Accidents

Blasco, Joy Marie D.

BEED-ENGLISH III

UNIT 5:

SAFETY AND ACCIDENTS

ACCIDENT

ACCIDENTDEFINITION:

-an undesirable or unfortunate happening that occurs

unintentionally and usually results in harm, injury, damage,

or loss; casualty; mishap (Dictionary.com)

-an unforeseen and unplanned event or circumstance

(Merriam Webster Dictionary)

ACCIDENTCHILDREN’S PERCEPTION:

-children need to be constantly reminded of the dangers in

the environment because they don’t know how dangerous is

‘dangerous’.

ACCIDENTTYPES and SOURCES of ACCIDENTS:

• Falls

• Cuts

• Burns and scales

• Bites and stings

• Poisoning

• Inhalation of foreign bodies.

• Road traffic accidents

• Drowning

SKELETAL AND

MUSCULAR

INJURIES

FRACTUREDEFINITION:

A fracture is a break in the continuity of bone. It may

be complete or incomplete.

CAUSES:

Direct force: This is when the bone breaks when direct force

is applied, for example from a kick or blow.

Indirect force: This is when the bone breaks some distance

from the spot where the force is applied.

FRACTURE

TWO MAIN CLASSIFICATIONS:

Closed fractures: This is where the over lying skin is not

broken.

Open fractures: This is when the over lying skin is broken. The

broken bones can easily be seen through the broken skin.

FRACTURE

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS:

• Pain, which may be severe.

• Tenderness on touch.

• Failure to use the affected part of the

body.

• Swelling of the affected part.

• Bleeding in an open fracture.

• Deformity, such as irregularity of the bone,

shortening of the limb, depression of flat

bone.

• Angulation or rotation of the bone.

SPRAINDEFINITION:

A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments

are tissues that connect bones at a joint.

CAUSES:

Falling, twisting, or getting hit can all cause a sprain

SPRAINSYMPTOMS

• Joint pain or muscle pain

• Swelling

• Joint stiffness

• Discoloration of the skin, especially

bruising

SPRAINFIRST AID:

• Apply ice right away to reduce swelling. Wrap the ice in

cloth. Do not place ice directly on the skin.

• Wrap a bandage around the affected area to limit

movement. Wrap firmly, but not tightly. Use a splint if

needed.

• Keep the swollen joint raised above your heart, even

while sleeping.

• Rest the affected joint for several days.

SPRAINPREVENTION:

• Wear protective footwear during activities that place

stress on your ankle and other joints.

• Make sure that shoes fit your feet properly.

• Avoid high-heeled shoes.

• Always warm-up and stretch before doing exercise and

sports.

• Avoid sports and activities for which you have not

trained.

HIGH RISK ACTIVITIESProduces a sense of satisfaction but can be

really dangerous to one’s health and safety.

Examples:

skydiving,

mountaineering,

racing

ELECTRICAL

INJURIES

ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Electricity begins with the smallest of all

particles, the atom. Atoms, although too small for our

eyes to see, are in everything. Atoms also

contain protons and neutrons in their nucleus (the

centre of the atom). Electrons are contained around

the protons and neutrons, and move quickly around

them. This quick movement is what makes the

energy in electricity

ELECTRICAL INJURY

An electrical injury is damage to the skin or internal

organs when a person comes into direct contact with an

electrical current.

The human body conducts electricity very well.

ELECTRICAL INJURY

• Cardiac arrest due to the electrical effect on the heart

• Muscle, nerve, and tissue destruction from a current

passing through the body

• Thermal burns from contact with the electrical source

CAUSES:

• Accidental contact with exposed parts of electrical

appliances or wiring

• Flashing of electric arcs from high-voltage power

lines

• Lightning

• Machinery or occupational-related exposures

• Young children biting or chewing on electrical

cords, or poking metal objects into an electrical

outlet

ELECTRICAL INJURY

ELECTRICAL INJURYSYMPTOMS:

• Symptoms depend on many things, including:

• Type and strength of voltage

• How long you were in contact with the electricity

• How the electricity moved through your body

ELECTRICAL INJURYSYMPTOMS MAY INCLUDE:

• Changes in alertness (consciousness)

• Broken bones

• Heart attack (chest, arm, neck, jaw, or back

pain)

• Headache

• Problems with swallowing, vision, or hearing

• Irregular heartbeat

• Muscle spasms and pain

• Numbness or tingling

• Breathing problems or lung failure

• Seizures

• Skin burns

ELECTRICAL INJURYFIRST AID:

1. If you can do so safely, turn off the

electrical current. Unplug the cord,

remove the fuse from the fuse box,

or turn off the circuit breakers. Simply

turning off an appliance may NOT

stop the flow of electricity. Do NOT

attempt to rescue a person near

active high-voltage lines.

