrhikts, hk` semihj mbeimcs wijj vhry dy meuktry, hk`

hvei` tbc trhp eg rcmeaackìko h siapjc djucprikt. Thtbcr, tbc deel

ikvitcs pejimy ahlcrs cvcrywbcrc te stcp up te tbc mbhjjckoc eg duijìko

hk iktcorhtc` semihj pretcmtiek systca tbht trchts tbc pepujhtiek cquithdjy,

previ`cs hk ikmjusivc shgcty kct ger hjj, preaetcs cggimickmy ik scrvimc pre-

visiek, hk` strckotbcks ikmcktivcs te duij` h aerc gjcxidjc buahk mhpithj,

te werl, hk` te shvc. Ig tbht ikvithtiek is thlck up, tbc rcsujts meuj` mea-

dikc orchtcr cquity witb h deest te tbc rcoieks cmekeaim pcrgerahkmc.

Huouste `c jh Perrc

Mbicg Cmekeaist

Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk Tcoiek

Pbc _erj` Dhkl

x Gercwer`


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xi

Pbis deel biobjiobts tbc ahik gikìkos eg h rcoiekhj stu`y dy tbc _erj`

Dhkl, Grea Tiobt te Tchjity> Bew Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk Mhk

Hmbicvc Skivcrshj ]emihj Vretcmtiek dy Iapreviko Tc istridutiek hk` H`hptiko

Vreorhas te Jhder Ahrlcts (Tidc, Tedhjike, hk` _hjlcr, witb Lurewsli,

Ahsek, Tegahk, hk` ]kmbcz Vucrth, gertbmeaiko). Pbis whs meaais-

siekc` dy tbc Mbicg Cmekeaists Eggimc hk` prcphrc` dy tbc ]emihj

Vretcmtiek Skit ik tbc Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk Tcoiek eg tbc

_erj Dhkl uk`cr tbc supcrvisiek eg Huouste `c jh Perrc hk` Bcjckh Tidc.Hk`rcw Ahsek whs tbc ikitihj thsl tcha jch`cr, hk` @hvi` Tedhjike

dcmhac tbc thsl tcha jch`cr uktij meapjctiek. Mbhptcr hutbers ger tbc

ahik stu`y ikmju`c` Nhvicr Dhcz, Hk`rcw Ahsek, hk` Bcjckh Tidc (rcmckt

trck`s ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchks \JHMsQ semihj pretcmtiek \]VQ

systcas)< @hvi` Tedhjike hk` Cùhrè ^yjdcrsthnk (jhder ahrlcts)< Thghcj

Tegahk hk` @hvi` Tedhjike (ej`-hoc ikmeac suppert)< Mbristepb

Lurewsli hk` Ihk _hjlcr (bchjtb)< Grhkmcsmh Jhahkkh, Bcjckh Tidc, hk` Ihk

_hjlcr (ikmeac suppert shgcty kcts)< Ahrih Jhurh ]hkmbcz Vucrth hk` @hviTedhjike (ukcapjeyackt iksurhkmc hk` hmtivc jhder ahrlct preorhas)< hk`

@hvi` Tedhjike, hk` Ihk _hjlcr (iktcrhmtieks dctwcck iggcrckt cjcackts eg

tbc ]V systcas hk` mress-muttiko mbhjjckocs). Dhmloreuk` phpcrs hk` etbcr

vhjuhdjc ikputs mhac grea Vhdje Hmesth, Teèjge Dchzjcy, Ghdie Dcrtrhkeu,

Hmlkewjcòackts


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xii Hmlkewjcòackts

Thaek Mhsthke-Ycpcs, Hjikc Meuèucj, _ck`y Mukkikobha, Whkcssh `h

]ijvh Aercirh, Ahrie ì Gijippe, Hjvhre Gertczh, Hricjh Oej`smbiait, Nhsek

Bedds, Pbcrcsh Nekcs, Timhrè Mbhrjcs Ahkzhke, Càukè Aurruohrrh,

Mbristikh Kevikslcy, Grhkmisme Embeh, ]ushk Vhrlcr, Nesc Juis ]hjhs,

Ahkucj ]hjhzhr, Nebk ]mett, Wcrekimh ]ijvh, Ahrih Mekmcpmiek ]tcth, ]hrhb

Pbeasek, Cjie Whjjh`hrcs, Ahkucjh Wijjhr, Hjcnhk`re Ycpcs, hk` Cùhrè

^yjdcrsthnk. Pbc tcha orhtcgujjy hmlkewjcòcs tbc h`vimc hk` meaackts

grea Wcrekimh Hjhiae, Mhri`h` Hrhune, Jhurh Mbie`h, Pite Mer`cjjh,

Huouste `c jh Perrc, Vhdje Ghnkzyjdcr, Grhkmisme Gcrrcirh, Ahrohrct Oresb,

Ahrmcje Oiuohjc, Lcitb Bhksck, Timbhr` Bikz, Tedcrt Bejzahkk, @eretby

Lrekiml, _ijjiha Ahjekcy, Nebk Khsb, Hkh Tcvckoh, Oekzhje Tcycs, NhacjcTioejiki, Nhiac ]hhvc`rh, Ijihs ]lhakcjes, Hk`rhs Stbegg, ]hjvhèr Whj`s,

Aijhk Weèpivcm, hk` Bjie ^yjdcrsthnk. ]pcmihj tbhkls te Giekh

Ahmliktesb, Jcriml Lcdcml, ]hk`rh Jck, hk` Nujih Khkkummi, wbe mek-

tridutc` te tbc cìtiko hk` preùmtiek eg tbis rcpert.


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xiii

HG@M Hi ger Ghaijics witb @cpck`ckt Mbij rck preorha

HJAV hmtivc jhder ahrlct preorha

MMP mek`itiekhj mhsb trhksgcr

@D `cgikc` dckcgit

@M `cgikc` mektridutiek

CHV cmekeaimhjjy hmtivc pepujhtiek

CAPT cggcmtivc ahroikhj thx rhtc

O@V oress eacstim pre`umt IA]] Acximhk semihj scmurity ikstitutc

ITT iktcrkhj rhtc eg rcturk

JHM Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk

JTA] jhder ahrlct risl ahkhocackt systca

K@M ketiekhj `cgikc`-mektridutiek

KB] khtiekhj bchjtb scrvimc

KXG khtiekhj quhjigimhtieks grhacwerl

ECM@ Erohkishtiek ger Cmekeaim Me-epcrhtiek hk` @cvcjepacktVHYO phy-hs-yeu-oe

VJHKC Vjhk Khmiekhj `c Capjce `c Cacrockmih

VVV purmbhsiko pewcr phrity

]BI semihj bchjtb iksurhkmc

Hddrcvihtieks


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]I semihj iksurhkmc

]V semihj pretcmtiek

SI ukcapjeyackt iksurhkmc

PHKG Pcaperhry Hssisthkmc ger Kcc`y Ghaijics

SI]H ukcapjeyackt ik`ivi`uhj shvikos hmmeukts

WHP vhjuc h``c` thx

xiv Hddrcvihtieks


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88

]jew preorcss ik iapreviko tbc mevcrhoc eg Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc

Mhriddchks (JHMs) trhìtiekhj semihj pretcmtiek (]V) preorhas,

meadikc` witb tbc `ccpckiko eg `caemrhmy, bhvc jc` te mhjjs ger h kcw

semihj mektrhmt te previ`c cggcmtivc semihj pretcmtiek te hjj mitizcks. Pbis

stu`y rcvicws tbc sthtc eg ]V ik JHM, sbewiko tbht mevcrhoc ohps, jew

dckcgits, hk` ikcquity mektikuc te pjhouc ahky meuktrics. ]umb pred-

jcas hrc hpphrckt ik pcksieks, bchjtb, ukcapjeyackt iksurhkmc, ikmeac

suppert, hk` jhder ahrlct preorhas. Hs h rcsujt, ahky beuscbej`s hrciksuggimicktjy pretcmtc` hohikst tbc iìesykmrhtim sbemls tbht mhk hggcmt

hkyekc er hohikst systcaim sbemls te tbc cmekeay hs h wbejc. Pbis

predjca bhs dcck ah`c aerc prcssiko dy tbc ojedhj cmekeaim mrisis,

wbimb tbrchtcks te ikmrchsc pevcrty hk` gurtbcr uk`craikc tbc scmurity

eg ahky beuscbej`s.


Dhkl, Grea Tiobt te Tchjity> Bew Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk Mhk

Hmbicvc Skivcrshj ]emihj Vretcmtiek dy Iapreviko Tc istridutiek hk`H`hptiko Vreorhas te Jhder Ahrlcts (Tidc, Tedhjike, hk` _hjlcr, gertb-

meaiko). It sbews tbht tbc rcgeras eg tbc phst twe `cmh`cs bhvc

cxphk`c` ]V mevcrhoc te tbc aest vujkcrhdjc oreups, dut tbc premcss

bhs dcck ukcvck hk` h` bem, mrchtiko h twe-ticr, grhoacktc` systca. Hs

is wcjj lkewk, JHMs trhìtiekhj ]V systca, dhsc` ek ahk`htery

Evcrvicw


18/140

capjeycc hk` capjeycr mektridutieks te semihj iksurhkmc (]I) guk`s,

ikmjuìko pcksieks, ukcapjeyackt iksurhkmc, hk` bchjtb iksurhkmc, whs

trukmhtc`, ikcquithdjc, hk` gismhjjy uksusthikhdjc. Pwe `cmh`cs eg rcgera

cggerts bhvc preùmc` iaperthkt h`vhkmcs. Ik ahky meuktrics, mektridu-

tery ]I bhs dcck ae`crkizc`, ger cxhapjc, tbreuob pcksiek rcgeras te

iaprevc gismhj susthikhdijity hk` te merrcmt ìstertc` ikmcktivcs. Ht tbc

shac tiac, throctc`, kekmektridutery acmbhkisas bhvc dcck csthdjisbc`

te previ`c ikmeac suppert hk` bchjtb scrvimcs te tbesc cxmju`c` grea

mektridutery ]I (hdevc hjj, tbc peer hk` ikgerahj scmter werlcrs). Pbc

dckcgits eggcrc` dy sumb preorhas, bewcvcr, egtck hrc ahrlc`jy ikgcrier

te tbesc grea trhìtiekhj ]I hk` mektridutc te tbc grhoackthtiek eg tbcjhder ahrlct.

Pbc rcpert hkhjyzcs JHMs ]I systcas hk` biobjiobts orewiko mek-

mcrks hdeut tbc ikmcktivcs tbcy ahy mrchtc hk` tbc dcbhviers tbcy

ahy ikmitc ek tbc phrt eg werlcrs, capjeycrs hk` scrvimc previ`crs. It

eggcrs hk cmekeaim hkhjysis eg tbc reets eg tbcsc predjcas hk` suoocsts

h why gerwhr` te hmbicvc ukivcrshj mevcrhoc ik hk cquithdjc ahkkcr.

Pcksieks dctwcck systca meapekckts mhk uk`craikc dckcgimihrics

ikmcktivcs te werl hk` te shvc, mhk rcikgermc ikìviùhjs hk` girasikmcktivcs te epcrhtc ikgerahjjy, hk` mhk ikùmc previ`crs te ùpjimhtc

scrvimcs hk` ikgjhtc mests. Ger cxhapjc, evcrjy ockcreus shgcty kct pre-

orhas er dh`jy `csiokc` kek-mektridutery semihj iksurhkmc preorhas

ahy mrchtc ikmcktivcs te ikgerahjity hk` uk`craikc mektridutery ]I.

Pbc rcpert hroucs tbht h mebcrckt evcrhjj visiek ger tbc ]V systca sbeuj`

dc csthdjisbc` ig sumb predjcas hrc te dc uk`crstee` hk` rcsejvc`. Pbc

oehj is te turk tbc tbcerctimhj riobt te semihj pretcmtiek, wbimb is cksbrikc`

ik ahky eg tbc rcoieks mekstitutieks hk` jhws, ikte h rchjity ger hjj egJHMs pepujhtiek.

H mcktrhj acsshoc eg tbc rcpert is tbht ]V systcas kcc` te rcspek` te

tbc rchjitics eg JHMs jhder ahrlcts, cspcmihjjy tbc prcvhjckmc eg ikger-

ahjity hk` grcquckt mbhkocs eg capjeyackt. It wijj dc ìggimujt te cxphk`

tbc mevcrhoc eg mektridutery ]I se jeko hs hmmcss is jiklc` te bhviko h ger-

ahj scmter jhder mektrhmt, ikgerahj scmter werlcrs hrc cxmju`c` hk` rujcs

ek dckcgit cktitjcackt hrc sjhktc` hohikst pcepjc wbe aevc neds. Mevcrhoc

eg ]I is hjse ukjilcjy te cxphk` siokigimhktjy witbeut rcìstridutivc acmb-

hkisas tbht throct ikìviùhjs witb jiaitc` shvikos mhphmity hk` tbc jeko-tcra peer. It is iaperthkt te ahlc tbcsc acmbhkisas aerc trhksphrckt

hk` preorcssivc, hk` te dcttcr iktcorhtc tbca witb tbc ockcrhj semihj

hssisthkmc systca.

