- 1. Aaagrhhsometimes it can be hard to know exactly how to
develop the academic style in your written work that your tutors
are after! Expressing ideas and constructing arguments Logical,
concise and specific Finding the perfect word Having a conversation
with your reader
2. David Crystal on whether the English language is so varied in
different parts of the world that it will eventually fragment into
distinctive separate languages.Crystal, D. (2009) The future of
language: The Routledge David Crystal Lectures. London: Routledge,
pp.45-6. 3. At the most colloquial level, there will certainly be
considerable mutual unintelligibility, especially if a great deal
of local language mixing takes place. The sentence You wanted to
beli some barang-barang is an example from a conversation between
two Malaysians: they are speaking English, but they have put some
Malay words into it (the meaning is to buy some things). This kind
of mixing is perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing
the identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in
multicultural settings everywhere, whether in Malaysia, Ghana,
Zimbabwe or Wales. Language is a major index of identity, and
wherever English is spoken it is not surprising to find it being
adapted to help express a local sense of belonging. 4. At the most
colloquial level, there will certainly be considerable mutual
unintelligibility, especially if a great deal of local language
mixing takes place. The sentence You wanted to beli some
barang-barang is an example from a conversation between two
Malaysians: they are speaking English, but they have put some Malay
words into it (the meaning is to buy some things). This kind of
mixing is perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the
identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in
multicultural settings everywhere, whether in Malaysia, Ghana,
Zimbabwe or Wales. Language is a major index of identity, and
wherever English is spoken it is not surprising to find it being
adapted to help express a local sense of belonging.Topic sentence
to start the paragraph with an emphasis at the endVery precise use
of language. This could have been written as a lot of
misunderstanding on both sides but a lot doesnt imply significance
, misunderstanding suggests there is wrong understanding rather
than none at all, and on both sides is longwinded. 5. At the most
colloquial level, there will certainly be considerable mutual
unintelligibility, especially if a great deal of local language
mixing takes place. The sentence You wanted to beli some
barang-barang is an example from a conversation between two
Malaysians: they are speaking English, but they have put some Malay
words into it (the meaning is to buy some things). This kind of
mixing is perfectly normal linguistic development, expressing the
identity of a community, and it will be increasingly heard in
multicultural settings everywhere, whether in Malaysia, Ghana,
Zimbabwe or Wales. Language is a major index of identity, and
wherever English is spoken it is not surprising to find it being
adapted to help express a local sense of belonging.An intriguing
example to progress from the topic sentence with the translation
not given until the end making the reader continue.Crystal then
widens the example to show its application in other settings and
the last sentence highlights that the suggestion is reasonable. 6.
Crystal then continues with this paragraph: On the other hand,
there are several centralizing forces at work in the world which
foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief force,
existing as an international reality in print, and available as a
tool for national and international communication by people from
all these countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of education
will be able to read it. Many will be able to speak it. Certainly,
everyone will be under some pressure to learn it. There are too
many centralizing factors keeping Standard English in the forefront
of world attention for the old Latin scenario to obtain. And its
position is being reinforced by new technologies. Satellite
television is beaming Standard English down into previously
unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater levels of
mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the
World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety. 7. The first
phrase highlights to the reader that there will now be
consideration of a counter argument. The end of the sentence links
with the previous paragraph by using the same terms.On the other
hand, there are several centralizing forces at work in the world
which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard English is the chief
force, existing as an international reality in print, and available
as a tool for national and international communication by people
from all these countries. Anyone with a reasonable level of
education will be able to read it. Many will be able to speak it.
Certainly, everyone will be under some pressure to learn it. There
are too many centralizing factors keeping Standard English in the
forefront of world attention for the old Latin scenario to obtain.
And its position is being reinforced by new technologies. Satellite
television is beaming Standard English down into previously
unreachable parts of the world, thereby fostering greater levels of
mutual intelligibility. And the English language we see on the
World Wide Web is predominantly the standard variety. 8. This time
the main theme of the paragraph is not introduced until the second
sentenceOn the other hand, there are several centralizing forces at
work in the world which foster mutual intelligibility. Standard
English is the chief force, existing as an international reality in
print, and available as a tool for national and international
communication by people from all these countries. Anyone with a
reasonable level of education will be able to read it. Many will be
able to speak it. Certainly, everyone will be under some pressure
to learn it. There are too many centralizing factors keeping
Standard English in the forefront of world attention for the old
Latin scenario to obtain. And its position is being reinforced by
new technologies. Satellite television is beaming Standard English
down into previously unreachable parts of the world, thereby
fostering greater levels of mutual intelligibility. And the English
language we see on the World Wide Web is predominantly the standard
variety. Notice the use of 3 short sentences to make a series of
points and enter into a persuasive dialogue with the reader. 9.
