ACADEMIC & TECHNICAL - Printing Industries … methyl ethyl ketone ... PIC programmable interrupt controller PIM (1) ... This is done so that a different plate can be prepared

ACADEMIC & TECHNICAL

Study Material* in preparation for the Sixteenth Annual Competition at Tamayo’s Restaurant

on Thursday, May 19, 2011

*The contents of this packet are reproduced with permission from the following organizations: 1) PIA/GATF–Glossary of Graphic Communications 2) International Paper Company–“Pocket Pal” 3) North American Publishing Company–Glossary of “Target Marketing” 4) Adobe–Variable Data Publishing Resource Center Glossary 5) Digital Printing & Imaging Association–Glossary “Guide to Digital Imaging”. These can be reprinted without permission for educational purposes only.

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RAISE FOUNDATIIONACADEMIC COMPETITION2011 Word List

AREA OF PRINTING: Graphic Arts Materials

acrylic ink A screen printing ink that contains acrylic polymers and is used to print on some plastics andother substrates, especially ones that will be exposed outdoors.

additive Any compound which, when combined with another, reduces or improves flow (workability),or otherwise changes the composition of a lubricant to a predetermined state.

adjacency effect The property of the eye that causes the same color to look different when surrounded by oradjacent to other colors.

alcohol-free fountainsolution

Lithographic fountain solution containing no isopropyl alcohol.

aniline dyes Colorings made from coal-tar derivatives.

aqueous dispersion Pigments scattered in a water-soluble binding medium that changes to a water-insoluble formwhen a screen-printed cloth is steamed or heat-cured.

azeotrope A mixture of solvents that exhibits a constant maximum or minimum boiling point which ishigher or lower than that of any of its components.

barrier coating The coating applied to a substrate to make it resistant to the passage of moisture vapor,gases, water, or other liquids including oils.

base white A reducer added to ink to make a proof lighter in appearance.

bonding strength (1) An ink film's ability to resist picking, splitting, and delaminating during printing. (2) Theforce with which paper fibers adhere to each other. (3) The strength with which an appliedsurface coating adheres to the substrate after drying.

chalking Poor adhesion of ink to printing surface. This condition results when the substrate absorbsthe ink vehicle too rapidly. The ink dries slowly and rubs off as a dusty powder.

color swatch A small, printed solid used for color matching or measurement. It represents what an inkcolor might look like after it is printed.

conductive ink An ink for the screen printing of electronic circuits containing materials that permit an electriccurrent to flow through the printed line or pattern.

cross-hatch test A method used to determine how well an ink adheres to a substrate. Officially, the ASTMD3359 Ink Adhesion Test.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Graphic Arts Materials

grindometer An instrument used to indicate the presence of coarse particles or agglomerates inan ink dispersion.

ink, vegetable Inks considered to be environmentally friendly because they replace some of thehydrocarbons with soy or other vegetable oils.

Inkometer An instrument that measures the tack of an ink.

kauri-butanol number A value given to solvents to indicate their dissolving power relative to a standard-natural kauri gum.

modifier A material added to the basic ink formulation to improve the behavior of the ink on the press,or to improve the characteristics of the ink film.

nonreproducible colors Colors in an original scene or photograph that are impossible to duplicate with a given set ofcolorants (process inks or PMS colors), because they are outside of the color gamut.

organic pigments General classification of pigments manufactured from coal tar and its derivatives.

Pantone Matching System(PMS)

One of several systems used to specify spot colors.

photoinitiator An additive in ultraviolet curable inks and coatings that acts as a catalyst when the ink orcoating is exposed to ultraviolet light.

shade In ink manufacture, a common synonym for hue.

thixotropy Characteristic of a material that causes it to change consistency on being worked.

tinctorial strength The concentration of colorant in a printing ink.

zinc oxide An opaque inorganic white pigment used in inks.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Abbreviations and Acronyms

2D-MR two-dimensional modified read (computer file)

a.m. ante meridiem

ACE (1) access control entry; (2) asynchronous communications element

B (1) bytes; (2) billion (1,000,000,000); (3)blue or blue filter; (4) base

BAPI business application programming interface

BEDORAM burst extended data out random-access memory

BIST built-in self-test

BitBlt bit aligned block transfer

CC filter color compensating filter

CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act

CIRC cross-interleaved Reed-Solomon code

DBMS database management system

DMA direct memory access

DP (1) draft proposal; (2) data processing; (3) dual processing

DXI data exchange interface

EDOVRAM extended data out video random-access memory

ETX end of text

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FLOPS floating point operations per second

GDE generic decryption engine

HCS hazard communication standard

HPFS high-performance file system

IANA Internet assigned numbers authority

IDE (1) integrated development environment; (2) integrated disk electronics

IRQ interrupt request

KPH keystrokes per hour

LD laser diode

LF line feed character; lightface

LIMM light-intensive modulation method

LOD level of detail

LSB least-significant bit

LWK lightweight kernel

MAPI messaging application programming interface

MEK methyl ethyl ketone

MIB management information base

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MIPS million instructions per second

MMCX multimedia communications exchange server

MSR modem status register

NEST Novell embedded systems technology

NLSP NetWare link services protocol

NT new technology

OCX object linking and embedding control

ODSI open directory service interface

OLVWM open look virtual Windows manager

PEM privacy enhanced mail

PIC programmable interrupt controller

PIM (1) page imaging mode; (2) personal information manager

POSIX portable operating system interface for UNIX

PReP PowerPC reference platform

PVC (1) polyvinyl chloride; (2) permanent virtual circuit

QBASIC quick beginners all-purpose symbolic instruction code

RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

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ReTINA real-time telecom. information networking architecture

