Achievement, Careers, and Work Chapter 10: Human Adjustment John W. Santrock McGraw-Hill © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Achievement, Careers, and Work

Chapter 10:

Human AdjustmentJohn W. Santrock

McGraw-Hill © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-2

Chapter Outline

Achievement

Careers and Jobs

Work

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-3

Learning Goals

1. Discuss achievement and related adjustment strategies

2. Describe important aspects of careers and jobs

3. Summarize key aspects of work

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-4

ACHIEVEMENT

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement

Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring

Time Management

Some Obstacles to Achievement

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-5

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Reinforcement

Extrinsic motivation - involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments

Intrinsic motivation - based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge, and effort– Intrinsic motivation is more likely to produce competent

behavior and mastery

– Intrinsic motivation is the key to achievement

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-6

Goal Setting, Planning, and Monitoring

Achievement improves when people set goals that are specific, short-term and challenging

High-achieving individuals monitor themselves (systematically evaluate progress toward goals)

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-7Adjustment Strategies

for Setting Goals

1. Set goals that are challenging, reasonable, and specific

2. Set completion dates for your goals

3. Create sub-goals

4. Make a commitment

5. Monitor your progress

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-8

Time Management

Steven Covey (1989) set up a time matrix:– Important activities - those linked to your values and goals

–Urgent activities - those that require immediate attention

Urgent

Not

Urgent

Important Pay bill today

Psych test in 2 weeks

Not Important

Phone ringing

Reading newspaper

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-9

Time Management

Tips on time management:–Spend time on important non-urgent activities

–Don’t let your life be ruled by urgency

–Do important activities early

–Set priorities for your tasks and complete them in that order

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-10

Create and Monitor Time Plans

Determine the most important activities for each day and allocate adequate time for them

Create a to-do list, which involves listing and setting priorities for daily tasks

Monitor your progress on a yearly, monthly, and daily basis

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-11

Some Obstacles to Achievement

Achievement problems occur when you:–don’t set goals–don’t plan how to reach them–don’t monitor your progress toward goals–don’t manage your time effectively–procrastinate– insist on perfection– try to protect self-worth by avoiding failure

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-12

Procrastination

Reasons for procrastination include:–difficulty concentrating

– fear and anxiety

–negative beliefs

–personal problems

–boredom

–unrealistic expectations

–perfectionism

– fear of failure

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-13Adjustment Strategies

for Conquering Procrastination

1. Acknowledge that procrastination is a problem

2. Identify your values and goals

3. Work on your time management

4. Divide the task into smaller parts

5. Use behavioral strategies

6. Use cognitive strategies

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-14

Perfectionism

Perfectionists think mistakes are never acceptable and the highest standards always have to be achieved

Perfectionists are vulnerable to:–decreased productivity

– impaired health

– relationship problems

– low self-esteem

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-15Adjustment Strategies

for Coping with Perfectionism

1. Make a list of advantages and disadvantages of trying to be perfect

2. Increase awareness of the self-critical nature of your all-or-nothing thoughts

3. Be realistic about what you can do

4. Set strict time limits on each project

5. Learn how to deal with criticism

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-16

Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure

Ineffective ways people are distracted from goals:–Nonperformance

–Sham effort

–Procrastination

–Setting unreachable goals

–The academic wooden leg

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-17

Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure

Efforts to avoid failure involve self-handicapping strategies

Individuals handicap themselves by:–Not making an effort

–Putting off a project until the last minute

If subsequent performance is poor, these circumstances can be seen as the cause (rather than a lack of ability)

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-18

Protecting Self-worth by Avoiding Failure

Strategies to reduce preoccupation with protecting self-worth and avoiding failure:–Set challenging but realistic goals

–Strengthen link between your effort and self-worth

–Take pride in your effort

–Have positive beliefs about your abilities

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-19

Review - Learning Goal 1

–What motivates people to achieve?

–How are goals related to achievement?

–What are some important aspects of time management?

–What are some obstacles to achievement and ways to deal with them?

