ACCESSTO WORLD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASESAND …nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/28156/1/ALIS 23(3) 205-212… · ACCESSTO WORLD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASESAND ... described the

Shri V. C. Shukla and Dr. A. Ramachandran among others at the ESRIN/RECON Demonstrationat TlFR. Sh ri A. S. Raizada is at the terminal.

ACCESS TO WORLD BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA BASESANDESRIN/RECON ON-LINE DEMONSTRATION IN INDIA

The ESRlN/RECON on-line long distance demons-tration during 20-25 September 1976 at Bombay will surelybe considered an important event in the history of documen-tation services in India. The Demonstration was precededby a Seminar on Access to World Bibliographic Dala Baseson 18 September. Mr S K Kumar and Dr V A Kamath pre-sent in the accompanying communication a report of theSeminar and the Demonstration for the benefit of our rea-ders. The Editorial Committee records its grateful acts-nowledgement to the authors of this report, which, we a'YC

sure, will be appreciated by our readers. -Ed.

1. INTRODUCTION

A number of computer -readabLe bibliog,raphicdata bases with international coverage and s co peare presently being brought out by foreign commer·cial agencies, government departments, pr o f e s sio na lbodies, and scientific and technical in s t it ut io nsSome of the popular data bases in the field ofscience and technology are: CA CONDENSATES.for chemistry and chemical technology. BA PR E·VIEWS for biological sciences, COMPENDEX forengineering, INSPEC for physics, e le c t r ot e chn olc gv ,computer and control, MEDLAR S for medicalsciences, INLS for nuc Ie a.r sci.ences, NASA foraerospace sciences, AGRIS for agricultural scien-ces and tec.hnology and SCI (Science Citation Index\.

Vol 23 No 3 Sept 1976

S K KumarV A KamathLibrary and Information Services,Bhabha Atomic Research CentreBombay - 400 085

The advent of computers in the information fieldhas made possible not only the creation of suchdata bases but also efficient and fast access to worldsources oi scientific and technical information forpurposes' of current awareness service as well asre t.ro spe c t ive lrt e r e tu r e sea r r-h.

A beginning has been made recently in Indiato develop computer -based SDI service. An experi-mental project using CAN/SDI software and withCA CONDENSATES data base is being carried out atIlT. Madras. This project is being supported byUNESCO/UNISIS'r, Paris. The successful outcomeof the project will enable systematic organisation of"o'njJuter -b'l.spr] SDl service, using several of thea va iIable machine -re ad abl e bibliographic data basesfor the benefit of a large number of users of scienti-fic and technical info r m at io n .

2. THE SEMINAR ON ACCESS TO BIBLIOGRAPHICDATA BASES

A one-day .se rn ina r- on "Access to Biblio-graphie Data Bases" was organised on l Bth Septem-ber 1976 as a prelude to the RECON On-lineDemonstration for farniliarising the users, namely,scientists, technologists, engineers, doctors,

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information scientists, and librarians with theexistence and use of machine -r ead ab le bibliographicdata bases.

The Seminar was held in the Homi BhabhaAuditorium of the Tata Institute of FundamentalResearch, Bombay. It was sponsored by theDepartment of Scien~e and Technology and organisedby BAR C, DRT C and INSDOC.

About 300 scientists, technologists, infor-mation scientists and librarians working in variousR & D ostablishments, academic institutions, govern-ment departments and industries, attended theseminar. Participants were also invited to witrie e sthe ESR IN/R ECON On -line Demonstration which washeld during 20-25 September, 1976.

2.1 CONDUCT OF THE SEMINAR

During the Seminar, six invited paper s werepresented in the two sessions and discussed as perthe details given below:

Chairman - Prof. A. Neelameghan

I. Modern Trends in Information Proces singby.S. Parthasarathy (INSDOC, New Delhi)

2. Machine -Re ada bl e Bibliographic Data Basesby T. S. Rajagopalan (INSDOC, New Delhi)

3. International Nuclear Information System(INIS): Accessibility and Utility of itsBibliographic Data Base - by N. M. Malwad(L & IS; BARC, Bombay\.

Chairman - Dr V. A. Kamath

1. MEDLINE - by A. Neelameghan (DR TC,Bangalore)

2. The CHEM/SDI Project - by A.S. Raizada(INSDOC ,New Delhi)

3. Machine -R eadable Bibliographic Data Baseswith Spec ial Reference to the Exper ience ofIndia in Participating in AGRIS System -by P. C. Bose (ICAR, New Delhi).

