IBM Research: Accessibility Tools Accessibility Challenges and Tool Features: An IBM Web Developer Perspective Shari Trewin, Brian Cragun*, Cal Swart, Jonathan Brezin, John Richards IBM Research / *IBM Human Ability & Accessibility Center
Jul 08, 2015
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Accessibility Challenges andTool Features: An IBM Web
Developer Perspective
Shari Trewin,Brian Cragun*, Cal Swart,
Jonathan Brezin, John RichardsIBM Research / *IBM HumanAbility & Accessibility Center
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Web Content Evolution
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
IBM Human Ability andAccessibility Center
• Tools, techniques and training• Unified technology-specific checklists• Test processes• Compliance tracking
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Developer Survey
49 RIA developers from Rational, Lotus, Cognos, Websphere, Tivoli
11
15 111
1
2
8
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Expertise
• 7.3 yrs Web development experience• 4.1 yrs RIA/DHTML experience
AccessibilityExpert
Novice
Intermediate
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tools Used
AutomatedTestTool
AssistiveTechnology
62% 16%11%
8%
None
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Information on Requirements
• 68% used IBM’s CI162 checklists andguidelines,
• 35% referred to W3C Web pages describingaccessibility standards, and
• 14% reported using accessibility informationfound via Google searches.
Other external sites included the Section 508standards, Java and Dojo documentation.
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Main Browser for Development
Firefox
Firefox& IE
IEMulti
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Creating an Accessible Product
12%Understandingrequirements
21%Making time/prioritizing
27%Findingworkarounds
30%Using the testtools
30%DesignCited byDifficult aspects
12%False positives9%Cross-browser
support
12%Setup18%Retrofitting
21%Technologyworkarounds
30%Testing
Citedby
Time consumingaspects
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Limiting Factors
• 78% wanted to do more on accessibilitybut were limited by:– Lack of time (48%)– Limitations in the technology (30%)– Lack of knowledge (15%)– Budget (15%)– Conflicts with other requirements (11%)
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Testing is Still Too Hard
“Running [assistivetechnology] and [test tool]took the most time. Anycoding done foraccessibility was morestraightforward than usingthe tools.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Trouble Using AT
Assistive Technology
Web App
Browser
“The screen reader behavior wasnot entirely well-defined andsometimes inconsistent. Forexample, there were instanceswhere it read twice and sometimesdid not read at all (withoutapparent reason).”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
AT
AppBrowser
Hard to Pinpoint Problems
Templates3rd party
components
Widgets
Application state
User-generated content
Technologies
“we don’t even knowif it is the browser,Flash, or it is thetechnology that weare using is havingthe problem”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Accessibility is a MovingTarget
“[test tool and assistive technology] don't always work as wellas they should. [assistive technology] does not yet take intoaccount all the latest WAI-ARIA roles and specifications thatwe must follow. It can also be buggy and read things offincorrectly. [test tool] reports errors that are sometimesambiguous and/or unnecessary.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
What Do Developers Want?
Suggested features:– List of automatically detected problems– Explanation of each problem observed– Ability to pinpoint errors– Visualization of experience of user with a disability– Tight integration with development environment– Checklist of manual checks– Example solutions– Ability to automatically test all possible states– Ability to run a predefined interaction sequence– Indication of problem severity
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tool Features
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tool Features
Score is a weighted sum of positive
responses
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tool Features
Most valued features: list of automatically
detected problems and explanation
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tool Features
Experts gave higheroverall ratings
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tool Features
Accessibility experts valued visualization,
others less so
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Tool Features
Integration with development environment
not a priority
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Other Suggestions
“would like a tool that would suggest addingARIA roles and appropriate properties to htmltags inside of [development environment]”
“I would like to see a mapping tool that wouldmap out your site based on the navigation ofa person using accessibility tools. So wewould check what they are reading and if theyget where they need.”
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Caveats
• Small sample• Not a representative sample
– of RIA developers, or IBMers• Accessibility expertise was self-reported• Under-reporting of information-finding
problems
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Accessibility Test Tools
• Developers want– more usable tools– list of problems and GOOD explanation– avoid false positives– ability to pinpoint errors– more automation
• … not dynamic support features?
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Visualize User Experience
“ … more useful than a product that tries to magically find problems.”“… needs to be easy though. If this is extremely difficult to configure
or perform most individuals won't do it or will perform the test toolate.”
0
5
10
15
no maybe yes important essential
Value of this feature
Nu
mb
er
of
rep
on
se
s
expert
intermediate
novice
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Enhance Understanding
Suggest logical sequence of steps
Highlight problems
Shows user’s view
Describes what to check
Offers solutions
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Accessibility Infrastructure
• Workarounds are a major source of difficulty• Conforming to a standard should be sufficient• Need to work towards consistent, complete
cross-browser implementations of standards• Invest in accessible widget libraries and
platforms
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Main Findings
Tools are essential, but …– startup cost for testing is significant– Problem understanding is vital– false positives are a big problem– can’t pinpoint source of the problem
IBM Research: Accessibility Tools
Research Topics
• Greater automation of accessibility tests• Ways to develop expertise through
using the tools• Predict/simulate how assistive
technologies will behave• Simple visualizations• Investigate false positives