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-20

CAREERS AND JOBS

Career Development Across the Lifespan

Skills and Personality Traits

Knowledge, Goals, and Careers

Getting a Job

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-21

Career Development Across the Lifespan

Eli Ginzberg (1972) proposed 3 career stages:–Fantasy (birth-11) - careers perceived in unrealistic manner

–Tentative (11-17) - transition

–Realistic (18-25) - make pragmatic decisions

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-22

Career Development Across the Lifespan

Donald Super (1976) described 5 career stages:–Growth (birth-14) - physical and cognitive development

–Exploration (15-24) - take needs, interests, values into consideration

–Establishment (25-44) - pursue permanent career

–Maintenance (45-64) - continue career

–Decline (65 on) - retirement

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-23

Skills and Personality Traits

Basic Skills–Reading–Writing–Mathematics–Speaking–Listening

Thinking Skills–Creative thinking –Decision-making–Visualization

Personal Qualities–Self-esteem–Self-management–Responsibility

People Skills–Social–Negotiation–Leadership

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-24

Holland’s Personality Type Theory

John Holland (1973) identified six career-related personality styles:–Realistic

– Investigative

–Artistic

–Social

–Enterprising

–Conventional

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-25Holland’s Model of Personality Types

and Career Choices

Realistic -

Doing / Things

Conventional -

Conforming / Data

Investigative -

Thinking / Ideas

Enterprising -

Managing / People

Artistic -

Creating / Ideas, Things

Social -

Helping / People

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-26

Knowledge, Goals, and Careers

Two important aspects of exploring careers are:–becoming knowledgeable about careers

– setting career goals

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-27

Getting a Job

Getting a job:–Be aware of what employers want

–Do a thorough job search

–Create a résumé

–Learn how to have a great job interview

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-28Figure 10.8 Desired Skills of an Ideal Job

Candidate Rated by Employers

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-29Adjustment Strategies

for “Knocking ’Em Dead” in a Job Interview

1. Create an excellent résumé2. Don’t wing an interview3. Be prepared to give examples of work experiences4. Anticipate possible questions for the interview5. Ask appropriate job-related questions yourself 6. Keep your cool7. As the interview closes, decide whether you want the job 8. After the interview, write a follow-up letter

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-30

Review - Learning Goal 2

–How do our thoughts about careers typically develop through the lifespan?

–How do our skills and traits influence our careers?

–What are key factors involved in obtaining a good job?

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-31

WORK

The Role of Work in People’s Lives

Work During College

Work and Retirement

Leisure

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-32

The Role of Work in People’s Lives

Work defines people in fundamental ways:– their financial standing

–housing

– the way they spend their time (one-third of their lives)

–where they live

– their friendships

– their health

– for some people, their identity

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-33

Workaholics

Workaholics:– seem addicted to work

–may enjoy work

– identify strongly with their careers

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-34

Dual-career Couples

The two-earner couple has increased in prevalence –Women are taking increased responsibility for family income

–Men are showing greater interest in families and parenting

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-35

Diversity in the Workplace

The workplace is becoming increasingly diverse–Gender diversity increasingly characterizes occupations

–Ethnic diversity is increasing in every developed country except France

–Latinos are projected to constitute a larger percentage of the U.S. labor force than African Americans by 2012

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-36

Diversity in the Workplace

Glass ceiling = invisible barrier to career advancement that prevents women and ethnic minorities from holding managerial or executive jobs regardless of their accomplishments and merits

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-37

Unemployment

Unemployment produces stress Unemployment is related to:

–physical problems

–mental problems

–marital and family problems

–homicide

–other crimes

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-38

Working During College

During the 1999-2000 academic year, 80% of undergraduate students worked

As number of hours worked per week increased, grades declined

Jobs can contribute to education, in the form of cooperative programs or internships

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-39

Work and Retirement

Federal law prohibits employers from firing older workers (who have seniority and higher salaries) just to save money

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-40

Retiring Part-time

Many retirees only partially retire, moving to part-time employment

Reasons for continuing to work:–part-time work for interest or enjoyment

– income

–desire to start a business

–desire to try a different field of work

–benefits

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-41

Adjusting to Retirement

Older adults who adjust best to retirement:–are healthy

–have adequate income

–are active

–are better educated

–have an extended social network

–were satisfied with their lives before retirement

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-42

Leisure

Men who went on annual vacations were 32% less likely to die of coronary heart disease

Leisure = the pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities and interests of their own choosing such as hobbies, sports, or reading

McGraw-Hill ©2006 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10-43

Review - Learning Goal 3

–What role does work play in people’s lives?

–What are the things to know about working while going to college?

–What characteristics work in retirement for older adults?

–What is leisure and what role does it play in people’s lives?