Morning session of the seminar started withthe paper entitled" Modern Trends in InformationProcessing" by Sh r i S. Parthasarathy, Scientist-in-Cha rge, INSDOC , New Delhi. He stated that duringthe last ten years, there has been a growing tendencyto introduce automation in the field of information

? 06

processing. The rapid developments in the fields ofcomputer technolo gy, telecommunication, includingc atellite communication, reprogr aphy, photo compo -sition, etc. are now gradually making an impact oninformation processing. It is estimated that thereare now about 200 computerised data bases available.Some of the centres providing on -line informationservices are LOCKHEED DIALOG, Systems Develop-ment Corporation, National Library of Medicine,and ESRIN, Frascati. He further mentioned thatconsiderable work is going on to develop adequatetelecommunication networks for data transmission.TYMSHARE, ARPANET, CYCLADES and EURONETare some of the networks.

Shri T. S. Rajagopalan, in his paper entitled"Machine -Readable Bibliographic Data Bases",presented a general account of the se data bases andtheir use in info rrnat ion service. He pointed outthat the machine -readable bibliographic data baseshave some additional advantages over ·their corres-ponding printed versions. Much before the releaseof printed version of abstracting and indexing ser-vices, their magnetic tapes are available for mailing.This means that users can have access to informa-tion more speedily with the machine -readable databases. It is also stated that in some data baseservices, the retrieval efficiency is sought to beimproved by means of greater depth of indexing thanin the printed version. He mentioned that becauseof high costs of data bases and computer processing,our country cannot afford duplication of efforts interms of multiple organisations processing thesame data bases. In our country, he said, muchdepend s upon the progres s that would be made inthe fields of telecommunication and computer hard-ware.

The last paper of the morning session wasentitled II International Nuclear Information Sy stem(INIS): Accessibility and Utility of its BibliographicData Base", by Shri N. M. Malwad. He mentionedthat the INIS is the most authoritative and compre-hensive information system in the field of nuclearsCience and technology. Its bibliographic data basefollows a number of international standards for itscontent and structure, making it compatible andacceptable by national information centres in theworld to provide a wide range of information ser-vices. INIS bibliographic data base can convenientlybe incorporated into any existing national or inter _national information network .. He described thepotentialities of the INIS bibliographic data basewith regard to its accessibility and utility.

The afternoon session of the seminar startedwith the paper entitled" MEDLINE", by Prof.A. Neelameghan (DR TC, Bangalorel. He startedhis pre sentation with a brief desc ription of thefeatures of MEDLINE (MEDLARS -ON -LINE)System and then dealt with examples illustratingthree points that might be of interest in the contextof the ESRIN/RECON demonstration which was goingto be held on 20th September, and our more general

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ESRIN/RECn'" ~ •. "~:E DEMONSTRATION

concern regarding access to remote data bases.The examples which he gave related to (i) MEDLINEservice via satellite communication; (ii) Problem ofMEDLARS/MEDLINE service to widely disperseduser populations in developing countries; and(iii) International arrangements for MEDLAR SIMEDLINE ser vi ce s ,

Shri A.S. Raizada presented a paper on theCHEM/SDI project in India. He dealt with the SDI(Selective Dissemination of Information) concept.He mentioned that CHEM/SDI is a pilot project ofUNESCO/UNISIST for computerised SDI in SouthAsia. This project has been taken under NISSATproJlramme with the financial support of the Depart-ment of Science and Technology and is jointlyoperated by INSDOC, New Delhi and IlT, Madras.CHEM/SDI is a current information retrieval ser-vice. It uses CAC (Chemical Abstracts Condensates)magnetic tapes. The CHEM/SDI selects currentinformation from journals, reports, books, patentsand conferences that are incorporated in the latestissue of CAC tapes. The selection and matching isaccomplished by a fully computerised processmatching individual profile against current CACtape. He also dealt in detail with various sequencephases which should be executed to provideCHEM/SDI service.

