Accelerating the Diffusion of Knowledge to Advance Science and Technology United States Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information.

Accelerating the Diffusion of Accelerating the Diffusion of Knowledge to Advance Knowledge to Advance

Science and TechnologyScience and Technology

United States Department of United States Department of EnergyEnergy

Office of Scientific and Technical Office of Scientific and Technical InformationInformation

Karen J. [email protected]

May 2007

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27 Research Facilities and 27 Research Facilities and Laboratories across the U.S., plus Laboratories across the U.S., plus

5,000+ grantees5,000+ grantees

Samuel W. BodmanSecretary of Energy

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Walt Warnick, Ph.D.Walt Warnick, Ph.D.Director, Office of Scientific and Technical InformationDirector, Office of Scientific and Technical Information

U.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

1 Science.gov Way, Oak Ridge,Tennessee

Since 1947, OSTI has been ensuring that researchers and citizens have appropriate access to the nation’s R&D results

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OSTI’s Mission is critical to DOE’s Science Mission

OSTI’s Mission is critical to DOE’s Science Mission

To advance science and sustain technological creativity by making R&D findings available and useful to DOE researchers and the American people.

Knowledge is contagious – it’s our job to make sure everyone “catches” it!

OSTI’s Creed

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1. DOE’s STI: Collect and preserve DOE-funded R&D results in a variety of document formats, housed in a central repository of both physical and electronic publications, and disseminate as broadly as possible

2. INNOVATION: Provide access to expanded sources of R&D information to the DOE research community and science-attentive public, using innovative tools such as federated deep Web searching of multiple databases and relevancy ranking to advance awareness of a broad array of scientific information related to DOE missions

Fulfilling the MissionFulfilling the Mission

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OSTI Corollary:

If the sharing of knowledge is accelerated, scientific progress is accelerated

Science Progresses as Knowledge Is Shared

Science Progresses as Knowledge Is Shared

Compressing decades to

years, years to months, and

months to days

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Key DOE/OSTI Information Key DOE/OSTI Information Services and PartnershipsServices and Partnerships

DOE/OSTI Database ProductsDOE/OSTI Database Products

Interagency PartnershipsInteragency Partnerships– Science.govScience.gov

International PartnershipsInternational Partnerships– ETDEETDE– Global Science GatewayGlobal Science Gateway

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DOE/OSTI Database DOE/OSTI Database ProductsProducts

DOE Information BridgeDOE Information Bridgewww.osti.gov/bridgewww.osti.gov/bridge147,000+ full text documents of research 147,000+ full text documents of research report literaturereport literature

Energy Citations DatabaseEnergy Citations Databasewww.osti.gov/energycitationswww.osti.gov/energycitations2.3 million citations to report literature, 2.3 million citations to report literature, conference papers, journal articles, books, conference papers, journal articles, books, dissertations, and patents of interest to dissertations, and patents of interest to DOE and its predecessor agenciesDOE and its predecessor agencies

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DOE/OSTI Database Products DOE/OSTI Database Products (Cont.)(Cont.)

DOE R&D AccomplishmentsDOE R&D Accomplishments

www.osti.gov/accomplishmentswww.osti.gov/accomplishments

A central forum for information about A central forum for information about the outcomes of past DOE R&D that the outcomes of past DOE R&D that have had significant economic have had significant economic impact, have improved people’s impact, have improved people’s lives, or have been widely recognized lives, or have been widely recognized as remarkable advances in scienceas remarkable advances in science

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EPrint NetworkEPrint Network

Started in January 2000, EPN has now Started in January 2000, EPN has now become one of OSTI’s primary productsbecome one of OSTI’s primary products

Content encompasses 25,000+ web Content encompasses 25,000+ web sites, provides full text searching on ~ sites, provides full text searching on ~ 1 million eprints, accesses over 3 1 million eprints, accesses over 3 million additional documents from 52 million additional documents from 52 simultaneously searched major simultaneously searched major databases, and links to 2983 databases, and links to 2983 professional societiesprofessional societies

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6 Core Information 6 Core Information Practices of ScientistsPractices of Scientists

Stanford University Libraries e-Journal

User Study by Institute for the Future

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Vision for EPNVision for EPN

OSTI hopes to evolve the EPN from a primarily OSTI hopes to evolve the EPN from a primarily information search and retrieval product to one information search and retrieval product to one that supports the researcher more broadly in that supports the researcher more broadly in all of all of his/herhis/her professional information needs. professional information needs.

