Access Network for Future Internet Deokjai Choi 2015. 3.

Access Network for Future Internet

Deokjai Choi

2015. 3

Outline

Changes of Networking

Access Network Technologies- Current- Coming: Sensor Networks, WMNs, DTN- Future ?

Discussions

Changes of Networking

Environment- Trusted => Untrusted

Users- Researchers => Customers => Things

Operators- Nonprofits => Commercial

Usages- Host-oriented => Data-centric

Connectivity- E2E IP => Intermittent Connection

Application Architecture- Client-Server => P2P

New Networks and Services

Home Networks

PANs

BANs

CDN

Sensor Networks, IoT

Intelligent Things

Context Aware Services

Social Networks

Smart Phone

Access networks

Q: How to connect end systems to edge router?

residential access nets

institutional access net-works (school, company)

mobile access networks

What is a Access Network?

Existing World- Customer Network, Access Network, Core Network (Hierarchical struc-

ture)- Accessed by residential user, customer organization, and mobile user- Access to central server, core network for delivery packet

Current and Coming World- We do not know the structure since we are trying to design now.- Even though there have been some researches for future internet archi-

tecture in research societies, we still have not seen any concrete one yet. It would not be soon to see the one.

- Even though strict hierarchical structure will be getting weak a little be-cause of P2P and CDN etc, but the principle of hierarchical structure will remain as it is (eg. Roads)

New Project by NSF-CISE (Aug. 27, 2010 ~ )

Networking Lab, Kyung Hee University

7

Named Data Networking: Lixia Zhang(UCLA) Technical challenges: Routing scalability, fast forwarding,

trust model, network security, content protection and pri-vacy, and communication theory

Mobility First: Dipankar Raychaudhuri (Rutgers University) Using GDTN, tradeoffs between mobility and scalability and on op-

portunistic use of network resources to achieve effective communi-cations among mobile endpoints

NEBULA: Jonathan Smith (University of Pennsylvania) The technical challenges in creating a cloud-computing-centric ar-

chitecture

eXpressive Internet Architecture: Peter Steenkiste (CMU) Refine the interface between the network and users; analyzing the

relationship between technical design decisions and public policy

Access Networks

Current Access Networks- For home: ADSL, - For Organization: T1, T3- For mobile user: Wi-Fi, WiMAX, 3G, 4G,..

Coming Access Networks for New Services- No Change

- Static or mobile Human (Home, Office)

- wearable devices: through some kind of gateway

- New Service style- Static or mobile Sensor Network (IoT) New or Emerging Citizen

- Intermittent connection

Sensor Networks

Sensor Networks- Will be proliferated with wide usage such as environment monitoring,

surveillance monitoring, bridge and building safety monitoring etc.- Most likely, they will have a sink node.- A group of nodes is connected to the Internet through a sink node which

plays a role of gateway.

Why “Real” Information is so Important?

Improve Productivity

Protect HealthHigh-Confidence Transport

Enhance Safety & Security

Improve Food

Save Resources

Preventing Failures

IncreaseComfort

Enable New Knowledge

WSN Applications

Monitoring Spaces- Env. Monitoring, Conservation biology, ...- Precision agriculture, - built environment comfort & efficiency ... - alarms, security, surveillance, …

Monitoring Things- automated meter reading - condition-based maintenance- disaster management- Civil infrastructure

Interactions of Space and Things- manufacturing, asset tracking, fleet & franchise- context aware computing, non-verbal communication- Assistance - home/elder care

Action and control- Optimizing processes- Automation

Canonical SensorNetwork Architecture

Transit Network (IP or not)

Access point - Base station - Proxy

Sensor Patch

Patch Network

Data Service

Intranet/Internet (IP)

Client Data Browsingand Processing

Sensor Node

GatewayGateway

Other information sources

Sensor Node

Ways of Connecting WSN to Internet

Proxy or Gateway

Protocols for WSN are free choice.

Two types: relay or front-end

Relay- Clients may register its interests to the proxy.- Data are passed through

Front-end- The proxy proactively collects data from SN and stores them in its data-

base, and later responds to the query.

Problems: - single point of failure- One proxy for one application; it may requires many proxy implementations.

examples of Gateway

Application gateway- Works in application layer- P2P USN Sharing (example)

DTN- Works in network layer- Bundle layer is to store and forward between networks

Overlay

TCP/IP overlay sensor network- Each sensor node implements TCP/IP.- Limited resource constraints problem.- IP/USN, 6LowPAN

Sensor Network overlay TCP/IP- Each TCP/IP node implements sensor node protocols.- How many sensor node protocols should be implemented?

Could it be generalized?