The last paper in the afternoon session was"Machine ~Readable Bibliographic Data Bases withspecial reference to the experience of India inparticipatlng in AGRIS System" by P. C. Bose whichwas presented, in the author's absence, byShri S. P. Phadnis of IAR!. In his paper Shri Bosementioned that agriculture is fairly well documentedin literature sources. Survey of world agriculturaldocumentation services, published by FAO in 1973has categorised 124 title services (29 computerisedland 230 abstracting services (45 computerised)published in 41 countries and 21 languages. Theirannual output covered 632,000 title citations and1,137,000 abstracts. Among the important indexingservices with world -w id e coverage is the" Biblio-graphy of Agriculture", compiled in the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture (USDA), NationalAgriculture Library (NAL), since 1942 and publishedfrom a cataloguing and indexing (CAIN) computertape. Among the abstracting journals, "BiologicalAbstracts" and "Chemical Abstracts" and theirassociated current awareness title indexes and thepublications of the Commonwealth AgriculturalBureaux (CAB) are the important sources. He alsodescribed the International Information System forAgricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS)covering input methods and the output servicesavailable in two forms:

a printed monthly bibliography calledAGRINDEX

an output magnetic tape, the format of whichcan be adapted to meet the needs of indi-viduals, research programmes and national

Vol 23 No 3 Sept 1976

and regional information centres. Themagnetic tape can also provide services suchas SDI, retrospective search and on-lineretrieval.

He also dealt with AGRIS operations in India.

3. 'SYSTEMS FOR ACCESS TO BIBLIOGRAPHICDATA BASES

3. I OFF -LINE OR BATCH PR OCESSING SYSTEM

In this sy stern, the search topic is translatedinto search strategy, usually in the form of Booleanalgebraic expres sions using logical expres sionAND, OR, NOT. The search strategy is put intomachine -r ead ab le form and is then matched againstthe machine -readable file of indexed citations.Searches are carried out when computer time isavailable, and a number of searches are "batched"and run simultaneously.

3. 1. I

v(Limitations of Batch Processing System

There is no direct interconnection betweenthe user (i. e., the person with the informationneed) and the system. Therefore, the user cannotconduct his own searches. The searching work is.done by the information specialist who acts as an'intermediary between the user and the system.The search strategy is prepared by the intermediarywho acts as a search analyst. This type of searchingmay have certain advantages, but it has one funda-mental disadvantage, namely, the danger of analystmisintefpreting a requester's information need orthe user himself sometimes may not be able toexpress his need verbally with sufficient accuracyto effect a succes sful search.

2. As the searcher has essentially only onechance to conduct a successful search, the analysthas to think, in ad vance, of alternative approache sand must incorporate them into his strategy. Ifthe results of search are disappointing, he canobviously try again, but this will usually mean afurther delay while waiting for the availability ofmachine -time once more.

3. A batch proces sing system almost inevitablyinvolves time delays. In many sy stems, the res-ponse time is several days to weeks. Therefore,it becomes difficult for a us er to obtain an imme-diate ("real time") response to hi s request.

3.2 ON -LINE SYSTEM

An on -line system differs from an off -linesystem in that the searcher, via some type ofterminal, has immediate access to the data baseand can interrogate it directly, structuring hisstrategy at the terminal, receiving responsesfrom the system, and modifying the strategy on thebasis of responses received. The entire search

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can be conducted in a matter of minutes, and theoutput (of citations, abstracts, or possibly full text)displayed on a console or typed out at a machine-controlled typewriter which is part of the userterminal. For a search retrieving very manycitations, the searcher once he is satisfied with hisstrategy and has received some specimen printoutsor displays on-line, can request that the full searchresults can be carried out off -line and sent to himat a later time. The main advantages of on-linesystem are:

Browsing in this system is possible.

Search strategy can be developed at thecounter and the user can experiment withvarious approaches.

User is able to obtain the results immediatelyand he himself conducts the search at theterminal without the help of intermediary.

3.40N-LlNESEARCHING

Searching in an on-line system is an inter-active process. In this system, searcher can tryvarious terms, term groups, or term combinationsand immediately find bow many citations match theexploratory strategy. Searcher can then broadenor na rrow the scope of the search by adding des -criptors, or he can try a completely different searchapproach. He can browse in the data base to deter-mine the type 'of documents retrieved by a particularstrategy. When he finds a relevant item, he canview all the descriptors assigned to it. Possibly,he will find further terms that can be incorporatedinto his search formulation.

4. ESRO/ELDO SPACE DOCUMENTATIONSERVICE

A joint ESRO/ELDO Space DocumentationServices (SDS) was created in 1964 with the aim ofproviding scientific and technical documentationto government establishments, univers ities andindustries in Eu r.ope an Community member states.