Such a product could be used to support Such a product could be used to support parallel information activities such as creating, parallel information activities such as creating, storing, holding document files; automatically storing, holding document files; automatically building search strategies using previously building search strategies using previously successful searches; using knowledge successful searches; using knowledge management software tools to manage their management software tools to manage their professional documents collection; locating professional documents collection; locating experts; finding jobs, fellowships, grants; and experts; finding jobs, fellowships, grants; and so on.so on.

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Interagency PartnershipsInteragency PartnershipsScience.govScience.gov

Gateway to 1800 scientific websitesGateway to 1800 scientific websites 50 million pages of science 50 million pages of science

informationinformation Real time resultsReal time results Relevancy Ranked resultsRelevancy Ranked results Voluntary coalition of 12 Federal Voluntary coalition of 12 Federal

agenciesagencies

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International PartnershipsInternational PartnershipsA Global Science GatewayA Global Science Gateway

Vision: A world-class, Web-based Vision: A world-class, Web-based facility that lets any scientist and facility that lets any scientist and citizen in the world easily discover citizen in the world easily discover and use the results from participating and use the results from participating nations.nations.

The Global Science Gateway will The Global Science Gateway will speed communication and accelerate speed communication and accelerate discovery, thus expediting scientific discovery, thus expediting scientific and economic progress.and economic progress.

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Global Science GatewayGlobal Science GatewayStrategic VisionStrategic Vision

The Global Science Gateway will: Search dispersed, electronic

collections in general. subject-specific. and cross-cutting fields of science;

Provide direct and free searching of open-source collections and portals and will also allow patrons with proper access credentials to simultaneously search limited-access systems (e.g. agreements based on country membership);

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Strategic Vision (Cont.)Strategic Vision (Cont.)

Build upon existing and already successful national models for searching;

Seek to complement existing information collections and systems; and

Maximize the attribution to and recognition of individual sources of information to the patron for the purpose of raising the visibility and usage of individual sources.

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Global Science GatewayGlobal Science Gateway

A Statement of Intent was signed January A Statement of Intent was signed January 21, 2007 by 21, 2007 by Dr. Raymond OrbachDr. Raymond Orbach, Under , Under Secretary for Science of the U.S. Department of Secretary for Science of the U.S. Department of Energy, and Energy, and Lynne BrindleyLynne Brindley, Chief Executive of , Chief Executive of the the British LibraryBritish Library..

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International PartnershipsInternational PartnershipsETDEETDE

Mission: Mission: “To provide governments, “To provide governments, industry and the research community industry and the research community in the member countries with access in the member countries with access to the widest range of information on to the widest range of information on energy research, science and energy research, science and technology and to increase technology and to increase dissemination of this information to dissemination of this information to developing countries.”developing countries.”

Current ETDE Member Current ETDE Member CountriesCountries

Brazil Canada Denmark Finland France Germany

Korea, Rep. of The Netherlands NorwayMexico

SwitzerlandSweden United Kingdom United States

SpainPortugal

Spain Member Representative:

ETDE’s “Product” – ETDEWEBETDE’s “Product” – ETDEWEB 3.8 million citations – the world’s 3.8 million citations – the world’s

largest database of energy largest database of energy informationinformation

““ETDEWEB is clearly the information ETDEWEB is clearly the information system of reference” (source: system of reference” (source: European Commission, May 2005)European Commission, May 2005)

Broad coverage of energy and Broad coverage of energy and environmental subjectsenvironmental subjects

ETDE Membership Benefits ETDE Membership Benefits

Staying abreast of recent developments Staying abreast of recent developments in various research areas in various research areas

Avoiding duplication of research effort Avoiding duplication of research effort and learning from expected and and learning from expected and unexpected resultsunexpected results

Jump-starting research at a point further Jump-starting research at a point further along than anticipatedalong than anticipated

Identifying which countries and people Identifying which countries and people are involved in particular research areasare involved in particular research areas

Understanding how countries deal with Understanding how countries deal with energy-related environmental and energy-related environmental and climate change issuesclimate change issues

Contracting party determines ETDEWEB Contracting party determines ETDEWEB access within its national bordersaccess within its national borders

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Information Access Information Access Impediments/OpportunitiesImpediments/Opportunities

New PNew Paradigmsaradigms Traditional PublishingTraditional Publishing

Traditional Publishing versus Open Traditional Publishing versus Open AccessAccess

Traditional Publishing partnered with Traditional Publishing partnered with Open AccessOpen Access

Thinking of Science Thinking of Science as a Public Good…an as a Public Good…an Argument for Open Argument for Open

AccessAccess

Acknowledgment to:Acknowledgment to:R. Stephen Berry, The University of ChicagoR. Stephen Berry, The University of Chicago

The Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources The Scholarly Publishing & Academic Resources CoalitionCoalition

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Science thrives on two principles!Science thrives on two principles!

