Academic Report Writing Students Copy 1211101759161270 9

8/8/2019 Academic Report Writing Students Copy 1211101759161270 9

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ADVANCED ENGLISHADVANCED ENGLISHFOR ACADEMICFOR ACADEMIC

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

ADVANCED ENGLISHADVANCED ENGLISHFOR ACADEMICFOR ACADEMIC

COMMUNICATIONCOMMUNICATION

Lecturer:

En. Hilmi Hamzah


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LETSLETSGETGET

STARTED!STARTED!


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COURSEWORK MARKSCOURSEWORK MARKS

Proposal Presentation (10%) Research Instruments (10%) Consultations (Individual) (10%)

1st Draft of Report (15%) Report Presentation (Ind.) (15%) Final Report (10%)

Final Exam (30%) TOTAL (100%)


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1STWEEKEND1st session

Introduction

Research planning

Research proposal Data collection

2nd session

Proposal Presentation

Consultation 1

(Research instrument) Data processing

Data presentation

Writing ResearchReport

(First 3 chapters)


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BEFORE 2ND WEEKEND

COLLECTION OF DATAComponents:

Introduction Literature Review

Methodology

Submission of 1st draft viae-mail ([email protected])


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2nd WEEKEND3rd session

Consultation 2

(Return 1st draft

First 3 chapters) Report writing

(Final 2 chapters)

4th session

Consultation 3

(Check 1st draft

Final 2 chapters) Oral Presentation &

Listening


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BEFORE 3RD WEEKEND

Submission of Final Draft

via e-mail

([email protected])


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3RD WEEKEND5TH session

Students Oral Presentations Submission of Final Report

Discussion on Sample Exam Paper


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INTRODUCTIONWhat is researchreport writing?

Emotional

VS.Factual


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Writing aResearchReport

ISSUES/PROBLEMS

ConductingA Research


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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCTA RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?

Follow theseFollow these

5 steps!5 steps!


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HOW DO I CONDUCTHOW DO I CONDUCT

A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?1. Identify the Issue or Problem

What do I want to know?

Who are involved?

Where?

Why?


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A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?2. Determine the Purpose

What exactly do I want to do here?

What is my statement of purpose?

To evaluate? To investigate?

To compare? To describe?


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A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?3. Draw a Plan or a Strategy

Who, where and what are going to be

involved in the research? How do I collect the data?

What are the deadlines?


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A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?4. Search and Collect the Data

Do I need primary data?

Do I need secondary data?

What are the instruments to be usedto collect the data?


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A RESEARCH?A RESEARCH?5. Analyze Data

How do I process, record, analyze

and interpret the data? How do I make connections among

the data?

How do I draw conclusions from thedata?


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RESEARCHRESEARCHPROPOSALPROPOSAL


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WHAT IS A RESEARCH

PROPOSAL?

A Plan of Action

Why? To seek funding

To seek commitment


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2 TYPES OF PROPOSAL2 TYPES OF PROPOSAL

INTERNAL

VS.EXTERNAL

SOLICITED

VS.UNSOLICITED


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10 COMPONENTS OF A10 COMPONENTS OF A

PROPOSALPROPOSAL1.Title

2.Background Information3.Statement of Problem

4.Research Objectives

5.Research Questions


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10 COMPONENTS OF A10 COMPONENTS OF A

PROPOSAL (Contd)PROPOSAL (Contd)6. Significance of the Study

7. Scope8. Methodology

9. Work Schedule

10. Call to Action


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DATADATACOLLECTIONCOLLECTION


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WHAT ISWHAT IS

DATA COLLECTION?DATA COLLECTION? A process of collecting data (primary

& secondary) from different sources

PRIMARY DATA obtained throughquestionnaires, interviews,observations & experiments

SECONDARY DATA obtainedthrough reading others works


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COLLECTINGCOLLECTING

SECONDARY DATASECONDARY DATA Conducted at the beginning of a

research to get a better picture of

what you are going to investigate Gathered from various written

resources (offline/online) Used in various sections of research

report esp. Literature Review Must be properly cited


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COLLECTINGCOLLECTING

PRIMARY DATAPRIMARY DATAFOUR INSTRUMENTS:

1.QUESTIONNAIRES2.INTERVIEW

3.OBSERVATION4.EXPERIMENTS


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1.QUESTIONNAIRES A systematic compilation of questions

distributed to respondents fromwhich information is needed

Administered through survey, mail,telephone & internet


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2 TYPES OF QUESTIONS

1. Open-ended Questions

2. Close-ended QuestionsYes/No

Scale

Listing/ChoiceRanking

Category


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2.INTERVIEW A two-communication which permitsan exchange of ideas and

information 3 types of interviews:1.1. StructuredStructured2. Semi2. Semi--structuredstructured3. Unstructured3. Unstructured


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3.OBSERVATION

To get firsthand information To strengthen existing data


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4.EXPERIMENTS

To test various techniques,assumptions or products(esp. in engineering &

agriculture)