RTF rich text format

SCADA supervisory control and data acquisition

SGML standard generalized markup language

SP (1) space character; (2) stack pointer

TPM (1) total preventive maintenance; (2) total production maintenance; (3) transactions perminute

TSOP thin small outline package

UCS Uniform Color Space

vBNS very-high-speed backbone network service

VON voice on/over the Net

WATS wide-area telecommunications service

WOSA Windows open services architecture

WSAPI web site application programming interface

ZIF zero insertion force

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AREA OF PRINTING: Typography/Graphic Design

agate (1) Body type measuring approximately 5 1/2 points. (2) A polished stone tool used inbookbinding to burnish the edges of books after applying metal leaf.

alphabet length The space required for letters of a given font expressed in points, or the length of thelowercase alphabet of a particular type font.

art knife A tool with a small, sharp blade used for lightly cutting tracing paper, screen printing stencilfilms, and other materials. The most popular tool of this type is the X-Acto™ knife.

asymmetry Aspects of letterforms that reflect the mirror image relationship between letter pairs (e.g., bd and pq) or in a single letter (T).

bad break In text composition, setting a hyphenated line as the first line of a page; ending a page withthe first line of a paragraph or a single word or hyphenated word; or dividing a wordincorrectly anywhere in the text.

balance Placement of colors, light and dark masses, or large and small objects in a picture or layoutto create harmony and equilibrium.

bezier curve A vector graphic, named after Pierre Bezier, that is defined mathematically by two endpointsand two or more other points that control its shape.

bleedoffs Pictures, lines, or solid colors that extend beyond the edge or edges of a page so that whenmargins are trimmed, the image is trimmed even with the edge of the page.

bullets Large dots used to precede listed items or to add emphasis to particular parts of a text.

callout A portion of text, usually duplicated from accompanying text, enlarged, and set off in quotesand/or a box to draw attention to what surrounds it.

centerline A line or mark added to copy, a page negative, or a film flat to denote the center of trimmargins on a page or form. The centerline is also used as a registration mark.

character definition A term used to describe the fidelity or resolution with which alphanumeric symbols arereproduced.

color break Indicating on tissue overlays attached to the mechanical what image areas will print in whatcolors (usually line and screen tints). This is done so that a different plate can be preparedfor each color in a multicolor job.

complementary colors Any two opposite (or contrasting) colors that produce white or gray when combined.

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cut-in head Type larger than body text located in a white space in the side of a typeset page and oftenused to introduce a new subsection of a chapter.

electronic composition Computer-assisted methods of copyfitting and pagination that output text and graphicalelements in completed page form as paper galleys or film from an imagesetter.

error diffusion In electronic scanning, smoothing a "rough" area of a digital image by averaging thedifference of adjoining pixels.

frisket A paper mask or stencil placed over certain areas of a photograph during airbrushing.

hanging indent Typesetting the first line of a paragraph to the full text width, while succeeding lines arespaced in by a constant amount from the left margin.

layout A guide prepared to show the arrangement and location of all the type, illustrations, and lineart that are combined together to compose the film flat.

leader A character consisting of two or more dots set in a row.

light pen The stylus that detects light on a computer display. Like a mouse, it is used to create andmove the elements shown on the monitor in page-layout, text-composition, and computer-graphics programs as well as other interactive communications between a computer systemand an operator.

logotype A ligature, special symbol, trademark, trade name, or any other combination of characters,words, or phrases produced as a single graphic and allocated a given width in a typesettingsystem.

monochrome Term used to refer to any image that comprises a single color, although it is most often usedto refer to a black-and-white image.

novelty type A class of typeface that includes specialized faces for logos, advertisements, andpromotionals.

Open Type fonts A cross-platform font file format developed jointly by Adobe and Microsoft in which bitmap,outline, and metric data are combined into a file, simplifying font management.

optical centering Positioning type or art slightly above true center to make it appear centered with respect to the top and bottom of the page.

page proof A sample of type elements assembled into page form.

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panel printing A solid block of color, ink or foil, which is used as a background for other printed or stampedmaterial and sometimes surrounded by a decorative border.

query The primary means of extracting desired information from a database.

slide A photographic transparency, usually color, mounted for projection.

subhead A secondary title or heading that is usually set in smaller type, making it less prominent thana main heading.

text The body matter of a page composed in column or paragraph form. Display matter,headings, and illustrations do not fall into this category.

thermal transfer printing A printing method in which heat emitted from a printhead softens a ribbon coated with wax-based inks and transfers the ink to the substrate.

transpose To exchange the position of a letter, word, or line with another letter, word or line.

trim margin The white space on the open side of a signature.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Press

additivity failure An ink-on-paper printing condition where the total density of the overprinted ink films is notequal to the sum of the individual ink densities that form the overprint.

after-tack Tack that develops after an ink should have dried or after a heat-drying operation.

air shaft A special roller in the roll stand of a web press that uses air-actuated grippers to hold thecore of the roll of paper.

back-edge curl In offset printing, a curve that develops at the tail end of a press sheet as a result of printingheavy solids close to this edge. Excessive dampening can also be a cause.

bearing A machined element in which another part (e.g., axle or shaft) turns or slides and that reduces friction between moving and stationary parts of machinery.

blanket creep The slight forward movement or slip of the part of the blanket surface that is in contact withthe plate or paper.

bloom (1) Solid material exuding from the base and migrating to the surface of a substrate. (2)Powder, usually talc, found on the surface of a new offset blanket.

calibration bars On a negative, proof, or printed piece, a strip of tones used to check printing quality.

coldset web press A webfed printing press that does not use a dryer, but rather the ink vehicle dries byabsorption into the paper surface.