In 1969, after negotiations with NASA,SDS envisaged adopting in Europe the RECON(REMOTE CONSOLE) on-line retrieval system,d-;;eloped in the USA for NASA by the LockheedMissile and Space Co., Pale Alto (California).

The first on-line terminal was installed inParis in July 1969 and a version of the RECON/DIALOG programme was adapted under contractwith Lockheed to be used on the IBM 370fl55 atESOC (The European Space Operation Centre ofESRO) in Darmstadt, W. Germany.

4.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF ESA SPACE DOCUMEN-TATIoN SEp,VICE

1964: SDS created by European Space ResearchOrganisation and European Space Vehicle

208

Launc he r Development Organization toprovide information services to scientistsand engineers in Member States.

1969: R ECON on -line interactive informationretrieval system installed.

1970: First remote leased line terminal outsideESRO/ELDO establishments. First Trans-atlantic cable demonstration of RECONsystem.

1972: First Transatlantic satellite demonstrationof RECON system.

1973: SDS transferred to Frascati, Rome, Italy.IBM 360/50 computer installed at Frascatidedicated to RECON system.

1975: ESRO became the European Space Agency.Users able to access SDS file via dial-upterminals. IBM Computer upgraded to360/65.

4.2 RECON NETWORK IN EUROPE

RECON is a remote access, on -Hne inter-active retrieval system which permits the user, toretrieve instantaneously information held in ESRIN,Frascati. Terminals are now located in France,Netherlands, the United Kingdom, The FederalRepublic of Germany, Spain, Sweden and Denmark.Recently, a terminal has been set up at Rabat,Morocco. This network cover s 10,000 km and has76 terminal nodes all over Europe (See Appendix I).

4.3 DATA BASES

The ESRIN Centre has at present 12 databases and provides access to over 7.5 millionreferences drawn from them. The monthly additioncomes to some 100,000 references. Some of thedata bases covered are NASA, CA CONDENSATES,INSPEC, COMPENDEX, Nuclear Science Abstracts,NTIS, METADEX, World Aluminum Abstracts,the Environment Abstracts and Science CitationIndex. This vast store of information was availablefor search in India during the demonstration from20th September to 25th September 1976 (SeeAppendix II).

4.4 THE RECON SYSTEM

The RECON system is an information re-trieval system defined by the following characte-ristics:

is of concept-coordination type;works in the interactive, on-line mode; andhas a r e rnote processing capability.

4.41 Concept-Coordination - rne an s that the docu-ments are described by a set of keywords (des-criptors) defining by their association the contents

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ESR IN/B.ECON ON -LINE DEMONSTR ATION

of document unit. They are retrieved by logic asso-ciations of descriptors, by means of the usualBoolean operators OR, AND, AND NOT.

4.42 Interactive - means that the system responsetime for each elementary enquiry is of the order ofmagnitude of that of the human operator so that areal interaction has to occur at the man/machineinterface.

The system user, by means of a very simplelanguage. is able to visualize on a TV screen afraction of a dictionary, select pertinent descriptor s,combine them by Boolean operators and display adocument surrogate on the same screen when re-quired, in a real conversational routine.

4.43 Remote-Processing - means that the user canhave access to the system by means of visualizationterminals which can also be located far from thecentral computer. The link between the centralcomputer and the remote stations (terminals) isrealized normally by means of four wire telephonelines, at a signal rate of 2400 bits/sec. Eachremote terminal is equipped with a small (lK byte)buffer memory, a keyboard, a TV screen and a30-character-per- second teletype.

4.44 The RECON Language - T he language whichis used with the RECON system at the user/terminal interface is very simple. The variouscommands can be grouped as follows:

1) Master Comrnands_(MCS): These commands canbe executed only if entered at a terminal having theso-called "master status ", Normally, there is only~ master terminal in the network and the MCS a r eused to supervise the system.

Z) General Commands (GCS): The GCS are used topreset the system for a search, to perform tutorialor explanatory routine or to exchange messagesbetween terminals. There are, in particular, fiveGCS:

a) Begin and End Search Commandsb) Switch Files, 'c) Set History,d) Tutorial Commands, ande) Message Capability.

3) Operation Commands for Terminology Access(OC/T).

4) Operation Commands for Search StrategyDevelopment(OC/S) - The following commands,namely, SELECT, INTERSECT, COMBINE, KEEPand LIMIT perform the actual search strategy thattranslates the user's question into the SystemLanguage.