Erin Saltman and Hajnalka Szarvas on global consciousness in
contemporary Hungarian societySaltman, E. and Szarvas, H. (2012).
Global-local-global consciousness in Hungary in Global civil
society2012: ten years of critical reflection. eds. M. Kaldor, H.
L. Moore and S. Selchow. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, p.16. 10.
Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global
consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not
address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first
examination, do the so-called globally conscious movements.
However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined
from its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The
diversity in Hungarian global, glocal and after-global movements,
particularly in those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens
engaged in modern and innovative social networks used to develop
knowledge and awareness of issues impacting local, national, and
international society. 11. Hungary at first glance may not seem
like a beacon of global consciousness or community awareness. Many
Hungarian NGOs do not address or involve large segments of the
population; nor, on first examination, do the so-called globally
conscious movements. However, a different perspective emerges if
Hungary is examined from its grassroots and localised projects and
organisations. The diversity in Hungarian global, glocal and
after-global movements, particularly in those led by youth, shows
evidence of citizens engaged in modern and innovative social
networks used to develop knowledge and awareness of issues
impacting local, national, and international society.Starts the
paragraph by stating the commonly held position to build solidarity
with the reader and acknowledge their most likely opinion. 12.
Hungary at first glance may not seem like a beacon of global
consciousness or community awareness. Many Hungarian NGOs do not
address or involve large segments of the population; nor, on first
examination, do the so-called globally conscious movements.
However, a different perspective emerges if Hungary is examined
from its grassroots and localised projects and organisations. The
diversity in Hungarian global, glocal and after-global movements,
particularly in those led by youth, shows evidence of citizens
engaged in modern and innovative social networks used to develop
knowledge and awareness of issues impacting local, national, and
international society. Leads the reader into their analytical
technique, backing up their argument and using appropriately
specific jargon to distinguish between closely related
concepts.Illustrative language allows the reader to visualise
abstract concepts 13. Saltman and Szarvas continue with this
paragraph: The process of resurrecting civil society in Hungary
began in the 1990s, after decades of communism throughout Central
and Eastern Europe. New NGOs became a symbol of regenerating social
connective tissues among the people and in the short period between
1990 and 1993 the number of NGOs grew from a few hundred to over
30,000 (HSCO 2011). Large economic and political changes left a gap
in certain state functions which filled, giving them both
legitimacy and status. However, despite this complementary role,
NGOs have remained somehow suspect in the eyes of those in power
perhaps a leftover sentiment from the communist era, when they were
considered a potential threat by politicians and prevented from
becoming independent from the state. Although access into the
European Union has diversified funding options, to the chagrin of
NGO members most organisations remain largely dependent on state
finances. 14. The process of resurrecting civil society in Hungary
began in the 1990s, after decades of communism throughout Central
and Eastern Europe. New NGOs became a symbol of regenerating social
connective tissues among the people and in the short period between
1990 and 1993 the number of NGOs grew from a few hundred to over
30,000 (HSCO 2011). Large economic and political changes left a gap
in certain state functions which filled, giving them both
legitimacy and status. However, despite this complementary role,
NGOs have remained somehow suspect in the eyes of those in power
perhaps a leftover sentiment from the communist era, when they were
considered a potential threat by politicians and prevented from
becoming independent from the state. Although access into the
European Union has diversified funding options, to the chagrin of
NGO members most organisations remain largely dependent on state
finances.This topic sentence sets the context of Hungarian
political history generally Again illustrative languageArgument
backed up with statisticsLanguage becomes more cautious as the
reasoning becomes less concrete 15. Historian Eric Hobsbawm on the
French RevolutionHobsbawm, E. J. (1962) The age of revolution
1789-1848. London: Penguin Books, p.79. 16. The French Revolution
was not made or led by a formed party or movement in the modern
sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a systematic programme.
It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind to which
twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until the
post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking
consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group
gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the
bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as
formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by
free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the
philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It
would have occurred without them; but they probably made the
difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the
effective and rapid substitution of a new one. 17. The French
Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or movement in the
modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a systematic
programme. It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind to which
twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until the
post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking
consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group
gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the
bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as
formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by
free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the
philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It
would have occurred without them; but they probably made the
difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the
effective and rapid substitution of a new one. The topic sentence
opens up a dialogue with the reader telling them that they might
think this but they should question it and the author will lead you
through as to why. This is an authoritative style of writing. 18.