ELECTRICAL INJURYFIRST AID:

2. If the current can't be turned off, use a

non-conducting object, such as a broom,

chair, rug, or rubber doormat to push the

person away from the source of the

current. Do not use a wet or metal object.

If possible, stand on something dry and

that doesn't conduct electricity, such as a

rubber mat or folded newspapers.

ELECTRICAL INJURYFIRST AID:

3. Once the person is away from the source of

electricity, check the person's airway, breathing, and

pulse. If either has stopped or seems dangerously

slow or shallow, start first aid.

4. If the person has a burn, remove any clothing that

comes off easily, and rinse the burned area in cool

running water until the pain subsides. Give first aid

for burns.

ELECTRICAL INJURYFIRST AID:

5. Stay with the person until medical help arrives.

6. Electrical injury is frequently associated with

explosions or falls that can cause additional

severe injuries. You may not be able to notice all

of them. Do not move the person's head or neck

if the spine may be injured

ELECTRICAL INJURYDO NOT:

Stay at least 20 feet away from a person

who is being electrocuted by high-voltage

electrical current (such as power lines) until the

power is turned off.

Do NOT touch the person with your bare hands if

the body is still touching the source of electricity.

Do NOT apply ice, butter, ointments,

medications, fluffy cotton dressings, or

adhesive bandages to a burn

Do NOT remove dead skin or break

blisters if the person has been burned

After the power is shut off, do NOT move

the person unless there is a risk of fire or

explosion

ELECTRICAL INJURYDO NOT:

ELECTRICAL INJURYPREVENTION:

(a) Frayed wires should be covered.

(b) Repair of any electrical appliance

not to be done when it is still plugged

in the socket.

(c) Avoid touching electrical wires

outside the house.

(d) Electrical appliances should not

be touched with wet hands.

(e) Electrical wires that are used about the home should

be insulated.

(f) The red and blue wires should never be brought into

contact or joined when the current is on.

(g) Avoid using broken electrical appliances and

appliances not fitted with plugs e.g. switch -holders etc..

(h) Electrical tools should be insulated

ELECTRICAL INJURYPREVENTION:

BURNS AND

SCALDS

BURNS AND SCALDSBurns and scalds are damage to

the skin caused by heat. Both are

treated in the same way.

BURN:

caused by dry heat. This can be

caused by an iron or fire, for

example.

SCALD:

caused by something wet, such as hot water or steam.

BURNSCLASSIFICATION:

1st Degree Burns (Superficial burns):

These burns are the least

serious, with usually only the top

layer of skin being burnt. The skin

would be red and could have minor

swelling. These burns could be

caused by over exposure to the sun

or by a split second exposure to a

hot metal surface.

BURNSCLASSIFICATION:

2nd Degree Burns (Partial Depth Burns)

These burns are caused when

the burn is greater than just the skin

surface. The skin forms blisters and

is painful. However, some of the

deeper layer of skin (the dermis) is

unharmed. This means the skin

usually heals well, sometimes

without scarring if the burn is not too

extensive.

BURNSCLASSIFICATION:

3rd Degree Burns (Full Depth Burns)

Third degree burns can be

described as completely burnt skin.

These burns are very serious and

are visible by charred skin or it could

be waxy white. Sometimes the victim

might not feel pain as the nerves are

burnt.

BURNS AND SCALDSFIRST AID:

immediately get the person away from the

heat source to stop the burning

cool the burn with cool or lukewarm water for

10 to 30 minutes – do not use ice, iced water or

any creams or greasy substances such as butter

remove any clothing or jewellery that is near

the burnt area of skin, but do not move anything

that is stuck to the skin

make sure the person keeps warm – for

example by using a blanket – but take care not

to rub it against the burnt area

cover the burn by placing a layer of cling film

over it

use painkillers, such as paracetamol or

ibuprofen to treat any pain.