5) The Operation Commands for DocumentReference Access (OC/D) - The document refe-rences are accessible by using both the DISPLA Y

Vol 23.-No 3 Sept 1976

DOCUMENT and PRINT commands in five formats:

Format 1: Only the accession numbers. 80 acces-sion numbers can be displayed.

Format 2: The complete format with accessionnumber, title, micro-abstract, authors,corporate source, bibliographical dataand descriptors. Documents in thisformat are displayed one by one on theTV screen.

Format 3: Dump format, containing all the infor-mation of format 2.

Format 4: Only accession number, title and micro-abstract. 4 documents are displayed inone screen image.

Format 5: Similar to format 2, but withoutdescriptors.

5. ESRIN/RECON ON-LINE DEMONSTRATIONIN INDIA

Development of telecommunication fac ilitie shas made long-distance on-line information retrievalpossible. The network concept is also therebygaining currency throughout the world. In order todemonstrate the possibility of introducing on-lineinteractive information retrieval systems usingtelecommunication facilities in the developing coun-tries, UNESCO/UNISIST sponsored in India a projectviz., nESRIN/RECON On-line DemonstrationProject-Linking to World Sources of Information".The ESRIN Centre in Frascati, near Rome, whichhas about a dozen data bases and access to some7.5 million ref erences in science and technologydrawn from the data bases was made accessible inthe demonstration pr oje ct ," The demonstration washeld in the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,Bombay, during 20-25 September, 1976. It wasorganised by the Department of Science and Techno-logy, Government of India, in collaboration with theP8tT Department, the Overseas CommunicationsService, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,BARC and INSDOC. The project was inauguratedby the Union Minister of State for Information andBroadcasting, Shr i V. C. Shukla. During the demon-stration. the data bases in ESRIN were searchedfrom a terminal at TIFR, Bombay. The retrievedreferences were seen on a screen and had as print-outs, if required.

Welcoming the elite gathering of technocrats,Dr A. Ramachandran. Secretary. Department ofScienc e and Tec hnology, said that the demonstrationproject was a collective venture of several scientificdepartments and agencies such as TIFR, BARC,INSDOC, the P&;T Department and the OverseasCommunications Service.

Dr Ramachandran further said that theNational Committee on Science and Technology had

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KUMAR &. KAMAT H

specifically identified information as a vital nationalr es our ce and stressed the need for organising scien-t if ic and technical information as an important pro-gramme in the Filth Plan. He pointed out that themain f unc t ion of the National Information Systemfor Science and Technology (NISSA T) would be tospeed up the flow of information. NISSAT wouldalso nurture the growth of information analys iscentres as well as the straightforward data basesand documentation services for the benefit of theplanners, entrepreneurs and decision-makers.

Shr i Shukla, while inaugurating the project,pointed out that the main object of the demonstrationat TIFR was to demonstrate to our scientists theapplication of modern telecommunication technologyto enable them to have instant access to vast storesof information held in data bases located at globald i stances.

While thanking UNESCO and ESA for theircooperation in India's efforts, Shr i Shukla said thatthe country was very anxious to keep pace withmodern developments in science and technology andwould make great sacrifice for that purpose.

Mr L.E. Samarasinghe of UNESCO, saidthat developing countries need scientilic and tech-nical information systems of their own, Iaymgemphasis on the type of knowledge most needed for

ESRIN/REC8N Terminal at TIFR. Pictureshows Modem, Video display screen andKey board

210

social and economic development.

Mr W. A. Martin of ESRIN said that theinformation service of the European Space Agencycomprises three important parts - (1) large com-puters with a huge store of references, (2) extremelyadvanced series of programmes, and (3) extensivelydeveloped network which offers a number of ope-rational options. He hoped that India would be ableto Secure information from the European SpaceAgency.

Dr V.A. Kamath, Head, Library &. Infor-mation Services, BARC, coordinated the effortsinvolved in this project, culminating in grands uc ce s s , At the end of the session, he proposed avote of thank s.

REFERENCES

[ 1] Isotta,N.E.C.: The ESRO System. AslibPv oc . 24(1): 31-37, 1971.

[2] Lancaster, F. W.: Vocabulary control forinformation retrieval. Information Resour-ces Press. Washington, D. C. 1972.

[3] Ro me r io , Giovanni F.: A Teledocumentationnetwork for Europe, Euro-Spectra, 12 No.1,12-25, 1973.