Overlay - IP/USN

IP Lesson

Separate the logical communication of information from the phys-ical links that carry the packets.- Routing- Security

802.5Token Ring

802.3Ethernet

802.11WiFi802.3a

Ethernet10b2

802.3iEthernet

10bT

802.3yEthernet100bT

802.3abEthernet1000bT

802.3anEthernet1G bT

802.11aWiFi802.11b

WiFi802.11gWiFi802.11n

WiFi

X3T9.5FDDI

SerialModem

GPRS

ISDNDSL

Sonet

Internet Protocol (IP) Routing

Transport (UDP/IP, TCP/IP)

Application (Telnet, FTP, SMTP, SNMP, HTTP)

Diverse Object and Data Models (HTML, XML, …)

802.15.4LoWPAN

Internet Protocol (IP) Routing

But, …

isn’t IP too heavyweight for low-power, wireless, microcontroller

based devices?

No! 6lowpan compression with high quality multihop routing

- Reliability and lifetime of the best mesh- Interoperability of IP

Gateway - P2P Approach to USN Integration

Adopting P2P techniques, each USN with a gateway act as a peer

The main goal of P2P overlay is to treat the underlying heteroge-neous USNs as a single unified network, in which users can send queries without considering the details of the network

User peers communicate with gateway peers in a P2P approach

[Lei Shu, SAINT 2008]

P2P USN Approach

General P2P overlay network for USN Service- If a P2P peer software is installed in sink nodes, sensor nodes, and users, all

USNs can be shared by users and other USNs.- USN application service is possible without knowing its target USNs protocols.

Service Scenarios- A peer node (user) can find sensor networks which can provide sensor informa-

tion it wants.- A USN can find other USN for collaboration- A USN can find a peer node (user) which needs its sensory information

Advantages- Share already deployed sensor networks and need not deploy new sensor

networks for specific USN service. - Exploit various information of USNs- P2P USN becomes an infrastructure for general service providers

Sink Node Architecture

DB

TCP/IPZigBee

1. Service description

2. request service

3. Sensing data

4. Clear to service

Application

Sinkmodule

P2P Overlaymodule

Sensor P2P Service for Sharing USNs

P2P USN Service Scenario- USN’s sink node or a sensor node can

be a P2P node and advertize own services / information.

- a P2P node can also advertize ser-vices / information it wants.

- a P2P node can find a service / infor-mation it wants and ask it to peer node.

- a sink node or sensor node can find a peer node (user or other USN) which wants its service / information and provide that.

Sensor

Sink

Sensor Network

Overlay Network Layer(Forwarding)

KOREN

(Sensor P2P Layer) PeerNode

OverlayNode

P2P USN Service Scenarios

An Application server finds and gathers information.

Sensor network looks for users, if special events happen

ServerSensor P2P Overlay Network

Sensor Net-work

UserInternet

Peer Node

UserEventEvent Sensor P2P Overlay Network

User

User

Sensor Net-work

Unstable Connection ex: SpoVNet

Spontaneous Virtual Networks- Connecting Sensor Network Islands to the Future Internet using the

SpoVNet Architecture

Motivation/Objectives

Heterogeneity of network technologies makes the controllability of complex, global communication systems difficult.

SpoVNet follows the approach of providing spontaneous com-munication by composing algorithms and protocols that allow self-organization in distributed systems.

Self-organizing systems are able to adapt to the given require-ments and network loads flexibly, without further involvement of administrative expenditure.

The main objective of spovnets is to provide the actual arising service needs spontaneously, autonomously and adaptively

Cargo Tracking System

Today’s Cargo tracking system

- Consist of GPS receiver and a mobile phone unit - Attached to the actual cargo container - allows tracking of container locations

Online monitoring tracking system

- The GSM unit in current location tracking systems is not limited to the transfer of GPS coordinates, but also of other sensor information too. - To reduce costly GSM communication, Several containers can use a single GSM unit that is attached to a dedicated container. - Cost and avail-ability of GSM communication is still problematic and only allows transmission of data at large intervals

Cargo Tracking System

However, It is not satisfying

- No continuous connectivity is available, therefore disallowing on-line monitoring - Communication is costly, making monitoring expensive

So, they employed a new Container Monitoring Application (CMA) on top of SpoVNet that uses SNS to access sensor network islands and performed the actual communication for monitoring application.

SpoVNet

Sensor Network Service and Container Monitoring Application in the SpoVNet Architecture

Future Internet Access Network Technologies:Delay Tolerant Network (for another unstable connection)

Motivation

Evolve wireless networks outside the Internet- Problems with inter-networks having operational and performance

characteristics that make conventional networking approaches either unworkable or impractical.

- Accommodate the mobility and limited power of future wireless de-vices

Examples of wireless networks outside the Internet:- Terrestrial civilian networks connecting mobile wireless devices in-

cluding personal communicators, intelligent highway and remote Earth outposts.

- Wireless military battlefield networks connecting troops, aircraft, satel-lites and sensors (on land or water)

- Outer-space networks, such as the “Interplanetary communica-tions”.

Internet Evolving Concept

Why DTNs?