convection drying Hardening and setting the ink film on a printed substrate by circulating hot air continuouslyand uniformly around it in a contained area.

cylinder guide marks Lines on an offset press plate that match corresponding lines on the press's plate cylinder,ensuring that each plate will be positioned identically on press.

delamination The continuous splitting, or separation, of the paper's surface caused by the tack of the inkand the rubber blanket.

doughnut hickey A printing flaw consisting of a small, solid printed area surrounded by a white halo, orunprinted area.

dry printing Multicolor printing in which each successive ink color is applied after the previous ink colorhas been allowed to dry on the sheet.

edge tear A broken edge of the web that usually extends only a short distance inward from the edge,but can initiate a web break. 14

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endplay Undesirable lateral movement caused by poor fit between the roller shaft and the rollerbracket or bearing on a lithographic press.

external setup Setup procedures that can be performed while the machine is in motion.

feathering A ragged edge on printed or handwritten type. It may be caused by poor ink distribution, abad impression, excessive ink, or an ink not suitable for the paper.

fingers Devices the prevent the suckers in the sheet-separation unit from picking up more than onesheet at a time.

fountain cheeks The vertical metal pieces connecting the edges of the fountain roller and blade to form anink-tight trough.

glaze A thin vitreous coating, either colored or clear, that attaches itself to the body of ceramicware, imparting a gloss and smoothness to the surface.

gloss ink An ink containing varnish or other additives. It dries with a minimum of penetration into thestock and yields a high luster.

high-mesh count Fine woven screen printing fabrics with a count of 300 or more meshes/inch (120meshes/centimeter).

image area piling A puttylike buildup of paper materials and inks on the image area of the blanket, which takeson the color of the ink.

ink holdout The extent to which paper resists or retards the penetration of the freshly printing ink film.

keyless inking system An inking system in which controls for adjusting ink federate in the across-the-press directionare not required.

lay sheet The first of several sheets run through the press to verify lineup, register, type, and nonimageareas.

mesh opening In screen printing, a measure of the distance across the space between two parallel threads,expressed in microns.

pile height regulator A device that senses the height of a pile and controls its position. On a sheetfed press, it isusually a pressure-foot control.

resilience The ability of a blanket or flexographic plate to regain its thickness after pressure on itssurface has been removed. 15

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roller train An assembly of touching rollers designed to transport a fluid, in film form, from one point toanother.

sinking Uniform reduction in blanket thickness due to the repeated compressions and relaxationsthat occur through use.

splice The area where two paper rolls are joined to form a continuous roll.

stacker A device attached to the delivery conveyor of a web press that collects, compresses, andbundles printed signatures.

ultraviolet curing Using ultraviolet radiation to convert a wet coating or printing ink film to a solid film.

web guide Device that keeps the web traveling straight or true through the press.

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AREA OF PRINTING: General Printing

algorithm An ordered set of well-defined rules for the solution of a problem in a finite number of steps.

alphabet The length of a complete set of lower case alphabet characters in a given type size,expressed in points or picas.

bottleneck Any resource whose capacity is equal to, or less than the demand placed on it.

computer automation A reduction in hand or mechanical operations in favor of computer-based functions, resulting in faster, more efficient production.

continuous-tone image An image that has a gradation of tones from light to dark, such as a photograph, watercolorpainting, or charcoal drawing

corrosion inhibitor An additive to the dampening solution to prevent it from reacting with the plate.

deionization A chemical water purification process that uses two ion exchange resins to remove mineralsfrom water.

double bump Applying a second layer of the same color of ink or coating to add density, increase opacity,increase ink film thickness or achieve higher coat weights.

electronic printing Any technology that reproduces pages without the use of traditional ink, water, chemistry, orplates. Also known as plateless printing.

electrophotography In modern terminology, processes (including xerography and laser printing) that produceimages by passing toner particles over an intermediate photoconductor drum, which receivesan electrical charge that enables it to transfer and fuse the toner particles to plain (untreated)paper, forming the image.

fastness to light The ability of paper or paperboard to resist yellowing or fading, or a change in color uponexposure to light.

flash point The temperature at which vapors will ignite momentarily when a flame or spark is applied.

flocculate To aggregate pigment particles in the ink to form clusters or chains; may result in a loss ofcolor strength and a change in hue.

generation Each succeeding state in reproduction for the original. A copy of an original would be thesecond generation.

graying component The primary color least present in a trichromatic color; it determines that color's value.18

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AREA OF PRINTING: General Printing

halftone graininess Random ragged distortion of halftone dot values caused by substrate unevenness, excessiveink film thickness, and mechanical factors.

haze The residue of ink and/or stencil material remaining in a screen following stencil removal.Often requiring caustic detergents for complete removal.

image generation The creation of a graphic whether by media like pencils or paint, by computer softwareprograms, or by photography.

manganese driers A material containing chemically combined manganese used to accelerate the oxidation andpolymerization of an ink film.

opaque ink An ink that conceals all color beneath it.

photo-direct plate A type of printing plate that is exposed directly to a hard copy original without the need forfilm negatives or positives.

preventative maintenance A scheduled routine designed to prevent breakdowns and/or unscheduled downtime.

relative humidity (RH) The amount of water vapor present in the atmosphere expressed as a percentage of themaximum that could be present at the same temperature.

rewinding The process of rewinding a roll of substrate to produce a proper size for the customer, tosplice the ends together, and/or to remove defects.

slitting Cutting a sheet in a straight line along the traveling direction of the paper.

static neutralizer An attachment designed to remove the static electricity from the paper to avoid ink set-offand trouble with feeding the paper.

thermography Raised printing created by heating freshly printed ink that has been coated with a specialpowder.

truncate To drop characters at the end of a data field because the field being converted or keyed in istoo long to fit in the record position in which it must be stored.