BURNS AND SCALDSFIRST AID:

BURNS AND SCALDSDO NOT:

• Prick any blisters. It is better to leave them

intact, to lessen the risk of infection.

• Apply creams, ointments, oils, grease, etc.

(The exception is for mild sunburn. A

moisturiser cream may help to soothe this.)

• Put on an adhesive, sticky, or fluffy dressing.

FIRE HAZARDS

AND

PRECAUTIONS

FEVER

FEVERDEFINITION:

Although a fever technically is any body

temperature above the normal of 98.6 F (37

C), in practice a person is usually not

considered to have a significant fever until the

temperature is above 100.4 F (38 C).

Medicine.net:

Fever is part of the body's own disease-fighting arsenal:

rising body temperatures apparently are capable of killing off

many disease- producing organisms

FEVERSIGNS:

Temperature above 37 degree celsius

Dizziness

Vomitting

Sweating

Shivering

Headache

Muscle aches

Loss of appetite

Dehydration

General weakness

FEVERFIRST AID:

Offer plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.

Never use rubbing alcohol or cold baths to bring the fever

down.

Dress your in lightweight clothing and cover with a light

sheet or blanket.

Let your child eat what he or she wants, and don't force

eating if your child doesn't feel like it.

If your child also is vomiting and/or has diarrhea, ask the

doctor if you should give a children's electrolyte (rehydration)

solution.

Make sure your child gets plenty of rest.

FAINTING

lose consciousness for a short time because of a

temporarily insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain.

FAINTING

FAINTING

Check to see if the person is breathing. If he or she is

breathing, position the person on his or her back.

Raise the person’s legs at least 12 inches above the ground.

Loosen any restrictive clothing or belts. If the person does not

regain consciousness within one minute, call 911.

Check the person’s airway to make sure it is not obstructed.

Check again to see if the person is breathing, coughing, or

moving. These are signs of positive circulation. If these signs

are absent, start CPR until emergency personnel arrive.

DROWNING/

NEAR-

DROWNING

DROWNINGDEFINITION:

-when a person dies in the water because he/she is

unable to breathe.

"Near drowning" means a person almost died from not being able to breathe (suffocating) under water."Near drowning" means a person almost died from not being able to breathe (suffocating) under water.

"Near drowning“

means a person almost died from not being able

to breathe (suffocating) under water.

DROWNINGPREVENTION:

√ Creating awareness (sensitization) among families,

local leaders and the community at large about dangers to

children of water ponds and any water collection.

√ Protection of children from bodies of water by fencing,

including fencing swimming pools.

√ If children have to go to the bodies of water, they MUST

be accompanied by a grown up and preferably one who

knows how to swim.

√ Educate children about dangers of water bodies.

DROWNINGFIRST AID:

1.Move the person.

2.Check for breathing.

3. If the person is not breathing, check pulse.

4. If there is pulse, start CPR.

DROWNINGFIRST AID:

For an adult or child, place the heel of one hand on

the center of the chest at the nipple line. You can also push

with one hand on top of the other. For an infant, place two

fingers on the breastbone.

For an adult or child, press down about 2 inches.

Make sure not to press on ribs.

DROWNINGFIRST AID:

For an infant, press down about 1 and 1/2 inches.

Make sure not to press on the end of the breastbone.

Do 30 chest compressions, at the rate of 100 per

minute or more. Let the chest rise completely between

pushes.

Check to see if the person has started breathing.

OTHER CAUSES OF

ACCIDENTSMECHANICAL HAZARDS

Mechanical hazards refer to moving

machinery that can cause injury or death

RADIATION HAZARDS

can be caused by, for example,

an accident when transporting

radioactive substances

BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Biological hazards, also known as

biohazards, refer to biological substances that

pose a threat to the health of living

organisms, primarily that of humans

CHEMICAL HAZARDS

can be caused by, for example,

an accident when transporting

radioactive substances

NATURAL HAZARDS

Natural hazards are severe and extreme

weather and climate events that occur

naturally in all parts of the world.

CARELESSNESS, OVER DRINKING, OVER SPEEDING

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