4 Hmbicviko Cggcmtivc ]emihj Vretcmtiek ger Hjj ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk


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Mbhptcr 8 rcvicws tbc rcgeras eg tbc jhst 46 ychrs hk` tbc prcsckt

sthtc eg JHMs ]V systcas hk` i`cktigics givc mbhjjckocs ghmiko ]V pejimy

ahlcrs ik JHM>

H``rcssiko tbc jiaitc` preorcss tbht bhs dcck ah`c ik cxtckìko ]I mev-

crhoc. Pbis is hkhjyzc` usiko kcw mress-meuktry hth ek tbc smepc eg mek-

tridutery hk` kekmektridutery preorhas ger ej`-hoc ikmeac suppert,

bchjtb, hk` ukcapjeyackt pretcmtiek.

Tcùmiko tbc grhoackthtiek eg ikstitutiekhj hrrhkocackts ik ]I, wbimb

hriscs, ik phrt, grea tbc h` bem `cvcjepackt eg sudsiìzc` preorhas

hk` jch`s te ìggcrcktihtc` previsiek hk` dckcgit h`cquhmy dctwcckiksurcrs hk` pepujhtiek oreups.

Mbhkoiko tbc ephquc hk` egtck rcorcssivc khturc eg gikhkmiko hk` rc-

ìstridutiek hrrhkocackts ger ]I hk` tbc hssemihtc` jhml eg gikhkmihj

susthikhdijity ger ahky preorhas hk` systcas.

Tcikgermiko tbc throctiko hk` pevcrty rcùmtiek cggcmts eg ikmeac

trhksgcr preorhas, te strckotbck tbcir iaphmt ek buahk mhpithj hmmu-

aujhtiek, iaprevc tbcir mrisis rcspeksc mhphmity, hk` cksurc tbht tbcy

è ket ikmcktivizc ikgerahjity ik tbc jhder ahrlct. ]trckotbckiko hmtivc jhder ahrlct preorhas (HJAVs), te iaprevc tbc

rcjcvhkmc eg trhikiko preorhas, hk` ikmrchsc tbc cggimickmy eg tbc ned-

schrmb hk` ahtmbiko premcss.

Mbhptcr 4 `cvcjeps h prepesc` pejimy grhacwerl ger ]V ik JHM tbht

weuj` ghmijithtc hk cggcmtivc rcspeksc te tbcsc mbhjjckocs. It ikmju`cs h

mekmcptuhj grhacwerl ger uk`crsthkìko tbc edncmtivcs hk` cjcackts eg

hk ]V systca, tbc iktcrhmtieks dctwcck ikstruackts hk` preorhas witbiktbc systca, hk` tbcir iaphmt ek tbc cmekeay hs h wbejc. It tbck uscs tbis

grhacwerl te h``rcss tbc mbhjjckocs eutjikc` ik mbhptcr 8 hk` suoocsts h

why gerwhr` ger ikmrchsiko tbc mevcrhoc hk` h`cquhmy eg ]V ik JHM.

Pbc mekmcptuhj grhacwerl biobjiobts tbrcc edncmtivcs> (8) meksuaptiek

saeetbiko te `chj witb jigc-mymjc ikmeac vhrihtieks hk` witb sbert-tcra

bchjtb hk` jhder ahrlct risls< (4) pevcrty prcvcktiek (tbc semihj shgcty

kct)< hk` (=) buahk mhpithj `cvcjepackt. It i`cktigics tbc ikstruackts,

gikhkmiko acmbhkisas hk` ikstitutieks tbht mhk bcjp hmbicvc tbcsc oehjs.

Pbc grhacwerl capbhsizcs tbhtwbhtcvcr preorhas, ikstitutieks, hk`gikhkmiko acmbhkisas hrc mbesckh summcssguj ]V systca wijj bhvc

rcohr` ger tbc dcbhvierhj rcspekscs eg ikìviùhjs, beuscbej`s, hk` ]V

previ`crs te tbc rujcs hk` ikmcktivcs cadc``c` ik tbc systca.

Evcrvicw =


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Pbc mbhptcr i`cktigics h sct eg prikmipjcs te iaprevc tbc mebcrckmc eg

tbc ]V systca hk` cxphk` tbc mevcrhoc hk` h`cquhmy eg dckcgits,

wbijc hveiìko pcrvcrsc ikmcktivcs te rcùmc werl hk` shvikos, te sccl

ikgerahjity, er te ikmrchsc tbc mests eg scrvimc previsiek. It prepescs

tbc cxphksiek eg ]I te hjj mitizcks, rcohr`jcss eg wbcrc tbcy werl.

Mektridutery systcas weuj` dc iktcorhtc` er bhraekizc` hk` cxtck`c`

te ikgerahj scmter werlcrs hk` tbc peer. Pe rcùmc ìstertieks, mektri-

dutieks weuj` dc ìrcmtjy jiklc` te dckcgits, tbus cjiaikhtiko iapjimit

thxcs hk` sudsiìcs. Prhksphrckt, preorcssivc sudsiìcs weuj` tbck dc

usc` te bcjp jew-ikmeac werlcrs witb jiaitc` shvikos mhphmity te hmmcss

mektridutery ]I. Pbis, ik turk, weuj` hjjew throctc` hkti-pevcrty preorhassumb hs mekìtiekhj mhsb trhksgcrs (MMPs) te gemus ek bcjpiko cxtrcacjy

peer hk` cxmju`c` beuscbej`s, witb jittjc er ke shvikos mhphmity, te

ikmrchsc tbcir meksuaptiek, strckotbck tbcir buahk mhpithj, hk` mepc

witb tcaperhry sbemls. Pbc oevcrkhkmc hk` `csiok eg jhder ahrlct pre-

orhas sbeuj` dc strckotbckc` te iaprevc hmmcss te oee` quhjity neds

hs h jhstiko why te rcùmc pevcrty hk` vujkcrhdijity. Hjj tbcsc mbhkocs

sbeuj` dc hmmeaphkic` dy dcttcr iktcorhtiek hk` meerìkhtiek eg tbc

meapekckts eg tbc semihj pretcmtiek systca.Mbhptcr = h``rcsscs tbc `cthijc` iapjimhtieks ger spcmigim ]V pre-

orhas. It suaahrizcs tbc ahik rcmeaack`htieks tbht gjew grea tbc mek-

mcptuhj grhacwerl hk` tbc ockcrhj hpprehmb te rcgera ger tbc ahik typcs

eg ]V preorhas ik JHM> ej`-hoc ikmeac pretcmtiek hk` pcksieks< bchjtb

preorhas< hmtivc jhder ahrlct preorhas< hk` throctc` ikmeac suppert pre-

orhas ger tbc peer.

Mbhptcr 0 ìsmusscs tbc trhncmtery eg rcgera, sbewiko bew tbcsc i`chs

meuj` dc iapjcacktc` ik meuktrics witb ìggcrckt peikts eg `cphrturc.Pbis rcperts rcvicw eg jcsseks jchrkc` grea tbc summcsscs (hk` ghijurcs)

witb phst ]V rcgeras hias te i`cktigy werlhdjc prikmipjcs ek wbimb te

dhsc h kcw pbhsc eg rcgeras. Pbc oehj sbeuj` dc te aevc tewhr` h aerc

mebcrckt, iktcorhtc`, cggcmtivc, hk` cquithdjc ]V systca ik tbc acìua

tcra. Pbc predjcas wijj ket dc rcsejvc` evcrkiobt, hk` h`vhkmcs wijj

seactiacs dc sahjj, dut h mjchr visiek is kcc`c` te bcjp pejimy ahlcrs

hvei` picmcachj rcgeras tbht rcspek` te sbert-tcra mekmcrks hk` aiker-

ity iktcrcsts. Kcvcrtbcjcss, tbc rcpert hjse hroucs ger h prhoahtim hk` tcmb-

kemrhtim hpprehmb, hveiìko ukivcrshj ae`cjs hk` capbhsizcs tbht tbcspcmigim pejimics mbesck wijj `cpck` ek chmb meuktrys ikitihj mekìtieks

hk` prieritics.

Pbc mcktrhj i`chs hrc siapjc. Pe turk tbc riobtte ]V ikte h rchjity ger hjj

tbc pepujhtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk, mektridutery ]Isbeuj`



21/140

dc epckc` up te ikgerahj scmter werlcrs ek hk eptiekhj dhsis witb h`c-

quhtc gikhkmihj hk` ikstitutiekhj ikmcktivcs< ]I dckcgits sbeuj` dc hjiokc`

witb tbc vhjuc eg mektridutieks< hk` sudsiìcs sbeuj` dc trhksphrckt, thr-

octc` te werlcrs witb jiaitc` shvikos mhphmity, hk` gikhkmc` eut eg ockcrhj

thxhtiek. _bcrcvcr pessidjc, ]I preorhas mevcriko ìggcrckt pepujhtieks er

risls sbeuj` dc mekseji`htc` hk` tbcir dckcgits phmlhocs bhraekizc`. Ht

tbc shac tiac,shgcty kct preorhas sbeuj` dc throctc` dhsc` ek pevcrty

mritcrih hk` preorha rujcs sbeuj` hvei` mrchtiko ìsikmcktivcs te werl er

shvc. Aerc capbhsis sbeuj` dc pjhmc` ek iktcrvcktieks tbht preaetc

buahk mhpithjhk` rcùmc vujkcrhdijity dy strckotbckiko jikls grea ]V

preorhas te iaprevc` bchjtb, kutritiek, hk` cùmhtiek eutmeacs. Vejimyahlcrs hjse kcc` te iaprevc tbc `csiok eg HJAVs te bcjp tbc aest vuj-

kcrhdjc werlcrs (cspcmihjjy yeuko pcepjc cktcriko tbc jhder ahrlct hk`

jew-ikmeac ukslijjc` werlcrs) oct dcttcr quhjity neds hk` hvei` jeko-

tcra ukcapjeyackt. Gikhjjy, mhrc sbeuj` dc thlck te meerìkhtc pejimics

hmress ìggcrckt typcs eg preorha te thlc h`vhkthoc eg petcktihj sykcroics

hk` mress-cggcmts hk` te hvei` hèptiko pejimics witb mekgjimtiko hias.

Ik suaahry, tbc rcpert suoocsts givc strhtcoim tbcacs ger pejimy

rcgeras tbht meuj` bcjp meuktrics ik tbc JHM rcoiek aevc mjescr te ahl-iko tbc riobt te ]V h rchjity ger cvcryekc>

Epck up mektridutery ]I preorhas te hjj werlcrs, rcohr`jcss eg wbcrc

tbcy werl. Pbis achks ahikthikiko ahk`htery iksurhkmc ik tbc gerahj

scmter dut hjse preaetiko tbc ikmjusiek eg ikgerahj scmter werlcrs ik

mektridutery ]I preorhas ek hk eptiekhj dhsis, witb h`cquhtc gikhkmihj

hk` ikstitutiekhj ikmcktivcs.

Tcvicw tbc ahk`htcs eg ]I preorhas. Pbc edncmtivc is te ahlc cxpjimitmbeimcs hdeut tbc mevcrhoc hk` dckcgits te dc eggcrc` te ikìviùhjs

witb iggcrckt jcvcjs eg ikmeac. Pbcsc mbeimcs kcc` te dc h`cquhtc dut

hjse cggimickt hk` hgger`hdjc.

Ahlc sudsiìcs trhksphrckt hk` preorcssivc. Pbc i`ch is te rcaevc iapjimit

thxcs hk` sudsiìcs witbik ]I preorhas hk` aevc tewhr` h ukigic` sys-

tca eg sudsiìcs tbht hrc throctc` dhsc` ek achks. Pbcsc sudsiìcs weuj`

`cmjikc orhùhjjy hs tbc dckcgimihrys ikmeac resc hk` weuj` dc gikhkmc`

grea ockcrhj rcvckucs. Pbis weuj` ahlc rcìstridutiek aerc preorcssivc

hk` hvei` ìstertiko ikmcktivcs ger werlcrs hk` capjeycrs. Ahlc ]V systcas aerc mebcrcktdy iktcorhtiko er bhraekiziko phrhjjcj

preorhas hk` cxpjeitiko eppertukitics te sbhrc shvikos hk` iksurhkmc

peejs dctwcck risls. Vejimy ahlcrs hjse kcc` te rhtiekhjizc tbc iktcrhm-

tieks dctwcck ]I, shgcty kct preorhas, hk` HJAVs.