undercolor removal (UCR) A technique used to reduce the yellow, magenta, and cyan (the “undercolors”) dotpercentages in neutral tones by replacing them with increased amounts of black ink.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Marketing

alternate delivery Methods of delivering direct mail or sample products to households without using the UnitedStates Postal Service.

batching The gathering and organizing of incoming orders.

card deck A cooperative pack of postcards, usually mailed in a clear poly outer, that is used in bothconsumer and business-to-business direct marketing.

consolidator A consolidator accepts mail for deposit within a particular type of delivery service. Bygrouping together mail from more than one company, consolidators are often able to obtainhigher volume discounts than an independent mailer.

cross-media personalizedmarketing

A form of personalized marketing that incorporates various media in getting the message tothe customer.

data entry The entering of names, addresses and other information into a data storage and retrievalsystem. Data can be entered via manual keying, electronic data transfer or by scanning.

delivery sequence file A computerized file of more than 125 million records containing all the addresses the U.S.Postal Service serves throughout the U.S.

direct entry/Injection Process of entering mail directly into another country's mail stream.Mail that is sent directinjection goes directly to the designated country's post office and receives a local indicia andreturn address.

dot whack A sticker, usually round, that's affixed to a catalog cover (or printed directly on the cover) thattouts a special offer or message to customers.

expire A subscriber who has let a subscription run out without renewing it.

Free-Standing Insert (FSI) A promotional piece loosely inserted or nested in a newspaper or magazine.

hard bounce An e-mail that has bounced back to the sender undelivered without having been accepted bythe recipient's mail.

International Surface Airlift(ISAL)

A bulk service from the U.S. Postal Service for printed matter and small packets. Mail sent byISAL travels from the United States to the destination country by air.

list maintenance The ongoing process of keeping a mailing list up-to-date by adding, editing and deleting data.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Marketing

literature fulfillment Refers to the sorting and qualifying of leads, sending the appropriate information, and, ifoutsourced, forwarding leads to the marketer for follow-up.

mass marketing The process of widely marketing a product using one or more of the mass media-radio,television/cable, Internet, newspapers/magazines, and signage (billboards).

net names The number of names remaining after a merge-purge eliminates all duplicates.

personalized web page(PURL)

On a website, a customized landing page designed/created for a single individual.

PLANET Code A bar code that will allow mailers to track a mail piece, or an entire mail campaign,throughout the U.S.P.S. delivery system.

predictive dialing The automatic dialing by a computer of telephone numbers on a preselected list.

pyramiding A method of testing mailing lists, starting with a small quantity and, based on positiveindications, following with larger and larger quantities of the balance of the list until the entirelist is finally mailed.

rented list A list of names and contact information that is rented for a fee from an organization in orderto perform a mailing.

sheetfed offset press A printing press that feeds and prints individual sheets of paper (or other substrate) using theoffset lithographic printing method.

single-piece rate The "undiscounted" or "full" postage rate available for individual pieces of Express Mail, First-Class Mail, Priority Mail, and Package Services.

universe count The total number on a list available within a particular selection, taking no account of priorusage.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Variable Data

application A specific, digital printing job, or general printing job; and can also refer to as a software program.

attrition Reduction in a company's customer population that happens as a result of normal turnover orbecause of some specific event.

banding Creating groups of customers or prospects based on selected criteria.

Business Intelligence Software

Software that provides different views of company data, through such methods as filtering and recognizing patterns. This allows businesses to make better decisions.

cleansing In database management, the process of removing duplicate information, bad records, incomplete records, or errant characters. This can be done manually or automatically with some type of cleansing software or simple scripts that can be incorporated into the database.

component A part of a page, (e.g. image, graphic or text) which may need to be printed on various pagesin a VDP print run.

contact history A record of the interaction a company has had with the customer over time and the outcomesof those interactions.

cost per piece The traditional measure of the cost of a direct mail marketing job. But in comparing two printing methods, cost per piece is only meaningful if all other factors are equal.

customer acquisition The marketing goal of acquiring new customers - selling to people who were not already customers.

data mart A subset of the information contained in a data warehouse.

data mining In database management, the extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from a database. Alternative term: mining.

direct marketing A direct communication to a customer or business that is designed to generate a response inthe form of an order, a request for further information, or a visit to a store or other place of business.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)

Multi-module application software that helps a company manage the important parts of its business such as product planning, parts purchasing, inventory management, supplier interaction, customer service, order tracking, finance and human resources.

hard benefit A program benefit that the customer would otherwise have to pay for (e.g. free air travel, freehotel lodging, etc.)

mail merge The earliest form of variable-data printing which allowed a database file of names and addresses to be merged with a Microsoft Word file, thus producing a "personalized" form letter.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Variable Data

needs-based differentiation How customers are different, based on what they need from the enterprise. Two customersmay buy the same exact product or service for two dramatically different reasons.

Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)

An application that assists in the processing of a transaction and provides all the necessary information to complete the transaction.

propensity scores Scoring, based on past customer history, which portrays the likelihood a customer will perform a certain action.

pull marketing Communications with a customer that are originated by the consumer.

scoring A finishing operation that involves impressing a hard metal rule into the paper surface wherea fold is to be made. This creates a cleaner fold on heavy, hard-to-fold paper or paper with atendency to crack.

suppressions Indicators to not communicate with a particular consumer or group of consumers.

versioning A printed piece that has been customized in some manner for the local market but not the specific recipient, such as including a regional toll-free number or listing the address of the local hardware store or home improvement center.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Digital Imaging

24 bit color Digital color model that uses eight bits each for the three additive colors (red, green, blue.) Itcan reproduce 256 shades of each primary color.

addressable resolution The maximum resolution of any device. The finite number of pixels that any imaging device iscapable of creating, manipulating, or imaging.

bit-depth The number of bits of tonal range capability of the pixels in an image.

color calibration A system of software and/or hardware that adjusts and coordinates colors between two ormore digital devices. Color calibrations systems commonly compare device color profiles andtranslate one color model into a device-independent language.

device-dependent Describes a color space that can be defined only by using information on the color-rendering capabilities of a specific device.

dynamic range The capacity of an image capture device (e.g., digital camera or scanner) to detect andrecord discrete tones, from the lightest to the darkest, in an original.

file format The particular arrangement of digital information that is saved from an application program.

flatbed scanner A type of digital scanner that has a flat glass bed used to lay the original images on forscanning (as opposed to a drum).

fractal A mathematically generated pattern that is reproducible at any magnification or reduction

grayscale An image containing a range of gray levels, as opposed to only pure black and pure white.

image capture The process of converting photographs or other artwork into digital data so that they can beused in computer-based layouts.

LUTS Look-Up Tables: A digital processing method to modify data from the input to the output, byusing an array of data from a stored table.

LZW Abbreviation for Lempel-Ziv-Welch, a type of lossless algorithm used for data compression.

microfine toner Toner particles that average 8 microns or less in size.

photoreceptor Physical device inside a marking system on which the latent image is written by a laser orLED bar and then developed with toner.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Digital Imaging

Resolution-ComputerImages

The particular pixel density of an image, or the number of dots per inch a device is capable ofrecognizing or producing.

shadow detail Subtle features in the darker part of an image.

signal-to-noise ratio The strength of the image signal relative to the strength of the unwanted optical or electronicsignals.

tiling The process of breaking down an image or page into sections for editing or printingpurposes.

white balance The balancing of color components to create pure white when scanning a white object. Asubstitute for a color temperature setting.

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AREA OF PRINTING: Paper

accelerated aging A method of predicting the long-term aging characteristics of paper by exposing it to anelevated temperature and a controlled environment of dry or moist hear for a specified time,and then measuring its strength loss.

alkali resistance Freedom of paper from a tendency to become stained or discolored or to undergo a colorchange when brought into contact with alkaline products like soap or adhesives.

alum A mineral sulfate used in manufacturing paper.

appearance properties Paper properties, including its whiteness, brightness, color, gloss, and opacity.

bagasse Papermaking fiber derived from the fibrous residue remaining after sugarcane has beencrushed and its juices have been extracted.

beater The original mechanical refiner, in which paper fibers suspended in water are circulatedaround an oval tub and passed between the refining surfaces of the rotating metal bars of thebeater roll and the stationary metal bars of the bedplate.

bond paper A strong, durable, writing paper with a smooth, uniform finish, originally used for printingstocks and bonds, now also used for letterheads, stationery, and business forms.

bulking index A paper’s single-sheet thickness in inches divided by its basis weight, or its inches of thickness per pound of basis weight.

calcium hypochlorite A bleaching agent for paper.

cast-coated A high-gloss, ink-absorbent paper with an enamel finish. Cast-coated paper is dried underpressure against a polished cylinder during manufacture.

cockle The effect of uneven moisture absorption on paper.

decal, duplex A heavy backing paper laminated with a very high grade of tissue paper, which, in turn, iscoated with the decal solution to receive a screen-printed image.

double-thick cover stock Two sheets of 65-lb. paper stock laminated together.

dry finish Paper or paperboard with an unglazed, rough surface.

edge tearing resistance The resistance of paper to tearing when the tear is started at its edge.

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embossed finish Paper with a textured surface resembling wood, cloth, leather, or other patterns.

envelope paper Paper made for the specific requirements of diecutting and folding envelopes on high-speedenvelops machines.

equilibrium moisture content The moisture content of paper having the same relative humidity as its surroundingatmosphere, under which condition the paper neither loses nor gains moisture when exposedto the atmosphere.

felt finish A finish applied to paper at the web press with felts having a weave different from that ofnormal paper machine felts.

fibrilla One of the threadlike elements of the cellulose fiber that is separated form its wall by theaction of refining.

flotation deinking A method of removing ink and other contaminants from reclaimed paper by producing an ink-bearing froth that rises to the surface of the cells and is skimmed off.

grammage The weight in grams of a single sheet of paper with an area of one square meter.

hardwood trees Deciduous or broadleaf trees, which lose their leaves annually.

heat-seal paper A label coated on one side with an adhesive that is activated and becomes tacky with theapplication of heat.

kenaf An annual agricultural plant, native to India, that has a long fiber in its bark that is suitable forpapermaking.

laid antique An antique finish paper made with a laid-type dandy roll simulating the finish of thehandmade paper.

latex-treated paper Paper whose fibrous network is impregnated with latex for durability, high edge-tearresistance, wet strength, and flexible, leatherlike properties.

lignin The complex constituent of wood that binds its cellulose fibers together.

lint Loosely bonded paper surface fibers and dust that accumulates on an offset plate or blanketand interferes with print quality. Alternative terms: linting; fluffing.

machine direction The direction in which fibers flow to the paper machine; the direction of web travel throughthe paper machine.