Current Internet was designed for- Continuous, bidirectional end-to-end path- Short round-trips- Symmetric data rates- Low error rates

Many evolving and challenged networks do not confirm to the current Internet’s philosophy- Intermittent connectivity- Long or variable Delay- Asymmetric data rates- High error rates

DTN Concept

Build upon the extended “bundling” architec-ture (an end-to-end message-oriented over-lay)- Proposes and alternative to the Internet TCP/

IP end-to-end model.- Employs hop-by-hop storage and retransmis-

sion as a transport-layer overlay.- Provides messaging service interface (similar

to electronic mail)

The wireless DTN technologies may be di-verse- E.g.: RF, UWB, free-space optical, acoustic

(solar or ultrasonic) technologies …

Current Internet vs. DTN Routing

Types of DTN contacts

Persistent contacts

Persistent contacts

On-demand contacts

Types of DTN contacts

Persistent contacts

On-demand contacts

Intermittent –

scheduled contacts

(predicted contact)

Types of DTN contacts

Persistent contacts

On-demand contacts

Intermittent –

scheduled contacts

(predicted contact)

Intermittent – opportunistic contacts

Types of DTN contacts

DTN Routing Approach

Probabilistic Routing- Probabilistic routing methods use nodes' past encounter records to predict their future

encounter probabilities

Social-Network Based Routing- Groups frequently encountered nodes into a cluster for efficient intracommunity

communication and selects nodes having frequent contacts with foreign communities for intercommunity communication.

Location-Based Routing- Location-based routing methods use previous geographical location to assist packet

routing in DTNs

Inter-Landmark Routing- Selects popular places that nodes visit frequently as landmarks and divides the entire

DTN area into subareas represented by landmarks

DTN Probabilistic Routing

Based on assumption that real users are not likely to move around randomly

Real users have tendency to move in a predictable fashion based on repeating behavioral patterns

Example : if a node has visited a location several times before, it is likely to visit that location again.

Example : if a pair of nodes has made contact several times, it is likely to made contact again.

DTN Probabilistic Routing

When two nodes meet, they exchange summary data which also contain the delivery predictability information

The data will be transferred to the other node if the delivery predictability is higher than current nodes

Reference Project : PROPHET (Probabilistic Routing Protocol using History of Encounters and Transitivity)

Reference : A. Lindgren, A. Doria, and O. Schelén, “Prob-abilistic routing in intermittently connected networks,” Mo-bile Comput. Commun. Rev., vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 19–20, 2003.

DTN Social-Network Based Routing

Based on social networks attribute

Social networks exhibit the small world phenomenon which comes from the observation that individuals are often linked by a short chain of acquaintances

Node encounters are sufficient to build a connected relationship graph, which is a small world graph

Node encounters classified into 2 types :- Intracommunity encounters- Intercommunity encounters

DTN Social-Network Based Routing

In the example : Source S want to send message to destination D

Need to find the “bridge” which is the path connecting three clusters

In the figure, i1 have weak acquaintance ties with i2, and i3 also have weak acquaintance ties with i4

These “ties” can make a path/bridge to forward data, the connection between the clusters would not exist if there is no ties

Reference Project : SimBet Routing Reference : E. M. Daly and M. Haahr, “Social network

analysis for routing in disconnected delay-tolerant MANETs,” in Proc. ACM MobiHoc, 2007,pp. 32–40.

DTN Location-Based Routing

Based on notion of location distribution, which calculated using location information and frequency from node history

Upon the meeting of two nodes, our approach compares their distributions and chooses the subsequent carrier for a message bundle accordingly

DTN Location-Based Routing

Routing decision based on previous node movements with a probabilistic node meeting heuristic

The nodes’ movement patterns are reactively compared to the destination’s pattern

The probabilistic meeting score denoting of how probable it is that node and the destination node have a common movement domain

Reference Project : GeoDTN (Geographic Routing in Disruption Tolerant Networks) Reference : J. Link, D. Schmitz, and K. Wehrle, “GeoDTN: Geographic routing in disruption tolerant networks,” in Proc.

IEEE GLOBECOM, 2011, pp. 1–5.

DTN Inter-Landmark Routing

Based on combination from probabilistic routing and location-based routing

From the information of how frequent a node visit an area, landmark is selected

Each landmark, configured with a central station, will determine the route to the destination area

Each node transit on landmark will relay packet to the next landmark

This routing does not only rely on nodes that frequently visit packet's destination to forward the packet, but utilize all nodes mobility

Reference Project : DTN-FLOW Reference : K. Chen and H. Shen, "DTN-FLOW: Inter-

Landmark Data Flow for High-Throughput Routing in DTNs," IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON NETWORKING, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 212-225, 2015.

Discussions

Future Internet ?- We do not know the picture at this moment.

Access Network?- We can think still there will be need to connect small things (sen-

sors, gadget, or mobile devices) to the NETWORKs.

Major Candidates- Sensor Networks- SpoVNET style- DTN