APPENDIX 1

Geographical distribution of present RECONnetwork

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APPENDIX 2

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I£CG( IJIlJOGRAPIIJC FILE SllNRY 197••.•

Ul

'"~ fILE 110 fILE IWE SUPPLIER ABSTRACTJOURllAl SUBJECT COVERAGE TIME NO REFS 110 REFS UPDATE AaSTRACTSSPAN DEC 1975 YEAIIlY

I NASA NatiOft&I __ utics Sc:ientific and techni Multidiscipl inary; sc:ienc:el 1962- 765.000 65.000 1IoIIt/l1y Roand SpIce AdIri ni stra c:aI Aerospace Reports technology; aerospace;tion. USA (STAR); 1nt_tiona1 IiIterlals; electronics

Aerospace Abstracts(1M)

2 CHEMABS Chelli c:aI Abstracts C'-ic:al Abstracts Biocheaistry; organic _cra- 1969- 2.005.000 400.000 Quarterly RoService. USA 1101ecu 1ar , app Ii ed. phys i c:a1 •

ana 1yt i't chs; stry; c'-i c:aIengineering

l IlETADEX Allen -:an Society for Meta Is Abstracts Applied; theoretic:al _ta1- 1969 1B7.OOO lO.ooo Mont/lly 110Metals. USA lurgy; properties of lletalsl

alloys

4 ClJIPENOEX Engineering Index Engi neeri ng Index Civil. electrical. IleChani- 1969- 450.000 110.000 Monthly YesInc •• USA cat , lletallurgical. enginee-

ring; electronics

6 JUIS National Tedtnic:al GgverTlllents Reports Multidisciplinary; science' 1970 186.000 60.000 Monthly No

Info,..tion Service - Announce.nts technologyUSA

7 IlUCLEAR Energy Research and Nuclear Sc:ience Multidiscip1 inary; nuclear 1968- 480.000 60.000 Monthly NoDevel~ Agency. Abstracts - science/technology; physicsUSA

EI INSPEC Institute of Elec- Phys i cs Abstracts; Multidisciplinary; Physics; 1971- 650.000 140.000 Mcnthly Yestrical Engineers.G8 Electrical Engine- electrical engineering;

ri ng and El ~ctron i cs electronics; cOIIIPUters; !Abstracts; COIIIIluter control; autallation Iand Control Abstracts I9 AlUMINUM _,.ican Society World A1!J11inum :'luminiUIII science. technology 1968- 45.000 6.000 Monthly Yes

for Metals. USA Abstracts I appl icat ions I

11 MIRON Env;ro~t Infor- Enyiro~ Abstracts Environmental engineering; 1971- ~.OOO 18.000 Monthly

INo

Ntion Center, USA energy; pollution; resources

17 ISI Institute for Sc:ience Citation Physical. chsica1. engi_- 1972 560.000 160.000 Mont/l11 ~:lSc:ientific Infor- Index ing sc:ienc:es_tl~. USA

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PORTION OF A PRINT OUT FOR A QUERY ON FLOATING POINT PROCESSORS

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76COII028 In~pec 859249 itcohVector floa ting-point dat a forllatHiqbie, L.C. .~assachusetts lIaritillleAcail., Buzzards Bay, "A, USAIE!E Trans. Co a pur., (US~), .tournal, Paper, vol.C-25, no. 1, Jan. 1976,

25-32cc: CB~20, C9800, C8120 vgcaat, ~raa~a, vcaaafSH: data structuresl nroq r aaa i.nq TRT: THroRETIC~LrT: data formatl r~liucing me~ory costl special purpose processorsl

pipeline processorsl a programlling languagel array processorl vectorfloat.ing point

~ijSTRACT: ~emory has alvays heen a major factor in deter.ining the~ost of a computpr system. ~any s=bemes have been proposed forreiucing mellory cost without degradinq syste. perfor.ance ori no ra as i nq system cost. or complexity significantly. This paperprs se nt s a particular data type that lIay have been used occas Lcna llyby proqrammers who have had to simulate floating-point hardware bysoftware. This new data type is us efu L in large scientific proble.s.nli say be ahle to serve as a replacement for floating point data typeon special purpose processors. Its bardware i.ple.entation ellorthogonal anli pipeline processors is discussed in detail and theimplications of these implementations for a programming language (lPI)(Iverson's languaqel are e~allined, 6 Refs

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