Open access to information Open access to information – Science builds continually by using the Science builds continually by using the

information its community generates to information its community generates to move on to produce still more move on to produce still more information. information.

Verifiability Verifiability – Scientific knowledge Scientific knowledge isis special because of special because of

its reliability and predictive character, its reliability and predictive character, which only can be, because scientific which only can be, because scientific results must be verifiable.results must be verifiable.

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What is a What is a Public GoodPublic Good?? A public good is a good that does not A public good is a good that does not

diminish in value with use, and has diminish in value with use, and has (almost) no marginal cost for users (almost) no marginal cost for users after the first use.after the first use.

A scientific public good is special A scientific public good is special insofar as its value insofar as its value increases increases with use.with use.

Consequently, it is imperative to Consequently, it is imperative to maximize the use of the information maximize the use of the information generated by the research, its generated by the research, its public public goodgood..

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What We Already KnowWhat We Already Know

The scientific community and the The scientific community and the publishing community had a publishing community had a symbiotic relationship for symbiotic relationship for generations–until the Internet.generations–until the Internet.

The new technology provides The new technology provides scientists with more efficient, scientists with more efficient, sometimes cheaper ways to share, sometimes cheaper ways to share, access and archive information.access and archive information.

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Scientists and publishers suddenly Scientists and publishers suddenly found themselves with different found themselves with different visions.visions.

Scientists saw electronic Scientists saw electronic publication as an improvement publication as an improvement over old ways of achieving open over old ways of achieving open access to scientific information. access to scientific information.

Publishers saw such open access Publishers saw such open access as a threat to as a threat to profitableprofitable distribution of information.distribution of information.

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The Similarities and The Similarities and DifferencesDifferences

Publishers are motivated by the Publishers are motivated by the desire for monetary profit.desire for monetary profit.

Scientists, mostly, are motivated by Scientists, mostly, are motivated by the desire to distribute their ideas the desire to distribute their ideas and findings, and, in so doing, to and findings, and, in so doing, to influence the thinking of others.influence the thinking of others.

This makes for two very different This makes for two very different kinds of “currency” and of kinds of “currency” and of motivation.motivation.

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Inhibiting the dissemination of Inhibiting the dissemination of scientific information necessarily scientific information necessarily diminishes its value as a public diminishes its value as a public good, whatever private gains may good, whatever private gains may ensue from such inhibition.ensue from such inhibition.

Refer back to accelerating the Refer back to accelerating the diffusion of knowledge can lead to diffusion of knowledge can lead to acceleration in scientific acceleration in scientific advancement!advancement!

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But scientists withhold But scientists withhold information!information!

Yes, and this is accepted for periods Yes, and this is accepted for periods long enough to allow discoverers to long enough to allow discoverers to explore consequences of their explore consequences of their discoveries. Like protection of small discoveries. Like protection of small businesses, small research groups businesses, small research groups may be slower to pursue immediate may be slower to pursue immediate consequences of research, so such consequences of research, so such protection is quite acceptable.protection is quite acceptable.

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The Next Steps?The Next Steps?

We are going through a period of We are going through a period of adaptation. The “best” or even the adaptation. The “best” or even the better courses of action are still better courses of action are still unclear.unclear.

Acceptable pathways can only be Acceptable pathways can only be determined by trying and comparing determined by trying and comparing the options.the options.

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U.S. Government ActivitiesU.S. Government Activities

National Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health

Department of EnergyDepartment of Energy

Legislation StatusLegislation Status

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National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health (NIH)(NIH)

Implemented Public Access Policy May 2, Implemented Public Access Policy May 2, 20052005

Requests and strongly encourages all Requests and strongly encourages all investigators to make their NIH-funded investigators to make their NIH-funded peer-reviewed, author's final manuscript peer-reviewed, author's final manuscript available to other researchers and the available to other researchers and the public through the NIH National Library of public through the NIH National Library of Medicine's (NLM) PubMed Central (PMC) Medicine's (NLM) PubMed Central (PMC) immediately immediately afterafter the final date of journal the final date of journal publication. publication.

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NIH Support to AuthorsNIH Support to Authors

As an example, the kind of language that an As an example, the kind of language that an author or institution might add to a author or institution might add to a copyright agreement includes the copyright agreement includes the following: following:

""JournalJournal acknowledges that Author retains acknowledges that Author retains the right to provide a copy of the final the right to provide a copy of the final manuscript to NIH upon acceptance for manuscript to NIH upon acceptance for JournalJournal publication or thereafter, for public publication or thereafter, for public archiving in PubMed Central as soon as archiving in PubMed Central as soon as possible after publication by possible after publication by JournalJournal." ."