Evcrvicw 3


22/140

@ccpck tbc hktipevcrty semihj shgcty kct hk` cvcjep preorhas te ghmijithtc

hmmcss te dcttcr neds. Mhsb er ik-lik` trhksgcrs hrc kcc`c` ger werlcrs

hk` beuscbej`s ik cxtrcac pevcrty wbe bhvc ke mhphmity te phrtimi-

phtc ik mektridutery ]I, cvck witb sudsiìcs. H lcy edncmtivc is te ck-

surc tbht tbcsc semihj shgcty kcts ckmeurhoc peer beuscbej`s te ikvcst

ik cùmhtiek, bchjtb, hk` kutritiek te hvei` tbc iktcrockcrhtiekhj trhks-

aissiek eg pevcrty. Ik phrhjjcj, HJAVs hrc kcc`c` te bcjp jew-ikmeac

hk` jew-slijjc` werlcrs ikmrchsc tbcir capjeyhdijity hk` te ghmijithtc

jhder aedijity hk` ned schrmb. Pbis mhk ikmrchsc tbcir chrkikos hk` rc-

ùmc tbcir cmekeaim vujkcrhdijity, tbus rcjicviko prcssurc ek etbcr cj-

cackts eg tbc ]V systca.



23/140

?

Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk (JHM) hrc lkewk iktcrkhtiekhjjy hs tbc

beac eg seac eg tbc werj`s aest ikkevhtivc semihj pretcmtiek (]V) pre-

orhas hk` pejimics. Ik tbc jhst twe `cmh`cs, ahky JHM ]V systcas bhvc

dcck trhksgerac`, hk` pejimics hk` spckìko ek ]V bhvc ikmrchsc` ik

iaperthkmc ik rcjhtiek te etbcr oevcrkackt pejimics hk` preorhas. Ahky

meuktrics bhvc rcgerac` tbcir pcksieks systcas te ahlc dckcgits mea-

acksurhtc witb shvikos hk` te rcùmc tbcir gismhj cxpesurc te guturc

`cgimits. Ahky meuktrics bhvc cxphk`c` er iktreùmc` throctc` semihjbchjtb iksurhkmc systcas (]BI) tbht previ`c grcc er sudsiìzc` bchjtb mhrc

te tbc peercst ghaijics. Vcrbhps aest ketcwertby bhs dcck tbc iktreùm-

tiek eg wcjj-throctc` mekìtiekhj mhsb trhksgcr systcas tbht bhvc dreuobt

aijjieks eg peer ghaijics witbik tbc smepc eg ]V ger tbc girst tiac hk` bhvc

dcck hèptc` hs h ae`cj dy `cvcjepiko meuktrics werj`wi`c.

Ketwitbsthkìko tbis rcmckt preorcss, aumb rcahiks te dc èkc te

turk tbc riobt te semihj pretcmtiekwbimb is cksbrikc` ik tbc meksti-

tutieks hk` jhws eg aest JHM meuktricsikte h rchjity ger tbc ahnerityeg tbcir pepujhtieks. Ht tbc bchrt eg tbis prcìmhackt is tbc vcry jew mev-

crhoc eg mektridutery semihj iksurhkmc (]I), wbimb rcmckt rcgeras bhvc ket

rcsejvc`. Pbc ahik ìggimujty is tbht tbc rcoieks ahk`htery systcas ger

previìko pcksieks, bchjtb iksurhkmc, hk` ukcapjeyackt dckcgits hrc ket

Iktreùmtiek


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hpt te mevcr werlcrs ik tbc ikgerahj scmter, wbe mekstitutc h ahnerity eg

tbc jhder germc ik aest meuktrics.

Hketbcr predjca is tbht tbc ]I systcas ik aest JHM meuktrics hrc

grhoacktc`, achkiko tbht phrhjjcj smbcacs cxist tbht eggcr ìggcrckt dck-

cgits te ìggcrckt scoackts eg tbc jhder germc, cvck wbck tbcy ahlc siai-

jhr mektridutieks. Pbis rcstrhiks jhder aedijity, mrchtcs ikcquhjitics, hk`

ikmrchscs mests. Pe mjesc tbc mevcrhoc ohp, scvcrhj meuktrics bhvc iktre-

ùmc` kekmektridutery ]I preorhas (sumb hs semihj pcksieks), dut ik seac

mhscs tbis bhs mrchtc` ùhj systcaswersckiko grhoackthtiekhk` ahy

bhvc mrchtc` ikmcktivcs ger ikgerahjity.

Ik ahky meuktrics, tbc ]I systca rcìstridutcs ikmeac dctwcck pjhkacadcrs tbreuob tbc iapjimit cggcmt eg rujcs hdeut mektridutieks hk`

dckcgits. Hjtbeuob tbc erioikhj iktcktiek whs te ghver jewcr-ikmeac pjhk

acadcrs, ik prhmtimc, tbc rcsujtiko rcìstridutiek is egtck rcorcssivc. Ik

h`ìtiek, tbc rcsujtiko iapjimit thxcs hk` sudsiìcs ìstert ikmcktivcs hk`

mhk ikùmc cvhsiek hk` etbcr ukiktck`c` dcbhviers, sumb hs chrjy rctirc-

ackt er rcùmc` werl-schrmb cggerts. Iapjimit sudsiìcs bhvc mhusc` scri-

eus predjcas eg evcrhjj gismhj susthikhdijity, dcmhusc ik prhmtimc, tbcy hrc

ket hjwhys gujjy gikhkmc` dy tbc mektridutieks eg pjhk acadcrs hk` tbcircapjeycrs. Pbis rcsujts ik pcksieks, ukcapjeyackt dckcgits, hk` bchjtb

iksurhkmc systcas rukkiko `cgimits, wbimb aust dc gikhkmc` grea ockcrhj

thxcs ek murrckt hk` guturc ockcrhtieks.

]iaijhrjy, tbc rcoieks semihj hssisthkmc (]H) preorhas, wbimb previ`c

throctc` trhksgcrs te tbc peercst beuscbej`s, bhvc yct te hmbicvc tbcir gujj

petcktihj ik tcras eg prcvcktiko pevcrty hk` preaetiko buahk mhpithj

`cvcjepackt. Pbis is, ik phrt, dcmhusc eg tbc peer quhjity eg bchjtb hk`

cùmhtiek scrvimcs previ`c` te dckcgimihrics eg mekìtiekhj mhsb trhksgcrpreorhas (MMPs). Ik h`ìtiek, mbhjjckocs rcjhtc` te tbc iapjcackthtiek

eg ]H preorhas ik urdhk hrchs aiobt uk`craikc throctiko eutmeacs, hk`

tbc cggcmtivckcss eg tbcir ckrejjackt hk` cxit acmbhkisas. Ger seac typcs

eg ikmeac trhksgcr preorha, tbc petcktihj ger jhder ahrlct ìsikmcktivc

cggcmts, siaijhr te tbesc hrisiko grea sudsiìzc` ]I preorhas, is hk issuc.

Etbcr mbhjjckocs hrc hssemihtc` witb hmtivc jhder ahrlct preorhas.

Ahky eg tbcsc preorhas hrc ket `csiokc` h`cquhtcjy te evcrmeac tbc

mekstrhikts tbht ahlc it bhr` ger werlcrs te bhvc hmmcss te quhjity neds.

Prhikikotbc ahik gera eg suppert eggcrc` ik tbcsc preorhasis egtcksuppjy `rivck hk` it dckcgits aestjy gerahj scmter werlcrs. Ned schrmb

iktcracìhtiek scrvimcs hk` iktcrvcktieks te ikmrchsc tbc jhder ahrlct

eppertukitics eg jew-slijjc` werlcrs, phrtimujhrjy yeuko pcepjc, hrc

uk`cr`cvcjepc`. Pbc 466269 gikhkmihj mrisis bhs sbewk tbht JHMs ]V



25/140

systcas rcahik ijj cquippc` te previ`c aest werlcrs witb h`cquhtc pre-

tcmtiek hohikst sbemls. Ahky wbe jesc tbcir neds wijj rcmcivc ke meapck-

shtiek te ti`c tbca evcr uktij tbcir kcxt ned hk` wijj ket bhvc hmmcss te

capjeyackt scrvimcs te bcjp tbca gik` werl.

Pbc murrckt semiecmekeaim ckvirekackt ik JHM meuktics is mekùmivc

te h``rcssiko tbcsc mbhjjckocs dy rcgeraiko ]V systcas. ]emihj mekscksus

is orewiko ek tbc kcc` ger h aerc cquithdjc ìstridutiek eg ikmeac hk`

ger semihj ikmjusiek hk` h ockcrhj rcmeokitiek tbht dcttcr semihj pretcmtiek

pejimics mhk mektridutc te hmbicviko tbesc oehjs.


Dhkl, Grea Tiobt te Tchjity> Bew Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk MhkHmbicvc Skivcrshj ]emihj Vretcmtiek dy Iapreviko Tcìstridutiek hk`

H`hptiko Vreorhas te Jhder Ahrlcts (Tidc, Tedhjike, hk` _hjlcr, gertb-

meaiko). It thlcs steml eg rcmckt ]V rcgeras ik JHM hk` mbhrts h why ger-

whr` te iaprevc eutmeacs, ik tcras eg preorha mevcrhoc hk` tbc

h`cquhmy eg dckcgits. It mektridutcs te pejimy ìsmussieks hdeut tbc `csiok

eg ]I, semihj hssisthkmc, hk` jhder ahrlct preorhas.

Pbc rcpert duij`s ek hk cxtcksivc jitcrhturc hdeut tbc rcgera eg semihj

pretcmtiek systcas ik JHM (`c Gcrrhkti ct hj. 4666< Oijj, Vhmlhr`, hk`Ycrae 4660< Dhczh hk` Vhmlhr` 4667< CMJHM 4667< Jcvy 4662< hk`

Oresb ct hj, 4662). H mcktrhj tbcac is tbht h wcjj-gukmtiekiko ]V systca

aust thlc ikte hmmeukt tbc rchjitics eg tbc rcoieks jhder ahrlcts, cspc-

mihjjy tbc pcrsistckmc eg biob jcvcjs eg ikgerahj scmter capjeyackt, wbcrc

it is ìggimujt ger oevcrkackts te iapesc ahk`htcs sumb hs meapujsery ]I.

It hjse sbeuj` thlc ikte hmmeukt tbc jilcjy cggcmts eg pejimics hk` preorhas

ek tbc dcbhvier eg tbcir dckcgimihrics hk` eg scrvimc previ`crs, tbreuob tbc

ikmcktivcs hk` ìsikmcktivcs tbht tbcy previ`c te werl, te shvc, te iksurc,hk` te epcrhtc preorhas cggimicktjy.

Pbcsc tbcacs bhvc giourc` ik ìggcrckt whys ik tbc rcmckt jitcrhturc.

Jcvy (4662), ger iksthkmc, sbewc` tbht seac sudsiìzc` ]V systcas aiobt

dc ckmeurhoiko ikgerahjity hk` uk`craikiko preùmtivity orewtb. Dhczh

hk` Vhmlhr` (4667) hrouc` ger gikhkmiko bchjtb iksurhkmc grea ockcrhj

thxhtiek te evcrmeac cxmjusiek predjcas. Oijj ct hj. (4660) hkhjyzc` tbc

ghijurc eg ahky eg JHMs guk`c`, `cgikc`-mektridutiek pcksiek systcas

te ikmrchsc mevcrhoc er cggimickmy. Oresb ct hj (4662) bhvc biobjiobtc` tbc

iaperthkmc eg streko semihj shgcty kcts tbht hrc wcjj-`csiokc` hk` iapjc-acktc`, te bcjp ghaijics ikvcst ik tbcir guturcs hk` ahkhoc risl, hs wcjj

hs hjjcvihtiko tbcir prcsckt pevcrty.

Pbis rcpert aevcs tbc `cdhtc gerwhr` dy (8) `cvcjepiko h meaaek

pejimy grhacwerl ger tbc rcoieks ]V systca hs h wbejc, ikmjuìko bchjtb

Iktreùmtiek 9


26/140

iksurhkmc< (4) previìko oui`cjikcs ek whys te cxtck` mevcrhoc dy rhtiek-

hjiziko gikhkmiko acmbhkisas hk` tbc `csiok eg rcìstridutivc hrrhkoc-

ackts< hk` (=) ahliko tbc mhsc ger iaprevc` meerìkhtiek eg pejimics hk`

preorhas. Pbc jhst peikt is iaperthkt. Pe `htc, tbc `csiok eg ]V rcgeras

bhs ket phi` ckeuob httcktiek te tbc iaphmt tbht ekc preorha mhk bhvc

ek tbc pcrgerahkmc eg etbcrs.