The French Revolution was not made or led by a formed party or
movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting to carry out a
systematic programme. It hardly even threw up leaders of the kind
to which twentieth-century revolutions have accustomed us, until
the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon. Nevertheless a striking
consensus of general ideas among a fairly coherent social group
gave the revolutionary movement effective unity. The group was the
bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of classical liberalism, as
formulated by the philosophers and economists and propagated by
free-masonry and in informal associations. To this extent the
philosophers can be justly made responsible for the Revolution. It
would have occurred without them; but they probably made the
difference between a mere breakdown of an old regime and the
effective and rapid substitution of a new one. A mixture of caution
and significance statements to push his reasoning to its
conclusionThe answer to the premise introduced in the topic
sentence not revealed until this point keeping the reader following
the argument 19. The French Revolution was not made or led by a
formed party or movement in the modern sense, nor by men attempting
to carry out a systematic programme. It hardly even threw up
leaders of the kind to which twentieth-century revolutions have
accustomed us, until the post-revolutionary figure of Napoleon.
Nevertheless a striking consensus of general ideas among a fairly
coherent social group gave the revolutionary movement effective
unity. The group was the bourgeoisie; its ideas were those of
classical liberalism, as formulated by the philosophers and
economists and propagated by free-masonry and in informal
associations. To this extent the philosophers can be justly made
responsible for the Revolution. It would have occurred without
them; but they probably made the difference between a mere
breakdown of an old regime and the effective and rapid substitution
of a new one. The end of the paragraph clarifies how far the
argument can be pushed and invites the reader to disagree. Hobsbawm
has imagined what the possible outcomes might have been and been
decisive in his reasoning. Stylistically he uses concise sentence
structures to help the reader understand complex /controversial
ideas. 20. Susie Orbach concluding her book on our relationship
with our bodiesOrbach, S. (2009). Bodies. London: Profile Books,
pp.142-3 21. This book has argued not only that bodies are made but
that they are made in conditions in which the body of the infant is
rendered unstable and precarious. Body instability is rife. It is
not only the dumping ground for emotional anxiety; it is a problem
in its own right which needs addressing. Mostly we dont see the
bodys anxiety as bodily anxiety. We misread the anxiety,
misinterpret the wish to change the body as aspirational and as
psychologically motivated the outcome of an unfortunate emotional
anxiety, such as lack of control or, more commonly, an inability to
digest upset or conflict which is then visited on the body as a
somatic symptom. But body anxiety is as fundamental as emotional
anxiety and we need to recognise this. It is essential, especially
for therapists, if they wish to be of use to those who consult
them. Although clinicians have sometimes been slow to see this, the
work of contemporary artists is directing our gaze to this
disturbing phenomenon. The power of works by Antony Gormley,
Richard Serra, Marc Quinn, Orlan, Ron Muerk and many others lies in
the way they address the fragmentation and instability of the human
form in the later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries.
Gormley makes casts of his body. In doing so he directs us to lack
of integrity that has come to pervade the human form. He enunciates
a whole body among other whole bodies, in vivid contrast to
advertising images and photographys tendency to represent bodies
only in terms of part objects. He is drawing us into the beauty of
the ordinary form, unperfected. His repetitive use of his own body
is a means to show us that we share a common bodiliness. 22. This
book has argued not only that bodies are made but that they are
made in conditions in which the body of the infant is rendered
unstable and precarious. Body instability is rife. It is not only
the dumping ground for emotional anxiety; it is a problem in its
own right which needs addressing. Mostly we dont see the bodys
anxiety as bodily anxiety. We misread the anxiety, misinterpret the
wish to change the body as aspirational and as psychologically
motivated the outcome of an unfortunate emotional anxiety, such as
lack of control or, more commonly, an inability to digest upset or
conflict which is then visited on the body as a somatic symptom.
But body anxiety is as fundamental as emotional anxiety and we need
to recognise this. It is essential, especially for therapists, if
they wish to be of use to those who consult them. Although
clinicians have sometimes been slow to see this, the work of
contemporary artists is directing our gaze to this disturbing
phenomenon. Topic sentence succinctly summarises the entire book
and starts the concluding chapter.Very short sentence could have
been combined with the next but the length gives it punch making
the reader think.Use of the pronoun we builds solidarity with the
reader and opens a dialogue Changes theme linking to next paragraph
23. The power of works by Antony Gormley, Richard Serra, Marc
Quinn, Orlan, Ron Muerk and many others lies in the way they
address the fragmentation and instability of the human form in the
later twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Gormley makes
casts of his body. In doing so he directs us to lack of integrity
that has come to pervade the human form. He enunciates a whole body
among other whole bodies, in vivid contrast to advertising images
and photographys tendency to represent bodies only in terms of part
objects. He is drawing us into the beauty of the ordinary form,
unperfected. His repetitive use of his own body is a means to show
us that we share a common bodiliness.Topic sentence is contextual
helping the reader to place Gormley within a group of artistsAgain
a very short second sentence acting as a jolt to the narrative
making the reader consider Gormleys action Expands her point by
using illustrative languageAgain the use of pronoun we brings the
reader back to their own experiences in the concluding sentence