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NIH StatisticsNIH Statistics

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Department of EnergyDepartment of EnergyWorkshop Panel Report on Accelerating the Spread of Workshop Panel Report on Accelerating the Spread of

Knowledge About Science and TechnologyKnowledge About Science and Technology

Concluded that “because scientific Concluded that “because scientific discovery is a cumulative process, with discovery is a cumulative process, with new knowledge building upon earlier new knowledge building upon earlier findings, it is imperative that findings, it is imperative that unnecessary barriers to sharing the unnecessary barriers to sharing the immediate results of research should immediate results of research should be removed.” The Panel “supports and be removed.” The Panel “supports and encourages the principle that publicly encourages the principle that publicly funded unclassified research should be funded unclassified research should be deposited in stable, freely accessible deposited in stable, freely accessible public archives and made freely public archives and made freely available as soon as possible after available as soon as possible after acceptance for publication.”acceptance for publication.”

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DOE Laboratories and Open DOE Laboratories and Open AccessAccess

Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos National Laboratory encourages researchers to consider encourages researchers to consider publishing in an open access publication publishing in an open access publication for these benefits:for these benefits:

Increased dissemination Increased dissemination Articles can be cited sooner Articles can be cited sooner Articles potentially cited more frequently Articles potentially cited more frequently Institutional costs for scholarly Institutional costs for scholarly

publishing are decreased publishing are decreased

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What next with Open Access in What next with Open Access in the Department of Energy?the Department of Energy?

Monitor efforts of NIHMonitor efforts of NIH

Anticipate individual researcher Anticipate individual researcher actionsactions

Await legislative actionAwait legislative action

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Legislation StatusLegislation Status

Federal Research Public Access ActFederal Research Public Access Act– Introduced May 2, 2006Introduced May 2, 2006– Would require 11 agencies to make Would require 11 agencies to make

manuscripts of journal articles publicly manuscripts of journal articles publicly and freely available via a digital and freely available via a digital archive/repository within 6 months after archive/repository within 6 months after being published in a peer-reviewed being published in a peer-reviewed journaljournal

– Referred to Senate committeeReferred to Senate committee

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May 1, 2007Resolution in support of the Federal Research Public Access Act of 2006 from Trinity University Association of Student Representatives Resolution in support of taxpayer access to federally funded research from the

Association of Students of Oberlin College April 27, 2007

Access For All from Harvard University's student newspaperFebruary 21, 2007

Health Groups Urge Senators to Support On-line Access to Taxpayer Funded Medical Research

February 6, 2007 Major society publisher announces support for public access to scientific literature

February 1, 2007Students Rally for Access to Publicly Funded Research

Campuses declare “National Day of Action” in support of federal legislationJanuary 30, 2007

Soil scientists renew the call for broader access to publicly funded research

Alliance for Taxpayer Access

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Open Access in the NewsOpen Access in the NewsScience, March 16, 2007, p. 1479Minds Closed to Open AccessAlthough fans of the concept, scientists remainreluctant to publish in open-access outlets, anew study suggests. The survey, led by informationscientists at Munich University in Germanyand the University of Arkansas, Little Rock,found that although two-thirds of 688 respondents—mainly information systems, Germanliterature, and medical scientists from aroundthe world—read open-access literature, only athird chose to publish their work that way.

Information scientist Ángel Borrego ofBarcelona University in Spain says the survey,published last week, reiterates what othershave called a “Jekyll-and-Hyde syndrome” inwhich scientists behave differently as readersthan as authors.–ELISABETH PAIN

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Sampling of Information Sampling of Information SourcesSources

http://openaccess.eprints.org/http://openaccess.eprints.org/

http://www.arl.org/sparc/http://www.arl.org/sparc/

http://www.sparceurope.org/http://www.sparceurope.org/

http://www.plos.org/index.phphttp://www.plos.org/index.php

http://american-scientist-open-access-http://american-scientist-open-access-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.htmlScientist-Open-Access-Forum.html

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Thank you for your time and Thank you for your time and attention!attention!

Contact Information:Contact Information:

Karen SpenceKaren SpenceAssistant Director for Information Assistant Director for Information

SystemsSystemsOffice of Scientific and Technical Office of Scientific and Technical

InformationInformationU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Energy

Telephone: 865-574-0295Telephone: 865-574-0295Fax: 865-576-9357Fax: 865-576-9357Email: [email protected]: [email protected] Website: www.osti.gov Organization Website: www.osti.gov