Academicintegrity h16 ss_notes

Take control of your PhD journey:Academic integrityHelene N. Andreassen, PhDLene Østvand, PhD

With contributions from Torstein Låg and Mariann Løkse

University LibraryOctober 24th, 2016

Outline and main objectives

Outline• Scholarly sources: The whys of using and producing them correctly• Scientific conduct and open science: The whys of sharing• Research and society: The whys of engaging

Main objectives• Know and explain the concept academic integrity• Know and explain the concept of open science

• Know how to develop the information literacy skills needed to practice research in accordance with academic integrity and open science

Use of sources

Searching and keeping track of sources is addressed in other Take Control seminars

Search like an expertOctober 25

Reference management (EndNote)October 28

Mini poll on source evaulation and plagiarism

In a browser, navigate to

Kahoot.it

Evaluate your sources carefully to ensure that you build your research on solid work

Relevant – credible – objective – verifiable – scientific

Use more than one source and avoid cherry picking!

Consensus - variations - controversial findings

“A good reason for avoiding the use of secondary sources in academia is

that messages that pass through several links have the unfortunate

tendency to become modified or altered along the way, as in the whisper

game.” (Rekdal, 2014a)

(Rekdal, 2014b)

“Such an academic shortcut implies placing complete and blind trust in the

authors of the secondary source; that they have got the quote or the general

message, and the reference, correct.”

Incidences of disciplinary cases at UiT is increasing

Cheating may lead to expulsion from the University.

(Forskrift for eksamener ved UiT, 2009)

"Plagiarism is defined as submitting someone else's work as your own."

(Carroll & Zetterling, 2009)

Screenshot from the commercial «Piracy it’s a crime» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HmZm8vNHBSU

1. uses words, ideas, or work products

2. attributable to another identifiable person or source,

3. without attributing the work to the source from which it was

obtained,

4. in a situation in which there is a legitimate expectation of

original authorship,

5. in order to obtain some benefit, credit, or gain which need

not be monetary."

(Fishman, 2009)

"Plagiarism occurs when someone

Degrees of seriousness?

Work is not the student's own. Student does not

know the rules.

Genuine misunderstanding

Work is "not OK", student makes mistakes. Student

knows the rules.

Misuse

Student attempts to deceive. Student knows

the rules.

Misconduct

(Adapted from Carroll & Zetterling, 2009)

In addition to direct copying without quotation, and not citing sources,

plagiarism may include :

- Ghost writing

- Duplicate publishing

- Patchwriting(Howard, 2015)

(Roig, 2013)

Self plagiarism involves four major problems:

Duplicate/redundant publishing Salami slicing

Copyright infringement Text recycling

How to do it right?What makes a good writing practice?

Be honest and clearly state

what sources you have used

and how you have used them!

Think learning first!

Write from memory and check

later for accuracy and

too-close paraphrasing

Understand what you read

Practice remembering and

explaining to yourself

In doubt? Seek help!

• Supervisors

• Research group

• Fellow PhD students

• The University Library

• The guide on ethical writing by Roig, M. (2013).

The trinity of scientific misconduct

Falsification of data

Distortion of data or results

Fabrication of data

Invention of data or cases

Plagiarism

Copying without attribution

Distortion of scientific knowledge

A waste of human and financial resources

Possible risk to human health

Consequences for careers (and thereby the whole scientific

enterprise)

Phot

o: h

ttp:/

/ais.

badi

sche

-zei

tung

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Physicist Jan Hendrik Schön

2001: author on newly published research every 8th day, on average

Publications in Science and Nature

Replication failure

Reuse of datasets to represent different material

Proper lab records non-existent, raw data deleted

«I am convinced that they are real»

Revocation of PhD degree

Biggest fraud in physics the last 50 years

Department of Physics spokesman Wolfgang Dieterich

Reckless disregard for the sanctity of data in

science

Investigating committee

Brain researcher Milena Penkowa

Phot

o: w

ww

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k

One of Copenhagen University’s major stars

Award winner and collector of huge research funds

Manipulation and fabrication of data

Forgery of invoices, embezzlement and lies

Fabrication of praise of own research to ensure funding

Brain researcher Milena Penkowa

The possible whys

Individual impurity

Institutional failure

Structural crisis

(Sovacool, 2008)

Phot

o: H

elen

e N.

And

reas

sen

What can/should we do?