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moisture-barrier wrapper A wrapper designed to act as a barrier to the transmission of moisture, to prevent the harmfulconsequences of moisture loss or gain

nominal weight The basis weight for ordering and specifying paper. The actual basis weight to which it ismade, allowing for manufacturing tolerances.

parchment A fine, translucent paper made from the tanned hide of a sheep or goat.

permanence A measure of how well a paper maintains its color and brightness characteristics over timeand with exposure to light.

picking A disturbance of the paper's surface that occurs during ink transfer when the forces requiredto split an ink film are greater than those required to break away portions of the paper surface.

rag content The percentage of cotton fiber in paper.

refining The use of a mechanical device to break down papermaking fibers in preparation forpapermaking.

safety paper Paper produced with special chemicals and mechanical properties that make it easier toexpose forgery or any alterations of checks and other negotiable, legal documents.

semichemical pulp Pulp produced by first giving wood chips a mild chemical cooking to partially remove andsoften their lignin binder, then fiberizing the chips in a disk refiner; a high-yield pulp used forcorrugated board, cores, and containers.

short-grain sheet A sheet whose shorter dimension parallels the grain direction.

showthrough A term used to describe the visibility of printed material from the opposite side of the sheet.

supercalender A calender consisting of alternate hard steel rolls and soft filled rolls, giving a high-glossfinish to paper passing through the nips because of slippage that occurs between a hard andsoft roll. A supercalender is operated separately from a paper machine or coater.

wood pulp Papermaking pulp obtained from wood.

yankee dryer A single, large steam-heated drying cylinder that produces a glazed finish on the side of apaper that dries against it during manufacturing.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Bindery/Finishing

accordion fold Two or more folds parallel to each other with adjacent folds in opposite directions, resemblingthe bellows of an accordion.

album binding To enclose and cover a document on the short side of a page instead of in the more commonmethod of binding upright on the long side of the page.

assemble draws Collecting two or more groups of gathered signatures to form a complete book.

back spinner The roller used to remove excess glue from the backbone of a book in order to meter gluethickness on a perfect binder.

binder's board One of the stiffeners (a high-grade pulp board) often used when making book covers. About0.070-in. thick, it is used under cloth or paper binding materials.

blind stamp A design impressed into a surface without foil or ink, to give a bas-relief effect. Alternativeterm: emboss.

buckram A heavy, coarse book cover cloth.

clamp On an adhesive binder, a device that grips the book block firmly on either side and guides itinto the mailing station.

crash A coarse fabric used to strengthen the joints of casebound books. It is placed over thebinding edge of a book before it is cased-in to help hold the book within its cover.

cutter dust Small fiber particles chipped off as the paper is cut. Cutter dust can cause printing difficulties.

die A pattern of sharp knives or metal tools used to stamp, cut, or emboss specific shapes,designs, and letters into a substrate.

die press (1) A manually operated press that forms steel rules. (2) A machine that cuts the shape of thedie into the substrate.

double score Two parallel creases made in close proximity on a substrate.

double-fan binding A binding method in which a stack of single sheets or four-page signatures are securelyclamped at the face instead of the spine. Glue is applied to the fanned sheets in two differentdirections, resulting in a book that lies flatter than a traditional side-sewn book.

edge trimming On a folder, the process of using slitters riding on the edges of the sheet to cut off the portionof the press sheet containing the press marks.

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Word Definition



embossing plate An etched or engraved intaglio image carrier into which paper is pressed to form a raised design on the surface of the sheet.

end product The final package or printed piece ready for customer use after all folding, gluing, and otherbinding, finishing, and/or converting operations are completed.

feed table The section of a cover feeder for an adhesive binder that contains adjustable side and backstops to support the pile of covers and accommodate difference size covers.

film laminating Bonding a plastic film with heat or pressure to a printed sheet for protection or appearance.

folding unit The section on a folder that contains the components required to make the fold. The othertwo main sections of a folder are the infeed and the delivery.

full binding A cover made of one piece of material.

gathering Assembling multiple signatures into a single set in the proper sequence, sometimes called a"book block."

grind-off In adhesive binding, a step preparatory to gluing in which the spine of the folded signaturesare roughened to allow the glue to penetrate and bind the pages.

headband An ornamental strip of reinforced cotton or silk attached to the top and bottom of the innerback of a bound book.

heat sealing The converting operation in which two or more surfaces are fused together using specificheat, time, and pressure.

hot foil stamping Using a heated flat steel die and colored foil or gold leaf to press a design into a book cover,a sheet of paper, or another substrate. The foil fuses to the paper to create a metallic imagein the shape of the die. The die may be used alone (in blind stamping) if no color or otherornamentation is necessary.

in-line trimming (1) On an adhesive binder, trimming books on the head, face, and foot using a three-knifetrimmer. (2) On a saddle stitcher, trimming books on the head, face, and foot using a three-knife trimmer.

joint The flexible portion of a casebound book where the cover meets the spine. It functions as ahinge, permitting the cover to be opened and closed without damaging the spine. Alternativeterm: hinge.

leg One of two appendages of a wire stitch that is bent down to secure the signatures of asaddle-stitched product. 35

Word Definition



lift table A mechanically operated device that raises a load to the height desired by the worker.

loop stitching A method of saddle stitching whereby the stitch is formed into a semi-circular loop that sticksout beyond the spine of the publication. These loops slip over the rings of a three-ring binder,serving as an alternative to hole punching.

perf strip A band that is bound into saddle-stitched publications so that single-leaf inserts canbe tipped in.

polyvinyl acetate (PVA) A water-soluble glue used in adhesive binding and applied cold.

rotary scoring Usually done on a folder, a method of scoring that uses circular scoring dies mounted on ashaft and a counter die.

shredder head The device on a perfect binder that cuts off the spines of folded signatures to exposeindividual sheets for gluing.

side gluing The process of applying an adhesive to the outside of the outermost signature on a perfect- bound book to secure the cover around it.