Pbc rcpert is erohkizc` ik geur mbhptcrs. Mbhptcr 8 `csmridcs tbc peikt

eg `cphrturc, biobjiobtiko tbc ahner mbhjjckocs ghmc` dy pejimy ahlcrs ik

rcgeraiko ]V systcas ik JHM, witb hk capbhsis ek tbesc issucs tbht

hppjy hmress hjj preorhas.

Mbhptcr 4 prcsckts h visiek ger tbc guturc `cvcjepackt eg JHMs ]Vsystcas. It eutjikcs h mekmcptuhj grhacwerl tbht biobjiobts tbc tbrcc ]V

edncmtivcs eg saeetbiko meksuaptiek, prcvcktiko pevcrty, hk` preaetiko

buahk mhpithj te rcùmc tbc vujkcrhdijity eg tbc pepujhtiekger iksthkmc

dy iapreviko jhder ahrlct eppertukitics hk` cxphkìko eptieks te scjg-

iksurc. Pbc grhacwerl sbews bew iggcrckt typcs eg ]V ikstruackts (sumb

hs shvikos, risl-peejiko, hk` trhksgcr preorhas) mhk mektridutc te hmbicv-

iko tbesc edncmtivcs< wbht ikstitutiekhj hrrhkocackts mhk dc usc`< hk`

wbht gikhkmiko acmbhkisas (sumb hs werlcrs hk` giras mektridutiekshk` trhksgcrs grea tbc ockcrhj thxhtiek guk`) hrc hvhijhdjc. Gikhjjy, it

biobjiobts bew ]V ikstruackts mhk ikìrcmtjy hggcmt tbc dcbhvier eg ikì-

viùhjs hk` giras, tbc dcbhvier eg ]V scrvimc previ`crs, hk` gismhj eut-

meacs. Pbc mekmcptuhj grhacwerl is usc` te `cgikc h sct eg prikmipjcs ger

bew JHMs ]V systcas aiobt h``rcss tbc mbhjjckocs eg ikmrchsiko tbc

mevcrhoc hk` h`cquhmy eg dckcgits tbht wcrc i`cktigic` ik mbhptcr 8.

Mbhptcr = cxpjercs ik `cthij tbc iapjimhtieks eg tbis grhacwerl ger tbc

rcgera eg JHMs ]V preorhas, `chjiko ik turk witb pcksieks, bchjtb hkùkcapjeyackt iksurhkmc, hmtivc jhder ahrlct pejimics, hk` throctc`

hktipevcrty ikmeac trhksgcrs.

Gikhjjy, mbhptcr 0 ìsmusscs tbc pejitimhj cmekeay eg rcgera, biobjiobt-

iko tbc why ik wbimb ikitihj mekìtieks (ger cxhapjc tbc rcgeras tbht hrc

hjrch`y ik pjhmc) mhk hggcmt tbc phtb tbht chmb meuktry mhk thlc tewhr`

iapjcacktiko h aerc cggcmtivc hk` ikmjusivc ]V systca.

Tcgcrckmcs

Dhczh, Mristihk hk` P. O. Vhmlhr`. 4667. Dcyek` ]urvivhj> Vretcmtiko Beuscbej`s

grea Bchjtb ]bemls ik Jhtik Hacrimh._hsbikotek, @M> _erj` Dhkl.

`c Gcrrhkti, @hvi`, Ouijjcrae Vcrry, Ik`crait Oijj, Juis ]crvk, Grhkmisme Gcrrcirh,

Kh`cca Ijhbi, _ijjiha Ahjekcy hk` Ahrtik Thah. 4666. ]cmuriko tbc Guturc

ik h Ojedhj Cmekeay. _hsbikotek, @M> _erj` Dhkl.



27/140

Cmekeaim Meaaissiek ger Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk (CMJHM). 4667.

]bhpiko tbc Guturc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek> Hmmcss, Gikhkmiko, hk` ]eji`hrity.

]hktihoe `c Mbijc.

Oijj, Ik`crait ]., Pruahk Vhmlhr` hk` Nuhk Ycrae. 4660. Lccpiko tbc Vreaisc eg

Ej` Hoc Ikmeac ]cmurity ik Jhtik Hacrimh. _hsbikotek, @M> _erj` Dhkl.

Oresb, A., M. `cj Kikke, C. Pcsjium hk` H. Eucrobi. 4662. Ger Vretcmtiek hk`

Vreaetiek._hsbikotek, @M> _erj` Dhkl.

Jcvy, ]hktihoe. 4662. Oee` Iktcktieks, Dh` Eutmeacs._hsbikotek, @M> Dreelikos

Ikstitutiek.

Tidc, Bcjckh, @hvi` Tedhjike, hk` Ihk _hjlcr witb Mbristepb Lurewsli, Hk`rcw

Ahsek, Thghcj Tegahk, hk` Ahrih Jhurh ]kmbcz Vucrth, gertbmeaiko. Grea

Tiobt te Tchjity> Bew Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk Mhk Hmbicvc Skivcrshj

]emihj Vretcmtiek dy Iapreviko Tc`istridutiek hk` H`hptiko Vreorhas te Jhder

Ahrlcts._hsbikotek, @M> _erj` Dhkl.

Iktre`umtiek 88


28/140


29/140

8=

Pbis girst phrt eg tbis rcpert `cthijs rcmckt preorcss ik cxtckìko semihj

pretcmtiek (]V) mevcrhoc ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk (JHM),

prcscktiko kcw mress-meuktry `hth ek beuscbej`s hmmcss te mektridu-

tery hk` kekmektridutery semihj iksurhkmc (]I), hk` biobjiobts tbc

guturc mbhjjckocs rcjhtc` te tbc rcoieks ]V systcas. Pbc ìsmussiek

mevcrs> (8) ]I ger pcksieks, bchjtb, hk` ukcapjeyackt risls (meksuap-tiek saeetbiko)< (4) pevcrty prcvcktiek hk` semihj shgcty kct preorhas

H``rcssiko tbc jiaitc` preorcss tbht bhs dcck ah`c ik cxtckìko ]I

mevcrhoc. Pbis is hkhjyzc` usiko kcw mress-meuktry `hth ek tbc smepc

eg mektridutery hk` kekmektridutery preorhas ger ej`-hoc ikmeac

suppert, bchjtb, hk` ukcapjeyackt pretcmtiek.

M B H V P C T 8

Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik

Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk>

Tcmckt Vreorcss hk` Vckìko

Mbhjjckocs


30/140

Tcùmiko tbc grhoackthtiek eg ikstitutiekhj hrrhkocackts ik ]I, wbimb

hriscs, ik phrt, grea tbc h` bem `cvcjepackt eg sudsiìzc` preorhas

hk` jch`s te ìggcrcktihtc` previsiek hk` dckcgit h`cquhmy dctwcck

iksurcrs hk` pepujhtiek oreups.

Mbhkoiko tbc ephquc hk` egtck rcorcssivc khturc eg gikhkmiko hk`

rcìstridutiek hrrhkocackts ger ]I hk` tbc hssemihtc` jhml eg gikhkmihj

susthikhdijity ger ahky preorhas hk` systcas.

Tcikgermiko tbc throctiko hk` pevcrty rcùmtiek cggcmts eg ikmeac

trhksgcr preorhas, te strckotbck tbcir iaphmt ek buahk mhpithj hmmu-

aujhtiek, iaprevc tbcir mrisis rcspeksc mhphmity, hk` cksurc tbht tbcy

hvei` jhder ahrlct ìsikmcktivc cggcmts. ]trckotbckiko tbc rcoieks hmtivc jhder ahrlct preorhas (HJAVs),

iaprevc tbc rcjcvhkmc eg trhikiko preorhas, hk` ikmrchsc tbc cggimickmy

eg tbc ned-schrmb hk` ahtmbiko premcss.

Tcmckt @cvcjepackts hk` Mbhjjckocs ik ]V ]ystcas

Ahky JHM meuktrics bhvc rc`csiokc` tbcir ]Ipreorhas te ahlc tbca

aerc gikhkmihjjy susthikhdjc hk` te mrchtc strekocr ikmcktivcs te werlhk` te shvc. Pbis bhs jc` te ahner h`vhkmcs tewhr` cquithdjc, aerc sus-

thikhdjc pcksieks systcas ik wbimb rctircackt dckcgits (dcyek` h aiki-

aua gjeer) hrc prepertiekhj te tbc haeukt tbht chmb werlcr shvcs

ùriko tbcir werliko jigc. Ik bchjtb, tbc cvcjepackt eg strekocr khtiekhj

bchjtb scrvimcs (KB]s) hk` eg throctc`, sudsiìzc` bchjtb iksurhkmc (BI)

smbcacs bhvc iaprevc` hmmcss te oee` quhjity bchjtb scrvimcs hk`

ckbhkmc` tbc gikhkmihj pretcmtiek eg peer ghaijics. ]eac meuktrics bhvc

strckotbckc` ukcapjeyackt iksurhkmc (SI) hk` rcgerac` scvcrhkmc phydy `cvcjepiko ukcapjeyackt ikìviùhj shvikos hmmeukts (SI]Hs).

Pbcsc shvikos hmmeukts previ`c werlcrs witb ikmeac pretcmtiek hohikst

ned jess, witbeut uk`craikiko tbc ikmcktivc te werl, hk` mhk dc mea-

dikc` witb throctc` rcìstridutivc hrrhkocackts te pretcmt jew-ikmeac

werlcrs grea ukcapjeyackt risls. Dcmhusc tbc rcgera eg pcksieks,

bchjtb systcas trhksgcrs, er sudsiìcs is hjwhys pejitimhjjy ìggimujt, tbcsc

hrc meksi`crhdjc hmbicvcackts.

Ahky meuktrics bhvc rhtiekhjizc` hk` cxphk`c` tbcir semihj shgcty

kcts, aeviko hwhy grea h` bem hssisthkmc preorhas hk` primc sudsiìcstewhr` wcjj-throctc` mhsb trhksgcrs. Mekìtiekhj mhsb trhksgcr (MMP)

preorhas bhvc kew dcck hèptc` dy aest meuktrics ik tbc rcoiek, dckc-

gitiko aijjieks eg tbc peercst beuscbej`s wbe prcvieusjy wcrc cxmju`c`

grea ]V. Pbc MMP ae`cj, wbimb whs girst hèptc` ik JHM, is kew dciko



31/140

usc` hreuk` tbc werj`. Pbc ae`cj iktreùmc` tbc rcquircackt tbht

rcmipickts eg trhksgcrs sbeuj` ahlc usc eg dhsim bchjtb, kutritiek, hk`

cùmhtiek scrvimcs. Ik èiko se, tbc MMP hpprehmb bhs jc` te h sch

mbhkoc ik tbc httitu`cs eg pejimy ahlcrs ik ahky `cvcjepiko meuktrics

tewhr` tbc rhtiekhjc ger previìko ikmeac suppert te tbc peercst

beuscbej`s. Vrcvieusjy, ahky pejimy ahlcrs bh` dcck mekmcrkc` hdeut

rcmipickts dcmeaiko `cpck`ckt ek dckcgits hk` wbctbcr sumb preorhas

wcrc susthikhdjc evcr tbc jeko tcra. ]umb mekmcrks bh` djemlc` tbc

`cvcjepackt eg shgcty kcts ik ahky meuktrics.

Vreorcss bhs hjse dcck ah`c ik ahliko jhder ahrlct preorhas aerc

cggcmtivc, tbreuob iktcrvcktieks tbht siaujthkceusjy h``rcss predjcasrcjhtc` te h jhml eg slijjs (tcmbkimhj er segt) hk` tbesc rcjhtc` te ned schrmb

mekstrhikts, cspcmihjjy ger jew-ikmeac yeuko pcepjc hk` ukslijjc` werl-

crs. Pbc Nvckcs preorhas, wbimb bhvc dcck csthdjisbc` te suppert yeukopcepjc ik tbc smbeej-te-werl trhksitiek ik scvcrhj Jhtik Hacrimhk meuk-

trics, hrc h oee` cxhapjc. Pbcsc preorhas bhvc dcck summcssguj ik ikmrchs-

iko tbc kuadcr eg ned eppertukitics hk` tbc jcvcj eg whocs. Pbcir summcss

mhk dc httridutc` te scvcrhj ghmters> (8) tbcy previ`c trhikiko tbht is `rivck

dy jhder ahrlct `cahk`, (4) tbcy usc h meapctitivc di`ìko premcss ikmbeesiko trhikiko previ`crs, hk` (=) tbcy eggcr meksistckt gikhkmihj ikmck-

tivcs te detb capjeycrs hk` capjeyccs.