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SAMPLING &SAMPLING &

POPULATIONPOPULATION SAMPLING a group of respondents

who provide information that may be

generalised to general population POPULATION a target group to

which the results of a research are

applicable


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2 TYPES OF2 TYPES OF

SAMPLINGSAMPLINGRANDOM Respondents are

selected randomlywithout criteria

3 Categories:

Simple

Stratified Cluster

NON-RANDOM

Respondents areselected based oncertain criteria

3 Categories:

Systematic

Convenience Purposive


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DATADATA

PROCESSINGPROCESSING

& DATA& DATAPRESENTATIONPRESENTATION


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WHAT IS DATAWHAT IS DATA

PROCESSING?PROCESSING? To convert raw data into meaningfulstatements that could help answer

research questions Raw data are systematically

organised so that their meanings can

be understood Procedures for quantitative and

qualitative data are different


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3 STAGES3 STAGES

(QUANTITATIVE DATA)(QUANTITATIVE DATA)1.1. ORGANISING, RECORDINGORGANISING, RECORDING

AND CATEGORISINGAND CATEGORISINGAND/OR CODINGAND/OR CODING

2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING

3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING


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1.ORGANISING, RECORDING &1.ORGANISING, RECORDING &

CATEGORISING AND/OR CODINGCATEGORISING AND/OR CODING Organise manually or using computer

Record using keyword

Categorise to see the picture Coding helps processing the data

statistically (using SPSS)


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2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING

Turn data into comprehensiblepictures through

1. Table2. Graph

3. Chart


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3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING

Analyse manually or using computer

Involves the interpretation offrequencies based on datapresentation


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3 STAGES3 STAGES

(QUALITATIVE DATA)(QUALITATIVE DATA)1.1. ORGANISING,ORGANISING,

CATEGORISING AND/ORCATEGORISING AND/ORCODING, AND RECORDINGCODING, AND RECORDING

2.2. PRESENTINGPRESENTING

3.3. ANALYSINGANALYSING


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1.ORGANISING,1.ORGANISING,

CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING,CATEGORISING AND/OR CODING,

Organise by using transcriptions

Categorise by listing the responses

Coding by using flexible codes


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2.PRESENTING2.PRESENTING

Usually presented in original forms Can also be presented using tables


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3.ANALYSING3.ANALYSING

Involves finding commonalities,regularities or emerging patternsamong the responses


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WRITINGWRITINGRESEARCHRESEARCH

REPORTREPORT


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3 SECTIONS

1.1.PRELIMINARYPRELIMINARY

2.2.MAINMAIN

3.3.SUPPLEMENTARYSUPPLEMENTARY


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1.PRELIMINARY1.PRELIMINARY Title Page

Abstract

Acknowledgement Table of Content

List of Figures/ Tables

List of Abbreviation & Symbols


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3.SUPPLEMENTARY3.SUPPLEMENTARY References

Appendices


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1.INTRODUCTION1.INTRODUCTION


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7 ELEMENTS7 ELEMENTS

1. Background of the Study

2. Statement of Problem

3. Purpose of the Study4. Research Objectives

5. Research Questions

6. Significance of the Study7. Scope of the Study


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1.Background

of the StudyThree steps:

1. To state general statements of

facts related to the field of study2. To state specific statements about

issues studied by other researchers

3. To state statements that indicatethe need for more investigation


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2.Statement of Problem

To define the issue or probleminvestigated in the study

To refer to problem statement in theproposal


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3.Purpose of the Study

To include a broad discussion on thereasons why the study was carriedout and intentions of the study


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4.Research Objectives

To show the extent and theexpected outcome of the study

To begin with a leading statementfollowed by the objectives written inpoint forms


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5.Research Questions

To guide the discussion about thetopic

To stimulate readers interests To turn the objectives of the study

into research questions


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6.Significance

of the Study Tojustify the reason for conducting

the study

To emphasize the potential benefitsthat it would bring


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7.Scope of the Study To indicate the direction of the study

To map out the boundaries of the study To outline the method of investigation

To give a preview of the written report


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2.LITERATURE2.LITERATUREREVIEWREVIEW


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WHAT IS

LITERATURE REVIEW? It is an account of what has beenpublished on a research area

It describes, summarizes, evaluatesand clarifies the studies reviewed

It outlines a framework and a

theoretical base of a research


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WHY?

To guide you through others works To prepare for your own research

To provide a context for your research

Tojustify the research To illustrate how the subject has been

studied before

To outline gaps in previous research


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HOW DO I DO IT?

Identify relevant articles and books

Read and appraise the text critically

Organise the literature around yourresearch questions

Synthesize relevant information tocurrent study


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5 GENERAL STEPS

1. Prepare annotated bibliography2. Maintain a reference list

3. Organise materials and make notes

4. Write individual sections accordingto themes

5. Integrate all sections


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HOW DO I CITE

IN A REPORT?THREE WAYS:

1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING2. DIRECT QUOTATION2. DIRECT QUOTATION

3. PARAPHRASING3. PARAPHRASING


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1. SUMMARIZING1. SUMMARIZING It is a shortened piece of writing byrestating main points in your own

words General ideas are highlighted

Details & examples are excluded

2 DIRECT2 DIRECT


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2. DIRECT2. DIRECT

QUOTATIONQUOTATION Authors exact words are copieddirectly from original sources

It is preferred when citing powerfulphrases or interpreting literaryworks like poems or plays

Sources must be properly cited


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3. PARAPHRASING3. PARAPHRASING Authors words are rephrased/reworded in your own words

Paraphrased text is usuallyshorterthan original text

Paraphrased materials must be

properly cited


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3.METHODOLOGY3.METHODOLOGY


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FIVE PARTSFIVE PARTS

1. IntroductionIntroduction (Short description ofpurpose, location, respondents &instruments)

2. Research InstrumentsInstruments3. RespondentsRespondents of the Study

4. Research ProcedureProcedure

5. Data AnalysisAnalysis

Academic Report Writing Students Copy 1211101759161270 9

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