Smyth sewing Bookbinding by sewing thread through the backfold of a signature and from signature tosignature. This links the signatures together, while permitting the opened book to lay flat.

tooling Impressing book covers with a blind or gold leaf or color design formed by a heatedstamp or die.

two-up binding Binding two units at a time, then cutting them apart and trimming them.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Quality Control

big Q, little q Contrasts the difference between managing for quality in all business processes and products (big Q) and managing for quality in a limited capacity, i.e., manufacturing (little q).

c chart The chart that is used to monitor the number of defects in a given sample size.

common cause A source of variation that affects all values of the process output being studied; in control chart analysis, it appears as part of the random process variation.

contingency method A brainstorming approach that requires participants to look at the negative side of the situation: what can be done to defeat a process. This then can be turned around to improve the process.

corrective action Implementation of solutions resulting in the reduction or elimination of an identified problem.

decision matrix A matrix used by teams to evaluate problems or possible solutions.

empowerment A process whereby employees regularly participate in making decisions on how their work areas operate.

future state map A blueprint for lean implementation. Your organization's vision, which forms the basis of yourimplementation plan by helping to design how the process should operate.

International Standards Organization (ISO)

An organization that establishes and coordinates uniform, internationally accepted standards.

non-value added Activities or actions taken that add no real value to the product or service making such activities or action a form of waste.

p chart Percent chart; also known as a "proportion chart," it is a control chart for monitoring the totalnumber of defectives as a proportion (or percent) in a sample.

preventive maintenance An organized program of maintenance designed to prevent breakdowns and/or unscheduleddowntime.

process average The central tendency of the distribution of measured values of a particular process characteristic.

quality circles Quality improvement or self-improvement study groups composed of a small number of employees (ten or fewer) and their supervisor.

random sampling A sampling technique in which sample units are selected in such a manner that each unit hasan equal probability of being selected.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Quality Control

repeatability A quality measure of laser imagesetters and platesetters that defines how closely the devicecan image a laser dot to the same position on repeated films or plates.

SPC Statistical process control; the use of statistical techniques such as control charts to analyzea process or its outputs so as to take appropriate action to achieve and maintain a state of statistical control and to improve the process capability.

statistic A value calculated from or based upon sample data and used to make inferences about the process that produced the output from which the sample came.

world-class quality A term that refers to a standard of excellence and infers the best of the best.

zero defects A performance standard developed by Philip B. Crosby which states that if people commit themselves to watching details and avoiding errors they can move closer to the goal of zerodefects.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Computer Terms

abort A computing command that instructs the system to abandon a program or ignore all datatransferred after a given point.

address (1) A character or group of characters that identifies a particular part of computer storage orsome other data source or destination (2) In data communication, the unique code assignedto each device or workstation connected to a network.

alpha test The first pre-release evaluation of computer software usually conducted by programmers anddevelopers. Also any initial evaluation of a product or equipment.

array A group of light-sensitive recording elements arranged in a line (linear array) or in a grid(area array). Used as a scanner or camera image-sensing device.

batch processing Automated execution of a set of instructions on a sequence of computer files.

boilerplate Standard text that is stored electronically and can be rearranged and combined with freshinformation to produce new documents.

client A networked personal computer or workstation that requests information or applications froma centralized server.

coaxial cable A type of cable used to physically connect computers over a network.

cyberspace The alternative world inhabited by frequent users of the Internet and commercial onlineservices. The term was popularized by novelist William Gibson in his book Neuromancer.

dialog box Window appearing on a computer screen requiring the user to provide additional informationbefore a command can be completed or to choose among different options.

enterprise system software Specialized software applications that are primarily code-based and are used exclusivelywithin a particular company or business. This category of software tends to be robust andcan be largely responsible for digitally managing virtually everything within an organization.

firewall The layer of security that protects internal computer networks from outside intrusions,particularly from the Internet.

flat model A type of database consisting of a single, two-dimensional array of data elements usuallycontaining rows and columns.

frame grabbing Capturing a single picture element from video or another media so that it can be manipulatedand combined with other images for reproduction purposes.

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Word Definition



hertz A unit of measurement of electrical vibrations in cycles per second.

macro A predetermined sequence of commands programmed as one command during theassembly of a computer program.

magneto-optical drive A type of computer data storage device that has a high storage capacity (up to and aboveabout 2 gigabytes), which writes digital data to a disk by magnetically aligning metal crystalsand reads data by laser reflection to a photo-detector.

Moore's Law Developed by Gordon Moore, a law stating that computing power doubles every 18 months.

off loading Relieving the intensive amount of data processing associated with a specific application (i.e.,graphics) from the CPU by performing those calculations in a dedicated or specializedprocessor.

output (1) Data that has been processed. (2) The hard copy that has been generated from electronicequipment. (3) Transferring data from internal storage or memory to an external storagedevice, such as magnetic tape or a floppy disk.

parameter A definable characteristic or property of a machine, or a changeable characteristic that isunvarying during an operator-specified task.

plug-in application A variable-data printing application that works in conjunction with an existing program (suchas a page-layout program) to assist in incorporating and merging the data into the staticelements.

printer, impact Any device that uses pressure from a typebar, type head, or matrix pin and inked ribbon tostrike a direct impression on a substrate.

prompt The visual or written "hint" that appears on a computer screen to remind the user of a choiceto be made.

random access A system of data file management in which a record is accessible independent of its filelocation or the location of the previous record accessed. In other words, records need not beaccessed sequentially.

raster file An electronic file in which the pixels are scanned and input in rows.

scrolling The process of moving lines of data vertically through the face of a computer monitor.

solid-state An electronic device or component that is usually composed of a solid semiconductingmaterial and depends on the movement of charge carriers within it for its operation.