Pbcsc h`vhkmcs hrc iaperthkt, dut tbcy bhvc ket rcsejvc` hjj tbc pred-

jcas. Pbis rcpert hroucs tbht pejimy ahlcrs kew kcc` te h``rcss givc

ahner mbhjjckocs ghmiko JHMs ]V systcas.

Mbhjjckoc I> Mektridutery ]emihj Iksurhkmc Mevcrhoc Tcahiks

Jew hk` Jiaitc` te tbc Gerahj ]cmter

H lcy ]V mbhjjckoc ghmiko JHM meuktrics is tbc kcc` te cxphk` tbc mev-

crhoc eg mektridutery ]I te h aumb jhrocr sbhrc eg tbc werlgermc. Pbcrc is

ke sikojc, ukigic` ikìmhter eg ]I mevcrhoc, dut preorha mevcrhoc `hth

`crivc` grea beuscbej` survcys ger tbis stu`y tcjj h meaaek steryik

aest JHM meuktrics, ekjy h aikerity eg werlcrs bhs hmmcss te pcksieks er

te mektridutery bchjtb iksurhkmc hk` SI. Ik ockcrhj, jew-ikmeac werlcrs,

tbesc werliko ik sahjj giras, hk` tbesc jiviko ik rurhj hrchs hrc jcss jilcjy te

dc mevcrc` dy iksurhkmc. Gerahj scmter capjeyccs egtck ckney h aujtiì-acksiekhj phmlhoc eg semihj dckcgits, wbcrchs ikgerahj scmter werlcrs hk`

tbc ukcapjeyc` bhvc ekjy jiaitc` hmmcss te tbc ]V systca.

Ik tbc 8996s, ik aest meuktrics ik tbc rcoiek, pcksiek mevcrhoc rhtcs

wcrc dcjew 06 pcrmckt eg tbc cmekeaimhjjy hmtivc pepujhtiek (CHV).

Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk 83


32/140

Pwcjvc eg tbc rcoieks 82 meuktrics bh` mevcrhoc rhtcs dcjew 06 pcrmckt.

Ekjy Mbijc, Sruouhy, hk` Mesth Timh wcrc previìko pcksiek pretcmtiek

te aerc tbhk bhjg eg tbcir CHV, wbijc Hrocktikh, Drhzij, hk` Vhkhah mev-

crc` dctwcck 06 hk` 36 pcrmckt. @cspitc strumturhj rcgeras tbht hiac`

te oivc werlcrs aerc ikmcktivcs te ckrejj, mevcrhoc bhs ikmrchsc` ekjy

sjiobtjy. Haeko 83 meuktrics ger wbimb meaphrhdjc `hth cxist ger tbc

8996s hk` 4666s, mevcrhoc rhtcs `cmjikc` ik givc meuktrics, rcahikc`

hjaest ukmbhkoc` ik givc, hk` sbewc` h ae`cst ikmrchsc ik givc meuktrics

(scc giourc 8.8).8

Aercevcr, pcksiek mevcrhoc is slcwc` hohikst pcepjc ht tbc dettea eg

tbc ikmeac ìstridutiek. Ik tbc ai`-4666s, mevcrhoc ik tbc jewcst quik-tijc whs dcjew 86 pcrmckt ik 86 eg tbc 82 meuktrics ik tbc shapjc (rhko-

iko grea 6.4 pcrmckt ik Dejivih te 2 pcrmckt ik Mejeadih). Ik mektrhst, ht

tbc etbcr ck` eg tbc ikmeac ìstridutiek, mevcrhoc whs ek hvcrhoc kchrjy

76 pcrmckt (scc giourc 8.4). Mbijc hk` Mesth Timh hrc tbc cxmcptieks, witb

tbcir mevcrhoc dciko aerc cvckjy sprch` hmress ikmeac oreups. Ik aest

meuktrics, ikcquhjity rcahikc` reuobjy meksthkt dctwcck tbc 8996s hk`

tbc ai`-4666s.


6

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86

46

=6

06

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26

96

866

8996s 4666s

Giourc 8.8 Mektridutery Vcksiek Mevcrhoc ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk,

8996s te 4666s

(pcrmckthoc eg tbc cmekeaimhjjy hmtivc pepujhtiek mektridutiko te pcksiek systcas)

]eurmc> Tegahk, Jummbctti, hk` Eurcks 4662.

Ketc> @hth hrc ger tbc ychr tbht meacs mjescst te 8993 (ger tbc 8996s) hk` 4667 (ger tbc 4666s).


33/140

@iggcrckmcs ik mevcrhoc hjse hrc cvi`ckt dy rcoiek hk` typc eg gira.Mevcrhoc ik rurhj hrchs is ekjy ekc-tbir` tbc jcvcj ik urdhk hrchs. Mevcrhoc

ik tbc priahry scmter is jewcr tbhk ik ahkughmturiko hk` scrvimcs.

Mevcrhoc ik tbc privhtc scmter is jewcr tbhk ik tbc pudjim scmter. Mevcrhoc

is jewcr haeko capjeyccs eg sahjj giras, haeko ik`cpck`ckt (scjg-

capjeyc`) werlcrs, hk` haeko tbc ukcapjeyc`.

Ik tbc orcht ahnerity eg meuktrics ik tbc rcoiek, hmmcss te bchjtb

scrvimcs is h mekstitutiekhj riobt. Pbis is rcgjcmtc` ik tbc epck hmmcss eg

hjj mitizcks te pudjim previ`cr kctwerls er te khtiekhj bchjtb scrvimcs

(KB]). Ik phrhjjcj, aest meuktrics epcrhtc mektridutery bchjtb iksur-

hkmc systcas, wbimb meaaekjy bhvc supcrier dckcgits te tbesc pre-

vi`c` uk`cr tbc KB]. Mevcrhoc eg tbc aerc ockcreus mektridutery

systcas is rcjhtivcjy jew. Ekjy geur meuktrics bhvc mevcrhoc dctwcck

?6 hk` 96 pcrmckt< hjj etbcrs bhvc mevcrhoc dcjew 36 pcrmckt hk`,

Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk 8?

6

46

06

76

26

866

6

46

06

76

26

866

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Mbijc

X8 X4 X= X0 X3

Giourc 8.4 Mektridutery Vcksiek Mevcrhoc Thtcs ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc

Mhriddchk ik tbc 4666s, dy Xuiktijc eg pcr Mhpith Ikmeac

(pcrmckthoc eg tbc cmekeaimhjjy hmtivc pepujhtiek mektridutiko te pcksiek systcas)

]eurmc> H`hptc` grea Tegahk, Jummbctti, hk` Eurcks 4662.


34/140

tbcrcgerc, rcjy priahrijy ek tbc KB] (scc giourc 8.=). Hs h rcsujt, h rcjh-

tivcjy jew prepertiek eg JHMs bchjtb mests hrc mevcrc` dy peejc`, prc-

phi` gikhkmiko hkìk mekscquckmceut-eg-pemlct bchjtb cxpckìturcs

hrc rcjhtivcjy biob. Pbis phrtimujhrjy hggcmts peer pcepjc dcmhuschs ik

tbc mhsc eg pcksiekstbcy hrc jcss jilcjy te dc phrt eg tbc mektridutery

]BI systca. Bewcvcr, hmmcss ger ai``jc- hk` jew-ikmeac werlcrs ik

Hrocktikh, Mbijc, Mesth Timh, hk` Sruouhy is ahrlc`jy dcttcr tbhk ik

aest etbcr meuktrics ik JHM (giourc 8.0).

Ke beuscbej` `hth hrc hvhijhdjc ek tbc mevcrhoc eg ukcapjeyackt

dckcgits, dut tbc hvhijhdjc cvi`ckmc suoocsts tbht h jew pcrmckthoc eg tbc

ukcapjeyc` rcmcivc seac gera eg dckcgit. Aest meuktrics rcjy ek scvcr-hkmc phy hs tbc ahik ikmeac pretcmtiek systca. ]cvcrhkmc phy is ukrcji-

hdjc, bewcvcr, dcmhusc capjeycrs è ket previsiek guk`s te gikhkmc tbcir

jihdijitics witb tbc preorha hk` it is ìggimujt te germc tbca te phy. Ger

iksthkmc, ik Hrocktikh, gcwcr tbhk = pcrmckt eg ukcapjeyc` werlcrs

rcmcivc scvcrhkmc phy. Mekvcrscjy, ik tbesc meuktrics tbht bhvc `cvcjepc`

SI er SI]Hs, mevcrhoc rhtcs hrc cxtrcacjy jew. Ekjy Drhzij bhs hs ahky

ukcapjeyackt hmmeukts hs it bhs capjeyc` werlcrsik etbcr meuktrics,

jcss tbhk h quhrtcr eg tbc werlgermc is mevcrc` (giourc 8.3).Pbc mektikuiko jew mevcrhoc eg JHMs ]I systcas is ket surprisiko.

JHM oevcrkackts `csiokc` tbc systcas dhsc` ek tbc Disahrml ae`cj ik

wbimb ]I cktitjcackts hrc prepertiekhj te tbc ahk`htery mektridutieks


6

86

46

=6

06

36

76

?6

2696

866

Bek u

rhs

Kimhrho

uh

Vhrhou

hy

Nhahimh

Cmuh`

er

Vcru

Ouhtca

hjh

Cj]hjvh`

er

Acxime

Mejea

dih

Hrockt

ikh

Mb

ijc

Sruou

hy

MesthT

imh

Giourc 8.= Mektridutery Bchjtb Iksurhkmc Mevcrhoc ik JHM, Ai`-4666s

(pcrmckthoc eg tbc pepujhtiek mevcrc`)

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl sthgg mhjmujhtieks dhsc` ek beuscbej` survcy hth, aest rcmckt hvhijhdjc ychr.

Ketc> H beuscbej` is mjhssigic` hs iksurc` ig ht jchst ekc beuscbej` acadcr is mevcrc` dy mektridutery bchjtb

iksurhkmc.


35/140


6

46

06

76

26

866

6

46

06

76

26

866

B

ek urhs

K

imhrhouh

V

hrhouhy

Nhahim

h

Cmuh er

Vcru

Ouhtcahjh

Cj]hjvh

er

Acxime

Meje

adi

h

H

rocktik

hMbijc

Sruouhy

M

esth

Timh

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

Giourc 8.0 Mektridutery Bchjtb Iksurhkmc Mevcrhoc ik JHM, Ai`-4666s, dy @cmijc

eg pcr Mhpith Ikmeac

(pcrmckt eg pepujhtiek mevcrc )

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl cstiahtcs dhsc` ek beuscbej` survcy hth, aest rcmckt hvhijhdjc ychr.

Ketc> H beuscbej` is mjhssigic` hs iksurc` ig ht jchst ekc beuscbej` acadcr bhs mektridutery bchjtb iksurhkmc.

6 6.4 6.0 6.7 6.2 8.6

Mejeadih

Vhkhah

Mbijc

Drhzij

mevcrhoc rhtc (% eg tbc capjeyc` pepujhtiek)

Giourc 8.3 Skcapjeyackt Iksurhkmc ]hvikos Hmmeukts pcr Capjeyc` _erlcr

]eurmc> Gcrrcr hk` Ti``cjj 4662.

Ketc> 8 1 866 pcrmckt.


36/140

ah`c dy werlcrs hk` tbcir capjeycrs. Vejimy ahlcrs hssuac` tbht, hs tbc

rcoieks cmekeaics `cvcjepc`, tbc ahnerity eg tbc jhder germc weuj`

meac te dc werliko ik gerahj shjhric` neds se tbht ]I mektridutieks meuj`

dc ckgermc`. Bewcvcr, h sizhdjc sbhrc eg tbc jhder germc mektikucs te werl

ik tbc ikgerahj hk` horimujturhj scmter, ik wbimb it is ìggimujt te ckgermc

semihj scmurity. It whs evcrjy eptiaistim te cxpcmt tbht preùmtivity ik

sahjj hk` acìua-sizc cktcrpriscs, wbimb hrc iaperthkt seurmcs eg neds,

weuj` hjwhys dc biob ckeuob te mevcr tbc mests eg semihj scmurity mektridu-

tieks. Pe ahlc ahttcrs wersc, tbc rcoieks ]I systcas ghijc` te ikmerperhtc

ikmcktivcs te meapjy witb rcoujhtieks (ikmjuìko phyiko thxcs). Veer oev-

crkhkmc, rcoujhtery ukmcrthikty, hk` merruptiek bhvc rcùmc` tbccxpcmtc` dckcgits grea gerahjity ger tbc werlgermc hk` tbus bhvc ckmeur-

hoc` tbc cvhsiek eg semihj scmurity.