Carter, 2015

The good academic

The good scientist

A balancing problem?

But why?

Why are we here?

But why?

A taxonomy of openness

Open science

Science as a public enterprise & the

future of the open society

Transparent research

Open access

Open research

data

Boulton, 2014

Observe

How to contribute to the transparency of research

Whistleblowers: be one, and protect the others

Being (your own) whistleblower

1. In your field, which motives could drive researchers to commit misconduct?

2. Are you sufficiently critical to others? What would you do if you suspected research carried out by others to be dubious?

3. In your situation, in which situation(s) would pressure be such that misconduct, FFP or QRP, could be tempting?

Observe Cite

How to contribute to the transparency of research

Using, criticizing and citing research

Using, criticizing and citing OA research

https://www.datacite.org/

www.sign-ific-ance.co.uk

Guidelines for citing research data

(Starr & Gastl, 2011)

Observe Cite

How to contribute to the transparency of research

Do

The hows of sharing knowledge is addressed in other Take Control seminars

Open access publishingOctober 26

Research data management October 27

Using your own research data

Publish and cite datasets (open access)

• Allow scrutiny by peers

• Enable diffusion and reuse of data

• Allow impact of data

• Create a structure recognizing the value of data and rewarding data producers

(https://www.datacite.org/services/cite-your-data.html)

• Do not exclude negative data– Others can learn and further develop

Ainsley Seago, cf. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_sharing

A positive consequence of data sharing

• Discovery of relationship between “long-term recovery of spinal cord injury victims and blood pressure during their initial surgeries”

• Meta-analysis of data previously considered useless

• Questions raised– should raw data be stored

and made available?– should one spend more

time analysing old data?

(Lindsay, 2015)

Would you share your data?

Could you share your data?

(Ferguson, 2014)

The researcher and the society

Bilingualism

Early studies and myths-delayed language acquisition-confusion and mixing of languages-negative effect on cognitive development

Possible negative effectLanguage in a minority situation not transmitted to children at home

Language is a symbol of cultural and personal Identity

(Jones & Lorenzo-Hubert, 2008)

Recent research-metalinguistic awareness similar or better-better at problem solving in (non-) verbal tasks requiring controlled attention-delayed onset of Alzheimer’s

Possible positive effectLanguage in a minority situation transmitted to children at home

Bilingualism

I feel that being able to speak my mother tongue connects me to my culture more closely(Prof. A. Sorace)

Academia is not isolated from society

Discuss:

Why should researchers explain their work to the society? Is it our responsibility to enlighten the commoners?

How can misconceptions be avoided? What about controversies?

If research is not communicated to society correctly, what is the worst that can happen? Examples?

Do you know examples of researchers or research communities that communicate science well?

Photo:http://scicolloq.gsfc.nasa.gov/Hansen.html

James HansenClimate Science, Awareness and Solutions ProgramEarth InstituteColumbia University

Blogs, video discussions, TED talk, newspapers, TV appearances and scientific publications.

Photo:http://scicolloq.gsfc.nasa.gov/Hansen.html

James HansenClimate Science, Awareness and Solutions ProgramEarth InstituteColumbia University

Received a number of awards for science communication, e.g.,

Walker Prize, Museum of Science, Boston (2014)

Sophie Prize for Environmental and Sustainable Development (2010)

Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, American Meteorological Society (2009)

Photo:http://scicolloq.gsfc.nasa.gov/Hansen.html

James HansenClimate Science, Awareness and Solutions ProgramEarth InstituteColumbia University

“Dr. Hansen has pushed far beyond the boundaries of the conventional role of scientists, particularly government scientists, in the environmental policy debate.”

(Revkin, 2009)

Photo: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BillNyeSG.jpg

Bill Nye (The Science Guy)CEO The Planetary Society

Scientist, comedian, teacher, and author.

Television shows, debates, books.

Photo: Ola Sætherhttp://www.uniforum.uio.no/nyheter/2011/05/jorn-hurum-hedres-av-national-geographic.html

Jørn HurumProfessor – Norwegian Center of PaleontologyMuseum of Natural History

Large international media coverage for IDARadio show with Knut Jørgen Røed ØdegaardScience books for childrenCommunicate science communication

Want to tell the world about your research?

Consult supervisor, research group and/or the Department of Communications and Public Relations if you want to go big.

Take small steps.