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Word Definition



terminal A peripheral computer system device, consisting of a monitor and keyboard. It is usuallyconnected to the mainframe through some sort of network.

vector graphics The use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and polygons, which are allbased upon mathematical equations, to represent an image.

virtual memory Program that enables a computer to allocate information to a portion of the hard drive whenRAM is exceeded.

word processor A personal computer and special software program or dedicated electronic equipment usedto create, store, retrieve, and edit text.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Mailing, Fulfillment and Warehousing

active subscriber A person or organization that has committed to receive regular delivery of magazines, books,other goods, or services for a time period still in effect.

address correction The process of correcting addresses to match a national address database. This step istaken when a list does meet the 95% criteria (most lists require correction).

allocation In inventory management, allocations are determined by the demand created by usage of aparticular item. The total quantity of a specific item needed for an order or for a specific timeduration is known as standard allocation. The company normally reserves the inventory forthe specific order or time period.

bar code A series of vertical bars that represent the sip code information on a mail piece. The barcodefacilitates automated processing. If pre-printed on your mail, you can receive lower postalrates.

bin A storage container used to store multiple units of the SKU number. Bins are commonlymade of metal, corrugated cardboard or plastic.

blocking factor A statement of the number of logical records combined into one physical record or block on astorage medium, usually magnetic tape, between inter-record gaps.

bonded liquor warehouse A warehouse authorized by the Customs authorities in which liquor is generally stored,assembled and shipped out but the payment of duties on the liquor is not made until theliquor is removed form the warehouse.

buzzing The process by which a computer program continuously selects various components within aname and address, and compare them to similar components in another record, therebychecking thousands of possibilities to locate a duplicate.

caging The opening and sorting of orders and the handling of checks and cash. So called, as peoplework in cages for security purposes.

commingled mailing Combined mailing of magazines of the same size to the same address to save costs.

condensed type A narrow or slender typeface.

cycle count The process used to verify the accuracy of the physical quantity of inventory. Normallyperformed by counting portions of the inventory on a regular basis.

distribution Storing, handling, shipping and transporting items.

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Word Definition



drop shipment Typically the movement of your mailing by private transportation from the point of preparationto a postal-facility located closer to the destination of that mailing. Express Mail and PriorityMail drop shipment service can be used instead of a private carrier.

external benchmarking Used to compare a firm’s internal measurements to that of an external source such as acompetitor.

fielding Technique by which the name and address of a record are divided into specific components.

four up Refers to the number of mailing labels printed across the page. There would be four labelsacross the page printed on continuous form Cheshire stock.

gravity conveyor Type of roller conveyer that relies on gravity over which to move materials or items.

high density storage Palletized storage where pallets of materials are stored more than one-pallet deep from theaisle in a warehouse. It is preferred by consumers in case of long term storage of relativelyinactive merchandise.

insert An item which is to be inserted into another. Can include a small single sheet being insertedinto a flyer, or sheets inserted into an envelope.

JIT (Just-In-Time) Style of inventory management in which the materials are brought in just in time for the finalpreparation and shipment. JIT is widely used due to its beneficial features such as optimizedwarehouse space and reduced inventory holding costs.

list broker A business, which arranges (on behalf of a mailer) the rental of mailing lists, owned by other.

LTL (Less Than Truckload) A shipment that is less than a standard full truckload. LTL shipments usually require morelogistics management than full truckloads.

mail piece This would be the entire literature sent to your mailing list. If you are mailing a letter, businesscard, brochure and a rely card which are inserted into an envelope, all the pieces combinedare called your mail piece.

meter A means of affixing postage to an envelope.

order picking A warehouse process involving the selection and assembly of inventory for shipment.

past due orders Orders for which the fulfillment tasks are not completed by the specified ship date.

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Word Definition



pick and pack A part of order fulfillment where the fulfillment house receives products from their warehouselocations and packs them so they are ready to be shipped out to the customer.

priority mailing Mail sent out at Priority mail rates to expedite delivery. Also, first-class mail that weights morethan 13 ounces.

roller conveyor A series of rollers in a frame over which objects are moved by gravitational force or by power.

test fixtures All the pieces or components needed to run a test with an expectation of a certain outcome.

WKG (Working) A marketing used on mail container labels that identifies the contents as mail requiringsorting and distribution.

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Word Definition


AREA OF PRINTING: Social Media

badge An image, usually squared and displayed on a blog, which signifies the blogger’s participation in an event, contest, or social movement.

blogroll An assembly of blog URLs - blogs that the blogger reads regularly - displayed at the sidebarof the blog.

compete Provides web analytics (i.e. unique monthly visitors to the site) and enables people to compare and contrast up to 5 different sites at a time.

“do-good” networks Online communities aimed at making the world a better place.

Flickr Online site for storing, sharing and commenting on photos.

groundswell A social trend in which people use technologies to get the thing they need from each other, rather than from traditional like corporations.

hyper-local community A group of people form a specific location who interact in online communities and use socialmedia tools.

micro-philanthropy Donating in small amounts ($1, $5, $10, $20)

quantcast Used to measure the amount of traffic a URL receives, as well as data about the readership (demographics, psychographics, etc.)

RSS Feed Really Simple Syndication; a system that generates frequently updated information from a site (i.e. blog posts, online articles)

sentiment A level of assessment that determines the tone of an article, blog post, a company, etc.; usually positive, negative, or neutral.

social networking sites Large sites that host multiple communities comprised of people with profiles who have with similar interest. These sites offer a place where people engage with one another online and share content.

technorati authority Used to determine the number of times a keyword or URL are mentioned and linked in blogs.

Tweet The post/entry made on Twitter.

webinar An online seminar.

widget A mini application that performs a specific function and connects to the Internet.

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ACADEMIC & TECHNICAL - Printing Industries … methyl ethyl ketone ... PIC programmable interrupt controller PIM (1) ... This is done so that a different plate can be prepared

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