Ik tbc twckty-girst mcktury, aerc tbhk bhjg eg JHMs werlgermc is

capjeyc` ik tbc ikgerahj scmter hk` is ket mevcrc` dy semihj scmurity. Ik

ahky meuktrics, ghr grea `cmjikiko, ikgerahjity bhs risck ik rcmckt

`cmh`cs. Pbc jewcst jcvcj eg ikgerahjity is ik Mbijc ht hreuk` 06 pcrmckt,

hk` tbc biobcst is ik Dejivih ht mjesc te ?3 pcrmckt (scc giourc 8.7). Pbc

situhtiek is gurtbcr meapjimhtc` dy tbc ghmt tbht, ger hky werlcr, ikgerahj-ity is ket kcmcsshrijy h sthdjc sthtc. Ahky aevc ik hk` eut eg tbc ikgerahj

scmter (hk` tbc semihj scmurity systca) aujtipjc tiacs tbreuobeut tbcir

werliko jivcs. Ik Hrocktikh, Mbijc, hk` Sruouhy, ger iksthkmc, tbc acìhk

werlcr spck`s ekjy bhjg eg bis er bcr werliko jigc mektridutiko te semihj

scmurity (scc thdjc 8.8). Ger jew-ikmeac werlcrs hk` yeuko pcepjc, pck-

siek mektridutiek `cksitics hrc ockcrhjjy jcss tbhk 06 pcrmckt, hk` tbc

turkevcr eg ]I acadcrsbip is merrcspekìkojy biobcr.4

Ik rcspeksc te tbc predjca eg tbc jew mevcrhoc eg mektridutery ]I,ahky JHM oevcrkackts bhvc iktreùmc` kekmektridutery pcksieks hk`

bchjtb iksurhkmc systcas.= Pbcsc systcas bhvc dcck iaperthkt achks eg

mjesiko tbc mevcrhoc ohp hk` cxtckìko hmmcss te jew-ikmeac ikìviùhjs

hk` tbc peer (scc giourcs 8.? hk` 8.2). Ockcrhjjy, bewcvcr, tbcsc pre-

orhas hrc ket wcjj iktcorhtc` witb mektridutery preorhas hk` bhvc pred-

jcas eg gikhkmihj susthikhdijity hk` ikmcktivcs, wbimb hrc ìsmussc` ik

Mbhjjckoc III.

Ik tbc mhsc eg bchjtb, kekmektridutery preorhas vhry orchtjy ik `csiok,

witb ìggcrckmcs ik throct pepujhtieks, dckcgits, hk` hàikistrhtivchrrhkocackts. Pwe ahner typcs mhk dc ìstikouisbc`> (8) throctc`

smbcacs witb dckcgits tbht hrc meaprcbcksivc dut ikgcrier te tbesc eg

mektridutery ]BI< hk` (4) smbcacs witb jiaitc` dckcgits ger bchjtb prier-

ity oreups (sumb hs aetbcrs hk` mbij`rck). Pbcy hrc hàikistcrc` dy tbc



37/140

KB] (previìko h`ìtiekhj sudsi`y ger seac uscrs eg KB] systcas,

0

gercxhapjc, Acxime), dy tbc ]BI (mrchtiko h kekmektridutery wikèw ger

pcepjc ik tbc ikgerahj scmter, ger cxhapjc, Mejeadih), er dy ik`cpck`ckt

iksurhkmc hockmics (ger cxhapjc, Mbijc hk` tbc @eaikimhk Tcpudjim).

Mbhjjckoc II> JHMs ]emihj Iksurhkmc ]ystcas hrcGrhoacktc` hk` Skmeerìkhtc`

Ik h`ìtiek te bhviko mektikuiko jew evcrhjj mevcrhoc rhtcs, JHMs mek-

tridutery ]I systcas bhvc cvejvc` ik hk h` bem ahkkcr, egtck preùmikoaujtipjc preorhas hk` ikstitutieks witb ukmjchr ahk`htcs rcohrìko

tbcir dckcgits hk` dckcgimihrics. Ik ahky mhscs, it is ket mjchr bew tbc

systcas phrhactcrs, rujcs, hk` dckcgit cktitjcackts hrc rcjhtc`. Ahky

meuktrics bhvc aujtipjc ikmeac pretcmtiek (SI), pcksieks, hk` bchjtb


6% 46% 06% 76% 26% 866%

Wckczucjh, T.D. `c

Sruouhy

Vcru

Vhrhouhy

Vhkhah

Kimhrhouh

Acxime

Ouhtcahjh

Cj ]hjvhèr

Cmuhèr

@eaikimhk Tcpudjim

Mesth Timh

Mbijc

Drhzij

Dejivih

Hrocktikh

sbhrc eg capjeyackt

gerahj shjhric` S]C ikgerahj shjhric`]]C

Giourc 8.7 Pbc ]bhrc eg tbc Gerahj hk` Ikgerahj ]cmters ik JHM Jhder Ahrlcts

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl mhjmujhtieks dhsc` ek sthtistims grea ]C@JHM.

Ketc> ]]C 1 slijjc` scjg-capjeyc`< S]C 1 ukslijjc` scjg-capjeyc`. Ikgerahj shjhric` rcgcrs te shjhric` werlcrs ik

sahjj giras. Pbc ikgerahj scmter ikmju`cs tbcsc shjhric` werlcrs hk` tbc ukslijjc` scjg-capjeyc`.


38/140


Phdjc 8.8 Mektridutiek @cksitics ik Hrocktikh, Mbijc, hk` Sruouhy

Hrocktikh Mbijc Sruouhy

Achk Acìhk Achk Acìhk Achk Acìhk

Pethj 33 37.? 0?.4 0?.0 32.0 78

]cx

Ack 37.9 78.4 3= 33.0 39.7 7=

_eack 33 33.7 =9.? =3.? 3? 32.8

Ikmeac drhmlct

Veercst quiktijc 00.8 =7.9 42.7 48.9 04.9 =8.0

4k` quiktijc 38.0 02 0= 06.9 33.9 30.2

=r` quiktijc 30.3 30.3 02.? 36.= 76.= 74.9

0tb quiktijc 32.7 73.7 37.0 39.? 70.0 ?8.0

Timbcst quiktijc 7?.? 22.9 76.3 73.7 72.3 23.?

Hoc

46 =0.? 46 00.9 03.8 09 0?.7

=3 79.4 2=.= 38.9 30.4 79.7 27.?

36 72 23 04.= 02.7 ?8.7 94.0

]eurmc> Gertczh, Jummbctti, hk` Vhjjhrcs 4669.

Dejivih

6

46

06

76

26

866

Cmuhèr

Mesth Timh

6

46

06

76

26

866

6

46

06

76

26

866

6

46

06

76

26

866

Mbijc

X8 X4 X= X0 X3

X8 X4 X= X0 X3

X8 X4 X= X0 X3

X8 X4 X= X0 X3

mektridutery pcksieks

detb mektridutery hk` kek-mektridutery pcksieks

kek-mektridutery pcksieks

Giourc 8.? Mektridutery hk` Kekmektridutery Vcksiek Mevcrhoc haeko tbc

Cj`crjy dy Ikmeac Xuiktijcs hk` ]eurmc ik tbc 4666s(pcrmckthoc eg pepujhtiek evcr tbc hoc eg 73)

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl sthgg mhjmujhtieks h`hptc` grea Tegahk, Jummbctti, hk` Eurcks 4662.


39/140

iksurhkmc systcas epcrhtiko ik phrhjjcj, egtck witb ke meerìkhtiek. Ger

cxhapjc, ciobt meuktrics bhvc grhoacktc` ikmeac pretcmtiek systcas.

Kikc meuktrics bhvc gujjy iktcorhtc` pcksieks systcas hk` geur bhvc

phrtihjjy iktcorhtc` systcas, dut geur meuktrics stijj bhvc aujtipjc, ukme-

erìkhtc` systcas (Drhzij, Acxime, Vhrhouhy, hk` Vcru). Hs ìsmussc`

dcjew, grhoackthtiek is cspcmihjjy meaaek ik tbc mhsc eg bchjtb sys-

tcas, hs witbik ahikjhk` Jhtik Hacrimh, ekjy Drhzij hk` Mesth Timh

bhvc iktcorhtc` systcas, wbcrchs hjj etbcr meuktrics bhvc twe er aerc

scphrhtc systcas (thdjc 8.4).3

Pbc rcoiek bhs h jhroc vhrihtiek ik tbc dckcgits eggcrc` dy ]I preorhas.

Ger iksthkmc, ik pcksieks, rcpjhmcackt rhtcs ger tbc hvcrhoc werlcr rhkoc

Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk 4=

Vcru

6

46

06

76

26

866Acxime

Mejeadih

6

46

06

76

26

866Mbijc

Sruouhy

6

46

06

76

26

866Mesth Timh

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

@8 @4 @= @0 @3 @7 @? @2 @9 @86

kek-mektridutery bchjtb iksurhkmc detb mektridutery hk` kek-mektridutery bchjtb iksurhkmc

mektridutery bchjtb iksurhkmc

Giourc 8.2 Mektridutery, Kekmektridutery, hk` Meadikc` Bchjtb Iksurhkmc

Mevcrhoc ik tbc Ai`-4666s dy Ikmeac Xuiktijcs hk` ]eurmc

(pcrmckthoc eg pepujhtiek mevcrc`)

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl sthgg cstiahtcs dhsc` ek beuscbej` survcy `hth, aest rcmckt hvhijhdjc ychr.Ketc> H pcrsek is mjhssigic` hs iksurc` ig ht jchst ekc acadcr eg tbc beuscbej` is mevcrc` dy mektridutery, kek-

mektridutery, er detb mektridutery hk` kekmektridutery bchjtb iksurhkmc. Hjj hth hrc grea 4667.


40/140

grea 846 pcrmckt ik Sruouhy te hs jew hs == pcrmckt ik Acxime (scc

giourc 8.9). ]iaijhrjy, ukcapjeyackt dckcgits mhk dc mjhiac` ger hs

sbert h tiac hs twe wccls ik Vhrhouhy te aerc tbhk kikc aektbs ik

Hrocktikh. It is ket surprisiko tbht ìggcrckmcs dctwcck meuktricssemihj prcgcrckmcs hk` cmekeaim hk` pejitimhj mekìtieks sbeuj` jch` te

ìggcrckmcs ik ]I ahk`htcs. Bewcvcr, tbc edscrvc` vhrihtieks è ket

kcmcsshrijy rcgjcmt `cjidcrhtc mbeimcs ah`c dy pejimy ahlcrs hdeut tbc

edncmtivcs eg tbc preorhas. Thtbcr, tbc phttcrk eg dckcgits hk` mektri-

dutieks tck`s te dc tbc muaujhtivc rcsujt eg h` bem `cmisieks ah`c

tbreuobeut tbc bistery eg tbc preorha ik rcspeksc te spcmigim pred-

jcas, sumb hs tbc kcc` ger gikhkmihj susthikhdijity, er te pejitimhj `cahk`s

te ikmrchsc dckcgits. Aercevcr, hs mhk dc scck ik giourcs 8.9 hk` 8.86, jhroc

vhrihtieks cxist haeko ]I smbcacs witbik tbc shac meuktry. Ger iksthkmc,

smbcacs ger mivij scrvhkts hk` tbc aijithry kerahjjy hrc aerc ockcreus

tbhk smbcacs ger privhtc scmter werlcrs.

Ik tbc mhsc eg bchjtb, tbc rcoieks oevcrkackts bhvc h``rcssc` mbhj-

jckocs ik ìggcrckt whys, hk` hs h rcsujt, JHM bhs h meapjcx jcohmy eg sys-

tcas hk` sudsystcas. JHM bhs twe dhsim mekgiourhtieks eg pudjimjy


Phdjc 8.4 Ikstitutiekhj Iktcorhtiek eg JHMs ]I ]ystcas

Ikmeac

pretcmtiek Vcksieks Bchjtb

Hrocktikh Ke Vhrtjy Ke

Dejivih Ycs Ycs Ke

Drhzij Ycs Ke Ycs

Mbijc Ke Ycs Ke

Mejeadih Ke Vhrtjy Ke

Mesth Timh Vhrtjy Ycs

@eaikimhk Tcpudjim Ke

Cmuhèr Ke Ycs Ke

Cj ]hjvhèr Ycs Ycs KeOuhtcahjh Ycs Vhrtjy Ke

Bekùrhs Ycs Ycs Ke

Acxime Ycs Ke Ke

Kimhrhouh Ycs Ycs Ke

Vhkhah Ke Ycs Ke

Vhrhouhy Ycs Ke Ke

Vcru Ke Ke Ke

Sruouhy Ke Ycs Ke

Wckczucjh, T.D. c Ke Ycs Ke

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl, dhsc` ek meuktry `hth.

Ketc>Pbc thdjc ikìmhtcs wbctbcr tbc semihj iksurhkmc systcas witbik chmb eg tbc tbrcc scmters hrc iktcorhtc`.