Participate in blogging and

use social media.

Other ideas?

Questions?

Fill in our evaluation form!bit.ly/ubevalen

Teacher’s name: Helene N. Andreassen, Lene ØstvandDate: 24.10.2016

Title of course: TC

Thanks and good luck!

[email protected]

References

Boulton, G. (2014). Open data and the future of science. Paper presented at the 9th Munin Conference on Scholarly Publishing, 26-27 November 2014, Tromsø.

Carroll, J., & Zetterling, C.-M. (2009). Guiding students away from plagiarism. Stockholm: KTH Learning Lab. Retrieved from http://people.kth.se/~ambe/KTH/Guidingstudents.pdf

Carter, G. (2015). Goals of science vs goals of scientists (& a love letter to PLOS One). Retrieved from https://socialbat.org/2015/08/12/goals-of-science-vs-goals-of-scientists-a-love-letter-for-plos-one/

Durani, M. (2002, 25 September). Bell Labs physicist fired for misconduct. Retrieved from http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2002/sep/25/bell-labs-physicist-fired-for-misconduct

Ferguson, L. (2014). How and why researchers share data (and why they don’t). Retrieved 25.10.2015, from http://exchanges.wiley.com/blog/2014/11/03/how-and-why-researchers-share-data-and-why-they-dont/#disqus_thread

Fieldman, C. (2016, 4 February). 60 minutes’ most famous whistleblower. Retrieved from http://www.cbsnews.com/news/60-minutes-most-famous-whistleblower/

Fishman, T. (2009). “We know it when we see it” is not good enough: Toward a standard definition of plagiarism that transcends theft, fraud, and copyright. Paper presented at the 4th Asia Pacific Conference on Educational Integrity (4APCEI), University of Wollongong NSW Australia. http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1037&context=apcei

Forskrift for eksamener ved UiT. (2009). Forskrift for eksamener ved Universitetet i Tromsø - Norges arktiske universitet. Retrieved April 18th, 2016 from https://lovdata.no/pro/#document/SF/forskrift/2009-05-07-533.

Howard, R. M. (2015). Plagiarism in higher education: An academic literacies issue? Introduction. In T. Bretag (Ed.), Handbook of Academic Integrity (pp. 1-2). Singapore: Springer Singapore. doi:10.1007/978-981-287-079-7_70-1

Jones, W, & Lorenzo-Hubert, I. (2008). The relationship between language and culture. Zero to Three, 29(1), 11-16.

Lindsay, G. (2015, 14 October). The latest medical breakthrough in spinal cord injuries was made by a computer program. Retrieved from https://www.fastcoexist.com/3052282/the-latest-medical-breakthrough-in-spinal-cord-injuries-was-made-by-a-computer-program

References

Park, C. (2003). In other (people's) words: Plagiarism by university students - literature and lessons. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 28(5), 471-488. doi:10.1080/02602930301677

Rekdal, O. B. (2014a). Academic urban legends. Social Studies of Science, 44(4), 638-654. doi:10.1177/0306312714535679

Rekdal, O. B. (2014b). Monuments to academic carelessness: The self-fulfilling prophecy of katherine frost bruner. Science, Technology & Human Values, 39(5):744-752. doi: 10.1177/0162243914532138

Revkin, A. C. (2009, Juned 23rd). Hansen of NASA Arrested in Coal Protest, The New York Times. Retreived from http://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/hansen-of-nasa-arrested-in-coal-country/?_r=0.

Roig, M. (2013). Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing. Rockville, ML: The Office of Research Integrity, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. Retrieved from http://ori.hhs.gov/avoiding-plagiarism-self-plagiarism-and-other-questionable-writing-practices-guide-ethical-writing.

All images are from colourbox.com unless otherwise stated.

Severinsen, J. (2014, 15 August). Milena Penkowa – from famous to infamous. Retrieved from http://sciencenordic.com/milena-penkowa-%E2%80%93-famous-infamous

Sovacool, B. (2008). Exploring Scientific Misconduct: Isolated Individuals, Impure Institutions, or an Inevitable Idiom of Modern Science? Journal of Bioethical Inquiry, 5(4), 271-282. doi: 10.1007/s11673-008-9113-6

Starr, J., & Gastl, A. (2011). isCitedBy: A Metadata Scheme for DataCite. D-Lib Magazine, 17. doi:10.1045/january2011-starr