Academic Experience with Wide Area Sensors by by Virgilio Centeno Virgilio Centeno Virginia Tech Virginia Tech PSC, Distributed Generation, Advanced PSC, Distributed Generation, Advanced Metering and Communications Metering and Communications March 9, 2005 March 9, 2005 Clemson University Clemson University
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Academic Experience with Wide Area Sensors by Virgilio Centeno Virginia Tech PSC, Distributed Generation, Advanced Metering and Communications March 9,
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Academic Experience with Wide Area Sensors
byby
Virgilio CentenoVirgilio Centeno
Virginia TechVirginia Tech
PSC, Distributed Generation, Advanced Metering and PSC, Distributed Generation, Advanced Metering and CommunicationsCommunications
March 9, 2005March 9, 2005
Clemson UniversityClemson University
Historic Development of PMU at Virginia Tech1982 - 1986 Conceptual Development1986 - 1988 Implementation1988 – 1990 Tests on Experimental Units1989 - 1991 Transfer Technology to Industry1992 – now Diverse Applications
Model ValidationOut-of Step RelayingUnit Placement State EstimationVisualizationOscillation DetectionUnit Testing Error Assessment
1999 – now Wide Area frequency Measurement
1982 – 1986 Initial Concepts
Expansion of algorithm derived for distance protectionFor computer based relays.
xi
xr
E 1 1 2E 2
21 -
2E
E12EE1
2EE1
Time as a Reference
GPS Receiver: - 1Second Pulse (±100 nS)
- Time Tag
Time Synchronization with GPS
GPS Clock:- Sampling Pulse- Accuracy reduced to 1 s ( 0.022° )
1986 GPS not fully developed and under military control
Virginia Tech Experimental PMU
First Commercial PMU
(1989-1991) Technology Transfer to Industry
1992: First Wide Area Measurement with PMUs
Duke Power
TVA
Alabama Power
Hatch
Thalmann
Duval
Vogtle
MartinGenerationSubstation
1992Measurements used for Model Validation
Georgia
Florida
Out of stepcondition
S-PMU
Relay
S-PMU
Relay
Main Problem:Communication Errors
9600 Baud Modem 4 wireleased telephone line
1993-1994 Applications: Out-Of-Step Relaying
Linear state estimator
Enhanced State Estimation State Measurement
1990 – Present: State Estimation Applications
Algorithms for PMU Placement for Obserbability
1993- Present Dynamic Applications
Unit Placement Detection of System Oscillations
Defines the interface between the GPS receiver and PMU
Defines the data format of phasors being transmitted
first transmitted SOC SMPCNT STAT Phasor #1
Phasor #2 Phasor #n FREQ DFREQ
DIG #1 DIG #K CRC last transmitted
. . .
. . . 16
4
2
2
2 2
2
2 2
4
4 4
MSB LSB DATAFORMAT
IEEE standard 1344-1995SYNCHROPHASOR
1993 – present Standardization Efforts
(March 2003) PMU Testing
Single Phase Voltage at off-nominal FrequenciesAngle vs Frequency