Ycs achks tbc scmter bhs ekjy ekc systca, ke achks tbc scmter bhs aerc tbhk ekc systca, hk`phrtjyachks tbc

scmter bhs aerc tbhk ekc systca, dut tbc systcas hrc phrtihjjy iktcorhtc`.


41/140

ahk`htc` systcas ger bchjtb ]V> (8) ]thk`-hjekc KB] systcas, wbimb hrcguk`c` grea ockcrhj thxhtiek hk` previ`c detb gikhkmihj pretcmtiek hk`

bchjtb scrvimcs te tbc pepujhtiek ht jhroc (ik Drhzij hk` scvcrhj Mhriddchk

meuktrics)< hk` (4) ]BI systcas meadikc` witb KB]. ]BI systcas hrcguk`c` grea phyrejj thxcs hk` uscr mektridutieks. Pbcy egtck epcrhtc scp-

hrhtc smbcacs ger capjeyccs ik tbc pudjim hk` privhtc scmter hk` meadikc

bchjtb iksurhkmc witb etbcr geras eg ]I, sumb hs pcksiek systcas (ger

cxhapjc, ik Cmuhèr, Bekùrhs, hk` Acxime). Ik seac meuktrics, tbc ]BI

er KB] systcas epcrhtc h`ìtiekhj throctc` kekmektridutery preorhas.


6% 46% 06% 76% 26% 866% 846%

Acxime

Cj ]hjvhèr

Drhzij (prepertiek JE] pcksiek)

Sruouhy (erìkhry rcoiac), pest

Hrocktikh (VHYO)

@eaikimhk Tcpudjim

Vcru (ikìviùhj hmmeukt)

Vcru (VHYO)

Sruouhy (erìkhry rcoiac), prc 4662

Drhzij (JE] pcksiek)

Wckczucjh

Mejeadih (VHYO)

Mejeadih (ikìviùhj hmmeukt)

Mbijc, pest 4662

Mbijc, prc 4662

Dejivih

Cmuhèr

Mesth Timh

Hrocktikh (ikìviùhj hmmeukt)

Drhzij (prep pcksiek)

Sruouhy (eptiekhj @D-@M), pest 4662

Vhrhouhy

Sruouhy (eptiekhj @D-@M), prc 4662

rcpjhmcackt rhtc (% prc-rctircackt chrkikos)

Giourc 8.9 Ahk`htcs eg Vcksiek ]ystcas (hvcrhoc werlcr)

]eurmc> Dhsc` ek Gertczh hk` Eurcks 4669.

Ketc> @D 1 `cgikc` dckcgit< @M 1 `cgikc` mektridutiek< JE] 1 Jckotb eg ]crvimc< VHYO 1 phy-hs-yeu-oe. Mhjmujh-

tieks hrc h`nustc` te ahlc ahk`htcs meaphrhdjc hmress meuktrics.


42/140

Pbis grhoackthtiek eg JHMs bchjtb systcas is rcgjcmtc` ik ìggcrckti-

htc` ahk`htcs, rcvckuc mejjcmtiek hrrhkocackts (phyrejj thxcs hk` uscr

mektridutieks vcrsus ockcrhj rcvckucs) hk` (egtck) scphrhtc previ`cr kct-

werls. Pwe-ticr bchjtb systcas previ`c ìggcrckt mevcrhoc ger tbc uscrs egmektridutery hk` kekmektridutery systcas (]BI hk` KB]). @uc te duò-

cthry mekstrhikts, tbc ahk`htc (scrvimc duk`jc) eg kekmektridutery sys-

tcas is jiaitc`, witb capbhsis kerahjjy pjhmc` ek priahry hk` scmek`hry

mhrc. Dcmhusc eg `cmh`cs eg uk`crikvcstackt ik `cjivcry systcas hk` rco-

ujhtery predjcas, scrvimc quhjity tck`s te rcahik jew. Ik ockcrhj, bchjtb

gikhkmiko hk` scrvimc preùmtiek rcahik iktcorhtc`. Bchjtb aikistrics tbht

hàikistcr tbc duòct ruk KB] systcas hk`, hs h ockcrhj rujc, epcrhtc tbc

bespithjs hk` mjikims.7 Pbc duòct is trhksgcrrc`, hjaest hs hk cktitjcackt,

te previ`crs, te mevcr tbc shjhrics hk` dckcgits eg tbcir capjeyccs, witb ke

jikl te rcsujts, preùmtivity, er quhjity. ]iaijhrjy, aest ]BI systcas mea-

dikc iksurhkmc hk` scrvimc preùmtiek. Hs h rcsujt, KB] hk` ]BI previ`cr

kctwerls epcrhtc ik phrhjjcj, ùpjimhtiko scrvimc `cjivcry ikgrhstrumturc.

Pbc hdsckmc eg jikls dctwcck gikhkmiko hk` preùmtivity er quhjity hk` tbc


6 8 4 = 0 3 7 ? 2 9 86

Vhrhouhy

Bekùrhs

Dejivih

Cj ]hjvhèr

Ouhtcahjh

Kimhrhouh

Vhkhah

Cmuhèr

Vcru

Mbijc

Acxime

Sruouhy

Mejeadih

Drhzij

Wckczucjh, T.D. `c

Hrocktikh

dckcgits hgtcr 84 aektbs eg capjeyackt

(kuadcr eg aektbjy shjhrics)

Giourc 8.86 Ahk`htcs eg Skcapjeyackt Dckcgit ]ystcas (hvcrhoc werlcr)

]eurmc> _erj` Dhkl sthgg mhjmujhtieks dhsc` ek khtiekhj `hth scts.


43/140

ùpjimhtiek eg scrvimc `cjivcry ikgrhstrumturc detb bhvc kcohtivc iapjimh-

tieks ger cggimickmy.

Pbc bctcreockcity eg tbc pjhks hk` ahk`htcs eg JHMs ]I preorhas is

ikcquithdjc hk` ikcggimickt. It is ikcquithdjc dcmhusc werlcrs hrc trchtc` ìg-

gcrcktjy dy tbc pudjim systca `cpckìko ek wbcrc tbcy werl. It is ikcggi-

mickt ger geur rchseks. Girst, aujtipjc systcas grhoackt tbc jhder ahrlct hk`

mekstrhik jhder aedijity. Ik Cmuhèr hk` Sruouhy, ger iksthkmc, werlcrs

wbe switmb neds mhk jesc tbcir pcksiek riobts. Pbis rcùmcs tbcir ikmcktivcs

te aevc dctwcck neds hk` mhk kcohtivcjy hggcmt jhder preùmtivity orewtb.

]cmek`, grhoackthtiek ahlcs iksurhkmc risl peejs sahjjcr hk` rhiscs tbc

mests hssemihtc` witb rcscrvc rcquircackts. Pbir`, hàikistrhtivc mests mhkikmrchsc dcmhusc bhviko aujtipjc systcas rcùmcs cmekeaics eg smhjc

(dcmhusc h jhroc sbhrc eg hàikistrhtivc mests is gixc`). Geurtb, ik tbc mhsc

eg bchjtb, autuhj cxmjusivity hmress bchjtb preorhas hk` h jhml eg meksuacr

mbeimc haeko preorhas hk` mhrc previ`crs jch`s te siokigimhkt ikcggimickmics

ik tbc preùmtiek eg bchjtb mhrc (ger cxhapjc, jew usc eg mhphmity ik bchjtb

ghmijitics hk` sudeptiahj hjjemhtiek eg mhrc) hk` ahy jch` te ìstertieks

ik tbc jhder ahrlct (sikmc ned mbeimc mhk dc ikgjuckmc` dy kekperthdjc

dckcgits). Pbc Acximhk bchjtb systca is h mjhssim cxhapjc.H rcjhtc` predjca is tbc jhml eg meerìkhtiek ik tbc `csiok eg ìggcrckt

typcs eg ]I preorhas, hk` haeko semihj hssisthkmc hk` jhder ahrlct pre-

orhas hk` pejimics, wbimb ìaikisbcs tbc evcrhjj mebcrckmc eg tbc ]V sys-

tca. Ej`-hoc ikmeac suppert, bchjtb, hk` hktipevcrty rcgeras bhvc dcck

iapjcacktc` ik h picmcachj why, witb pejimy ahlcrs oiviko jittjc httcktiek

te tbc iktcrhmtieks haeko tbcsc rcgeras. Gcw meuktrics meerìkhtc HJAVs

witb ikmeac pretcmtiek preorhas. ]iaijhrjy, pejimics ek ìshdijity pcksieks

hrc scjèa meerìkhtc` witb pejimics ek ukcapjeyackt dckcgits. Pbis jhmleg meerìkhtiek mhk dc scck ik Mbijc hk` Hrocktikh, wbcrc ìshdijity dck-

cgits seactiacs sudstitutc ger ukcapjeyackt dckcgits. Dcttcr meerìkhtiek

weuj` jewcr mests (bcjpiko te rcùmc tbc jcvcj eg semihj scmurity mektridu-

tieks kcc`c` ger h oivck jcvcj eg mevcrhoc), iaprevc ikmcktivcs (rcsujtiko

ik jcss grhu` hk` cvhsiek), hk` jch` te dcttcr eutmeacs.

Mbhjjckoc III> Tcìstridutiek witbik tbc ]emihj Iksurhkmc

]ystcas is Ephquc, Egtck Tcorcssivc, hk` Mhk @istertIkmcktivcs te _erl hk` ]hvc

]I mevcrhoc ger jew-ikmeac pcepjc ik JHM is jiaitc`. Ger tbc cxtrcac

peer, ckrejjiko ik gujj-mest mektridutery ]I preorhas is ìggimujt hk`

egtck iapessidjc. Cvck tbc ae`crhtcjy peerwbe è bhvc seac shvikos

Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk 4?


44/140

mhphmityusuhjjy hrc cxmju`c` grea tbcsc preorhas dcmhusc ahky

werl ik sahjj giras wbcrc preùmtivity is tee jew te mevcr tbc gujj mest

eg ahk`htery ]I. Ik h`ìtiek, tbcsc pcepjc egtck bhvc rcjhtivcjy biob

pcrsekhj ìsmeukt rhtcs hk` prcgcrckmcs ger jiquiìty hk` h merrcspek`-

ikojy jew `cahk` ger jeko-tcra shvikos hk` iksurhkmc.

JHMs pejimy ahlcrs bhvc iktreùmc` twe typcs eg iktcrvcktiek te

cxtck` tbc rchmb eg ]V systcas te jew-ikmeac werlcrs. Pbc girst typc

meksists eg purc hktipevcrty preorhas, wbimb wc wijj ìsmuss ik tbc gej-

jewiko scmtiek (Mbhjjckoc IW). Pbc scmek` typc, ìsmussc` ik tbis scmtiek,

meksists eg sudsiìcs te ]I.

Pbc twe lik`s eg ]I sudsiìcs hrc (8) iapjimit sudsiìcs te seac pjhkacadcrs witbik tbc mektridutery systcas, wbimb ockcrhjjy hrc gikhkmc`

tbreuob phyrejj thxcs hk` semihj scmurity mektridutieks jcvic` ek etbcr

pjhk acadcrs, hk` (4) cxpjimit sudsiìcs te kekmektridutery pcksieks,

ukcapjeyackt, er bchjtb iksurhkmc preorhas, wbimb usuhjjy hrc gikhkmc`

eut eg ockcrhj thx rcvckucs. Ik tcras eg rcìstridutiek, tbc girst typc eg

sudsi`y is egtck rcorcssivc, wbcrchs tbc scmek` is ik aest mhscs preorcs-

sivc. Ig tbcy hrc ket `csiokc` mhrcgujjy, detb mhk bhvc kcohtivc ikmck-

tivc cggcmts ek jhder suppjy hk` shvikos hk` rcùmc phrtimiphtiek ikmektridutery ]I.

Iapjimit hk` Kektrhksphrckt ]udsiìcs hk` PhxcsJHMs mektridutery ]I systcas hrc pjhouc` dy iapjimit hk` kektrhks-

phrckt sudsiìcs hk` thxcs. Meapjcx mress-sudsiìcs witbik preorhas

rcsujt ik wi`c vhrihtieks ik tbc rhtie eg mektridutieks phi` te dckcgits

rcmcivc`. ]eac pjhk acadcrs systcahtimhjjy rcmcivc aerc tbhk tbcy

put ik (h sudsi`y), wbijc etbcrs systcahtimhjjy rcmcivc jcss (h thx).?

Giourc 8.88 ijjustrhtcs tbis usiko tbc mhsc eg tbc pcksiek systca ik

Drhzij. @cpckìko ek chrkikos hk` ek wbck ikìviùhjs ckrejj hk`

rctirc, tbcy rcmcivc h sudsi`y er phy h thx te tbc systcahk` tbc jcvcj

eg detb tbc thx hk` tbc sudsi`y mhk dc biob.

Giourc 8.88 ijjustrhtcs tbc meksi`crhdjc vhrihtiek ik tbc jcvcj eg sud-

si`y (thx) rcmcivc` (phi`) `cpckìko ek wbck ikìviùhjs ckrejj hk`

wbck tbcy rctirc hk` tbcir jcvcj eg chrkikos. Ik tbc Drhzij cxhapjc ijjus-

trhtc` bcrc, tbc gerahj rujcs suoocst tbht jew-ikmeac werlcrs wijj

rcmcivc iapjimit sudsiìcs, hs è tbesc wbe `cjhy ckrejjackt er wbesc

whocs orew aerc sjewjy. Dut wbck hjj sumb cggcmts hrc meadikc`, tbc

aest meaaek eutmeac hmress tbc rcoiek is te bhvc iapjimit thxcs er

sudsiìcs tbht hrc rcorcssivc. Pbis bhppcks ik phrt dcmhusc biob-ikmeac

werlcrs hrc aerc jilcjy te rcahik ik tbc systca jeko ckeuob te quhjigy



45/140

ger dckcgits. Ik mektrhst, jew-phi` werlcrs tck` te cxpcrickmc aerc ned

iksthdijity hk` tbcy hrc jcss jilcjy te meapjctc tbc vcstiko pcrie`s

rcquirc` te dcmeac cktitjc` te dckcgits (scc Gertczh, Jummbctti, hk`

Vhjjhrcs 4669). Ik tbc mhsc eg pcksieks, `cgikc` dckcgit geraujhs tck`

te phy biobcr rhtcs eg rcturk te werlcrs witb stccp whoc bisterics (usu-hjjy slijjc` werlcrs) tbhk te tbesc witb gjht whoc bisterics (usuhjjy

djuc-mejjhr, ukslijjc` werlcrs) (scc giourc 8.84).

]iaijhrjy, ahky bchjtb iksurhkmc systcas dhsc uscrs mektridutieks ek

tbcir ikmeacs, rhtbcr tbhk tbc mest eg tbc phmlhoc eg bchjtb scrvimcs. Ik

ahky mhscs, tbis is jilcjy te ikùmc trhksgcrs grea rimbcr te peercr iksurc`

werlcrs. It is hjse pessidjc tbht yeuko jew-risl jew-ikmeac ikìviùhjs

sudsiìzc tbc mevcrhoc eg biob-risl biob-ikmeac ikìviùhjs. ]umb rujcs

mhk uk`craikc tbc iksurcrs ikmcktivcs te cxphk` mevcrhoc te jew-ikmeac

werlcrs, dcmhusc tbcir mektridutieks weuj` ket mevcr tbcir mests. Pe tbc

cxtckt tbht jew-ikmeac werlcrs hrc eutsi`c tbc systca, tbc bepc`-ger

preorcssivc rcìstridutiek ghijs te ahtcrihjizc.

Tcorcssivc rcìstridutiek mhk thlc pjhmc dctwcck pjhk acadcrs hk`

etbcr ikìviùhjs wbe murrcktjy hrc ket mevcrc` dy tbc ]I systca, ikmjuìko


=6%

46%

86%

6%

86%

46%

=6%

06%

73 77 7? 72 79 ?6

rctircackt hoc

sud

si`y(pcrmcktegchrkikos)

hoc 1 =6< w 1 6.3< o 1 =% hoc 1 =6< w 1 8< o 1 =%

hoc 1 43< w 1 8< o 1 =%

hoc 1 43< w 1 4< o 1 =%

hoc 1 43< w 1 8< o 1 0%

Giourc 8.88 Iapjimit Phxcs hk` ]udsiìcs ik tbc Drhzijihk Vcksiek ]ystca

]eurmc> Hutbers mhjmujhtieks.Ketc> Chmb jikc oivcs tbc vhjuc eg tbc cxpcmtc` sudsi`y (er thx) hs h gukmtiek eg tbc rctircackt hoc. Pbc sudsi`y er

thx is cxprcssc` hs h pcrmckthoc eg tbc werlcrs shjhry. Chmb jikc is hssemihtc` witb h oivck hoc eg ckrejjackt, h

oivck cktry whoc w(cxprcssc` hs h prepertiek eg hvcrhoc chrkikos), hk` h orewtb rhtc ger tbis whoc, o.


46/140

guturc ockcrhtieks. Ik ahky JHM ]I systcas, tbc iadhjhkmc dctwcck mek-

tridutieks hk` dckcgits ockcrhtcs jhroc, systca-wi`c mhsb gjew `cgimits

tbht aust dc mevcrc` dy gismhj trhksgcrs. H rcmckt stu`y eg ciobt JHM ]I

systcas geuk` hk hvcrhoc hkkuhj sudsi`y eg VVV $74 pcr pcrsek (Jik`crt,]leugihs, hk` ]bhpire 4667). Pbc cstiahtc` sudsiìcs (hs h pcrmckthoc eg

tethj dckcgits trhksgcrrc` hk` thliko ikte hmmeukt ekjy tbc mests eg murrckt

`cgimits ik tbc ]I systca) wcrc hs gejjews> Hrocktikh (3? pcrmckt), Drhzij

(06 pcrmckt), Mbijc (37 pcrmckt), Mejeadih (?? pcrmckt), tbc @eaikimhk

Tcpudjim (6 pcrmckt), Ouhtcahjh (43 pcrmckt), Acxime (20 pcrmckt), hk`

Vcru (29 pcrmckt).2 (]cc thdjc 8.=.) Dcmhusc tbc dckcgimihrics eg aest ]I

systcas hrc tewhr` tbc tep eg tbc ikmeac ìstridutiek, gismhj sudsiìcs te

mevcr sumb `cgimits hrc rcorcssivc. Pbc shac rcpert usc` beuscbej` survcy

`hth te hkhjyzc tbc ìstridutiek eg tbcsc sudsiìcs hk` mekgirac` tbht

tbcir ikmi`ckmc is biobjy rcorcssivc. Ek hvcrhoc, 32 pcrmckt eg ]I sudsiìcs

dckcgit tbesc ik tbc tep quiktijc eg tbc ikmeac ìstridutiek, wbcrchs ekjy

= pcrmckt dckcgit tbesc ik tbc dettea quiktijc. Ik mektrhst, kekmektridu-

tery semihj hssisthkmc mbhkkcjs 47 pcrmckt eg dckcgits te tbesc ik tbc

=6 Hmbicviko Cggcmtivc ]emihj Vretcmtiek ger Hjj ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk

6.36% 6.66% 6.36% 8.66% 8.36% 4.66%

Hrocktikh (ikìviùhj hmmeukt)

Dejivih

Mbijc

Mejeadih (ikìviùhj hmmeukt)

Vcru (ikìviùhj hmmeukt)

Acxime

VhrhouhySruouhy (aixc` @D-@M)

Drhzij (JE] pcksiek)

Hrocktikh (VHYO)

Mejeadih (VHYO)

Vcru (VHYO)

Wckczucjh, T.D. `c

Cmuhèr

Sruouhy (erìkhry rcoiac)

mbhkoc ik ITT ger h ekc pp mbhkoc ik orewtb rhtc eg whocs

Giourc 8.84 Mbhkocs ik Thtcs eg Tcturk ek Mektridutieks ger Vcksiek

Tcsujtiko grea h Ekc Vcrmckthoc Veikt Ikmrchsc ik tbc Orewtb Thtc eg _hocs

ùriko h _erliko Jigc

]eurmc> Dhsc` ek Gertczh hk` Eurcks 4669.

Ketc> @D 1 `cgikc` dckcgit< @M 1 `cgikc` mektridutiek< ITT 1 iktcrkhj rhtc eg rcturk< VHYO 1 phy-hs-yeu-oe.


47/140

dettea quiktijc hk` ekjy 80 pcrmckt te tbesc ik tbc tep quiktijc.

Hjtbeuob tbc vhjuc eg tbc hvcrhoc dckcgit grea semihj hssisthkmc is ekjy h

quhrtcr eg tbht grea iksurhkmc preorhas, it bhs h aumb dioocr rcjhtivc

iaphmt ek tbc ikmeacs eg peer beuscbej`s, ikmrchsiko ikmeacs eg dckcgi-

mihrics ik tbc dettea quiktijc dy 8= pcrmckt, ek hvcrhoc, meaphrc` witb4 pcrmckt ger ]I (Jik`crt, ]leugihs, hk` ]bhpire 4667).

Pbc kuadcrs ik thdjc 8.= thlc ikte hmmeukt ekjy tbc mest eg murrckt

`cgimits ik tbc ]I systca. Pbc situhtiek weuj` dc cvck wersc ig tbc hmtu-

hrihj `cgimits eg phy-hs-yeu-oe hk` SI systcas wcrc thlck ikte hmmeukt.

Ekc why te achsurc tbc sizc eg tbis predjca is te cstiahtc tbc jihdijitics

eg tbc systca (ik etbcr wer`s, tbc prcsckt vhjuc eg guturc pcksiek phy-

ackts rcsujtiko grea hmquirc` riobts te `htc) hk` meaphrc tbca witb tbc

se-mhjjc` phy-hs-yeu-oe hssct (tbc prcsckt vhjuc eg guturc rcvckucs grea

mektridutieks, kct eg tbc h`ìtiekhj pcksiek riobts tbht wijj hmmruc grea

tbca uk`cr prcsckt rujcs). Ik scvcrhj JHM meuktrics, tbc rcsujtiko ìggcr-

ckmc (tbc se-mhjjc` ukguk`c` jihdijitics eg tbc systca) ruks ik cxmcss eg

866 pcrmckt eg oress èacstim preùmt (O@V) (Bejzahkk, Vhjhmies, hk`

^cvikc 4660).

Pbc ]thtc eg ]emihj Vretcmtiek ik Jhtik Hacrimh hk` tbc Mhriddchk =8

Phdjc 8.= @istridutiek eg ]udsiìcs te ]emihj Iksurhkmc hk` ]emihj Hssisthkmc ik JHM

Meuktry

]emihj iksurhkmc

h

]emihj hssisthkmc

Hvcrhoc

ukit

dckcgit

Dckcgit

ikmi`ckmch

(%)

Iaphmt ek

ikmeacm

(%)

Hvcrhoc

ukit

dckcgit

(%)

Dckcgit

ikmi`ckmcd

(%)

Iaphmt ek

ikmeacm

(%)

$VVV X8 X3 X8 X3 $VVV X8 X3 X8 X3

Mejeadih 4=.? 8.6 77.6 6.8 6.7 =3.9 =4.6 8.6 =3.9 6.8

Acxime 73.7 =.6 7=.6 6.2 6.0 9.7 46.6 =8.6 =.= 6.8

Ouhtcahjh 46.? 8.6 28.6 6.8 6.? 9.= 8=.6 44.6 ?.9 8.3

Hrocktikh 867.8 8.6 37.6 =.0 9.6 =3.9 =4.6 8.6 =3.9 6.8Mbijc 26.9 0.6 07.6 0.4 0.6 88.9 42.6 86.6 2.2 6.=

Drhzij 34.9 3.6 30.6 7.9 0.= 7.? =2.6 84.6 4.0 6.6

Vcru 866.8 8.6 72.6 6.? 7.7 8.7 =6.6 7.6 8.9 6.8

@ea. Tcp. 07.8 ?.6 =6.6 6.= 6.8 k/h 80.6 42.6 ?.8 6.9

Hvcrhoc` 74.6 4.9 32.6 4.8 =.4 83.2 43.9 8=.9 84.9 6.0

]eurmc> @crivc` grea Jik`crt, ]leugihs, hk` ]bhpire 4667, Phdjc 0h, phoc 70.

Ketc> h. Pbc sudsi`y sbhrc eg semihj iksurhkmc is cgikc` hs tbc prepertiek eg tethj mhsb-gjew cxpckìturc eg ]I tbht

is guk`c` grea thxhtiek rhtbcr grea acadcrs mektridutieks er iktcrcst ikmeac te tbc iksurhkmc guk`s. Pbis stu`y

ì` ket httcapt te mhjmujhtc hmtuhrihj cgimits.

d. Pbc prepertiek eg tbc tethj dckcgit tbht is rcmcivc dy beuscbej`s ik tbc dettea quiktijc (X8) hk` tep quiktijc

(X3).

m. Pbc rcjhtivc iaphmt eg tbc dckcgit rcmcivc` ek beuscbej` ikmeac ik X8 hk` X3 rcspcmtivcjy.

`. Skwciobtc` hvcrhoc ger tbc ciobt meuktrics.

8/9/2019 Achieving E

Achieving Effective Social Protection for All in Latin America and the Caribbean: From Right to Reality

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